numba-cuda 0.19.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.20.0__py3-none-any.whl

numba_cuda/numba/cuda/core/pythonapi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1868 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import sys
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+from llvmlite.ir import Constant
+
+import ctypes
+from numba import _helperlib
+from numba.core import (
+    errors,
+    types,
+    config,
+    lowering,
+    cgutils,
+    imputils,
+    serialize,
+)
+from numba.core.utils import PYVERSION
+
+PY_UNICODE_1BYTE_KIND = _helperlib.py_unicode_1byte_kind
+PY_UNICODE_2BYTE_KIND = _helperlib.py_unicode_2byte_kind
+PY_UNICODE_4BYTE_KIND = _helperlib.py_unicode_4byte_kind
+if PYVERSION in ((3, 10), (3, 11)):
+    PY_UNICODE_WCHAR_KIND = _helperlib.py_unicode_wchar_kind
+
+
+class _Registry(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.functions = {}
+
+    def register(self, typeclass):
+        assert issubclass(typeclass, types.Type)
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            if typeclass in self.functions:
+                raise KeyError("duplicate registration for %s" % (typeclass,))
+            self.functions[typeclass] = func
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def lookup(self, typeclass, default=None):
+        assert issubclass(typeclass, types.Type)
+        for cls in typeclass.__mro__:
+            func = self.functions.get(cls)
+            if func is not None:
+                return func
+        return default
+
+
+# Registries of boxing / unboxing implementations
+_boxers = _Registry()
+_unboxers = _Registry()
+_reflectors = _Registry()
+
+box = _boxers.register
+unbox = _unboxers.register
+reflect = _reflectors.register
+
+
+class _BoxContext(
+    namedtuple("_BoxContext", ("context", "builder", "pyapi", "env_manager"))
+):
+    """
+    The facilities required by boxing implementations.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def box(self, typ, val):
+        return self.pyapi.from_native_value(typ, val, self.env_manager)
+
+
+class _UnboxContext(
+    namedtuple("_UnboxContext", ("context", "builder", "pyapi"))
+):
+    """
+    The facilities required by unboxing implementations.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def unbox(self, typ, obj):
+        return self.pyapi.to_native_value(typ, obj)
+
+
+class _ReflectContext(
+    namedtuple(
+        "_ReflectContext",
+        ("context", "builder", "pyapi", "env_manager", "is_error"),
+    )
+):
+    """
+    The facilities required by reflection implementations.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # XXX the error bit is currently unused by consumers (e.g. PyCallWrapper)
+    def set_error(self):
+        self.builder.store(self.is_error, cgutils.true_bit)
+
+    def box(self, typ, val):
+        return self.pyapi.from_native_value(typ, val, self.env_manager)
+
+    def reflect(self, typ, val):
+        return self.pyapi.reflect_native_value(typ, val, self.env_manager)
+
+
+class NativeValue(object):
+    """
+    Encapsulate the result of converting a Python object to a native value,
+    recording whether the conversion was successful and how to cleanup.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value, is_error=None, cleanup=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.is_error = is_error if is_error is not None else cgutils.false_bit
+        self.cleanup = cleanup
+
+
+class EnvironmentManager(object):
+    def __init__(self, pyapi, env, env_body, env_ptr):
+        assert isinstance(env, lowering.Environment)
+        self.pyapi = pyapi
+        self.env = env
+        self.env_body = env_body
+        self.env_ptr = env_ptr
+
+    def add_const(self, const):
+        """
+        Add a constant to the environment, return its index.
+        """
+        # All constants are frozen inside the environment
+        if isinstance(const, str):
+            const = sys.intern(const)
+        for index, val in enumerate(self.env.consts):
+            if val is const:
+                break
+        else:
+            index = len(self.env.consts)
+            self.env.consts.append(const)
+        return index
+
+    def read_const(self, index):
+        """
+        Look up constant number *index* inside the environment body.
+        A borrowed reference is returned.
+
+        The returned LLVM value may have NULL value at runtime which indicates
+        an error at runtime.
+        """
+        assert index < len(self.env.consts)
+
+        builder = self.pyapi.builder
+        consts = self.env_body.consts
+        ret = cgutils.alloca_once(builder, self.pyapi.pyobj, zfill=True)
+        with builder.if_else(cgutils.is_not_null(builder, consts)) as (
+            br_not_null,
+            br_null,
+        ):
+            with br_not_null:
+                getitem = self.pyapi.list_getitem(consts, index)
+                builder.store(getitem, ret)
+            with br_null:
+                # This can happen when the Environment is accidentally released
+                # and has subsequently been garbage collected.
+                self.pyapi.err_set_string(
+                    "PyExc_RuntimeError",
+                    "`env.consts` is NULL in `read_const`",
+                )
+        return builder.load(ret)
+
+
+_IteratorLoop = namedtuple("_IteratorLoop", ("value", "do_break"))
+
+
+class PythonAPI(object):
+    """
+    Code generation facilities to call into the CPython C API (and related
+    helpers).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, context, builder):
+        """
+        Note: Maybe called multiple times when lowering a function
+        """
+        self.context = context
+        self.builder = builder
+
+        self.module = builder.basic_block.function.module
+        # A unique mapping of serialized objects in this module
+        try:
+            self.module.__serialized
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.module.__serialized = {}
+
+        # Initialize types
+        self.pyobj = self.context.get_argument_type(types.pyobject)
+        self.pyobjptr = self.pyobj.as_pointer()
+        self.voidptr = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        self.long = ir.IntType(ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_long) * 8)
+        self.ulong = self.long
+        self.longlong = ir.IntType(ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_ulonglong) * 8)
+        self.ulonglong = self.longlong
+        self.double = ir.DoubleType()
+        if config.USE_LEGACY_TYPE_SYSTEM:
+            self.py_ssize_t = self.context.get_value_type(types.intp)
+        else:
+            self.py_ssize_t = self.context.get_value_type(types.c_intp)
+        self.cstring = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        self.gil_state = ir.IntType(_helperlib.py_gil_state_size * 8)
+        self.py_buffer_t = ir.ArrayType(
+            ir.IntType(8), _helperlib.py_buffer_size
+        )
+        self.py_hash_t = self.py_ssize_t
+        self.py_unicode_1byte_kind = _helperlib.py_unicode_1byte_kind
+        self.py_unicode_2byte_kind = _helperlib.py_unicode_2byte_kind
+        self.py_unicode_4byte_kind = _helperlib.py_unicode_4byte_kind
+
+    def get_env_manager(self, env, env_body, env_ptr):
+        return EnvironmentManager(self, env, env_body, env_ptr)
+
+    def emit_environment_sentry(
+        self, envptr, return_pyobject=False, debug_msg=""
