nrl-tracker 1.5.0__py3-none-any.whl → 1.7.0__py3-none-any.whl

pytcl/astronomical/special_orbits.py

@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+"""
+Special orbit cases: parabolic and advanced hyperbolic orbits.
+
+This module extends orbital_mechanics.py with handling for edge cases:
+- Parabolic orbits (e = 1, unbounded trajectory with zero energy)
+- Advanced hyperbolic orbit calculations (escape trajectories)
+- Unified orbit type detection and handling
+
+References
+----------
+.. [1] Vallado, D. A., "Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications,"
+       4th ed., Microcosm Press, 2013.
+.. [2] Curtis, H. D., "Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students,"
+       3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.
+.. [3] Battin, R. H., "An Introduction to the Mathematics and Methods
+       of Astrodynamics," 2nd ed., AIAA, 1999.
+"""
+
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+
+
+class OrbitType(Enum):
+    """Classification of orbit types based on eccentricity."""
+
+    CIRCULAR = 0      # e = 0
+    ELLIPTICAL = 1    # 0 < e < 1
+    PARABOLIC = 2     # e = 1 (boundary case)
+    HYPERBOLIC = 3    # e > 1
+
+
+class ParabolicElements(NamedTuple):
+    """Parabolic (escape) orbit elements.
+
+    For a parabolic orbit (e=1), the semi-major axis is infinite.
+    Instead, we use the periapsis distance and orientation parameters.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    rp : float
+        Periapsis distance (km). Also called pericenter or closest approach.
+    i : float
+        Inclination (radians), 0 to pi.
+    raan : float
+        Right ascension of ascending node (radians), 0 to 2*pi.
+    omega : float
+        Argument of periapsis (radians), 0 to 2*pi.
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians), typically in [-pi, pi] for parabolic orbits.
+    """
+
+    rp: float
+    i: float
+    raan: float
+    omega: float
+    nu: float
+
+
+def classify_orbit(e: float, tol: float = 1e-9) -> OrbitType:
+    """
+    Classify orbit type based on eccentricity.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    e : float
+        Eccentricity value.
+    tol : float, optional
+        Tolerance for parabolic classification (default 1e-9).
+        Orbits with abs(e - 1) < tol are classified as parabolic.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    OrbitType
+        Classified orbit type.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If eccentricity is negative or NaN.
+    """
+    if np.isnan(e) or e < 0:
+        raise ValueError(f"Eccentricity must be non-negative, got {e}")
+
+    if e < tol:
+        return OrbitType.CIRCULAR
+    elif abs(e - 1.0) < tol:
+        return OrbitType.PARABOLIC
+    elif e < 1 - tol:
+        return OrbitType.ELLIPTICAL
+    else:
+        return OrbitType.HYPERBOLIC
+
+
+def mean_to_parabolic_anomaly(
+    M: float,
+    tol: float = 1e-12,
+    max_iter: int = 100,
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Solve parabolic Kepler's equation: M = D + (1/3)*D^3.
+
+    For parabolic orbits (e=1), the "anomaly" is the parabolic anomaly D,
+    related to true anomaly by: D = tan(nu/2).
+
+    The equation relates mean anomaly to parabolic anomaly:
+    M = D + (1/3)*D^3
+
+    This is solved numerically using Newton-Raphson iteration.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    M : float
+        Mean anomaly (radians).
+    tol : float, optional
+        Convergence tolerance (default 1e-12).
+    max_iter : int, optional
+        Maximum iterations (default 100).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    D : float
+        Parabolic anomaly (the parameter D such that tan(nu/2) = D).
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For parabolic orbits, mean anomaly relates to time as:
+    M = sqrt(mu/rp^3) * t where rp is periapsis distance and mu is GM.
+
+    The solution D satisfies: D + (1/3)*D^3 = M
+    """
+    # Newton-Raphson for parabolic anomaly
+    # f(D) = D + (1/3)*D^3 - M = 0
+    # f'(D) = 1 + D^2
+
+    D = M  # Initial guess
+
+    for _ in range(max_iter):
+        f = D + (1.0 / 3.0) * D**3 - M
+        f_prime = 1.0 + D**2
+        delta = f / f_prime
+        D = D - delta
+
+        if abs(delta) < tol:
+            return D
+
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"Parabolic Kepler's equation did not converge after {max_iter} iterations"
+    )
+
+
+def parabolic_anomaly_to_true_anomaly(D: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Convert parabolic anomaly to true anomaly.
