obliquetree 1.0.3__cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

obliquetree/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .src.utils import export_tree as _export_tree
+from ._pywrap import BaseTree, Classifier, Regressor
+import json
+from typing import Optional, Dict, Any, List, Union
+from io import BytesIO
+import os
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def load_tree(tree_data: Union[str, Dict]) -> Union[Classifier, Regressor]:
+    """
+    Load a decision tree model from a JSON file or dictionary representation.
+
+    This function reconstructs a trained decision tree from its serialized form,
+    either from a JSON file on disk or a dictionary containing the tree structure
+    and parameters.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tree_data : Union[str, Dict]
+        Either:
+        - A string containing the file path to a JSON file containing the tree data
+        - A dictionary containing the serialized tree structure and parameters
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Union[Classifier, Regressor]
+        A reconstructed decision tree object. The specific type (Classifier or
+        Regressor) is determined by the 'task' parameter in the tree data.
+    """
+    # Handle input types
+    if isinstance(tree_data, str):
+        if not os.path.exists(tree_data):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"The file {tree_data} does not exist")
+
+        with open(tree_data, "r") as f:
+            tree = json.load(f)
+    elif isinstance(tree_data, dict):
+        tree = tree_data
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Input must be a JSON string, file path, or dictionary")
+
+    # Validate tree structure
+    if (
+        not isinstance(tree, dict)
+        or "params" not in tree
+        or "task" not in tree["params"]
+    ):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid tree data structure")
+
+    # Create appropriate object based on task
+    if not tree["params"]["task"]:
+        obj = Classifier.__new__(Classifier)
+    else:
+        obj = Regressor.__new__(Regressor)
+
+    tree["_fit"] = True
+
+    obj.__setstate__(tree)
+    
+    return obj
+
+
+def export_tree(
+    tree: Union[Classifier, Regressor], out_file: str = None
+) -> Union[None, dict]:
+    """
+    Serialize a decision tree model to a dictionary or JSON file.
+
+    This function converts a trained decision tree into a portable format that can
+    be saved to disk or transmitted. The serialized format preserves all necessary
+    information to reconstruct the tree using load_tree().
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tree : Union[Classifier, Regressor]
+        The trained decision tree model to export. Must be an instance of either
+        Classifier or Regressor and must have been fitted.
+
+    out_file : str, optional
+        If provided, the path where the serialized tree should be saved as a JSON
+        file. If None, the function returns the dictionary representation instead
+        of saving to disk.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Union[None, dict]
+        If out_file is None:
+            Returns a dictionary containing the serialized tree structure and parameters
+        If out_file is provided:
+            Returns None after saving the tree to the specified JSON file
+    """
+    if not isinstance(tree, BaseTree):
+        raise ValueError("`tree` must be an instance of `BaseTree`.")
+
+    if not tree._fit:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "The tree has not been fitted yet. Please call the 'fit' method to train the tree before using this function."
+        )
+
+    tree_dict = _export_tree(tree)  # Assuming this function is implemented elsewhere.
+
+    if out_file is not None:
+        if isinstance(out_file, str):
+            with open(out_file, "w") as f:
+                json.dump(tree_dict, f, indent=4)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("`out_file` must be a string if provided.")
+
+    else:
+        return tree_dict
+
+
+def visualize_tree(
+    tree: Union[Classifier, Regressor],
+    feature_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    max_cat: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_oblique: Optional[int] = None,
+    save_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    dpi: int = 600,
+    figsize: tuple = (20, 10),
+    show_gini: bool = True,
+    show_n_samples: bool = True,
+    show_node_value: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Generate a visual representation of a decision tree model.
+
+    Creates a graphical visualization of the tree structure showing decision nodes,
+    leaf nodes, and split criteria. The visualization can be customized to show
+    various node statistics and can be displayed or saved to a file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tree : Union[Classifier, Regressor]
+        The trained decision tree model to visualize. Must be fitted before
+        visualization.