+    ):
+        """Emits LLVM code to ensure the `envptr` is not NULL"""
+        is_null = cgutils.is_null(self.builder, envptr)
+        with cgutils.if_unlikely(self.builder, is_null):
+            if return_pyobject:
+                fnty = self.builder.function.type.pointee
+                assert fnty.return_type == self.pyobj
+                self.err_set_string(
+                    "PyExc_RuntimeError",
+                    f"missing Environment: {debug_msg}",
+                )
+                self.builder.ret(self.get_null_object())
+            else:
+                self.context.call_conv.return_user_exc(
+                    self.builder,
+                    RuntimeError,
+                    (f"missing Environment: {debug_msg}",),
+                )
+
+    # ------ Python API -----
+
+    #
+    # Basic object API
+    #
+
+    def incref(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="Py_IncRef")
+        self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def decref(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="Py_DecRef")
+        self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def get_type(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_py_type")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    #
+    # Argument unpacking
+    #
+
+    def parse_tuple_and_keywords(self, args, kws, fmt, keywords, *objs):
+        charptr = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        charptrary = ir.PointerType(charptr)
+        argtypes = [self.pyobj, self.pyobj, charptr, charptrary]
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), argtypes, var_arg=True)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [args, kws, fmt, keywords] + list(objs))
+
+    def parse_tuple(self, args, fmt, *objs):
+        charptr = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        argtypes = [self.pyobj, charptr]
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), argtypes, var_arg=True)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyArg_ParseTuple")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [args, fmt] + list(objs))
+
+    def unpack_tuple(self, args, name, n_min, n_max, *objs):
+        charptr = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        argtypes = [self.pyobj, charptr, self.py_ssize_t, self.py_ssize_t]
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), argtypes, var_arg=True)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyArg_UnpackTuple")
+        n_min = Constant(self.py_ssize_t, int(n_min))
+        n_max = Constant(self.py_ssize_t, int(n_max))
+        if isinstance(name, str):
+            name = self.context.insert_const_string(self.builder.module, name)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [args, name, n_min, n_max] + list(objs))
+
+    #
+    # Exception and errors
+    #
+
+    def err_occurred(self):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, ())
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_Occurred")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, ())
+
+    def err_clear(self):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), ())
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_Clear")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, ())
+
+    def err_set_string(self, exctype, msg):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj, self.cstring])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_SetString")
+        if isinstance(exctype, str):
+            exctype = self.get_c_object(exctype)
+        if isinstance(msg, str):
+            msg = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, msg)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (exctype, msg))
+
+    def err_format(self, exctype, msg, *format_args):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj, self.cstring], var_arg=True
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_Format")
+        if isinstance(exctype, str):
+            exctype = self.get_c_object(exctype)
+        if isinstance(msg, str):
+            msg = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, msg)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (exctype, msg) + tuple(format_args))
+
+    def raise_object(self, exc=None):
+        """
+        Raise an arbitrary exception (type or value or (type, args)
+        or None - if reraising).  A reference to the argument is consumed.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_do_raise")
+        if exc is None:
+            exc = self.make_none()
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (exc,))
+
+    def err_set_object(self, exctype, excval):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_SetObject")
+        if isinstance(exctype, str):
+            exctype = self.get_c_object(exctype)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (exctype, excval))
+
+    def err_set_none(self, exctype):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_SetNone")
+        if isinstance(exctype, str):
+            exctype = self.get_c_object(exctype)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (exctype,))
+
+    def err_write_unraisable(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_WriteUnraisable")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    def err_fetch(self, pty, pval, ptb):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobjptr] * 3)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_Fetch")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (pty, pval, ptb))
+
+    def err_restore(self, ty, val, tb):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj] * 3)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyErr_Restore")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (ty, val, tb))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def err_push(self, keep_new=False):
+        """
+        Temporarily push the current error indicator while the code
+        block is executed.  If *keep_new* is True and the code block
+        raises a new error, the new error is kept, otherwise the old
+        error indicator is restored at the end of the block.
+        """
+        pty, pval, ptb = [
+            cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.pyobj) for i in range(3)
+        ]
+        self.err_fetch(pty, pval, ptb)
+        yield
+        ty = self.builder.load(pty)
+        val = self.builder.load(pval)
+        tb = self.builder.load(ptb)
+        if keep_new:
+            new_error = cgutils.is_not_null(self.builder, self.err_occurred())
+            with self.builder.if_else(new_error, likely=False) as (
+                if_error,
+                if_ok,
+            ):
+                with if_error:
+                    # Code block raised an error, keep it
+                    self.decref(ty)
+                    self.decref(val)
+                    self.decref(tb)
+                with if_ok:
+                    # Restore previous error
+                    self.err_restore(ty, val, tb)
+        else:
+            self.err_restore(ty, val, tb)
+
+    def get_c_object(self, name):
+        """
+        Get a Python object through its C-accessible *name*
+        (e.g. "PyExc_ValueError").  The underlying variable must be
+        a `PyObject *`, and the value of that pointer is returned.
+        """
+        # A LLVM global variable is implicitly a pointer to the declared
+        # type, so fix up by using pyobj.pointee.
