nomogram 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

nomogram/data/catalog/humidity.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Miki
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+#
+# Humidity of air: demonstration formulations (the full set of saturation
+# vapour pressure formulations comes later). Hand-written, validated when
+# loaded by nomogram.catalog. Entries whose details were not checked
+# against the source carry status = "to-confirm".
+
+# --- Quantity kinds defined by nomogram -----------------------------------
+
+[kinds.SaturationVapourPressureOverWater]
+label = "Saturation Vapour Pressure over Water"
+specialization_of = "VapourPressure"
+description = "Pressure of water vapour in equilibrium with a plane surface of pure liquid water."
+# The Wikidata item covers saturation over water and over ice: broader.
+matches = [
+  { target = "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2387102", relation = "broad", verified = 2026-10-14 },
+]
+
+# --- References -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+[references.sonntag1990]
+authors = "Sonntag, D."
+year = 1990
+title = "Important new values of the physical constants of 1986, vapour pressure formulations based on the ITS-90, and psychrometer formulae"
+container = "Zeitschrift für Meteorologie"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Volume (40 or 70) and pages (340-344) to confirm against the original."
+
+[references.iapws_sr1_86]
+authors = "IAPWS"
+year = 1992
+title = "Revised Supplementary Release on Saturation Properties of Ordinary Water Substance (SR1-86(1992))"
+url = "https://iapws.org/technical-guidance/release/Supp-sat"
+status = "verified"
+note = "Equation (1), coefficients, range (section 6) and Table 1 read in the official release."
+
+[references.wagner_pruss1993]
+authors = "Wagner, W.; Pruß, A."
+year = 1993
+title = "International equations for the saturation properties of ordinary water substance. Revised according to the international temperature scale of 1990"
+container = "Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 22, 783"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Article behind IAPWS SR1-86(1992); DOI not checked."
+
+[references.alduchov_eskridge1996]
+authors = "Alduchov, O. A.; Eskridge, R. E."
+year = 1996
+title = "Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapor pressure"
+container = "Journal of Applied Meteorology 35, 601-609"
+url = "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/548871"
+status = "verified"
+note = "Read in the report version (OSTI 548871, DOE/ER/61011--T6): Table II (formulas), Table III (maximum relative errors)."
+
+[references.tetens1930]
+authors = "Tetens, O."
+year = 1930
+title = "Über einige meteorologische Begriffe"
+container = "Zeitschrift für Geophysik 6, 297-309"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Original not read. Alduchov and Eskridge (1996) quote 6.11 x 10^(7.5 t/(237.3 + t)); Lawrence (2005, not read) is said to give 6.1066 hPa: the constant differs between secondary sources."
+
+[references.buck1981]
+authors = "Buck, A. L."
+year = 1981
+title = "New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor"
+container = "Journal of Applied Meteorology 20, 1527-1532"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Original not read; formulas as quoted by Alduchov and Eskridge (1996, Table II)."
+
+[references.hyland_wexler1983]
+authors = "Hyland, R. W.; Wexler, A."
+year = 1983
+title = "Formulations for the thermodynamic properties of the saturated phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K"
+container = "ASHRAE Transactions 89(2A), 500-519"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Original not read; coefficients as given by ASHRAE (2017) through PsychroLib (commit 3066345)."
+
+[references.psychrolib]
+authors = "PsychroLib contributors"
+title = "PsychroLib: psychrometric functions (Python source, commit 3066345dc8cf91bf59134147cf917f982c1fce13)"
+url = "https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib"
+status = "verified"
+note = "GetSatVapPres read in the source; it switches from ice to water at the triple point, where ASHRAE uses the freezing point."
+
+[references.voemel_vp]
+authors = "Vömel, H."
+title = "Saturation vapor pressure formulations"
+container = "NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory (formerly CIRES), web page"
+url = "https://cires1.colorado.edu/~voemel/vp.html"
+status = "verified"
+note = "Consulted 2026-10-14, copy kept in the local reference store. A secondary source: formulas as quoted, originals not read."
+
+[references.bolton1980]
+authors = "Bolton, D."
+year = 1980
+title = "The computation of equivalent potential temperature"
+container = "Monthly Weather Review 108, 1046-1053"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Original not read; formula as quoted by Vömel."
+
+[references.murray1967]
+authors = "Murray, F. W."
+year = 1967
+title = "On the computation of saturation vapor pressure"
+container = "Journal of Applied Meteorology 6, 203-204"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Original not read; formula as quoted by Vömel."