+
+    feature_names : List[str], optional
+        Human-readable names for the features used in the tree. If provided,
+        these names will be used in split conditions instead of generic feature
+        indices (e.g., "age <= 30" instead of "f0 <= 30").
+
+    max_cat : int, optional
+        For categorical splits, limits the number of categories shown in the
+        visualization. If there are more categories than this limit, they will
+        be truncated with an ellipsis. Useful for splits with many categories.
+
+    max_oblique : int, optional
+        For oblique splits (those involving multiple features), limits the number
+        of features shown in the split condition. Helps manage complex oblique
+        splits in the visualization.
+
+    save_path : str, optional
+        If provided, saves the visualization to this file path. The file format
+        is determined by the file extension (e.g., '.png', '.pdf').
+
+    dpi : int, default=600
+        The resolution (dots per inch) of the saved image. Only relevant if
+        save_path is provided.
+
+    figsize : tuple, default=(20, 10)
+        The width and height of the figure in inches.
+
+    show_gini : bool, default=True
+        Whether to display Gini impurity values in the nodes.
+
+    show_n_samples : bool, default=True
+        Whether to display the number of samples that reach each node.
+
+    show_node_value : bool, default=True
+        Whether to display the predicted value/class distributions in each node.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+        The function displays the visualization and optionally saves it to disk.
+    """
+    _check_visualize_tree_inputs(
+        tree, feature_names, max_cat, max_oblique, save_path, dpi, figsize
+    )
+
+    try:
+        from graphviz import Digraph
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "graphviz is not installed. Please install it to use this function."
+        )
+
+    try:
+        from matplotlib.pyplot import figure, imshow, imread, axis, savefig, show
+    except:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is not installed. Please install it to use this function."
+        )
+
+    tree_dict = _export_tree(tree)  # Assuming this function is implemented elsewhere.
+
+    node, params = tree_dict["tree"], tree_dict["params"]
+
+    def _visualize_recursive(node, graph=None, parent=None, edge_label=""):
+        if graph is None:
+            graph = Digraph(format="png")
+            graph.graph_attr.update(
+                {
+                    "rankdir": "TB",
+                    "ranksep": "0.3",
+                    "nodesep": "0.2",
+                    "splines": "polyline",
+                    "ordering": "out",
+                }
+            )
+            graph.attr(
+                "node",
+                shape="box",
+                style="filled",
+                color="lightgrey",
+                fontname="Helvetica",
+                margin="0.2",
+            )
+
+        node_id = str(id(node))
+        label_parts = []
+
+        is_leaf = "left" not in node and "right" not in node
+
+        if is_leaf:
+            # For leaf nodes
+            label_parts.append("leaf")
+            label_parts.append(_format_value_str(node, params))
+
+            # Add impurity for leaf nodes if requested and available
+            if show_gini and "impurity" in node:
+                label_parts.append(f"impurity: {_format_float(node['impurity'])}")
+
+            # Add n_samples for leaf nodes if requested and available
+            if show_n_samples and "n_samples" in node:
+                label_parts.append(f"n_samples: {node['n_samples']}")
+
+            graph.node(
+                node_id,
+                label="\n".join(label_parts),
+                shape="box",
+                style="filled",
+                color="lightblue",
+                fontname="Helvetica",
+            )
+        else:
+            # For internal nodes
+            # First add the split information
+            if node.get("is_oblique", False):
+                split_info = _create_oblique_expression(
+                    node["features"],
+                    node["weights"],
+                    node["threshold"],
+                    feature_names,
+                    max_oblique,
+                )
+            elif "category_left" in node:
+                categories = node["category_left"]
+                cat_str = _format_categories(categories, max_cat)
