nltk 3.2__zip → 3.3__zip

nltk-3.3/nltk/stem/porter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+"""
+Porter Stemmer
+
+This is the Porter stemming algorithm. It follows the algorithm
+presented in
+
+Porter, M. "An algorithm for suffix stripping." Program 14.3 (1980): 130-137.
+
+with some optional deviations that can be turned on or off with the
+`mode` argument to the constructor.
+
+Martin Porter, the algorithm's inventor, maintains a web page about the
+algorithm at
+
+    http://www.tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer/
+
+which includes another Python implementation and other implementations
+in many languages.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
+
+__docformat__ = 'plaintext'
+
+import re
+
+from nltk.stem.api import StemmerI
+from nltk.compat import python_2_unicode_compatible
+
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
+class PorterStemmer(StemmerI):
+    """
+    A word stemmer based on the Porter stemming algorithm.
+
+        Porter, M. "An algorithm for suffix stripping."
+        Program 14.3 (1980): 130-137.
+        
+    See http://www.tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer/ for the homepage
+    of the algorithm.
+        
+    Martin Porter has endorsed several modifications to the Porter
+    algorithm since writing his original paper, and those extensions are
+    included in the implementations on his website. Additionally, others
+    have proposed further improvements to the algorithm, including NLTK
+    contributors. There are thus three modes that can be selected by
+    passing the appropriate constant to the class constructor's `mode`
+    attribute:
+
+        PorterStemmer.ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM
+        - Implementation that is faithful to the original paper.
+        
+          Note that Martin Porter has deprecated this version of the
+          algorithm. Martin distributes implementations of the Porter
+          Stemmer in many languages, hosted at:
+          
+            http://www.tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer/
+            
+          and all of these implementations include his extensions. He
+          strongly recommends against using the original, published
+          version of the algorithm; only use this mode if you clearly
+          understand why you are choosing to do so.
+        
+        PorterStemmer.MARTIN_EXTENSIONS
+        - Implementation that only uses the modifications to the
+          algorithm that are included in the implementations on Martin
+          Porter's website. He has declared Porter frozen, so the
+          behaviour of those implementations should never change.
+          
+        PorterStemmer.NLTK_EXTENSIONS (default)
+        - Implementation that includes further improvements devised by
+          NLTK contributors or taken from other modified implementations
+          found on the web.
+          
+    For the best stemming, you should use the default NLTK_EXTENSIONS
+    version. However, if you need to get the same results as either the
+    original algorithm or one of Martin Porter's hosted versions for
+    compability with an existing implementation or dataset, you can use
+    one of the other modes instead.
+    """
+    
+    # Modes the Stemmer can be instantiated in
+    NLTK_EXTENSIONS = 'NLTK_EXTENSIONS'
+    MARTIN_EXTENSIONS = 'MARTIN_EXTENSIONS'
+    ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM = 'ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM'
+
+    def __init__(self, mode=NLTK_EXTENSIONS):
+        if mode not in (
+            self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS,
+            self.MARTIN_EXTENSIONS,
+            self.ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Mode must be one of PorterStemmer.NLTK_EXTENSIONS, "
+                "PorterStemmer.MARTIN_EXTENSIONS, or "
+                "PorterStemmer.ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM"
+            )
+        
+        self.mode = mode
+        
+        if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS:
+            # This is a table of irregular forms. It is quite short,
+            # but still reflects the errors actually drawn to Martin
+            # Porter's attention over a 20 year period!
+            irregular_forms = {
+                "sky" :     ["sky", "skies"],
+                "die" :     ["dying"],
+                "lie" :     ["lying"],
+                "tie" :     ["tying"],
+                "news" :    ["news"],
+                "inning" :  ["innings", "inning"],
+                "outing" :  ["outings", "outing"],
+                "canning" : ["cannings", "canning"],
+                "howe" :    ["howe"],
+                "proceed" : ["proceed"],
+                "exceed"  : ["exceed"],
+                "succeed" : ["succeed"],
+            }
+
+            self.pool = {}
+            for key in irregular_forms:
+                for val in irregular_forms[key]:
+                    self.pool[val] = key
+
+        self.vowels = frozenset(['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'])
+
+    def _is_consonant(self, word, i):
+        """Returns True if word[i] is a consonant, False otherwise
+        
+        A consonant is defined in the paper as follows:
+        
+            A consonant in a word is a letter other than A, E, I, O or
+            U, and other than Y preceded by a consonant. (The fact that
+            the term `consonant' is defined to some extent in terms of
+            itself does not make it ambiguous.) So in TOY the consonants
+            are T and Y, and in SYZYGY they are S, Z and G. If a letter
+            is not a consonant it is a vowel.