+        return self.context.get_c_value(
+            self.builder, self.pyobj.pointee, name, dllimport=True
+        )
+
+    def raise_missing_global_error(self, name):
+        msg = "global name '%s' is not defined" % name
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, msg)
+        self.err_set_string("PyExc_NameError", cstr)
+
+    def raise_missing_name_error(self, name):
+        msg = "name '%s' is not defined" % name
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, msg)
+        self.err_set_string("PyExc_NameError", cstr)
+
+    def fatal_error(self, msg):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.cstring])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="Py_FatalError")
+        fn.attributes.add("noreturn")
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, msg)
+        self.builder.call(fn, (cstr,))
+
+    #
+    # Concrete dict API
+    #
+
+    def dict_getitem_string(self, dic, name):
+        """Lookup name inside dict
+
+        Returns a borrowed reference
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.cstring])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyDict_GetItemString")
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, name)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [dic, cstr])
+
+    def dict_getitem(self, dic, name):
+        """Lookup name inside dict
+
+        Returns a borrowed reference
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyDict_GetItem")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [dic, name])
+
+    def dict_new(self, presize=0):
+        if presize == 0:
+            fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, ())
+            fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyDict_New")
+            return self.builder.call(fn, ())
+        else:
+            fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.py_ssize_t])
+            fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="_PyDict_NewPresized")
+            return self.builder.call(
+                fn, [Constant(self.py_ssize_t, int(presize))]
+            )
+
+    def dict_setitem(self, dictobj, nameobj, valobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), (self.pyobj, self.pyobj, self.pyobj)
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyDict_SetItem")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (dictobj, nameobj, valobj))
+
+    def dict_setitem_string(self, dictobj, name, valobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), (self.pyobj, self.cstring, self.pyobj)
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyDict_SetItemString")
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, name)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (dictobj, cstr, valobj))
+
+    def dict_pack(self, keyvalues):
+        """
+        Args
+        -----
+        keyvalues: iterable of (str, llvm.Value of PyObject*)
+        """
+        dictobj = self.dict_new()
+        with self.if_object_ok(dictobj):
+            for k, v in keyvalues:
+                self.dict_setitem_string(dictobj, k, v)
+        return dictobj
+
+    #
+    # Concrete number APIs
+    #
+
+    def float_from_double(self, fval):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.double])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyFloat_FromDouble")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [fval])
+
+    def number_as_ssize_t(self, numobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.py_ssize_t, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_AsSsize_t")
+        # We don't want any clipping, so pass OverflowError as the 2nd arg
+        exc_class = self.get_c_object("PyExc_OverflowError")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [numobj, exc_class])
+
+    def number_long(self, numobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_Long")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [numobj])
+
+    def long_as_ulonglong(self, numobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.ulonglong, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [numobj])
+
+    def long_as_longlong(self, numobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.ulonglong, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyLong_AsLongLong")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [numobj])
+
+    def long_as_voidptr(self, numobj):
+        """
+        Convert the given Python integer to a void*.  This is recommended
+        over number_as_ssize_t as it isn't affected by signedness.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.voidptr, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyLong_AsVoidPtr")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [numobj])
+
+    def _long_from_native_int(self, ival, func_name, native_int_type, signed):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [native_int_type])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=func_name)
+        resptr = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.pyobj)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=func_name)
+        self.builder.store(self.builder.call(fn, [ival]), resptr)
+
+        return self.builder.load(resptr)
+
+    def long_from_long(self, ival):
+        func_name = "PyLong_FromLong"
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.long])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=func_name)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [ival])
+
+    def long_from_ulong(self, ival):
+        return self._long_from_native_int(
+            ival, "PyLong_FromUnsignedLong", self.long, signed=False
+        )
+
+    def long_from_ssize_t(self, ival):
+        return self._long_from_native_int(
+            ival, "PyLong_FromSsize_t", self.py_ssize_t, signed=True
+        )
+
+    def long_from_longlong(self, ival):
+        return self._long_from_native_int(
+            ival, "PyLong_FromLongLong", self.longlong, signed=True
+        )
+
+    def long_from_ulonglong(self, ival):
+        return self._long_from_native_int(
+            ival, "PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong", self.ulonglong, signed=False
+        )
+
+    def long_from_signed_int(self, ival):
+        """
+        Return a Python integer from any native integer value.
+        """
+        bits = ival.type.width
+        if bits <= self.long.width:
+            return self.long_from_long(self.builder.sext(ival, self.long))
+        elif bits <= self.longlong.width:
+            return self.long_from_longlong(
+                self.builder.sext(ival, self.longlong)
+            )
+        else:
+            raise OverflowError("integer too big (%d bits)" % (bits))
+
+    def long_from_unsigned_int(self, ival):
+        """
+        Same as long_from_signed_int, but for unsigned values.
+        """
+        bits = ival.type.width
+        if bits <= self.ulong.width:
+            return self.long_from_ulong(self.builder.zext(ival, self.ulong))
+        elif bits <= self.ulonglong.width:
+            return self.long_from_ulonglong(
+                self.builder.zext(ival, self.ulonglong)
+            )
+        else:
+            raise OverflowError("integer too big (%d bits)" % (bits))
+
+    def _get_number_operator(self, name):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_%s" % name)
+        return fn
+
+    def _call_number_operator(self, name, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        if inplace:
+            name = "InPlace" + name
+        fn = self._get_number_operator(name)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [lhs, rhs])
+
+    def number_add(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Add", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_subtract(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Subtract", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_multiply(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Multiply", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_truedivide(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator(
+            "TrueDivide", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace
+        )
+
+    def number_floordivide(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator(
+            "FloorDivide", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace
+        )
+
+    def number_remainder(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator(
+            "Remainder", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace
+        )
+
+    def number_matrix_multiply(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator(
+            "MatrixMultiply", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace
+        )
+
+    def number_lshift(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Lshift", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_rshift(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Rshift", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_and(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("And", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_or(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Or", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_xor(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        return self._call_number_operator("Xor", lhs, rhs, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def number_power(self, lhs, rhs, inplace=False):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj] * 3)
+        fname = "PyNumber_InPlacePower" if inplace else "PyNumber_Power"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [lhs, rhs, self.borrow_none()])
+
+    def number_negative(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_Negative")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    def number_positive(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_Positive")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    def number_float(self, val):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_Float")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [val])
+
+    def number_invert(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyNumber_Invert")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    def float_as_double(self, fobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.double, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyFloat_AsDouble")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [fobj])
+
+    def bool_from_bool(self, bval):
+        """
+        Get a Python bool from a LLVM boolean.
+        """
+        longval = self.builder.zext(bval, self.long)
+        return self.bool_from_long(longval)
+
+    def bool_from_long(self, ival):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.long])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyBool_FromLong")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [ival])
+
+    def complex_from_doubles(self, realval, imagval):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [ir.DoubleType(), ir.DoubleType()])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyComplex_FromDoubles")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [realval, imagval])
+
+    def complex_real_as_double(self, cobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.DoubleType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyComplex_RealAsDouble")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [cobj])
+
+    def complex_imag_as_double(self, cobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.DoubleType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyComplex_ImagAsDouble")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [cobj])
+
+    #
+    # Concrete slice API
+    #
+    def slice_as_ints(self, obj):
+        """
+        Read the members of a slice of integers.
+
+        Returns a (ok, start, stop, step) tuple where ok is a boolean and
+        the following members are pointer-sized ints.
