obliquetree 1.0.5__cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl

obliquetree/_pywrap.py

@@ -0,0 +1,769 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .src.base import TreeClassifier
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike, NDArray
+import numpy as np
+from math import comb
+import warnings
+
+
+def formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line=None, **kwargs):
+    return f"UserWarning: {message}\n"
+
+
+warnings.formatwarning = formatwarning
+
+
+class BaseTree(TreeClassifier):
+    """
+    Base class for decision tree classifiers and regressors.
+
+    This class provides foundational functionality for building decision trees,
+    including parameter validation, data preprocessing, and interfacing with the
+    underlying `TreeClassifier`. It handles both classification and regression
+    tasks based on the `task` parameter.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    task : bool
+        - If `True`, construct regression tree.
+        - If `False`, construct classification tree.
+
+    max_depth : int
+        Maximum depth of the tree. Controls model complexity and prevents overfitting.
+
+        - If `-1`: Expands until leaves are pure or contain fewer than `min_samples_split` samples.
+        - If `int > 0`: Limits the tree to the specified depth.
+
+    min_samples_leaf : int
+        Minimum number of samples required at leaf nodes.
+
+    min_samples_split : int
+        Minimum number of samples required to split an internal node.
+
+    min_impurity_decrease : float
+        Minimum required decrease in impurity to create a split.
+
+    ccp_alpha : float
+        Complexity parameter for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning.
+
+    categories : List[int]
+        Indices of categorical features in the dataset.
+
+    use_oblique : bool
+        - If `True`, enables oblique splits using linear combinations of features.
+        - If `False`, uses traditional axis-aligned splits only.
+
+    random_state : int
+        Seed for random number generation in oblique splits.
+
+        - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+    n_pair : int
+        Number of features to combine in oblique splits.
+
+        - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+    gamma : float
+        Separation strength parameter for oblique splits.
+
+        - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+    max_iter : int
+        Maximum iterations for L-BFGS optimization in oblique splits.
+
+        - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+    relative_change : float
+        Early stopping threshold for L-BFGS optimization.
+
+        - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        task: bool,
+        max_depth: int,
+        min_samples_leaf: int,
+        min_samples_split: int,
+        min_impurity_decrease: float,
+        ccp_alpha: float,
+        categories: Optional[List[int]],
+        use_oblique: bool,
+        random_state: Optional[int],
+        n_pair: int,
+        gamma: float,
+        max_iter: int,
+        relative_change: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Validate and assign parameters
+        self.task = task
+        self.use_oblique = self._validate_use_oblique(use_oblique)
+        self.max_depth = self._validate_max_depth(max_depth)
+        self.min_samples_leaf = self._validate_min_samples_leaf(min_samples_leaf)
+        self.min_samples_split = self._validate_min_samples_split(min_samples_split)
+        self.min_impurity_decrease = self._validate_min_impurity_decrease(
+            min_impurity_decrease
+        )
+        self.ccp_alpha = self._validate_ccp_alpha(ccp_alpha)
+        self.n_pair = self._validate_n_pair(n_pair)
+        self.gamma = self._validate_gamma(gamma)
+        self.max_iter = self._validate_max_iter(max_iter)
+        self.relative_change = self._validate_relative_change(
+            relative_change, self.use_oblique
+        )
+        self.random_state = self._validate_random_state(random_state)
+        self.categories = self._validate_categories(categories)
+        self._fit = False
+        self._categories: dict[int, NDArray]
+
+        # Initialize the TreeClassifier
+        super().__init__(
+            self.max_depth,
+            self.min_samples_leaf,
+            self.min_samples_split,
+            self.min_impurity_decrease,
+            self.random_state,
+            self.n_pair,
+            self.gamma,
+            self.max_iter,
+            self.relative_change,
+            self.categories,
+            self.ccp_alpha,
+            self.use_oblique,
+            self.task,
+            1,
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """Return the state for pickling."""
+        state = super().__getstate__()
+        state["_fit"] = self._fit
+
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        """Restore the state from pickle."""