+        """
+        if word[i] in self.vowels:
+            return False
+        if word[i] == 'y':
+            if i == 0:
+                return True
+            else:
+                return (not self._is_consonant(word, i - 1))
+        return True
+        
+    def _measure(self, stem):
+        """Returns the 'measure' of stem, per definition in the paper
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+            A consonant will be denoted by c, a vowel by v. A list
+            ccc... of length greater than 0 will be denoted by C, and a
+            list vvv... of length greater than 0 will be denoted by V.
+            Any word, or part of a word, therefore has one of the four
+            forms:
+
+                CVCV ... C
+                CVCV ... V
+                VCVC ... C
+                VCVC ... V
+                
+            These may all be represented by the single form
+            
+                [C]VCVC ... [V]
+                
+            where the square brackets denote arbitrary presence of their
+            contents. Using (VC){m} to denote VC repeated m times, this
+            may again be written as
+
+                [C](VC){m}[V].
+
+            m will be called the \measure\ of any word or word part when
+            represented in this form. The case m = 0 covers the null
+            word. Here are some examples:
+
+                m=0    TR,  EE,  TREE,  Y,  BY.
+                m=1    TROUBLE,  OATS,  TREES,  IVY.
+                m=2    TROUBLES,  PRIVATE,  OATEN,  ORRERY.
+        """
+        cv_sequence = ''
+        
+        # Construct a string of 'c's and 'v's representing whether each
+        # character in `stem` is a consonant or a vowel.
+        # e.g. 'falafel' becomes 'cvcvcvc',
+        #      'architecture' becomes 'vcccvcvccvcv'
+        for i in range(len(stem)):
+            if self._is_consonant(stem, i):
+                cv_sequence += 'c'
+            else:
+                cv_sequence += 'v'
+                
+        # Count the number of 'vc' occurences, which is equivalent to
+        # the number of 'VC' occurrences in Porter's reduced form in the
+        # docstring above, which is in turn equivalent to `m`
+        return cv_sequence.count('vc')
+        
+    def _has_positive_measure(self, stem):
+        return self._measure(stem) > 0
+
+    def _contains_vowel(self, stem):
+        """Returns True if stem contains a vowel, else False"""
+        for i in range(len(stem)):
+            if not self._is_consonant(stem, i):
+                return True
+        return False
+        
+    def _ends_double_consonant(self, word):
+        """Implements condition *d from the paper
+        
+        Returns True if word ends with a double consonant
+        """
+        return (
+            len(word) >= 2 and
+            word[-1] == word[-2] and
+            self._is_consonant(word, len(word)-1)
+        )
+
+    def _ends_cvc(self, word):
+        """Implements condition *o from the paper
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+            *o  - the stem ends cvc, where the second c is not W, X or Y
+                  (e.g. -WIL, -HOP).
+        """
+        return (
+            len(word) >= 3 and
+            self._is_consonant(word, len(word) - 3) and
+            not self._is_consonant(word, len(word) - 2) and
+            self._is_consonant(word, len(word) - 1) and
+            word[-1] not in ('w', 'x', 'y')
+        ) or (
+            self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS and
+            len(word) == 2 and
+            not self._is_consonant(word, 0) and
+            self._is_consonant(word, 1)
+        )
+        
+    def _replace_suffix(self, word, suffix, replacement):
+        """Replaces `suffix` of `word` with `replacement"""
+        assert word.endswith(suffix), "Given word doesn't end with given suffix"
+        if suffix == '':
+            return word + replacement
+        else:
+            return word[:-len(suffix)] + replacement
+                
+    def _apply_rule_list(self, word, rules):
+        """Applies the first applicable suffix-removal rule to the word
+        
+        Takes a word and a list of suffix-removal rules represented as
+        3-tuples, with the first element being the suffix to remove,
+        the second element being the string to replace it with, and the
+        final element being the condition for the rule to be applicable,
+        or None if the rule is unconditional.