+        """
+        pstart = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.py_ssize_t)
+        pstop = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.py_ssize_t)
+        pstep = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.py_ssize_t)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj] + [self.py_ssize_t.as_pointer()] * 3
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_unpack_slice")
+        res = self.builder.call(fn, (obj, pstart, pstop, pstep))
+        start = self.builder.load(pstart)
+        stop = self.builder.load(pstop)
+        step = self.builder.load(pstep)
+        return cgutils.is_null(self.builder, res), start, stop, step
+
+    #
+    # List and sequence APIs
+    #
+
+    def sequence_getslice(self, obj, start, stop):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t, self.py_ssize_t]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySequence_GetSlice")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj, start, stop))
+
+    def sequence_tuple(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySequence_Tuple")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def sequence_concat(self, obj1, obj2):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySequence_Concat")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj1, obj2])
+
+    def list_new(self, szval):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.py_ssize_t])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyList_New")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [szval])
+
+    def list_size(self, lst):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.py_ssize_t, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyList_Size")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [lst])
+
+    def list_append(self, lst, val):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyList_Append")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [lst, val])
+
+    def list_setitem(self, lst, idx, val):
+        """
+        Warning: Steals reference to ``val``
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyList_SetItem")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [lst, idx, val])
+
+    def list_getitem(self, lst, idx):
+        """
+        Returns a borrowed reference.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyList_GetItem")
+        if isinstance(idx, int):
+            idx = self.context.get_constant(types.intp, idx)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [lst, idx])
+
+    def list_setslice(self, lst, start, stop, obj):
+        if obj is None:
+            obj = self.get_null_object()
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32),
+            [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t, self.py_ssize_t, self.pyobj],
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyList_SetSlice")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (lst, start, stop, obj))
+
+    #
+    # Concrete tuple API
+    #
+
+    def tuple_getitem(self, tup, idx):
+        """
+        Borrow reference
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyTuple_GetItem")
+        idx = self.context.get_constant(types.intp, idx)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [tup, idx])
+
+    def tuple_pack(self, items):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.py_ssize_t], var_arg=True)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyTuple_Pack")
+        n = self.context.get_constant(types.intp, len(items))
+        args = [n]
+        args.extend(items)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, args)
+
+    def tuple_size(self, tup):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.py_ssize_t, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyTuple_Size")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [tup])
+
+    def tuple_new(self, count):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.py_ssize_t])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyTuple_New")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [self.py_ssize_t(count)])
+
+    def tuple_setitem(self, tuple_val, index, item):
+        """
+        Steals a reference to `item`.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        setitem_fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyTuple_SetItem")
+        index = self.py_ssize_t(index)
+        self.builder.call(setitem_fn, [tuple_val, index, item])
+
+    #
+    # Concrete set API
+    #
+
+    def set_new(self, iterable=None):
+        if iterable is None:
+            iterable = self.get_null_object()
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySet_New")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [iterable])
+
+    def set_add(self, set, value):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySet_Add")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [set, value])
+
+    def set_clear(self, set):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySet_Clear")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [set])
+
+    def set_size(self, set):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.py_ssize_t, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySet_Size")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [set])
+
+    def set_update(self, set, iterable):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="_PySet_Update")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [set, iterable])
+
+    def set_next_entry(self, set, posptr, keyptr, hashptr):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32),
+            [
+                self.pyobj,
+                self.py_ssize_t.as_pointer(),
+                self.pyobj.as_pointer(),
+                self.py_hash_t.as_pointer(),
+            ],
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="_PySet_NextEntry")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (set, posptr, keyptr, hashptr))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def set_iterate(self, set):
+        builder = self.builder
+
+        hashptr = cgutils.alloca_once(builder, self.py_hash_t, name="hashptr")
+        keyptr = cgutils.alloca_once(builder, self.pyobj, name="keyptr")
+        posptr = cgutils.alloca_once_value(
+            builder, Constant(self.py_ssize_t, 0), name="posptr"
+        )
+
+        bb_body = builder.append_basic_block("bb_body")
+        bb_end = builder.append_basic_block("bb_end")
+
+        builder.branch(bb_body)
+
+        def do_break():
+            builder.branch(bb_end)
+
+        with builder.goto_block(bb_body):
+            r = self.set_next_entry(set, posptr, keyptr, hashptr)
+            finished = cgutils.is_null(builder, r)
+            with builder.if_then(finished, likely=False):
+                builder.branch(bb_end)
+            yield _IteratorLoop(builder.load(keyptr), do_break)
+            builder.branch(bb_body)
+
+        builder.position_at_end(bb_end)
+
+    #
+    # GIL APIs
+    #
+
+    def gil_ensure(self):
+        """
+        Ensure the GIL is acquired.
+        The returned value must be consumed by gil_release().
+        """
+        gilptrty = ir.PointerType(self.gil_state)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [gilptrty])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, "numba_gil_ensure")
+        gilptr = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.gil_state)
+        self.builder.call(fn, [gilptr])
+        return gilptr
+
+    def gil_release(self, gil):
+        """
+        Release the acquired GIL by gil_ensure().
+        Must be paired with a gil_ensure().
+        """
+        gilptrty = ir.PointerType(self.gil_state)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [gilptrty])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, "numba_gil_release")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [gil])
+
+    def save_thread(self):
+        """
+        Release the GIL and return the former thread state
+        (an opaque non-NULL pointer).
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.voidptr, [])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyEval_SaveThread")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [])
+
+    def restore_thread(self, thread_state):
+        """
+        Restore the given thread state by reacquiring the GIL.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.voidptr])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyEval_RestoreThread")
+        self.builder.call(fn, [thread_state])
+
+    #
+    # Generic object private data (a way of associating an arbitrary void *
+    # pointer to an arbitrary Python object).
+    #
+
+    def object_get_private_data(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.voidptr, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_get_pyobject_private_data")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    def object_set_private_data(self, obj, ptr):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj, self.voidptr])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_set_pyobject_private_data")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj, ptr))
+
+    def object_reset_private_data(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_reset_pyobject_private_data")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    #
+    # Other APIs (organize them better!)
+    #
+
+    def import_module(self, modname):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.cstring])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyImport_ImportModule")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [modname])
+
+    def call_function_objargs(self, callee, objargs):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj], var_arg=True)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs")
+        args = [callee] + list(objargs)
+        args.append(self.context.get_constant_null(types.pyobject))
+        return self.builder.call(fn, args)
+
+    def call_method(self, callee, method, objargs=()):
+        cname = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, method)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.cstring, self.cstring], var_arg=True
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_CallMethod")
+        fmt = "O" * len(objargs)
+        cfmt = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, fmt)
+        args = [callee, cname, cfmt]
+        if objargs:
+            args.extend(objargs)
+        args.append(self.context.get_constant_null(types.pyobject))
+        return self.builder.call(fn, args)
+
+    def call(self, callee, args=None, kws=None):
+        if args_was_none := args is None:
+            args = self.tuple_new(0)
+        if kws is None:
+            kws = self.get_null_object()
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj] * 3)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_Call")
+        result = self.builder.call(fn, (callee, args, kws))
+        if args_was_none:
+            self.decref(args)
+        return result
+
+    def object_type(self, obj):
+        """Emit a call to ``PyObject_Type(obj)`` to get the type of ``obj``."""
