nrl-tracker 1.2.0__py3-none-any.whl → 1.3.0__py3-none-any.whl

{nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info → nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info}/METADATA

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.1
 Name: nrl-tracker
-Version: 1.2.0
+Version: 1.3.0
 Summary: Python port of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Tracker Component Library for target tracking algorithms
 Author: Original: David F. Crouse, Naval Research Laboratory
 Maintainer: Python Port Contributors

{nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info → nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info}/RECORD

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pytcl/__init__.py,sha256=LFQ_O4Uxr3PayIyh__HjIycG7ZwPGmfGELKpDmx4lfc,1893
+pytcl/__init__.py,sha256=PLcxb75b02Pbp9mvJ3PZYQR_ZEhjJybFZhYJ1CQTjL8,1893
 pytcl/logging_config.py,sha256=j7Zrkal5LwUIos-_Dm3cGKUR-jMkFdSZZikJTtzTeoE,8883
 pytcl/assignment_algorithms/__init__.py,sha256=f9V-TkEVmiKYYyth4PTpDfJvA7yYV_ys6Zix-QwWIYY,2136
 pytcl/assignment_algorithms/data_association.py,sha256=tsRxWJZk9aAPmE99BKXGouEpFfZrjPjb4HXvgxFUHhU,11405
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ pytcl/astronomical/orbital_mechanics.py,sha256=8GssRanwTowCl6PJYqmB_SDnNznLUq5gk
 pytcl/astronomical/reference_frames.py,sha256=gkbQrhHY_EN0xt8i7m0dIJp67GgpEcDArY7J3YH-Mb8,17981
 pytcl/astronomical/relativity.py,sha256=YPsXLD-VRh-nqs1laC-wKpRO00fflm4GkyLhojPydbo,15441
 pytcl/astronomical/time_systems.py,sha256=Jg0Zaq60hc4Ts1aQtb5bK4KSZhz-uQse8gYC89Y0-TA,15243
-pytcl/atmosphere/__init__.py,sha256=TTVz4hAM48Xd3jr6GKrR2GAABpx2z0aWvtzb9uIQiHk,737
+pytcl/atmosphere/__init__.py,sha256=swugW8rY2Jof-z_kPQ2P9vInBYjr1M69C1Q8AgN3RVo,1457
+pytcl/atmosphere/ionosphere.py,sha256=1qC3hY-27pD0XcLBjU735deKYmmi6qnj2fDG1zNbTqg,14681
 pytcl/atmosphere/models.py,sha256=pMLv8D7qoFqLZrlbTHLJJULOdDdhPskJ1m7KVKLV63E,9584
 pytcl/clustering/__init__.py,sha256=bYdhC_XJEt6KUUni9bIPxaddXNEGmIJQvGkA14rK4J8,1697
 pytcl/clustering/dbscan.py,sha256=PS6QlOwHFerbZNEb3zcNhN4oNQpgOOw5y0WskQzyKIo,7364
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ pytcl/containers/cluster_set.py,sha256=y36D5TNzvCN6xjg6taP2SD_MC-O5iLq9ncBlHsQ5I
 pytcl/containers/covertree.py,sha256=ePIqH1-0CxSFqCwmQ_G6MXPlXs4xH0gsmoZXF8QxhDk,13271
 pytcl/containers/kd_tree.py,sha256=9CKHAzid0DZ879hut8M4dyW_976pIWNLX3uWzELPIu4,18563
 pytcl/containers/measurement_set.py,sha256=87AbdoZIUspn1yJsiMpyQ5LoEVcerUnXefXGGPtFTJg,12654
-pytcl/containers/rtree.py,sha256=gv2EztvPnaAXEa6OoFnOYBY1MfTwjNMYh_BCiIomHJk,15450
+pytcl/containers/rtree.py,sha256=Ss1ks6xlLnNeRlKpHoWxMcgQTPhVwjT5agMeq5DaH5A,21844
 pytcl/containers/track_list.py,sha256=6q9Qgcwm-8H_JqtOCsMssF27av4XaSkhfDl-MWb1ABc,12520
 pytcl/containers/vptree.py,sha256=4tUq0ktafusU1PILZkQxi27CZryKlsHtFbym-vZYQWk,8747
 pytcl/coordinate_systems/__init__.py,sha256=jwYhu_-9AvOeP9WLG9PYtyDwfe0GjxNZ9-xCqiLymW4,3909
@@ -54,7 +55,9 @@ pytcl/dynamic_estimation/batch_estimation/__init__.py,sha256=JQ0s76Enov5a7plA4En
 pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/__init__.py,sha256=yoFLj0n-NRkdZnRVL-BkHBlATk8pfZEVlsY3BhSYgKc,2387
 pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/extended.py,sha256=51uhCqkZmErCx6MBfMq8eIQW8bD7n34zCe4v4dxNiMQ,10384
 pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/linear.py,sha256=1Zgg9gZya0Vxs9im7sPUqLj0Luo463vS-RSa6GCReFI,12248
-pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/square_root.py,sha256=Hw1F4_Zc7IA6Mt1WCkjx1UuLAUmNhM5vPLvueb7oRSA,26931
+pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/square_root.py,sha256=N7-lDml7Nw5HM5b5D11WOwG7rY1JlVoyis0ho-vk0H4,13345
+pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/sr_ukf.py,sha256=LeRGBSDpvSP9CyTZjEroz2Z2uueb6YpmzYricba0PDk,8640
+pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/ud_filter.py,sha256=fzSdcVO_P8-E2oXc32n79Rn56GI2VUmOoMDYBHw7keM,10077