+
+    For parabolic orbits, the parabolic anomaly D relates to true anomaly by:
+    tan(nu/2) = D
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    D : float
+        Parabolic anomaly (the parameter such that tan(nu/2) = D).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians), in [-pi, pi].
+    """
+    return 2.0 * np.arctan(D)
+
+
+def true_anomaly_to_parabolic_anomaly(nu: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Convert true anomaly to parabolic anomaly.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    D : float
+        Parabolic anomaly.
+    """
+    return np.tan(nu / 2.0)
+
+
+def mean_to_true_anomaly_parabolic(M: float, tol: float = 1e-12) -> float:
+    """
+    Direct conversion from mean to true anomaly for parabolic orbits.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    M : float
+        Mean anomaly (radians).
+    tol : float, optional
+        Convergence tolerance (default 1e-12).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians).
+    """
+    D = mean_to_parabolic_anomaly(M, tol=tol)
+    return parabolic_anomaly_to_true_anomaly(D)
+
+
+def radius_parabolic(rp: float, nu: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute radius for parabolic orbit.
+
+    For a parabolic orbit with periapsis distance rp and true anomaly nu:
+    r = 2*rp / (1 + cos(nu))
+
+    This formula is consistent with the general conic section equation
+    with e=1: r = p/(1 + e*cos(nu)) where p = 2*rp (semi-latus rectum).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    rp : float
+        Periapsis distance (km).
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    r : float
+        Orbital radius (km).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If radius would be negative (nu near +pi for parabolic orbit).
+    """
+    denom = 1.0 + np.cos(nu)
+
+    if denom <= 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Parabolic orbit undefined at true anomaly nu={np.degrees(nu):.2f}°"
+        )
+
+    r = 2.0 * rp / denom
+
+    if r < 0:
+        raise ValueError(f"Computed radius is negative: r={r}")
+
+    return r
+
+
+def velocity_parabolic(mu: float, rp: float, nu: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute velocity magnitude for parabolic orbit.
+
+    For a parabolic orbit (e=1), the specific orbital energy is zero,
+    and the velocity relates to radius by:
+    v = sqrt(2*mu/r)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    mu : float
+        Standard gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2).
+    rp : float
+        Periapsis distance (km).
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    v : float
+        Velocity magnitude (km/s).
+    """
+    r = radius_parabolic(rp, nu)
+    return np.sqrt(2.0 * mu / r)
+
+
+def hyperbolic_anomaly_to_true_anomaly(H: float, e: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Convert hyperbolic anomaly to true anomaly.
+
+    For hyperbolic orbits (e > 1), hyperbolic anomaly H relates to true anomaly by:
+    tan(nu/2) = sqrt((e+1)/(e-1)) * tanh(H/2)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    H : float
+        Hyperbolic anomaly (radians).
+    e : float
+        Eccentricity (e > 1 for hyperbolic).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If eccentricity is not hyperbolic (e <= 1).
+    """
+    if e <= 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Eccentricity must be > 1 for hyperbolic orbits, got {e}")
+
+    nu = 2.0 * np.arctan(
+        np.sqrt((e + 1.0) / (e - 1.0)) * np.tanh(H / 2.0)
+    )
+
+    return nu
+
+
+def true_anomaly_to_hyperbolic_anomaly(nu: float, e: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Convert true anomaly to hyperbolic anomaly.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    nu : float
+        True anomaly (radians).
+    e : float
+        Eccentricity (e > 1 for hyperbolic).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    H : float
+        Hyperbolic anomaly (radians).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If eccentricity is not hyperbolic.
+    """
+    if e <= 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Eccentricity must be > 1 for hyperbolic orbits, got {e}")
+
+    H = 2.0 * np.arctanh(
+        np.sqrt((e - 1.0) / (e + 1.0)) * np.tan(nu / 2.0)
+    )
+
+    return H
+
+
+def escape_velocity_at_radius(mu: float, r: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute escape velocity at a given radius.