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_Type")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    def object_istrue(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_IsTrue")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def object_not(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_Not")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def object_richcompare(self, lhs, rhs, opstr):
+        """
+        Refer to Python source Include/object.h for macros definition
+        of the opid.
+        """
+        ops = ["<", "<=", "==", "!=", ">", ">="]
+        if opstr in ops:
+            opid = ops.index(opstr)
+            fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+                self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj, ir.IntType(32)]
+            )
+            fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_RichCompare")
+            lopid = self.context.get_constant(types.int32, opid)
+            return self.builder.call(fn, (lhs, rhs, lopid))
+        elif opstr == "is":
+            bitflag = self.builder.icmp_unsigned("==", lhs, rhs)
+            return self.bool_from_bool(bitflag)
+        elif opstr == "is not":
+            bitflag = self.builder.icmp_unsigned("!=", lhs, rhs)
+            return self.bool_from_bool(bitflag)
+        elif opstr in ("in", "not in"):
+            fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+            fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySequence_Contains")
+            status = self.builder.call(fn, (rhs, lhs))
+            negone = self.context.get_constant(types.int32, -1)
+            is_good = self.builder.icmp_unsigned("!=", status, negone)
+            # Stack allocate output and initialize to Null
+            outptr = cgutils.alloca_once_value(
+                self.builder, Constant(self.pyobj, None)
+            )
+            # If PySequence_Contains returns non-error value
+            with cgutils.if_likely(self.builder, is_good):
+                if opstr == "not in":
+                    status = self.builder.not_(status)
+                # Store the status as a boolean object
+                truncated = self.builder.trunc(status, ir.IntType(1))
+                self.builder.store(self.bool_from_bool(truncated), outptr)
+
+            return self.builder.load(outptr)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Unknown operator {op!r}".format(op=opstr)
+            )
+
+    def iter_next(self, iterobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyIter_Next")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [iterobj])
+
+    def object_getiter(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_GetIter")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def object_getattr_string(self, obj, attr):
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, attr)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.cstring])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_GetAttrString")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj, cstr])
+
+    def object_getattr(self, obj, attr):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_GetAttr")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj, attr])
+
+    def object_setattr_string(self, obj, attr, val):
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, attr)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.cstring, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_SetAttrString")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj, cstr, val])
+
+    def object_setattr(self, obj, attr, val):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_SetAttr")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj, attr, val])
+
+    def object_delattr_string(self, obj, attr):
+        # PyObject_DelAttrString() is actually a C macro calling
+        # PyObject_SetAttrString() with value == NULL.
+        return self.object_setattr_string(obj, attr, self.get_null_object())
+
+    def object_delattr(self, obj, attr):
+        # PyObject_DelAttr() is actually a C macro calling
+        # PyObject_SetAttr() with value == NULL.
+        return self.object_setattr(obj, attr, self.get_null_object())
+
+    def object_getitem(self, obj, key):
+        """
+        Return obj[key]
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_GetItem")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj, key))
+
+    def object_setitem(self, obj, key, val):
+        """
+        obj[key] = val
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_SetItem")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj, key, val))
+
+    def object_delitem(self, obj, key):
+        """
+        del obj[key]
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_DelItem")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj, key))
+
+    def string_as_string(self, strobj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.cstring, [self.pyobj])
+        fname = "PyUnicode_AsUTF8"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [strobj])
+
+    def string_as_string_and_size(self, strobj):
+        """
+        Returns a tuple of ``(ok, buffer, length)``.
+        The ``ok`` is i1 value that is set if ok.
+        The ``buffer`` is a i8* of the output buffer.
+        The ``length`` is a i32/i64 (py_ssize_t) of the length of the buffer.
+        """
+
+        p_length = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.py_ssize_t)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.cstring, [self.pyobj, self.py_ssize_t.as_pointer()]
+        )
+        fname = "PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+
+        buffer = self.builder.call(fn, [strobj, p_length])
+        ok = self.builder.icmp_unsigned(
+            "!=", Constant(buffer.type, None), buffer
+        )
+        return (ok, buffer, self.builder.load(p_length))
+
+    def string_as_string_size_and_kind(self, strobj):
+        """
+        Returns a tuple of ``(ok, buffer, length, kind)``.
+        The ``ok`` is i1 value that is set if ok.
+        The ``buffer`` is a i8* of the output buffer.
+        The ``length`` is a i32/i64 (py_ssize_t) of the length of the buffer.
+        The ``kind`` is a i32 (int32) of the Unicode kind constant
+        The ``hash`` is a long/uint64_t (py_hash_t) of the Unicode constant hash
+        """
+        p_length = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.py_ssize_t)
+        p_kind = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, ir.IntType(32))
+        p_ascii = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, ir.IntType(32))
+        p_hash = cgutils.alloca_once(self.builder, self.py_hash_t)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.cstring,
+            [
+                self.pyobj,
+                self.py_ssize_t.as_pointer(),
+                ir.IntType(32).as_pointer(),
+                ir.IntType(32).as_pointer(),
+                self.py_hash_t.as_pointer(),
+            ],
+        )
+        fname = "numba_extract_unicode"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+
+        buffer = self.builder.call(
+            fn, [strobj, p_length, p_kind, p_ascii, p_hash]
+        )
+        ok = self.builder.icmp_unsigned(
+            "!=", Constant(buffer.type, None), buffer
+        )
+        return (
+            ok,
+            buffer,
+            self.builder.load(p_length),
+            self.builder.load(p_kind),
+            self.builder.load(p_ascii),
+            self.builder.load(p_hash),
+        )
+
+    def string_from_string_and_size(self, string, size):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.cstring, self.py_ssize_t])
+        fname = "PyString_FromStringAndSize"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [string, size])
+
+    def string_from_string(self, string):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.cstring])
+        fname = "PyUnicode_FromString"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [string])
+
+    def string_from_kind_and_data(self, kind, string, size):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj, [ir.IntType(32), self.cstring, self.py_ssize_t]
+        )
+        fname = "PyUnicode_FromKindAndData"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [kind, string, size])
+
+    def bytes_as_string(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.cstring, [self.pyobj])
+        fname = "PyBytes_AsString"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def bytes_as_string_and_size(self, obj, p_buffer, p_length):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32),
+            [
+                self.pyobj,
+                self.cstring.as_pointer(),
+                self.py_ssize_t.as_pointer(),
+            ],
+        )
+        fname = "PyBytes_AsStringAndSize"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        result = self.builder.call(fn, [obj, p_buffer, p_length])
+        ok = self.builder.icmp_signed("!=", Constant(result.type, -1), result)
+        return ok
+
+    def bytes_from_string_and_size(self, string, size):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.cstring, self.py_ssize_t])
+        fname = "PyBytes_FromStringAndSize"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [string, size])
+
+    def object_hash(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.py_hash_t,
+            [
+                self.pyobj,
+            ],
+        )
+        fname = "PyObject_Hash"
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name=fname)
+        return self.builder.call(
+            fn,
+            [
+                obj,
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def object_str(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PyObject_Str")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def make_none(self):
+        obj = self.borrow_none()
+        self.incref(obj)
+        return obj
+
+    def borrow_none(self):
+        return self.get_c_object("_Py_NoneStruct")
+
+    def sys_write_stdout(self, fmt, *args):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.cstring], var_arg=True)
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="PySys_FormatStdout")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (fmt,) + args)
+
+    def object_dump(self, obj):
+        """
+        Dump a Python object on C stderr.  For debugging purposes.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="_PyObject_Dump")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (obj,))
+
+    #
+    # NRT (Numba runtime) APIs
+    #
+
+    def nrt_adapt_ndarray_to_python(self, aryty, ary, dtypeptr):
+        assert self.context.enable_nrt, "NRT required"
+
+        intty = ir.IntType(32)
+        # Embed the Python type of the array (maybe subclass) in the LLVM IR.