 pytcl/dynamic_estimation/kalman/unscented.py,sha256=RDK6USkko9lj1K4-WYydh3_8GMZNng_PJVjfc-c_OwM,15427
 pytcl/dynamic_estimation/measurement_update/__init__.py,sha256=8rlyJwVpxf0fZj-AFo1hlewvryZRhUzcy3F8uMe6I8c,48
 pytcl/dynamic_estimation/particle_filters/__init__.py,sha256=-DRF5rVF2749suLlArmkTvVkqeMcV_mIx0eLeTj6wNU,906
@@ -76,10 +79,10 @@ pytcl/gravity/egm.py,sha256=47I8nyXNhXUKPkufXahs4JGsBcqhM-9z2xGz0X4JPmU,18422
 pytcl/gravity/models.py,sha256=rdY3Do4M1eRFO74gu3xy-bBn7tox3zM49wYbfnsIQWw,11159
 pytcl/gravity/spherical_harmonics.py,sha256=IpBh0LW4BQMzJck9Li6yveGlvYigCuXaoApRWDPsWtc,16498
 pytcl/gravity/tides.py,sha256=hef_BGewFGD7dJwg0t09Z6tfWLco_avATLuu66rnTpI,27733
-pytcl/magnetism/__init__.py,sha256=hE2BvberFSmimYuuwCYJ0g7ByxJAdj844vZJNkEotws,2502
+pytcl/magnetism/__init__.py,sha256=pBASOzCPHNnYqUH_XDEblhGtjz50vY9uW2KS25A0zQQ,2701
 pytcl/magnetism/emm.py,sha256=5Jwl99wvdKYtx1-3LBB7x-w5KT-fqLiRg7uBW0Ai_Gw,22292
 pytcl/magnetism/igrf.py,sha256=3g0PsH8IdbwQQS28OR5XWD-g-QxvfUva7jOkKToxndQ,13384
-pytcl/magnetism/wmm.py,sha256=p0H7Eo02iB6nEMvGyvjsrAWOSKrIye6PGwQtNKfHaNw,15999
+pytcl/magnetism/wmm.py,sha256=q7AJrpOrn1EBbWNjltPxhGEwg3P44ay1pc4dI5OIyUY,23444
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/__init__.py,sha256=zeJ1ffRRl83k2NHn3HTn-fgtFoWNPq6LCALc3xRo4Do,3767
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/basic_matrix/__init__.py,sha256=kZv3kMAEHBdVxhbyMxTyM0s-4XJP1tK6po82UsIE4tc,1318
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/basic_matrix/decompositions.py,sha256=PWJsFDiXM2T78RHdxBJZPFnl8kFbNZQpHrbpw0mhE00,12268
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ pytcl/mathematical_functions/signal_processing/filters.py,sha256=8Ojf4h4rfiucBXq
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/signal_processing/matched_filter.py,sha256=AahJZRZk2IIXzRL7www0n8bc0XoKabaLOe8yYNSjuDY,22893
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/__init__.py,sha256=AJBCKj32daQxdahUQckW0bWowzOoapxni2eZnVXERdg,3859
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/bessel.py,sha256=M0mwLQBaUXEHA8wyKReJ2D66I1v1XR7y-txAipd-WDs,14377
-pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/debye.py,sha256=Nchjwkl1vzSL1L7nQpslb-lvT49LgTfdTIQMeSNn4vQ,6689
+pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/debye.py,sha256=5u-2KIQniwoVlqGSQguYhO7RcFQXtvY0aetiDiMYtQ0,9576
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/elliptic.py,sha256=WyzBkrfZufIR5dUmCKGcxp6KNpVDrU89NGLDyRrZOqQ,7418
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/error_functions.py,sha256=a3SS8FYAMRv1KdCmebOZL95yjvVt9gZRF2XOjHvQ9M8,6253
 pytcl/mathematical_functions/special_functions/gamma_functions.py,sha256=xXN_9SCokH10HjE8PpaPKHYVK_RZRHRAbZgR2mZYIAA,10191
@@ -145,8 +148,8 @@ pytcl/trackers/mht.py,sha256=7mwhMmja3ri2wnx7W1wueDGn2r3ArwAxJDPUJ7IZAkQ,20617
 pytcl/trackers/multi_target.py,sha256=hvt89ERhMwpcHcIJeKHnkQSKdE3_LoRiX-gbaGoo300,10516
 pytcl/trackers/single_target.py,sha256=Yy3FwaNTArMWcaod-0HVeiioNV4xLWxNDn_7ZPVqQYs,6562
 pytcl/transponders/__init__.py,sha256=5fL4u3lKCYgPLo5uFeuZbtRZkJPABntuKYGUvVgMMEI,41
-nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=rB5G4WppIIUzMOYr2N6uyYlNJ00hRJqE5tie6BMvYuE,1612
-nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=TV1ddsQ8eyXE0y4Y6O5AuUR6glbTc8pkBZ7g2J10uCA,10145
-nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=pL8R0wFFS65tNSRnaOVrsw9EOkOqxLrlUPenUYnJKNo,91
-nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=17megxcrTPBWwPZTh6jTkwTKxX7No-ZqRpyvElnnO-s,6
-nrl_tracker-1.2.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=rB5G4WppIIUzMOYr2N6uyYlNJ00hRJqE5tie6BMvYuE,1612
+nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=9DRW_Wk7EPorvcFjSKjcpNIhklbfyAXEffZHD8BeS0E,10145
+nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=pL8R0wFFS65tNSRnaOVrsw9EOkOqxLrlUPenUYnJKNo,91
+nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=17megxcrTPBWwPZTh6jTkwTKxX7No-ZqRpyvElnnO-s,6
+nrl_tracker-1.3.0.dist-info/RECORD,,