+        # Extract special attributes
+        _fit = state.pop("_fit", False)
+        super().__setstate__(state)
+
+        # Restore state directly without re-initialization
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        self._fit = _fit
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        param_str = (
+            f"use_oblique={getattr(self, 'use_oblique', None)}, "
+            f"max_depth={getattr(self, 'max_depth', None)}, "
+            f"min_samples_leaf={getattr(self, 'min_samples_leaf', None)}, "
+            f"min_samples_split={getattr(self, 'min_samples_split', None)}, "
+            f"min_impurity_decrease={getattr(self, 'min_impurity_decrease', None)}, "
+            f"ccp_alpha={getattr(self, 'ccp_alpha', None)}, "
+            f"categories={getattr(self, 'categories', None)}, "
+            f"random_state={getattr(self, 'random_state', None)}, "
+            f"n_pair={getattr(self, 'n_pair', None)}, "
+            f"gamma={getattr(self, 'gamma', None)}, "
+            f"max_iter={getattr(self, 'max_iter', None)}, "
+            f"relative_change={getattr(self, 'relative_change', None)}"
+        )
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({param_str})"
+
+    def _validate_max_depth(self, max_depth: int) -> int:
+        if not isinstance(max_depth, int):
+            raise ValueError("max_depth must be an integer")
+        if max_depth < -1:
+            raise ValueError("max_depth must be >= -1")
+        return 255 if max_depth == -1 else min(max_depth, 255)
+
+    def _validate_min_samples_leaf(self, min_samples_leaf: int) -> int:
+        if not isinstance(min_samples_leaf, int):
+            raise ValueError("min_samples_leaf must be an integer")
+        if min_samples_leaf < 1:
+            raise ValueError("min_samples_leaf must be >= 1")
+        return min_samples_leaf
+
+    def _validate_min_samples_split(self, min_samples_split: int) -> int:
+        if not isinstance(min_samples_split, int):
+            raise ValueError("min_samples_split must be an integer")
+        if min_samples_split < 2:
+            raise ValueError("min_samples_split must be >= 2")
+        return min_samples_split
+
+    def _validate_min_impurity_decrease(self, min_impurity_decrease: float) -> float:
+        if not isinstance(min_impurity_decrease, (int, float)):
+            raise ValueError("min_impurity_decrease must be a number")
+        if min_impurity_decrease < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("min_impurity_decrease must be >= 0.0")
+        return float(min_impurity_decrease)
+
+    def _validate_ccp_alpha(self, ccp_alpha: float) -> float:
+        if not isinstance(ccp_alpha, (int, float)):
+            raise ValueError("ccp_alpha must be a number")
+        if ccp_alpha < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("ccp_alpha must be >= 0.0")
+        return float(ccp_alpha)
+
+    def _validate_n_pair(self, n_pair: int) -> int:
+        if not isinstance(n_pair, int):
+            raise ValueError("n_pair must be an integer")
+        if n_pair < 2:
+            raise ValueError("n_pair must be >= 2")
+        return n_pair
+
+    def _validate_gamma(self, gamma: float) -> float:
+        if not isinstance(gamma, (int, float)):
+            raise ValueError("gamma must be a number")
+        if gamma <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("gamma must be > 0.0")
+        return float(gamma)
+
+    def _validate_max_iter(self, max_iter: int) -> int:
+        if not isinstance(max_iter, int):
+            raise ValueError("max_iter must be an integer")
+        if max_iter < 1:
+            raise ValueError("max_iter must be >= 1")
+        return max_iter
+
+    def _validate_relative_change(
+        self, relative_change: float, use_oblique: bool
+    ) -> float:
+        if not isinstance(relative_change, (int, float)):
+            raise ValueError("relative_change must be a number")
+        if relative_change < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_change must be >= 0.0")
+        if use_oblique and relative_change <= 1e-5:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "relative_change is set very low. This may prolong the oblique training time."
+            )
+        return float(relative_change)
+
+    def _validate_random_state(self, random_state: Optional[int]) -> int:
+        if random_state is not None and not isinstance(random_state, int):
+            raise ValueError("random_state must be None or an integer")
+        return (
+            random_state
+            if random_state is not None
+            else np.random.randint(0, np.iinfo(np.int32).max)
+        )
+
+    def _validate_categories(self, categories: Optional[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
+        if categories is not None:
+            if not isinstance(categories, (list, tuple)):
+                raise ValueError("categories must be None or a list/tuple of integers")
+            if not all(isinstance(x, int) for x in categories):
+                raise ValueError("All elements in categories must be integers")
+            if any(x < 0 for x in categories):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "All elements in categories must be non-negative integers"
+                )
+            return list(categories)
+        return []
+
+    def _validate_use_oblique(self, use_oblique: bool) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(use_oblique, bool):
+            raise ValueError("use_oblique must be a boolean")
+        return use_oblique
+
+    def fit(
+        self, X: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, sample_weight: Optional[ArrayLike] = None
+    ) -> "BaseTree":
+        """
+        Fit the decision tree to the training data.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : ArrayLike
+            Training input samples of shape (n_samples, n_features).