+        serial_aryty_pytype = self.unserialize(
+            self.serialize_object(aryty.box_type)
+        )
+
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj, [self.voidptr, self.pyobj, intty, intty, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="NRT_adapt_ndarray_to_python_acqref")
+        fn.args[0].add_attribute("nocapture")
+
+        ndim = self.context.get_constant(types.int32, aryty.ndim)
+        writable = self.context.get_constant(types.int32, int(aryty.mutable))
+
+        aryptr = cgutils.alloca_once_value(self.builder, ary)
+        return self.builder.call(
+            fn,
+            [
+                self.builder.bitcast(aryptr, self.voidptr),
+                serial_aryty_pytype,
+                ndim,
+                writable,
+                dtypeptr,
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def nrt_meminfo_new_from_pyobject(self, data, pyobj):
+        """
+        Allocate a new MemInfo with data payload borrowed from a python
+        object.
+        """
+        mod = self.builder.module
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            cgutils.voidptr_t,
+            [cgutils.voidptr_t, cgutils.voidptr_t],
+        )
+        fn = cgutils.get_or_insert_function(
+            mod,
+            fnty,
+            "NRT_meminfo_new_from_pyobject",
+        )
+        fn.args[0].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        fn.args[1].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        fn.return_value.add_attribute("noalias")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [data, pyobj])
+
+    def nrt_meminfo_as_pyobject(self, miptr):
+        mod = self.builder.module
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [cgutils.voidptr_t])
+        fn = cgutils.get_or_insert_function(
+            mod,
+            fnty,
+            "NRT_meminfo_as_pyobject",
+        )
+        fn.return_value.add_attribute("noalias")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [miptr])
+
+    def nrt_meminfo_from_pyobject(self, miobj):
+        mod = self.builder.module
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(cgutils.voidptr_t, [self.pyobj])
+        fn = cgutils.get_or_insert_function(
+            mod,
+            fnty,
+            "NRT_meminfo_from_pyobject",
+        )
+        fn.return_value.add_attribute("noalias")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [miobj])
+
+    def nrt_adapt_ndarray_from_python(self, ary, ptr):
+        assert self.context.enable_nrt
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.voidptr])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="NRT_adapt_ndarray_from_python")
+        fn.args[0].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        fn.args[1].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (ary, ptr))
+
+    def nrt_adapt_buffer_from_python(self, buf, ptr):
+        assert self.context.enable_nrt
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.VoidType(), [ir.PointerType(self.py_buffer_t), self.voidptr]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="NRT_adapt_buffer_from_python")
+        fn.args[0].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        fn.args[1].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (buf, ptr))
+
+    # ------ utils -----
+
+    def _get_function(self, fnty, name):
+        return cgutils.get_or_insert_function(self.module, fnty, name)
+
+    def alloca_obj(self):
+        return self.builder.alloca(self.pyobj)
+
+    def alloca_buffer(self):
+        """
+        Return a pointer to a stack-allocated, zero-initialized Py_buffer.
+        """
+        # Treat the buffer as an opaque array of bytes
+        ptr = cgutils.alloca_once_value(
+            self.builder, Constant(self.py_buffer_t, None)
+        )
+        return ptr
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def if_object_ok(self, obj):
+        with cgutils.if_likely(
+            self.builder, cgutils.is_not_null(self.builder, obj)
+        ):
+            yield
+
+    def print_object(self, obj):
+        strobj = self.object_str(obj)
+        cstr = self.string_as_string(strobj)
+        fmt = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, "%s")
+        self.sys_write_stdout(fmt, cstr)
+        self.decref(strobj)
+
+    def print_string(self, text):
+        fmt = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, text)
+        self.sys_write_stdout(fmt)
+
+    def get_null_object(self):
+        return Constant(self.pyobj, None)
+
+    def return_none(self):
+        none = self.make_none()
+        self.builder.ret(none)
+
+    def list_pack(self, items):
+        n = len(items)
+        seq = self.list_new(self.context.get_constant(types.intp, n))
+        with self.if_object_ok(seq):
+            for i in range(n):
+                idx = self.context.get_constant(types.intp, i)
+                self.incref(items[i])
+                self.list_setitem(seq, idx, items[i])
+        return seq
+
+    def unserialize(self, structptr):
+        """
+        Unserialize some data.  *structptr* should be a pointer to
+        a {i8* data, i32 length, i8* hashbuf, i8* func_ptr, i32 alloc_flag}
+        structure.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj, (self.voidptr, ir.IntType(32), self.voidptr)
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_unpickle")
+        ptr = self.builder.extract_value(self.builder.load(structptr), 0)
+        n = self.builder.extract_value(self.builder.load(structptr), 1)
+        hashed = self.builder.extract_value(self.builder.load(structptr), 2)
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (ptr, n, hashed))
+
+    def build_dynamic_excinfo_struct(self, struct_gv, exc_args):
+        """
+        Serialize some data at runtime. Returns a pointer to a python tuple
+        (bytes_data, hash) where the first element is the serialized data as
+        bytes and the second its hash.