+                feature_label = (
+                    feature_names[node["feature_idx"]]
+                    if feature_names and node["feature_idx"] < len(feature_names)
+                    else f"f{node['feature_idx']}"
+                )
+                split_info = f"{feature_label} in {cat_str}"
+            else:
+                threshold = (
+                    _format_float(node["threshold"])
+                    if isinstance(node["threshold"], float)
+                    else node["threshold"]
+                )
+                feature_label = (
+                    feature_names[node["feature_idx"]]
+                    if feature_names and node["feature_idx"] < len(feature_names)
+                    else f"f{node['feature_idx']}"
+                )
+                split_info = f"{feature_label} ≤ {threshold}"
+
+            label_parts.append(split_info)
+
+            if show_node_value:
+                label_parts.append(_format_value_str(node, params))
+
+            # Add Gini impurity if requested
+            if show_gini and "impurity" in node:
+                label_parts.append(f"impurity: {_format_float(node['impurity'])}")
+
+            # Add n_samples if requested
+            if show_n_samples and "n_samples" in node:
+                label_parts.append(f"n_samples: {node['n_samples']}")
+
+            graph.node(
+                node_id,
+                label="\n".join(label_parts),
+                shape="box",
+                style="filled",
+                color="lightgrey",
+                fontname="Helvetica",
+            )
+
+        if parent is not None:
+            graph.edge(
+                parent,
+                node_id,
+                label=edge_label,
+                fontname="Helvetica",
+                penwidth="1.0",
+                minlen="1",
+            )
+
+        if "left" in node:
+            _visualize_recursive(node["left"], graph, node_id, "Left")
+        if "right" in node:
+            _visualize_recursive(node["right"], graph, node_id, "Right")
+
+        return graph
+
+    graph = _visualize_recursive(node)
+    png_data = graph.pipe(format="png")
+
+    figure(figsize=figsize)
+    imshow(imread(BytesIO(png_data)))
+    axis("off")
+
+    if save_path:
+        savefig(save_path, dpi=dpi, bbox_inches="tight", pad_inches=0)
+
+    show()
+    
+def export_tree_to_onnx(tree: Union[Classifier, Regressor]) -> None:
+    """
+    Convert an oblique decision tree (Classifier or Regressor) into an ONNX model.
+
+    .. important::
+       - This implementation currently does **not** support batch processing.
+         Only a single row (1D NumPy array) and np.float64 dtype can be passed as input.
+       - The input variable name must be **"X"** and its shape should be (n_features,).
+       - In binary classification, the output is a single-dimensional value representing 
+         the probability of belonging to the positive class.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tree : Union[Classifier, Regressor]
+        The oblique decision tree (classifier or regressor) to be converted to ONNX.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    onnx.ModelProto
+        The constructed ONNX model.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> # Suppose we have a 2D NumPy array X of shape (num_samples, num_features).
+    >>> # We only take a single row for prediction:
+    >>> X_sample = X[0, :]
+    >>> 
+    >>> # Create an inference session using onnxruntime:
+    >>> import onnxruntime
+    >>> session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession("tree.onnx")
+    >>> 
+    >>> # Retrieve the output name of the model
+    >>> out_name = session.get_outputs()[0].name
+    >>> 
+    >>> # Perform inference on the sample
+    >>> y_pred = session.run([out_name], {"X": X_sample})[0]
+    >>> print(y_pred)
+    """
+    try:
+        from onnx import helper, TensorProto
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Failed to import onnx dependencies. Please make sure the 'onnx' "
+            "package is installed."
+        ) from e
+    
+    tree_dict = export_tree(tree)
+
+    # Closure for unique name generation
+    name_counter = [0]
+
+    def _unique_name(prefix="Node"):
+        name_counter[0] += 1
+        return f"{prefix}_{name_counter[0]}"
+
+    def _make_constant_int_node(name, value, shape=None):
+        """
+        Creates an ONNX Constant node containing int64 data.
+        Useful for indices in Gather or other integer-only parameters.