+        y : ArrayLike
+            Target values of shape (n_samples,).
+        sample_weight : Optional[ArrayLike], default=None
+            Sample weights of shape (n_samples,). If None, all samples are given equal weight.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        self : BaseTree
+            Fitted estimator.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError
+            If input data is invalid or contains NaN/Inf values where not allowed.
+        """
+        X = np.asarray(X, order="F", dtype=np.float64)
+        y = np.asarray(y, order="C", dtype=np.float64)
+
+        if X.ndim != 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a 2D array for input samples, but got an array with {X.ndim} dimensions."
+            )
+
+        if X.shape[0] != y.shape[0]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The number of samples in `X` ({X.shape[0]}) does not match the number of target values in `y` ({y.shape[0]})."
+            )
+
+        # Validate target vector
+        self._validate_target(y)
+
+        # Validate sample weights
+        sample_weight = self._process_sample_weight(sample_weight, y.shape[0])
+
+        # Validate feature matrix
+        self._validate_features(X)
+
+        # Classification or Regression setup
+        self.n_classes = self._setup_task(y)
+
+        # Validate categorical features
+        self._validate_categories_in_data(X, is_fit=True)
+
+        # Warn if the number of feature combinations is too large for oblique splits
+        if self.use_oblique:
+            self._warn_large_combinations(X.shape[1] - len(self.categories))
+
+        super().fit(X, y, sample_weight)
+
+        self._fit = True
+
+        return self
+
+    def _validate_target(self, y: NDArray) -> None:
+        if y.ndim != 1:
+            raise ValueError("y must be 1-dimensional")
+
+        if self.task:  # Regression
+            return
+        else:  # Classification
+            unique_labels = np.unique(y)
+            expected_labels = np.arange(len(unique_labels))
+            if not np.array_equal(unique_labels, expected_labels):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Classification labels must start from 0 and increment by 1"
+                )
+
+    def _process_sample_weight(
+        self, sample_weight: Optional[ArrayLike], n_samples: int
+    ) -> NDArray:
+        if sample_weight is not None:
+            sample_weight = np.asarray(sample_weight, order="C", dtype=np.float64)
+
+            if sample_weight.shape != (n_samples,):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"sample_weight has incompatible shape: {sample_weight.shape} "
+                    f"while y has shape ({n_samples},)"
+                )
+
+            if (
+                np.any(np.isnan(sample_weight))
+                or np.any(np.isinf(sample_weight))
+                or np.any(sample_weight < 0)
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "sample_weight cannot contain negative, NaN or inf values"
+                )
+
+            min_val = np.min(sample_weight)
+            if min_val != 1:
+                sample_weight = sample_weight / min_val
+
+        else:
+            sample_weight = np.ones(n_samples, dtype=np.float64)
+
+        return sample_weight
+
+    def _validate_features(self, X: NDArray) -> None:
+        if self.use_oblique:
+            if np.any(np.isnan(X)) or np.any(np.isinf(X)):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "X cannot contain NaN or Inf values when use_oblique is True"
+                )
+
+        max_possible_pairs = (
+            X.shape[1] - len(self.categories) if self.categories else X.shape[1]
+        )
+
+        if self.categories:
+            if max_possible_pairs < 2:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Total features: {X.shape[1]}, categorical features: {len(self.categories)}. "
+                    f"The number of possible feature pairs ({max_possible_pairs}) is less than 2. "
+                    f"As a result, 'use_oblique' set 'False'."
+                )
+                self.use_oblique = False
+
+            elif self.n_pair > max_possible_pairs:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Total features: {X.shape[1]}, categorical features: {len(self.categories)}. "
+                    f"n_pair ({self.n_pair}) exceeds the usable features, adjusting n_pair to {max_possible_pairs}."
+                )
+                self.n_pair = max_possible_pairs
+        else:  # If there are no categorical features
+            if self.n_pair > X.shape[1]:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"n_pair ({self.n_pair}) exceeds the total features ({X.shape[1]}). "
+                    f"Adjusting n_pair to {X.shape[1]}."