+        """
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, (self.pyobj, self.pyobj))
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_runtime_build_excinfo_struct")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (struct_gv, exc_args))
+
+    def serialize_uncached(self, obj):
+        """
+        Same as serialize_object(), but don't create a global variable,
+        simply return a literal for structure:
+        {i8* data, i32 length, i8* hashbuf, i8* func_ptr, i32 alloc_flag}
+        """
+        # First make the array constant
+        data = serialize.dumps(obj)
+        assert len(data) < 2**31
+        name = ".const.pickledata.%s" % (
+            id(obj) if config.DIFF_IR == 0 else "DIFF_IR"
+        )
+        bdata = cgutils.make_bytearray(data)
+        # Make SHA1 hash on the pickled content
+        # NOTE: update buffer size in numba_unpickle() when changing the
+        #       hash algorithm.
+        hashed = cgutils.make_bytearray(hashlib.sha1(data).digest())
+        arr = self.context.insert_unique_const(self.module, name, bdata)
+        hasharr = self.context.insert_unique_const(
+            self.module,
+            f"{name}.sha1",
+            hashed,
+        )
+        # Then populate the structure constant
+        struct = Constant.literal_struct(
+            [
+                arr.bitcast(self.voidptr),
+                Constant(ir.IntType(32), arr.type.pointee.count),
+                hasharr.bitcast(self.voidptr),
+                cgutils.get_null_value(self.voidptr),
+                Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0),
+            ]
+        )
+        return struct
+
+    def serialize_object(self, obj):
+        """
+        Serialize the given object in the bitcode, and return it
+        as a pointer to a
+        {i8* data, i32 length, i8* hashbuf, i8* fn_ptr, i32 alloc_flag},
+        structure constant (suitable for passing to unserialize()).
+        """
+        try:
+            gv = self.module.__serialized[obj]
+        except KeyError:
+            struct = self.serialize_uncached(obj)
+            name = ".const.picklebuf.%s" % (
+                id(obj) if config.DIFF_IR == 0 else "DIFF_IR"
+            )
+            gv = self.context.insert_unique_const(self.module, name, struct)
+            # Make the id() (and hence the name) unique while populating the module.
+            self.module.__serialized[obj] = gv
+        return gv
+
+    def c_api_error(self):
+        return cgutils.is_not_null(self.builder, self.err_occurred())
+
+    def to_native_value(self, typ, obj):
+        """
+        Unbox the Python object as the given Numba type.
+        A NativeValue instance is returned.
+        """
+        from numba.core.boxing import unbox_unsupported
+
+        impl = _unboxers.lookup(typ.__class__, unbox_unsupported)
+        c = _UnboxContext(self.context, self.builder, self)
+        return impl(typ, obj, c)
+
+    def from_native_return(self, typ, val, env_manager):
+        assert not isinstance(typ, types.Optional), (
+            "callconv should have prevented the return of optional value"
+        )
+        out = self.from_native_value(typ, val, env_manager)
+        return out
+
+    def from_native_value(self, typ, val, env_manager=None):
+        """
+        Box the native value of the given Numba type.  A Python object
+        pointer is returned (NULL if an error occurred).
+        This method steals any native (NRT) reference embedded in *val*.
+        """
+        from numba.core.boxing import box_unsupported
+
+        impl = _boxers.lookup(typ.__class__, box_unsupported)
+
+        c = _BoxContext(self.context, self.builder, self, env_manager)
+        return impl(typ, val, c)
+
+    def reflect_native_value(self, typ, val, env_manager=None):
+        """
+        Reflect the native value onto its Python original, if any.
+        An error bit (as an LLVM value) is returned.
+        """
+        impl = _reflectors.lookup(typ.__class__)
+        if impl is None:
+            # Reflection isn't needed for most types
+            return cgutils.false_bit
+
+        is_error = cgutils.alloca_once_value(self.builder, cgutils.false_bit)
+        c = _ReflectContext(
+            self.context, self.builder, self, env_manager, is_error
+        )
+        impl(typ, val, c)
+        return self.builder.load(c.is_error)
+
+    def to_native_generator(self, obj, typ):
+        """
+        Extract the generator structure pointer from a generator *obj*
+        (a _dynfunc.Generator instance).
+        """
+        gen_ptr_ty = ir.PointerType(self.context.get_data_type(typ))
+        value = self.context.get_generator_state(self.builder, obj, gen_ptr_ty)
+        return NativeValue(value)
+
+    def from_native_generator(self, val, typ, env=None):
+        """
+        Make a Numba generator (a _dynfunc.Generator instance) from a
+        generator structure pointer *val*.
+        *env* is an optional _dynfunc.Environment instance to be wrapped
+        in the generator.
+        """
+        llty = self.context.get_data_type(typ)
+        assert not llty.is_pointer
+        gen_struct_size = self.context.get_abi_sizeof(llty)
+
+        gendesc = self.context.get_generator_desc(typ)
+
+        # This is the PyCFunctionWithKeywords generated by PyCallWrapper
+        genfnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj, [self.pyobj, self.pyobj, self.pyobj]
+        )
+        genfn = self._get_function(
+            genfnty, name=gendesc.llvm_cpython_wrapper_name
+        )
+
+        # This is the raw finalizer generated by _lower_generator_finalize_func()
+        finalizerty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [self.voidptr])
+        if typ.has_finalizer:
+            finalizer = self._get_function(
+                finalizerty, name=gendesc.llvm_finalizer_name
+            )
+        else:
+            finalizer = Constant(ir.PointerType(finalizerty), None)
+
+        # PyObject *numba_make_generator(state_size, initial_state, nextfunc, finalizer, env)
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj,
+            [
+                self.py_ssize_t,
+                self.voidptr,
+                ir.PointerType(genfnty),
+                ir.PointerType(finalizerty),
+                self.voidptr,
+            ],
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_make_generator")
+
+        state_size = Constant(self.py_ssize_t, gen_struct_size)
+        initial_state = self.builder.bitcast(val, self.voidptr)
+        if env is None:
+            env = self.get_null_object()
+        env = self.builder.bitcast(env, self.voidptr)
+
+        return self.builder.call(
+            fn, (state_size, initial_state, genfn, finalizer, env)
+        )
+
+    def numba_array_adaptor(self, ary, ptr):
+        assert not self.context.enable_nrt
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, self.voidptr])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_adapt_ndarray")
+        fn.args[0].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        fn.args[1].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (ary, ptr))
+
+    def numba_buffer_adaptor(self, buf, ptr):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.VoidType(), [ir.PointerType(self.py_buffer_t), self.voidptr]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_adapt_buffer")
+        fn.args[0].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        fn.args[1].add_attribute("nocapture")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, (buf, ptr))
+
+    def complex_adaptor(self, cobj, cmplx):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, cmplx.type])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_complex_adaptor")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [cobj, cmplx])
+