+        """
+        if shape is None:
+            shape = [len(value)] if isinstance(value, list) else []
+        arr = (
+            np.array(value, dtype=np.int64)
+            if isinstance(value, list)
+            else (
+                np.array([value], dtype=np.int64)
+                if shape == []
+                else np.array(value, dtype=np.int64)
+            )
+        )
+
+        const_tensor = helper.make_tensor(
+            name=_unique_name("const_data_int"),
+            data_type=TensorProto.INT64,
+            dims=arr.shape,
+            vals=arr.flatten().tolist(),
+        )
+
+        node = helper.make_node(
+            "Constant", inputs=[], outputs=[name], value=const_tensor
+        )
+        return node
+
+    def _make_constant_float_node(name, value, shape=None):
+        """
+        Creates an ONNX Constant node containing float64 data.
+        Useful for thresholds, weights, etc.
+        """
+        if shape is None:
+            shape = [len(value)] if isinstance(value, list) else []
+        arr = (
+            np.array(value, dtype=np.float64)
+            if isinstance(value, list)
+            else np.array([value], dtype=np.float64)
+        )
+
+        if shape and arr.shape != tuple(shape):
+            arr = arr.reshape(shape)
+
+        const_tensor = helper.make_tensor(
+            name=_unique_name("const_data_float"),
+            data_type=TensorProto.DOUBLE,
+            dims=arr.shape,
+            vals=arr.flatten().tolist(),
+        )
+        node = helper.make_node(
+            "Constant", inputs=[], outputs=[name], value=const_tensor
+        )
+        return node
+
+    def _build_subgraph_for_node(node_dict, n_classes):
+        """
+        Recursively builds a subgraph (for 'If' branches) from the given node definition.
+        The subgraph uses 'X' as an outer-scope input (not declared in inputs[]).
+        """
+        nodes = []
+        graph_name = _unique_name("SubGraph")
+
+        # Subgraph output
+        out_name = _unique_name("sub_out")
+        out_info = helper.make_tensor_value_info(out_name, TensorProto.DOUBLE, None)
+
+        # Reference to 'X' from the outer scope
+        x_info = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.DOUBLE, [None])
+
+        # If this is a leaf node
+        if node_dict["is_leaf"]:
+            if "values" in node_dict and isinstance(node_dict["values"], list):
+                # Multi-class leaf
+                val_array = node_dict["values"]
+                shape = [len(val_array)]
+                cnode = _make_constant_float_node(out_name, val_array, shape)
+                nodes.append(cnode)
+            else:
+                # Single-value leaf (binary or regression)
+                val = node_dict["value"]
+                cnode = _make_constant_float_node(out_name, val, [])
+                nodes.append(cnode)
+
+            subgraph = helper.make_graph(
+                nodes=nodes,
+                name=graph_name,
+                inputs=[],
+                outputs=[out_info],
+                value_info=[x_info],
+            )
+            return subgraph, out_name
+
+        # Otherwise, this node is a split
+        cond_name = _unique_name("cond_bool")
+        is_oblique = node_dict.get("is_oblique", False)
+        cat_list = node_dict.get("category_left", [])
+        n_category = len(cat_list)
+
+        # Oblique split
+        if is_oblique:
+            w_list = node_dict["weights"]
+            f_list = node_dict["features"]
+            thr_val = node_dict["threshold"]
+
+            partials = []
+            for w, f_idx in zip(w_list, f_list):
+                gather_idx = _make_constant_int_node(
+                    _unique_name("gather_idx"), [f_idx], [1]
+                )
+                nodes.append(gather_idx)
+
+                gather_out = _unique_name("gather_out")
+                gnode = helper.make_node(
+                    "Gather",
+                    inputs=["X", gather_idx.output[0]],
+                    outputs=[gather_out],
+                    axis=0,
+                )
+                nodes.append(gnode)
+
+                w_node = _make_constant_float_node(_unique_name("weight"), w, [])
+                nodes.append(w_node)
+