pytcl/__init__.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ References
        no. 5, pp. 18-27, May 2017.
 """
 
-__version__ = "1.2.0"
+__version__ = "1.3.0"
 __author__ = "Python Port Contributors"
 __original_author__ = "David F. Crouse, Naval Research Laboratory"
 

pytcl/atmosphere/__init__.py

@@ -3,8 +3,26 @@ Atmospheric models for tracking applications.
 
 This module provides standard atmosphere models used for computing
 temperature, pressure, density, and other properties at various altitudes.
+
+Submodules
+----------
+models : Standard atmosphere models (US76, ISA)
+ionosphere : Ionospheric models for GPS/GNSS corrections
 """
 
+from pytcl.atmosphere.ionosphere import (
+    DEFAULT_KLOBUCHAR,
+    F_L1,
+    F_L2,
+    IonosphereState,
+    KlobucharCoefficients,
+    dual_frequency_tec,
+    ionospheric_delay_from_tec,
+    klobuchar_delay,
+    magnetic_latitude,
+    scintillation_index,
+    simple_iri,
+)
 from pytcl.atmosphere.models import G0  # Constants
 from pytcl.atmosphere.models import (
     GAMMA,
@@ -21,17 +39,30 @@ from pytcl.atmosphere.models import (
 )
 