+
+[references.buck1996]
+authors = "Buck Research Instruments"
+year = 1996
+title = "Model CR-1A Hygrometer, Operating Manual"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Grey literature, not read; formula as quoted by Vömel, who calls it an update of Buck (1981)."
+
+[references.goff_gratch1946]
+authors = "Goff, J. A.; Gratch, S."
+year = 1946
+title = "Low-pressure properties of water from -160 to 212 F"
+container = "Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 52, 95-122"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Original not read."
+
+[references.smithsonian1984]
+authors = "Smithsonian Institution"
+year = 1984
+title = "Smithsonian Meteorological Tables"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Cited by Vömel for the Goff-Gratch equation (after Goff and Gratch, 1946); edition not checked."
+
+[references.goff1957]
+authors = "Goff, J. A."
+year = 1957
+title = "Saturation pressure of water on the new Kelvin temperature scale"
+container = "Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Title and container from memory, not checked; cited by Vömel with WMO (2012)."
+
+[references.gibbins1990]
+authors = "Gibbins, C. J."
+year = 1990
+title = "A survey and comparison of relationships for the determination of the saturation vapour pressure over plane surfaces of pure water and of pure ice"
+container = "Annales Geophysicae 8, 859-885"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Not read; cited by Vömel for the range of the Goff-Gratch equation."
+
+[references.preston_thomas1990]
+authors = "Preston-Thomas, H."
+year = 1990
+title = "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)"
+container = "Metrologia 27, 3-10"
+doi = "10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Text and Table 6 (differences between ITS-90 and IPTS-68) read in a copy of the text, not in the journal; DOI not checked."
+
+[references.wmo2024]
+authors = "World Meteorological Organization"
+year = 2024
+title = "Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8), Volume I, Annex 4.B"
+doi = "10.59327/WMO/CIMO/1"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Primary text not read; formula and range cross-checked with WMO training material. Notation e_w to confirm in the text."
+
+[references.iapws95]
+authors = "IAPWS"
+year = 2018
+title = "Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use (R6-95(2018))"
+url = "https://iapws.org/documents/release/IAPWS-95"
+status = "verified"
+
+[references.ashrae2017]
+authors = "ASHRAE"
+year = 2017
+title = "ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, chapter 1: Psychrometrics"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Cited through the tests of PsychroLib; notation p_ws to confirm in the text."
+
+[references.ams_glossary]
+authors = "American Meteorological Society"
+title = "Glossary of Meteorology: vapor density"
+url = "https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Absolute_humidity"
+status = "verified"
+
+[references.cengel_boles]
+authors = "Çengel, Y. A.; Boles, M. A."
+title = "Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, chapter 14: Gas-vapor mixtures and air-conditioning"
+status = "to-confirm"
+note = "Edition and year not checked; definition read in lecture material based on the book."
+
+# --- Physical constants ---------------------------------------------------
+
+[constants.R_v_iapws95]
+identifier = "R_v"
+value = 461.51805
+unit = "J-PER-KiloGM-K"
+description = "Specific gas constant of water vapour"
+reference = "iapws95"
+# The Wikidata item is the specific gas constant of any gas: broader.
+matches = [
+  { target = "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q94372268", relation = "broad", verified = 2026-10-14 },
+]
+
+# --- Notations ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[notations.wmo]
+label = "WMO Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation"
+symbols = { e_s = 'e_{\mathrm{w}}', rho_v = '\rho_{\mathrm{v}}' }
+reference = "wmo2024"
+
+[notations.ashrae]
+label = "ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals"
+symbols = { e_s = 'p_{\mathrm{ws}}', RH = '\phi' }
+reference = "ashrae2017"
+
+# --- Ambiguous trade terms ------------------------------------------------
+
+[trade_terms.absolute_humidity]
+term = "absolute humidity"
+language = "en"
+matches = [
+  { target = "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1048298", relation = "close", verified = 2026-10-14 },
+]
+
+[[trade_terms.absolute_humidity.meanings]]
+community = "meteorology, physics"
+kind = "MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour"
+definition = "Mass of water vapour per volume of moist air."
+sources = ["ams_glossary"]
+
+[[trade_terms.absolute_humidity.meanings]]
+community = "chemical engineering, HVAC"
+kind = "MassRatioOfWaterVapourToDryGas"
+definition = "Mass of water vapour per mass of dry air."
+sources = ["cengel_boles"]
+
+# --- Temperature scales ---------------------------------------------------
+
+[temperature_scales.its90]
+label = "International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)"
+reference = "preston_thomas1990"
+
+[temperature_scales.ipts68]
+label = "International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68)"
+reference = "preston_thomas1990"
+# Table 6 of the ITS-90 text: [t90 / degC, (t90 - t68) / K].