+                mul_out = _unique_name("mul_out")
+                mul_node = helper.make_node(
+                    "Mul", inputs=[gather_out, w_node.output[0]], outputs=[mul_out]
+                )
+                nodes.append(mul_node)
+                partials.append(mul_out)
+
+            # Summation of partial products
+            if len(partials) == 1:
+                final_dot = partials[0]
+            else:
+                tmp = partials[0]
+                for p in partials[1:]:
+                    add_out = _unique_name("add_out")
+                    add_node = helper.make_node(
+                        "Add", inputs=[tmp, p], outputs=[add_out]
+                    )
+                    nodes.append(add_node)
+                    tmp = add_out
+                final_dot = tmp
+
+            thr_node = _make_constant_float_node(_unique_name("thr"), thr_val, [])
+            nodes.append(thr_node)
+
+            less_node = helper.make_node(
+                "Less", inputs=[final_dot, thr_node.output[0]], outputs=[cond_name]
+            )
+            nodes.append(less_node)
+
+        # Categorical split
+        elif n_category > 0:
+            f_idx = node_dict["feature_idx"]
+            fnode = _make_constant_int_node(_unique_name("catf_idx"), [f_idx], [1])
+            nodes.append(fnode)
+
+            gout = _unique_name("cat_gather_out")
+            gnode = helper.make_node(
+                "Gather", inputs=["X", fnode.output[0]], outputs=[gout], axis=0
+            )
+            nodes.append(gnode)
+
+            eq_outputs = []
+            for c_val in cat_list:
+                cat_node = _make_constant_float_node(_unique_name("cat_val"), c_val, [])
+                nodes.append(cat_node)
+
+                eq_out = _unique_name("eq_out")
+                eq_node = helper.make_node(
+                    "Equal", inputs=[gout, cat_node.output[0]], outputs=[eq_out]
+                )
+                nodes.append(eq_node)
+                eq_outputs.append(eq_out)
+
+            if len(eq_outputs) == 1:
+                final_eq = eq_outputs[0]
+            else:
+                tmp = eq_outputs[0]
+                for eqo in eq_outputs[1:]:
+                    or_out = _unique_name("or_out")
+                    or_node = helper.make_node(
+                        "Or", inputs=[tmp, eqo], outputs=[or_out]
+                    )
+                    nodes.append(or_node)
+                    tmp = or_out
+                final_eq = tmp
+
+            id_node = helper.make_node(
+                "Identity", inputs=[final_eq], outputs=[cond_name]
+            )
+            nodes.append(id_node)
+
+        # Axis-aligned numeric split
+        else:
+            f_idx = node_dict["feature_idx"]
+            thr_val = node_dict["threshold"]
+
+            fnode = _make_constant_int_node(_unique_name("f_idx"), [f_idx], [1])
+            nodes.append(fnode)
+
+            gout = _unique_name("gather_out")
+            gnode = helper.make_node(
+                "Gather", inputs=["X", fnode.output[0]], outputs=[gout], axis=0
+            )
+            nodes.append(gnode)
+
+            thr_node = _make_constant_float_node(_unique_name("thr_val"), thr_val, [])
+            nodes.append(thr_node)
+
+            less_node = helper.make_node(
+                "Less", inputs=[gout, thr_node.output[0]], outputs=[cond_name]
+            )
+            nodes.append(less_node)
+
+        # Recursively build subgraphs for left and right
+        left_sub, left_out = _build_subgraph_for_node(node_dict["left"], n_classes)
+        right_sub, right_out = _build_subgraph_for_node(node_dict["right"], n_classes)
+
+        if_out = _unique_name("if_out")
+        if_info = helper.make_tensor_value_info(if_out, TensorProto.DOUBLE, None)
+
+        if_node = helper.make_node(
+            "If",
+            inputs=[cond_name],
+            outputs=[if_out],
+            name=_unique_name("IfNode"),
+            then_branch=left_sub,
+            else_branch=right_sub,
+        )
+        nodes.append(if_node)
+
+        subgraph = helper.make_graph(
+            nodes=nodes,
+            name=graph_name,
+            inputs=[],
+            outputs=[if_info],
+            value_info=[x_info],
+        )
+        return subgraph, if_out