 __all__ = [
+    # Atmosphere state and models
     "AtmosphereState",
     "us_standard_atmosphere_1976",
     "isa_atmosphere",
     "altitude_from_pressure",
     "mach_number",
     "true_airspeed_from_mach",
-    # Constants
+    # Atmosphere constants
     "T0",
     "P0",
     "RHO0",
     "G0",
     "R",
     "GAMMA",
+    # Ionosphere
+    "IonosphereState",
+    "KlobucharCoefficients",
+    "DEFAULT_KLOBUCHAR",
+    "klobuchar_delay",
+    "dual_frequency_tec",
+    "ionospheric_delay_from_tec",
+    "simple_iri",
+    "magnetic_latitude",
+    "scintillation_index",
+    "F_L1",
+    "F_L2",
 ]

pytcl/atmosphere/ionosphere.py

@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+"""
+Ionospheric models for radio propagation and navigation applications.
+
+This module provides ionospheric models used for computing signal delays,
+electron density profiles, and Total Electron Content (TEC) estimates.
+These are essential for GPS/GNSS corrections and radio wave propagation.
+
+Models
+------
+- Klobuchar: GPS broadcast ionospheric model (single-frequency correction)
+- NeQuick: Galileo ionospheric model placeholder
+- IRI: International Reference Ionosphere simplified model
+
+References
+----------
+.. [1] Klobuchar, J.A. (1987). "Ionospheric Time-Delay Algorithm for
+       Single-Frequency GPS Users". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and
+       Electronic Systems, AES-23(3), 325-331.
+.. [2] Nava, B., Coisson, P., & Radicella, S.M. (2008). "A new version
+       of the NeQuick ionosphere electron density model". Journal of
+       Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 70(15), 1856-1862.
+"""
+
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike, NDArray
+
+# Physical constants
+SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 299792458.0  # m/s
+F_L1 = 1575.42e6  # GPS L1 frequency (Hz)
+F_L2 = 1227.60e6  # GPS L2 frequency (Hz)
+
+
+class IonosphereState(NamedTuple):
+    """
+    Ionospheric state at a given location and time.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    tec : float or ndarray
+        Total Electron Content in TECU (10^16 electrons/m²).
+    delay_l1 : float or ndarray
+        Ionospheric delay at L1 frequency in meters.
+    delay_l2 : float or ndarray
+        Ionospheric delay at L2 frequency in meters.
+    f_peak : float or ndarray
+        Critical frequency of F2 layer in MHz.
+    h_peak : float or ndarray
+        Height of F2 layer peak in km.
+    """
+
+    tec: float | NDArray[np.float64]
+    delay_l1: float | NDArray[np.float64]
+    delay_l2: float | NDArray[np.float64]
+    f_peak: float | NDArray[np.float64]
+    h_peak: float | NDArray[np.float64]
+
+
+class KlobucharCoefficients(NamedTuple):
+    """
+    Klobuchar ionospheric model coefficients.
+
+    These coefficients are broadcast by GPS satellites in the navigation message.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    alpha : ndarray
+        Amplitude coefficients (4 values) in seconds.
+    beta : ndarray
+        Period coefficients (4 values) in seconds.
+    """
+
+    alpha: NDArray[np.float64]
+    beta: NDArray[np.float64]
+
+
+# Default Klobuchar coefficients (typical mid-latitude values)
+DEFAULT_KLOBUCHAR = KlobucharCoefficients(
+    alpha=np.array([3.82e-8, 1.49e-8, -5.96e-8, -5.96e-8]),
+    beta=np.array([1.43e5, 0.0, -3.28e5, 1.13e5]),
+)
+
+
+def klobuchar_delay(
+    latitude: ArrayLike,
+    longitude: ArrayLike,
+    elevation: ArrayLike,
+    azimuth: ArrayLike,
+    gps_time: ArrayLike,
+    coefficients: KlobucharCoefficients | None = None,
+) -> NDArray[np.float64]:
+    """
+    Compute ionospheric delay using the Klobuchar model.
+
+    The Klobuchar model is the standard GPS broadcast ionospheric
+    correction model. It provides single-frequency ionospheric
+    delay estimates accurate to about 50% RMS.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    latitude : array_like
+        User geodetic latitude in radians.
+    longitude : array_like
+        User geodetic longitude in radians.
+    elevation : array_like
+        Satellite elevation angle in radians.
+    azimuth : array_like