+differences = [
+  [-190.0, 0.008],
+  [-180.0, 0.008],
+  [-170.0, 0.010],
+  [-160.0, 0.012],
+  [-150.0, 0.013],
+  [-140.0, 0.014],
+  [-130.0, 0.014],
+  [-120.0, 0.014],
+  [-110.0, 0.013],
+  [-100.0, 0.013],
+  [-90.0, 0.012],
+  [-80.0, 0.012],
+  [-70.0, 0.011],
+  [-60.0, 0.010],
+  [-50.0, 0.009],
+  [-40.0, 0.008],
+  [-30.0, 0.006],
+  [-20.0, 0.004],
+  [-10.0, 0.002],
+  [0.0, 0.000],
+  [10.0, -0.002],
+  [20.0, -0.005],
+  [30.0, -0.007],
+  [40.0, -0.010],
+  [50.0, -0.013],
+  [60.0, -0.016],
+  [70.0, -0.018],
+  [80.0, -0.021],
+  [90.0, -0.024],
+  [100.0, -0.026],
+  [110.0, -0.028],
+  [120.0, -0.030],
+  [130.0, -0.032],
+  [140.0, -0.034],
+  [150.0, -0.036],
+  [160.0, -0.037],
+  [170.0, -0.038],
+  [180.0, -0.039],
+  [190.0, -0.039],
+  [200.0, -0.040],
+  [210.0, -0.040],
+  [220.0, -0.040],
+  [230.0, -0.040],
+  [240.0, -0.040],
+  [250.0, -0.040],
+  [260.0, -0.040],
+  [270.0, -0.039],
+  [280.0, -0.039],
+  [290.0, -0.039],
+  [300.0, -0.039],
+  [310.0, -0.039],
+  [320.0, -0.039],
+  [330.0, -0.040],
+  [340.0, -0.040],
+  [350.0, -0.041],
+  [360.0, -0.042],
+  [370.0, -0.043],
+  [380.0, -0.045],
+  [390.0, -0.046],
+]
+
+# --- Formulations ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+[formulations.sonntag1990_magnus]
+label = "Magnus form, Sonntag (1990) coefficients"
+expression = "C * exp(A * t / (B + t))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["sonntag1990", "wmo2024", "alduchov_eskridge1996"]
+note = "Coefficients adopted by the WMO guide and quoted as SA90 by Alduchov and Eskridge (1996, Table II), who find a maximum relative error of 0.597 % against GG46, WE76 and SO90 between -40 and 50 degC (Table III). Not to be confused with Sonntag's own formulation (sonntag1990)."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature", temperature_scale = "its90", scale_basis = "stated" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 17.62, B = 243.12, C = 6.112 }
+
+[[formulations.sonntag1990_magnus.domains]]
+basis = "stated"
+bounds = { t = [-45.0, 60.0] }
+criterion = "Uncertainty within 0.6 % (k=2), as quoted by the WMO guide."
+reference = "wmo2024"
+
+[formulations.mass_concentration_ideal_gas]
+label = "Mass concentration of water vapour, ideal gas law"
+expression = "RH * e_s / (R_v * T)"
+fixed_units = false
+references = ["iapws95"]
+note = "Water vapour treated as an ideal gas; e_s must be taken at the temperature T."
+output = { identifier = "rho_v", kind = "MassConcentrationOfWaterVapour", unit = "KiloGM-PER-M3", description = "Mass concentration of water vapour (absolute humidity, meteorological sense)" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "RH", kind = "RelativeHumidity", unit = "UNITLESS", description = "Relative humidity" },
+  { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "PA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water at T" },
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature" },
+]
+constants = ["R_v_iapws95"]
+
+[formulations.iapws_sr1_86]
+label = "IAPWS SR1-86(1992), Wagner and Pruß equation"
+expression = "p_c * exp(T_c / T * (a1 * (1 - T / T_c) + a2 * (1 - T / T_c) ** 1.5 + a3 * (1 - T / T_c) ** 3 + a4 * (1 - T / T_c) ** 3.5 + a5 * (1 - T / T_c) ** 4 + a6 * (1 - T / T_c) ** 7.5))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["iapws_sr1_86", "wagner_pruss1993"]
+note = "Reference formulation for comparisons. Reproduces Table 1 of the release: 611.657 Pa at 273.16 K, 101325 Pa at 373.1243 K."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "PA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature (ITS-90)", temperature_scale = "its90", scale_basis = "stated" },
+]
+
+[formulations.iapws_sr1_86.coefficients]
+T_c = { value = 647.096, unit = "K", note = "Critical temperature" }
+p_c = { value = 22.064e6, unit = "PA", note = "Critical pressure" }
+a1 = -7.85951783
+a2 = 1.84408259
+a3 = -11.7866497
+a4 = 22.6807411
+a5 = -15.9618719
+a6 = 1.80122502
+
+[[formulations.iapws_sr1_86.domains]]
+basis = "stated"
+bounds = { T = [273.16, 647.096] }
+criterion = "Vapour-liquid equilibrium from the triple point to the critical point, endorsed by IAPWS (section 6)."