+
+    # Retrieve tree parameters
+    params = tree_dict["params"]
+    n_classes = params.get("n_classes", 2)
+    n_features = params.get("n_features", 4)
+
+    # Build the root subgraph from the tree
+    root_subgraph, root_out_name = _build_subgraph_for_node(
+        tree_dict["tree"], n_classes
+    )
+
+    # Main graph I/O
+    main_input = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.DOUBLE, [n_features])
+    main_output = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.DOUBLE, None)
+
+    # Extract nodes and value_info from the root subgraph
+    nodes = list(root_subgraph.node)
+    val_info = list(root_subgraph.value_info)
+    if_out_name = root_subgraph.output[0].name
+
+    # Add a final Identity node to map subgraph output to "Y"
+    final_out_node_name = _unique_name("final_y")
+    identity_node = helper.make_node(
+        "Identity", inputs=[if_out_name], outputs=[final_out_node_name]
+    )
+    nodes.append(identity_node)
+    main_output.name = final_out_node_name
+
+    # Construct the main graph
+    main_graph = helper.make_graph(
+        nodes=nodes,
+        name="MainGraph",
+        inputs=[main_input],
+        outputs=[main_output],
+        value_info=val_info,
+    )
+
+    # Fix output shape to [1] or [n_classes]
+    if n_classes > 2:
+        dim = main_graph.output[0].type.tensor_type.shape.dim.add()
+        dim.dim_value = n_classes
+    else:
+        dim = main_graph.output[0].type.tensor_type.shape.dim.add()
+        dim.dim_value = 1
+
+    # Fix input shape to [n_features]
+    main_graph.input[0].type.tensor_type.shape.dim[0].dim_value = n_features
+
+    onnx_model = helper.make_model(
+        main_graph,
+        producer_name="custom_oblique_categorical_tree",
+        opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)],
+    )
+    onnx_model.ir_version = 7
+
+    return onnx_model
+
+
+def _format_float(value: float) -> str:
+    """Format float value with 3 decimal places, return '0' for 0.0"""
+    if value == 0.0:
+        return "0"
+    return f"{value:.2f}"
+
+
+def _format_value_str(node: Dict[str, Any], params: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """
+    Format value string based on task type (regression vs classification) and number of classes
+
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    node : Dict[str, Any]
+        The tree node dictionary containing values or value
+    params : Dict[str, Any]
+        Tree parameters containing task and n_classes information
+    """
+    # Check if it's a regression task
+    if params["task"]:
+        value = (
+            _format_float(node["value"])
+            if isinstance(node["value"], float)
+            else node["value"]
+        )
+        return f"Value: {value}"
+
+    # Classification task
+    else:
+        if params["n_classes"] == 2:  # Binary classification
+            # For binary case, node["values"] contains probability for positive class
+            p = node["value"]
+            return f"values: [{_format_float(1-p)}, {_format_float(p)}]"
+        else:  # Multiclass (3 or more classes)
+            values_str = ", ".join(
+                _format_float(v) if isinstance(v, float) else str(v)
+                for v in node.get("values", [0.0] * params["n_classes"])
+            )
+            return f"values: [{values_str}]"
+
+
+def _create_oblique_expression(
+    features: list,
+    weights: list,
+    threshold: float,
+    feature_names: Optional[List[str]],
+    max_oblique: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Create mathematical expression for oblique split with line breaks after 5 terms"""
+    terms = []
+
+    # Sort features and weights by absolute weight value
+    feature_weight_pairs = sorted(
+        zip(features, weights), key=lambda x: abs(x[1]), reverse=True
+    )
+
+    # Apply max_oblique limit if specified
+    if max_oblique is not None:
+        feature_weight_pairs = feature_weight_pairs[:max_oblique]
+        if len(features) > max_oblique:
+            feature_weight_pairs.append(("...", 0))
+
+    # Create terms with proper formatting
+    lines = []
+    current_line = []
+
+    for i, (f, w) in enumerate(feature_weight_pairs):
+        if f == "...":
+            current_line.append("...")