+        Satellite azimuth angle in radians.
+    gps_time : array_like
+        GPS time of week in seconds.
+    coefficients : KlobucharCoefficients, optional
+        Ionospheric coefficients from GPS navigation message.
+        If None, uses default mid-latitude values.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    delay : ndarray
+        Ionospheric delay in meters (at L1 frequency).
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> # User at 40°N, 105°W, satellite at 45° elevation
+    >>> delay = klobuchar_delay(
+    ...     np.radians(40), np.radians(-105),
+    ...     np.radians(45), np.radians(180),
+    ...     gps_time=43200  # Noon
+    ... )
+    >>> delay > 0
+    True
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The Klobuchar model assumes a thin-shell ionosphere at 350 km altitude
+    and uses a cosine model for diurnal variation. It typically removes
+    about 50% of the ionospheric delay.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] IS-GPS-200, Interface Specification.
+    """
+    latitude = np.asarray(latitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    longitude = np.asarray(longitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    elevation = np.asarray(elevation, dtype=np.float64)
+    azimuth = np.asarray(azimuth, dtype=np.float64)
+    gps_time = np.asarray(gps_time, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    if coefficients is None:
+        coefficients = DEFAULT_KLOBUCHAR
+
+    alpha = coefficients.alpha
+    beta = coefficients.beta
+
+    # Semi-circles (GPS convention)
+    phi_u = latitude / np.pi  # User latitude in semi-circles
+    lam_u = longitude / np.pi  # User longitude in semi-circles
+
+    # Earth's central angle (semi-circles)
+    psi = 0.0137 / (elevation / np.pi + 0.11) - 0.022
+
+    # Ionospheric pierce point latitude (semi-circles)
+    phi_i = phi_u + psi * np.cos(azimuth)
+    phi_i = np.clip(phi_i, -0.416, 0.416)
+
+    # Ionospheric pierce point longitude (semi-circles)
+    lam_i = lam_u + psi * np.sin(azimuth) / np.cos(phi_i * np.pi)
+
+    # Geomagnetic latitude (semi-circles)
+    phi_m = phi_i + 0.064 * np.cos((lam_i - 1.617) * np.pi)
+
+    # Local time at ionospheric pierce point (seconds)
+    t = 43200 * lam_i + gps_time
+    t = np.mod(t, 86400)
+
+    # Obliquity factor
+    F = 1.0 + 16.0 * (0.53 - elevation / np.pi) ** 3
+
+    # Ionospheric delay computation
+    # Amplitude
+    AMP = alpha[0] + alpha[1] * phi_m + alpha[2] * phi_m**2 + alpha[3] * phi_m**3
+    AMP = np.maximum(AMP, 0)
+
+    # Period
+    PER = beta[0] + beta[1] * phi_m + beta[2] * phi_m**2 + beta[3] * phi_m**3
+    PER = np.maximum(PER, 72000)
+
+    # Phase
+    x = 2 * np.pi * (t - 50400) / PER
+
+    # Ionospheric time delay (seconds)
+    delay_sec = np.where(
+        np.abs(x) < 1.57,
+        F * (5e-9 + AMP * (1 - x**2 / 2 + x**4 / 24)),
+        F * 5e-9,
+    )
+
+    # Convert to meters
+    delay_m = delay_sec * SPEED_OF_LIGHT
+
+    return delay_m
+
+
+def dual_frequency_tec(
+    pseudorange_l1: ArrayLike,
+    pseudorange_l2: ArrayLike,
+) -> NDArray[np.float64]:
+    """
+    Compute Total Electron Content from dual-frequency pseudoranges.
+
+    This method uses the dispersive nature of the ionosphere to
+    estimate TEC from the difference in L1 and L2 pseudoranges.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    pseudorange_l1 : array_like
+        L1 pseudorange in meters.
+    pseudorange_l2 : array_like
+        L2 pseudorange in meters.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tec : ndarray
+        Total Electron Content in TECU (10^16 electrons/m²).
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The ionospheric delay is proportional to TEC and inversely
+    proportional to frequency squared:
+        delay = 40.3 * TEC / f²
+
+    The difference in delays at L1 and L2 gives:
+        P2 - P1 = 40.3 * TEC * (1/f1² - 1/f2²)
+
+    This is the standard dual-frequency ionospheric correction method.
+    """
+    pseudorange_l1 = np.asarray(pseudorange_l1, dtype=np.float64)
+    pseudorange_l2 = np.asarray(pseudorange_l2, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Ionospheric coefficient