+    def extract_record_data(self, obj, pbuf):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.voidptr, [self.pyobj, ir.PointerType(self.py_buffer_t)]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_extract_record_data")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj, pbuf])
+
+    def get_buffer(self, obj, pbuf):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.IntType(32), [self.pyobj, ir.PointerType(self.py_buffer_t)]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_get_buffer")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj, pbuf])
+
+    def release_buffer(self, pbuf):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.VoidType(), [ir.PointerType(self.py_buffer_t)]
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_release_buffer")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [pbuf])
+
+    def extract_np_datetime(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_extract_np_datetime")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def extract_np_timedelta(self, obj):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [self.pyobj])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_extract_np_timedelta")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [obj])
+
+    def create_np_datetime(self, val, unit_code):
+        unit_code = Constant(ir.IntType(32), int(unit_code))
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [ir.IntType(64), ir.IntType(32)])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_create_np_datetime")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [val, unit_code])
+
+    def create_np_timedelta(self, val, unit_code):
+        unit_code = Constant(ir.IntType(32), int(unit_code))
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(self.pyobj, [ir.IntType(64), ir.IntType(32)])
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_create_np_timedelta")
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [val, unit_code])
+
+    def recreate_record(self, pdata, size, dtype, env_manager):
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(
+            self.pyobj,
+            [ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.IntType(32), self.pyobj],
+        )
+        fn = self._get_function(fnty, name="numba_recreate_record")
+        dtypeaddr = env_manager.read_const(env_manager.add_const(dtype))
+        return self.builder.call(fn, [pdata, size, dtypeaddr])
+
+    def string_from_constant_string(self, string):
+        cstr = self.context.insert_const_string(self.module, string)
+        sz = self.context.get_constant(types.intp, len(string))
+        return self.string_from_string_and_size(cstr, sz)
+
+    def call_jit_code(self, func, sig, args):
+        """Calls into Numba jitted code and propagate error using the Python
+        calling convention.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        func : function
+            The Python function to be compiled. This function is compiled
+            in nopython-mode.
+        sig : numba.typing.Signature
+            The function signature for *func*.
+        args : Sequence[llvmlite.binding.Value]
+            LLVM values to use as arguments.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        (is_error, res) :  2-tuple of llvmlite.binding.Value.
+            is_error : true iff *func* raised an exception.
+            res : Returned value from *func* iff *is_error* is false.
+
+        If *is_error* is true, this method will adapt the nopython exception
+        into a Python exception. Caller should return NULL to Python to
+        indicate an error.
+        """
+        # Compile *func*
+        builder = self.builder
+        cres = self.context.compile_subroutine(builder, func, sig)
+        got_retty = cres.signature.return_type
+        retty = sig.return_type
+        if got_retty != retty:
+            # This error indicates an error in *func* or the caller of this
+            # method.
+            raise errors.LoweringError(
+                f"mismatching signature {got_retty} != {retty}.\n"
+            )
+        # Call into *func*
+        status, res = self.context.call_internal_no_propagate(
+            builder,
+            cres.fndesc,
+            sig,
+            args,
+        )
+        # Post-call handling for *func*
+        is_error_ptr = cgutils.alloca_once(builder, cgutils.bool_t, zfill=True)
+        res_type = self.context.get_value_type(sig.return_type)
+        res_ptr = cgutils.alloca_once(builder, res_type, zfill=True)
+
+        # Handle error and adapt the nopython exception into cpython exception
+        with builder.if_else(status.is_error) as (has_err, no_err):
+            with has_err:
+                builder.store(status.is_error, is_error_ptr)
+                # Set error state in the Python interpreter
+                self.context.call_conv.raise_error(builder, self, status)
+            with no_err:
+                # Handle returned value
+                res = imputils.fix_returning_optional(
+                    self.context,
+                    builder,
+                    sig,
+                    status,
+                    res,
+                )
+                builder.store(res, res_ptr)
+
+        is_error = builder.load(is_error_ptr)
+        res = builder.load(res_ptr)
+        return is_error, res
+
+
+class ObjModeUtils:
+    """Internal utils for calling objmode dispatcher from within NPM code."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pyapi):
+        self.pyapi = pyapi
+
+    def load_dispatcher(self, fnty, argtypes):
+        builder = self.pyapi.builder
+        tyctx = self.pyapi.context
+        m = builder.module
+
+        # Add a global variable to cache the objmode dispatcher
+        gv = ir.GlobalVariable(
+            m,
+            self.pyapi.pyobj,
+            name=m.get_unique_name("cached_objmode_dispatcher"),
+        )
+        gv.initializer = gv.type.pointee(None)
+        gv.linkage = "internal"
+
+        # Make a basic-block to common exit
+        bb_end = builder.append_basic_block("bb_end")
+
+        if serialize.is_serialiable(fnty.dispatcher):
+            serialized_dispatcher = self.pyapi.serialize_object(
+                (fnty.dispatcher, tuple(argtypes)),
+            )
+            compile_args = self.pyapi.unserialize(serialized_dispatcher)
+            # unserialize (unpickling) can fail
+            failed_unser = cgutils.is_null(builder, compile_args)
+            with builder.if_then(failed_unser):
+                # early exit. `gv` is still null.
+                builder.branch(bb_end)
+
+        cached = builder.load(gv)
+        with builder.if_then(cgutils.is_null(builder, cached)):
+            if serialize.is_serialiable(fnty.dispatcher):
+                cls = type(self)
+                compiler = self.pyapi.unserialize(
+                    self.pyapi.serialize_object(cls._call_objmode_dispatcher)
+                )
+                callee = self.pyapi.call_function_objargs(
+                    compiler,
+                    [compile_args],
+                )
+                # Clean up
+                self.pyapi.decref(compiler)
+                self.pyapi.decref(compile_args)
+            else:
+                entry_pt = fnty.dispatcher.compile(tuple(argtypes))
+                callee = tyctx.add_dynamic_addr(
+                    builder,
+                    id(entry_pt),
+                    info="with_objectmode",
+                )
+            # Incref the dispatcher and cache it
+            self.pyapi.incref(callee)
+            builder.store(callee, gv)
+        # Jump to the exit block
+        builder.branch(bb_end)
+        # Define the exit block
+        builder.position_at_end(bb_end)
+        callee = builder.load(gv)
+        return callee
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _call_objmode_dispatcher(compile_args):
+        dispatcher, argtypes = compile_args
+        entrypt = dispatcher.compile(argtypes)
+        return entrypt