+                )
+                self.n_pair = X.shape[1]
+
+    def _setup_task(self, y: NDArray) -> int:
+        if not self.task:
+            n_classes = len(np.unique(y))
+            return n_classes
+        else:
+            return 1  # Regression
+
+    def _validate_categories_in_data(self, X: NDArray, is_fit: bool) -> None:
+        if self.categories:
+            for col_idx in self.categories:
+                # Kategori indeksi matris boyutlarını aşmamalı
+                if col_idx >= X.shape[1]:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Category column index {col_idx} exceeds X dimensions ({X.shape[1]} features)."
+                    )
+
+            # Kategorik sütunlardaki değerler negatif olmamalı
+            if (X[:, self.categories] < 0).any():
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "X contains negative values in the specified category columns, which are not allowed."
+                )
+
+            if np.isnan(X[:, self.categories]).any():
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "X contains null values in the specified category columns. Please encode them before passing."
+                )
+
+            if is_fit:
+                self._categories = {
+                    idx: np.unique(X[:, idx]) for idx in self.categories
+                }
+
+            else:
+                for idx in self.categories:
+                    unknown = np.setdiff1d(np.unique(X[:, idx]), self._categories[idx])
+                    if len(unknown) > 0:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Unknown categories in column {idx}: {unknown}. "
+                            f"Available categories: {self._categories[idx]}"
+                        )
+
+    def _warn_large_combinations(self, n_features: int) -> None:
+        total_combinations = comb(n_features, self.n_pair)
+        if total_combinations > 1000:  # Optimal threshold can be adjusted
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The number of feature combinations for oblique splits is very large, which may lead to long training times. "
+                "Consider reducing `n_pair` or the number of features."
+            )
+
+    def predict(self, X: ArrayLike) -> NDArray:
+        """
+        Predict target values for the input samples.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : ArrayLike
+            Input samples of shape (n_samples, n_features).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        NDArray
+            Predicted values.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError
+            If the model has not been fitted yet.
+        """
+        if not self._fit:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The model has not been fitted yet. Please call `fit` first."
+            )
+
+        X = np.asarray(X, order="F", dtype=np.float64)
+
+        if X.ndim != 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a 2D array for input samples, but got an array with {X.ndim} dimensions. "
+            )
+
+        self._validate_categories_in_data(X, is_fit=False)
+
+        return super().predict(X)
+
+
+class Classifier(BaseTree):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        use_oblique: bool = True,
+        max_depth: int = -1,
+        min_samples_leaf: int = 1,
+        min_samples_split: int = 2,
+        min_impurity_decrease: float = 0.0,
+        ccp_alpha: float = 0.0,
+        categories: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        random_state: Optional[int] = None,
+        n_pair: int = 2,
+        gamma: float = 1.0,
+        max_iter: int = 100,
+        relative_change: float = 0.001,
+    ):
+        """
+        A decision tree classifier supporting both traditional axis-aligned and oblique splits.
+
+        This advanced decision tree classifier extends traditional regression trees by supporting oblique
+        splits (linear combinations of features) alongside conventional axis-aligned splits. It offers enhanced
+        flexibility in modeling continuous outputs while maintaining the interpretability of decision trees.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        use_oblique : bool, default=True
+            - If `True`, enables oblique splits using linear combinations of features.
+            - If `False`, uses traditional axis-aligned splits only.
+
+        max_depth : int, default=-1
+            Maximum depth of the tree. Controls model complexity and prevents overfitting.
+
+            - If `-1`: Expands until leaves are pure or contain fewer than `min_samples_split` samples.
+            - If `int > 0`: Limits the tree to the specified depth.
+
+        min_samples_leaf : int, default=1
+            Minimum number of samples required at leaf nodes.
+
+        min_samples_split : int, default=2
+            Minimum number of samples required to split an internal node.
+
+        min_impurity_decrease : float, default=0.0
+            Minimum required decrease in impurity to create a split.
+
+        ccp_alpha : float, default=0.0
+            Complexity parameter for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning.
+
+        categories : List[int], default=None
+            Indices of categorical features in the dataset.
+
+        random_state : int, default=None
+            Seed for random number generation in oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        n_pair : int, default=2
+            Number of features to combine in oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        gamma : float, default=1.0
+            Separation strength parameter for oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        max_iter : int, default=100
+            Maximum iterations for L-BFGS optimization in oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        relative_change : float, default=0.001
+            Early stopping threshold for L-BFGS optimization.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            task=False,
+            max_depth=max_depth,
+            min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
+            min_samples_split=min_samples_split,
+            min_impurity_decrease=min_impurity_decrease,
+            ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha,
+            categories=categories,
+            use_oblique=use_oblique,
+            random_state=random_state,
+            n_pair=n_pair,
+            gamma=gamma,
+            max_iter=max_iter,
+            relative_change=relative_change,
+        )
+
+    def fit(
+        self, X: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, sample_weight: Optional[ArrayLike] = None
+    ) -> "Classifier":
+        """
+        Build a decision tree classifier from the training set (X, y).