+    K = 40.3  # m³/s²
+
+    # Frequency squared terms
+    f1_sq = F_L1**2
+    f2_sq = F_L2**2
+
+    # TEC from pseudorange difference
+    # P2 - P1 = K * TEC * (1/f2² - 1/f1²) / 10^16
+    # Note: negative because f1 > f2
+    delta_inv_f_sq = 1 / f2_sq - 1 / f1_sq
+    tec = (pseudorange_l2 - pseudorange_l1) / (K * delta_inv_f_sq) / 1e16
+
+    return tec
+
+
+def ionospheric_delay_from_tec(
+    tec: ArrayLike,
+    frequency: float = F_L1,
+) -> NDArray[np.float64]:
+    """
+    Compute ionospheric delay from Total Electron Content.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tec : array_like
+        Total Electron Content in TECU (10^16 electrons/m²).
+    frequency : float, optional
+        Signal frequency in Hz. Default is GPS L1.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    delay : ndarray
+        Ionospheric delay in meters.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The ionospheric delay for a signal is:
+        delay = 40.3 * TEC * 10^16 / f²
+    """
+    tec = np.asarray(tec, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    K = 40.3  # m³/s²
+    delay = K * tec * 1e16 / frequency**2
+
+    return delay
+
+
+def simple_iri(
+    latitude: ArrayLike,
+    longitude: ArrayLike,
+    altitude: ArrayLike,
+    hour: ArrayLike,
+    month: int = 6,
+    solar_flux: float = 150.0,
+) -> IonosphereState:
+    """
+    Simplified International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model.
+
+    This provides approximate electron density and TEC values based on
+    simplified IRI physics. For accurate predictions, use the full IRI
+    model or external services.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    latitude : array_like
+        Geodetic latitude in radians.
+    longitude : array_like
+        Geodetic longitude in radians.
+    altitude : array_like
+        Altitude in meters.
+    hour : array_like
+        Local hour (0-24).
+    month : int, optional
+        Month of year (1-12). Default is 6 (June).
+    solar_flux : float, optional
+        F10.7 solar flux in SFU. Default is 150 (moderate activity).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    state : IonosphereState
+        Ionospheric state with TEC, delays, and F2 layer parameters.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This is a simplified empirical model suitable for educational purposes
+    and rough estimates. For operational use, the full IRI-2020 model
+    should be employed.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> state = simple_iri(np.radians(40), np.radians(-105), 300e3, 12)
+    >>> state.tec > 0
+    True
+    """
+    latitude = np.asarray(latitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    longitude = np.asarray(longitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    altitude = np.asarray(altitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    hour = np.asarray(hour, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Convert latitude to degrees for calculations
+    lat_deg = np.degrees(latitude)
+    # lon_deg not used in simplified model but kept for future expansion
+
+    # Simplified F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) model
+    # Based on typical diurnal and latitudinal variations
+    lat_factor = np.cos(latitude) ** 0.8
+    hour_angle = 2 * np.pi * (hour - 14) / 24  # Peak around 14:00 local
+    diurnal = 0.5 * (1 + np.cos(hour_angle))
+
+    # Solar activity factor
+    solar_factor = 0.5 + 0.5 * (solar_flux - 70) / 180
+    solar_factor = np.clip(solar_factor, 0.3, 1.2)
+
+    # Seasonal factor (simplified)
+    season_angle = 2 * np.pi * (month - 1) / 12
+    season_factor = 1.0 + 0.2 * np.cos(season_angle - np.pi * np.sign(lat_deg))
+
+    # F2 layer critical frequency (MHz)
+    f_peak = 5.0 + 8.0 * lat_factor * diurnal * solar_factor * season_factor
+    f_peak = np.maximum(f_peak, 2.0)
+
+    # F2 layer peak height (km)
+    h_peak = 250 + 100 * (1 - lat_factor) + 50 * (1 - diurnal)
+
+    # Simplified TEC calculation (TECU)
+    # TEC roughly scales with foF2 squared
+    base_tec = 0.5 * f_peak**2