+reference = "iapws_sr1_86"
+
+[formulations.sonntag1990]
+label = "Sonntag (1990) formulation over water (SO90)"
+expression = "exp(a0 / T + a1 + a2 * T + a3 * T ** 2 + a4 * ln(T))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["sonntag1990", "alduchov_eskridge1996", "voemel_vp"]
+note = "As quoted by Alduchov and Eskridge (1996, equation 7); T on ITS-90. Vömel gives the same coefficients under Sonntag (1994): the year differs between secondary sources. Range not read in the original."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature (ITS-90)", temperature_scale = "its90", scale_basis = "stated" },
+]
+coefficients = { a0 = -6096.9385, a1 = 16.635794, a2 = -2.711193e-2, a3 = 1.673952e-5, a4 = 2.433502 }
+
+[formulations.alduchov_eskridge1996]
+label = "Magnus form, Alduchov and Eskridge (1996) AEKR coefficients"
+expression = "C * exp(A * t / (B + t))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["alduchov_eskridge1996"]
+note = "Fitted to three formulations on different temperature scales (GG46, WE76, SO90): no scale is assigned."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 17.625, B = 243.04, C = 6.1094 }
+
+[[formulations.alduchov_eskridge1996.domains]]
+basis = "stated"
+bounds = { t = [-40.0, 50.0] }
+criterion = "Maximum relative error 0.384 % against GG46, WE76 and SO90 (Table III)."
+reference = "alduchov_eskridge1996"
+
+[formulations.tetens1930]
+label = "Tetens (1930), as quoted by Alduchov and Eskridge (1996)"
+expression = "C * 10 ** (A * t / (B + t))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["tetens1930", "alduchov_eskridge1996"]
+note = "Base-10 form (TE30). Maximum relative error 3.214 % against GG46, WE76 and SO90 between -40 and 50 degC (Alduchov and Eskridge 1996, Table III). The constant C differs between secondary sources (see the reference)."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 7.5, B = 237.3, C = 6.11 }
+
+[formulations.buck1981_magnus]
+label = "Magnus form, Buck (1981) coefficients (BU81)"
+expression = "C * exp(A * t / (B + t))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["buck1981", "alduchov_eskridge1996", "voemel_vp"]
+note = "Maximum relative error 1.458 % against GG46, WE76 and SO90 between -40 and 50 degC (Alduchov and Eskridge 1996, Table III)."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature", temperature_scale = "ipts68", scale_basis = "inferred-from-date" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 17.502, B = 240.97, C = 6.1121 }
+
+[formulations.buck1981]
+label = "Buck (1981) equation (BU-2)"
+expression = "C * exp(t * (A - t / D) / (t + B))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["buck1981", "alduchov_eskridge1996"]
+note = "Maximum relative error 0.493 % against GG46, WE76 and SO90 between -40 and 50 degC (Alduchov and Eskridge 1996, Table III)."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature", temperature_scale = "ipts68", scale_basis = "inferred-from-date" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 18.729, B = 257.87, C = 6.1121, D = 227.3 }
+
+[formulations.hyland_wexler1983]
+label = "Hyland and Wexler (1983) formulation over water"
+expression = "exp(C8 / T + C9 + C10 * T + C11 * T ** 2 + C12 * T ** 3 + C13 * ln(T))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["hyland_wexler1983", "ashrae2017", "psychrolib", "voemel_vp"]
+note = "ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017), chapter 1, equation 6, through PsychroLib; same coefficients in Vömel. Range not read in the original. Temperature scale ITS-90, inferred from numbers: published in 1983 (IPTS-68 era), but these coefficients agree with IAPWS (ITS-90) within 0.022 % from 0 to 100 degC without conversion and drift to 0.09 % with the IPTS-68 conversion, which suggests ASHRAE moved them to ITS-90; to confirm in ASHRAE."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "PA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature", temperature_scale = "its90", scale_basis = "inferred-from-numbers" },