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+            The training input samples.
+        y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)
+            Target values (class labels).
+        sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None
+            Sample weights.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        self : Classifier
+            Fitted estimator.
+        """
+        return super().fit(X, y, sample_weight)
+
+    def predict(self, X: ArrayLike) -> NDArray:
+        """
+        Predict regression target for X.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+            The input samples to predict.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        y : NDArray of shape (n_samples,)
+            The predicted values.
+        """
+        return np.argmax(super().predict(X), axis=1)
+
+    def predict_proba(self, X: ArrayLike) -> NDArray:
+        """
+        Predict class probabilities for X.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+            The input samples.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        proba : NDArray of shape (n_samples, n_classes)
+            The class probabilities of the input samples.
+        """
+        return super().predict(X)
+
+
+class Regressor(BaseTree):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        use_oblique: bool = True,
+        max_depth: int = -1,
+        min_samples_leaf: int = 1,
+        min_samples_split: int = 2,
+        min_impurity_decrease: float = 0.0,
+        ccp_alpha: float = 0.0,
+        categories: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        random_state: Optional[int] = None,
+        n_pair: int = 2,
+        gamma: float = 1.0,
+        max_iter: int = 100,
+        relative_change: float = 0.001,
+    ):
+        """
+        A decision tree regressor supporting both traditional axis-aligned and oblique splits.
+
+        This advanced decision tree regressor extends traditional regression trees by supporting oblique
+        splits (linear combinations of features) alongside conventional axis-aligned splits. It offers enhanced
+        flexibility in modeling continuous outputs while maintaining the interpretability of decision trees.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        use_oblique : bool, default=True
+            - If `True`, enables oblique splits using linear combinations of features.
+            - If `False`, uses traditional axis-aligned splits only.
+
+        max_depth : int, default=-1
+            Maximum depth of the tree. Controls model complexity and prevents overfitting.
+
+            - If `-1`: Expands until leaves are pure or contain fewer than `min_samples_split` samples.
+            - If `int > 0`: Limits the tree to the specified depth.
+
+        min_samples_leaf : int, default=1
+            Minimum number of samples required at leaf nodes.
+
+        min_samples_split : int, default=2
+            Minimum number of samples required to split an internal node.
+
+        min_impurity_decrease : float, default=0.0
+            Minimum required decrease in impurity to create a split.
+
+        ccp_alpha : float, default=0.0
+            Complexity parameter for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning.
+
+        categories : List[int], default=None
+            Indices of categorical features in the dataset.
+
+        random_state : int, default=None
+            Seed for random number generation in oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        n_pair : int, default=2
+            Number of features to combine in oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        gamma : float, default=1.0
+            Separation strength parameter for oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        max_iter : int, default=100
+            Maximum iterations for L-BFGS optimization in oblique splits.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+
+        relative_change : float, default=0.001
+            Early stopping threshold for L-BFGS optimization.
+
+            - Only used when `use_oblique=True`.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            task=True,
+            max_depth=max_depth,
+            min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
+            min_samples_split=min_samples_split,
+            min_impurity_decrease=min_impurity_decrease,
+            ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha,
+            categories=categories,
+            use_oblique=use_oblique,
+            random_state=random_state,
+            n_pair=n_pair,
+            gamma=gamma,
+            max_iter=max_iter,
+            relative_change=relative_change,
+        )
+
+    def fit(
+        self, X: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike, sample_weight: Optional[ArrayLike] = None
+    ) -> "Regressor":
+        """
+        Build a decision tree regressor from the training set (X, y).
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+            The training input samples.
+        y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)
+            Target values.
+        sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), optional, default=None
+            Sample weights.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        self : Regressor
+            Fitted estimator.
+        """
+        return super().fit(X, y, sample_weight)
+
+    def predict(self, X: ArrayLike) -> NDArray:
+        """
+        Predict regression target for X.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+            The input samples to predict.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        y : NDArray of shape (n_samples,)
+            The predicted values.
+        """
+        return super().predict(X).ravel()