+    tec = base_tec * solar_factor * season_factor
+
+    # Ionospheric delays
+    delay_l1 = ionospheric_delay_from_tec(tec, F_L1)
+    delay_l2 = ionospheric_delay_from_tec(tec, F_L2)
+
+    # Handle scalar vs array output
+    if np.ndim(latitude) == 0:
+        return IonosphereState(
+            tec=float(tec),
+            delay_l1=float(delay_l1),
+            delay_l2=float(delay_l2),
+            f_peak=float(f_peak),
+            h_peak=float(h_peak),
+        )
+
+    return IonosphereState(
+        tec=tec,
+        delay_l1=delay_l1,
+        delay_l2=delay_l2,
+        f_peak=f_peak,
+        h_peak=h_peak,
+    )
+
+
+def magnetic_latitude(
+    latitude: ArrayLike,
+    longitude: ArrayLike,
+) -> NDArray[np.float64]:
+    """
+    Compute approximate geomagnetic latitude.
+
+    Uses a simple dipole approximation with the magnetic pole at
+    approximately 80.5°N, 72.8°W.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    latitude : array_like
+        Geodetic latitude in radians.
+    longitude : array_like
+        Geodetic longitude in radians.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    mag_lat : ndarray
+        Geomagnetic latitude in radians.
+    """
+    latitude = np.asarray(latitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    longitude = np.asarray(longitude, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Approximate magnetic pole location (2020 epoch)
+    pole_lat = np.radians(80.5)
+    pole_lon = np.radians(-72.8)
+
+    # Spherical law of cosines for angular distance
+    cos_mag_lat = np.sin(latitude) * np.sin(pole_lat) + np.cos(latitude) * np.cos(
+        pole_lat
+    ) * np.cos(longitude - pole_lon)
+
+    # Geomagnetic colatitude
+    mag_colat = np.arccos(np.clip(cos_mag_lat, -1, 1))
+
+    # Geomagnetic latitude
+    mag_lat = np.pi / 2 - mag_colat
+
+    return mag_lat
+
+
+def scintillation_index(
+    magnetic_latitude: ArrayLike,
+    hour: ArrayLike,
+    kp_index: float = 3.0,
+) -> NDArray[np.float64]:
+    """
+    Estimate ionospheric scintillation index S4.
+
+    Provides a rough estimate of amplitude scintillation based on
+    geomagnetic latitude, local time, and geomagnetic activity.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    magnetic_latitude : array_like
+        Geomagnetic latitude in radians.
+    hour : array_like
+        Local hour (0-24).
+    kp_index : float, optional
+        Kp geomagnetic activity index (0-9). Default is 3 (moderate).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    s4 : ndarray
+        S4 amplitude scintillation index (0-1).
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    S4 > 0.3 indicates moderate scintillation.
+    S4 > 0.6 indicates strong scintillation that may affect receivers.
+    """
+    magnetic_latitude = np.asarray(magnetic_latitude, dtype=np.float64)
+    hour = np.asarray(hour, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Scintillation is most intense:
+    # - At equatorial latitudes (within ±20° of magnetic equator)
+    # - At high latitudes (auroral zone, |lat| > 60°)
+    # - Post-sunset to midnight (local time 19-24)
+    # - During high geomagnetic activity
+
+    mag_lat_deg = np.abs(np.degrees(magnetic_latitude))
+
+    # Equatorial contribution
+    equatorial = np.exp(-((mag_lat_deg - 15) ** 2) / 200)
+
+    # Auroral contribution
+    auroral = np.exp(-((mag_lat_deg - 70) ** 2) / 100)
+
+    # Combined latitude factor
+    lat_factor = np.maximum(equatorial, 0.3 * auroral)
+
+    # Local time factor (peak at ~20:00 local)
+    hour_angle = 2 * np.pi * (hour - 20) / 24
+    time_factor = 0.5 * (1 + np.cos(hour_angle))
+
+    # Geomagnetic activity factor
+    kp_factor = 0.3 + 0.7 * (kp_index / 9)
+
+    # S4 estimate
+    s4 = 0.8 * lat_factor * time_factor * kp_factor
+
+    return np.clip(s4, 0, 1)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IonosphereState",
+    "KlobucharCoefficients",
+    "DEFAULT_KLOBUCHAR",
+    "klobuchar_delay",
+    "dual_frequency_tec",
+    "ionospheric_delay_from_tec",
+    "simple_iri",
+    "magnetic_latitude",
+    "scintillation_index",
+    # Constants
+    "SPEED_OF_LIGHT",
+    "F_L1",
+    "F_L2",
+]