+            continue
+
+        feature_label = (
+            feature_names[f] if feature_names and f < len(feature_names) else f"f{f}"
+        )
+
+        if w == 1.0:
+            term = feature_label  # Removed parentheses for coefficient 1
+        elif w == -1.0:
+            term = f"–{feature_label}"  # Removed parentheses for coefficient -1
+        else:
+            formatted_weight = _format_float(abs(w))
+            term = f"{'– ' if w < 0 else ''}({formatted_weight} * {feature_label})"
+
+        if i > 0:
+            term = f"+ {term}" if w > 0 else f" {term}"
+
+        current_line.append(term)
+
+        # Start new line after every 5 terms
+        if len(current_line) == 5 and i < len(feature_weight_pairs) - 1:
+            lines.append(" ".join(current_line) + " +")
+            current_line = []
+
+    if current_line:
+        lines.append(" ".join(current_line))
+
+    formatted_threshold = _format_float(threshold)
+    expression = "\n".join(lines)
+    return f"{expression} ≤ {formatted_threshold}"
+
+
+def _format_categories(categories: list, max_cat: Optional[int] = None) -> str:
+    """Format category list with line breaks after every 5 items"""
+    if max_cat is not None and len(categories) > max_cat:
+        shown_cats = categories[:max_cat]
+        return f"[{', '.join(map(str, shown_cats))}, ...]"
+
+    formatted_cats = []
+    current_line = []
+
+    for i, cat in enumerate(categories):
+        current_line.append(str(cat))
+
+        # Add line break after every 5 items or at the end
+        if len(current_line) == 9 and i < len(categories) - 1:
+            formatted_cats.append(", ".join(current_line) + ",")
+            current_line = []
+
+    if current_line:
+        formatted_cats.append(", ".join(current_line))
+
+    if len(formatted_cats) > 1:
+        return "[" + "\n".join(formatted_cats) + "]"
+    return f"[{formatted_cats[0]}]"
+
+
+def _check_visualize_tree_inputs(
+    tree: BaseTree,
+    feature_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    max_cat: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_oblique: Optional[int] = None,
+    save_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    dpi: int = 600,
+    figsize: tuple = (20, 10),
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Validate the inputs for the visualize_tree function.
+
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    tree : object
+        The tree object to be visualized, must have a certain expected structure.
+    feature_names : Optional[List[str]]
+        If provided, must be a list of strings matching the number of features in the tree.
+    max_cat : Optional[int]
+        If provided, must be a positive integer.
+    max_oblique : Optional[int]
+        If provided, must be a positive integer.
+    save_path : Optional[str]
+        If provided, must be a valid file path ending in a supported image format (e.g., '.png').
+    dpi : int
+        Must be a positive integer.
+    figsize : tuple
+        Must be a tuple of two positive numbers.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(tree, BaseTree):
+        raise ValueError("`tree` must be an instance of `BaseTree`.")
+
+    if not tree._fit:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "The tree has not been fitted yet. Please call the 'fit' method to train the tree before using this function."
+        )
+
+    if feature_names is not None:
+        if not isinstance(feature_names, list) or not all(
+            isinstance(f, str) for f in feature_names
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("feature_names must be a list of strings.")
+        if len(feature_names) != tree.n_features:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"feature_names must match the number of features in the tree ({tree.n_features})."
+            )
+
+    if max_cat is not None and (not isinstance(max_cat, int) or max_cat <= 0):
+        raise ValueError("max_cat must be a positive integer.")
+
+    if max_oblique is not None and (
+        not isinstance(max_oblique, int) or max_oblique <= 0
+    ):
+        raise ValueError("max_oblique must be a positive integer.")
+
+    if save_path is not None and not isinstance(save_path, str):
+        raise ValueError("save_path must be a string representing a valid file path.")
+
+    if not isinstance(dpi, int) or dpi <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("dpi must be a positive integer.")
+
+    if (
+        not isinstance(figsize, tuple)
+        or len(figsize) != 2
+        or not all(isinstance(dim, (int, float)) and dim > 0 for dim in figsize)
+    ):
+        raise ValueError("figsize must be a tuple of two positive numbers.")