+]
+coefficients = { C8 = -5.8002206e3, C9 = 1.3914993, C10 = -4.8640239e-2, C11 = 4.1764768e-5, C12 = -1.4452093e-8, C13 = 6.5459673 }
+
+[formulations.bolton1980]
+label = "Magnus form, Bolton (1980) coefficients"
+expression = "C * exp(A * t / (t + B))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["bolton1980", "voemel_vp"]
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature", temperature_scale = "ipts68", scale_basis = "inferred-from-date" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 17.67, B = 243.5, C = 6.112 }
+
+[formulations.murray1967]
+label = "Magnus-Tetens form, Murray (1967)"
+expression = "C * exp(A * (T - T_0) / (T - B))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["murray1967", "voemel_vp"]
+note = "Written in kelvin with an offset of 273.16 K (the triple point), not 273.15 K: at the triple point it gives C exactly."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature" },
+]
+
+[formulations.murray1967.coefficients]
+A = 17.269388
+B = { value = 35.86, unit = "K" }
+C = { value = 6.1078, unit = "HectoPA" }
+T_0 = { value = 273.16, unit = "K", note = "Triple point of water" }
+
+[formulations.buck1996]
+label = "Buck (1996) equation"
+expression = "C * exp((A - t / D) * t / (B + t))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["buck1996", "voemel_vp"]
+note = "Update of the Buck (1981) equation (buck1981), with different coefficients."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "t", kind = "CelsiusTemperature", unit = "DEG_C", description = "Celsius temperature", temperature_scale = "its90", scale_basis = "inferred-from-date" },
+]
+coefficients = { A = 18.678, B = 257.14, C = 6.1121, D = 234.5 }
+
+[formulations.goff_gratch1946]
+label = "Goff-Gratch equation over water (Smithsonian Tables form)"
+expression = "10 ** (a1 * (T_s / T - 1) + a2 * log10(T_s / T) + a3 * (10 ** (a4 * (1 - T / T_s)) - 1) + a5 * (10 ** (a6 * (T_s / T - 1)) - 1) + log10(e_st))"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["goff_gratch1946", "smithsonian1984", "voemel_vp"]
+note = "Referred to the steam point T_s = 373.16 K (as in Vömel and in Alduchov and Eskridge 1996, who call the original paper GG45). Generally considered the reference equation in meteorology (Vömel)."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature" },
+]
+
+[formulations.goff_gratch1946.coefficients]
+a1 = -7.90298
+a2 = 5.02808
+a3 = -1.3816e-7
+a4 = 11.344
+a5 = 8.1328e-3
+a6 = -3.49149
+T_s = { value = 373.16, unit = "K", note = "Steam point" }
+e_st = { value = 1013.246, unit = "HectoPA", note = "Saturation pressure at the steam point" }
+
+[[formulations.goff_gratch1946.domains]]
+basis = "stated"
+bounds = { T = [223.15, 375.15] }
+criterion = "-50 to 102 degC, range of the equation over liquid water according to Gibbins (1990), as quoted by Vömel."
+reference = "gibbins1990"
+
+[formulations.goff1957]
+label = "Goff (1957) equation over water, triple point form (WMO)"
+expression = "10 ** (b1 * (1 - T_1 / T) + b2 * log10(T / T_1) + b3 * (1 - 10 ** (b4 * (T / T_1 - 1))) + b5 * (10 ** (b6 * (1 - T_1 / T)) - 1) + b7)"
+fixed_units = true
+references = ["goff1957", "voemel_vp", "alduchov_eskridge1996"]
+note = "Attribution differs between secondary sources: Vömel calls it Goff (1957), recommended by WMO; Alduchov and Eskridge (1996, equation 3) call it GG46 (Goff and Gratch 1946), recommended by WMO in 1966, and write ln where the numbers require log10."
+output = { identifier = "e_s", kind = "SaturationVapourPressureOverWater", unit = "HectoPA", description = "Saturation vapour pressure over water" }
+inputs = [
+  { identifier = "T", kind = "ThermodynamicTemperature", unit = "K", description = "Thermodynamic temperature" },
+]
+
+[formulations.goff1957.coefficients]
+b1 = 10.79574
+b2 = -5.02800
+b3 = 1.50475e-4
+b4 = -8.2969
+b5 = 0.42873e-3
+b6 = 4.76955
+b7 = 0.78614
+T_1 = { value = 273.16, unit = "K", note = "Triple point of water" }