+
+    Escape velocity is the minimum velocity needed to reach infinity
+    with zero velocity, corresponding to a parabolic orbit:
+    v_esc = sqrt(2*mu/r)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    mu : float
+        Standard gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2).
+    r : float
+        Orbital radius (km).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    v_esc : float
+        Escape velocity (km/s).
+    """
+    return np.sqrt(2.0 * mu / r)
+
+
+def hyperbolic_excess_velocity(mu: float, a: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute hyperbolic excess velocity.
+
+    For a hyperbolic orbit with semi-major axis a (negative for hyperbolic),
+    the excess velocity at infinity is:
+    v_inf = sqrt(-mu/a)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    mu : float
+        Standard gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2).
+    a : float
+        Semi-major axis (km). Must be negative for hyperbolic orbits.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    v_inf : float
+        Hyperbolic excess velocity (km/s).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If semi-major axis is not negative.
+    """
+    if a >= 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Semi-major axis must be negative for hyperbolic orbits, got {a}"
+        )
+
+    v_inf = np.sqrt(-mu / a)
+    return v_inf
+
+
+def hyperbolic_asymptote_angle(e: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute the asymptote angle for a hyperbolic orbit.
+
+    For a hyperbolic orbit with eccentricity e, the true anomaly
+    asymptotically approaches ±nu_inf where:
+    cos(nu_inf) = -1/e
+
+    The asymptote angle is nu_inf.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    e : float
+        Eccentricity (e > 1 for hyperbolic).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    nu_inf : float
+        Asymptote angle (radians), in (0, pi).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If eccentricity is not hyperbolic.
+    """
+    if e <= 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Eccentricity must be > 1 for hyperbolic orbits, got {e}")
+
+    nu_inf = np.arccos(-1.0 / e)
+    return nu_inf
+
+
+def hyperbolic_deflection_angle(e: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute the deflection angle for a hyperbolic orbit.
+
+    The deflection angle is the angle through which the velocity vector
+    is deflected from its asymptotic direction:
+    delta = pi - 2*nu_inf = pi - 2*arccos(-1/e)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    e : float
+        Eccentricity (e > 1 for hyperbolic).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    delta : float
+        Deflection angle (radians), in (0, pi).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If eccentricity is not hyperbolic.
+    """
+    if e <= 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Eccentricity must be > 1 for hyperbolic orbits, got {e}")
+
+    nu_inf = hyperbolic_asymptote_angle(e)
+    delta = np.pi - 2.0 * nu_inf
+
+    return delta
+
+
+def semi_major_axis_from_energy(mu: float, specific_energy: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute semi-major axis from specific orbital energy.
+
+    The specific orbital energy relates to semi-major axis by:
+    epsilon = -mu / (2*a)
+
+    Rearranging: a = -mu / (2*epsilon)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    mu : float
+        Standard gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2).
+    specific_energy : float
+        Specific orbital energy (km^2/s^2).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    a : float
+        Semi-major axis (km).
+        - a > 0 for elliptical orbits (epsilon < 0)
+        - a < 0 for hyperbolic orbits (epsilon > 0)
+        - a → ∞ for parabolic orbits (epsilon = 0)
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If specific energy is exactly zero (parabolic case).
+    """
+    if abs(specific_energy) < 1e-15:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Specific energy is zero (parabolic orbit); use alternative methods"
+        )
+
+    a = -mu / (2.0 * specific_energy)
+    return a
+
+
+def eccentricity_vector(
+    r: NDArray,
+    v: NDArray,
+    mu: float,
+) -> NDArray:
+    """
+    Compute eccentricity vector from position and velocity.
+
+    The eccentricity vector e is defined as:
+    e = (v^2/mu - 1/r) * r - (r·v/mu) * v
+
+    This works for all orbit types: elliptical, parabolic, and hyperbolic.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    r : ndarray
+        Position vector (km), shape (3,).
+    v : ndarray
+        Velocity vector (km/s), shape (3,).
+    mu : float
+        Standard gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    e : ndarray
+        Eccentricity vector, shape (3,).
+    """
+    r_mag = np.linalg.norm(r)
+    v_mag = np.linalg.norm(v)
+    rv_dot = np.dot(r, v)
+
+    e_vec = (v_mag**2 / mu - 1.0 / r_mag) * r - (rv_dot / mu) * v
+
+    return e_vec