+        """
+        for rule in rules:
+            suffix, replacement, condition = rule
+            if suffix == '*d' and self._ends_double_consonant(word):
+                stem = word[:-2]
+                if condition is None or condition(stem):
+                    return stem + replacement
+                else:
+                    # Don't try any further rules
+                    return word
+            if word.endswith(suffix):
+                stem = self._replace_suffix(word, suffix, '')
+                if condition is None or condition(stem):
+                    return stem + replacement
+                else:
+                    # Don't try any further rules
+                    return word
+                
+        return word
+        
+    def _step1a(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 1a from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+            
+            SSES -> SS                         caresses  ->  caress
+            IES  -> I                          ponies    ->  poni
+                                               ties      ->  ti
+            SS   -> SS                         caress    ->  caress
+            S    ->                            cats      ->  cat
+        """
+        # this NLTK-only rule extends the original algorithm, so
+        # that 'flies'->'fli' but 'dies'->'die' etc
+        if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS:
+            if word.endswith('ies') and len(word) == 4:
+                return self._replace_suffix(word, 'ies', 'ie')
+            
+        return self._apply_rule_list(word, [
+            ('sses', 'ss', None), # SSES -> SS
+            ('ies', 'i', None),   # IES  -> I
+            ('ss', 'ss', None),   # SS   -> SS
+            ('s', '', None),      # S    ->
+        ])
+        
+    def _step1b(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 1b from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+            (m>0) EED -> EE                    feed      ->  feed
+                                               agreed    ->  agree
+            (*v*) ED  ->                       plastered ->  plaster
+                                               bled      ->  bled
+            (*v*) ING ->                       motoring  ->  motor
+                                               sing      ->  sing
+                                               
+        If the second or third of the rules in Step 1b is successful,
+        the following is done:
+
+            AT -> ATE                       conflat(ed)  ->  conflate
+            BL -> BLE                       troubl(ed)   ->  trouble
+            IZ -> IZE                       siz(ed)      ->  size
+            (*d and not (*L or *S or *Z))
+               -> single letter
+                                            hopp(ing)    ->  hop
+                                            tann(ed)     ->  tan
+                                            fall(ing)    ->  fall
+                                            hiss(ing)    ->  hiss
+                                            fizz(ed)     ->  fizz
+            (m=1 and *o) -> E               fail(ing)    ->  fail
+                                            fil(ing)     ->  file
+
+        The rule to map to a single letter causes the removal of one of
+        the double letter pair. The -E is put back on -AT, -BL and -IZ,
+        so that the suffixes -ATE, -BLE and -IZE can be recognised
+        later. This E may be removed in step 4.
+        """
+        # this NLTK-only block extends the original algorithm, so that
+        # 'spied'->'spi' but 'died'->'die' etc
+        if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS:
+            if word.endswith('ied'):
+                if len(word) == 4:
+                    return self._replace_suffix(word, 'ied', 'ie')
+                else:
+                    return self._replace_suffix(word, 'ied', 'i')
+        
+        # (m>0) EED -> EE
+        if word.endswith('eed'):
+            stem = self._replace_suffix(word, 'eed', '')
+            if self._measure(stem) > 0:
+                return stem + 'ee'
+            else:
+                return word
+            
+        rule_2_or_3_succeeded = False
+        
+        for suffix in ['ed', 'ing']:
+            if word.endswith(suffix):
+                intermediate_stem = self._replace_suffix(word, suffix, '')
+                if self._contains_vowel(intermediate_stem):
+                    rule_2_or_3_succeeded = True
+                    break
+                
+        if not rule_2_or_3_succeeded:
+            return word
+
+        return self._apply_rule_list(intermediate_stem, [
+            ('at', 'ate', None), # AT -> ATE
+            ('bl', 'ble', None), # BL -> BLE
+            ('iz', 'ize', None), # IZ -> IZE
+            # (*d and not (*L or *S or *Z))
+            # -> single letter
+            (
+                '*d',
+                intermediate_stem[-1],
+                lambda stem: intermediate_stem[-1] not in ('l', 's', 'z')
+            ),
+            # (m=1 and *o) -> E
+            (
+                '',
+                'e',
+                lambda stem: (self._measure(stem) == 1 and
+                              self._ends_cvc(stem))
+            ),
+        ])
+    
+    def _step1c(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 1c from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+        Step 1c
+
+            (*v*) Y -> I                    happy        ->  happi
+                                            sky          ->  sky
+        """
+        def nltk_condition(stem):
+            """
+            This has been modified from the original Porter algorithm so
+            that y->i is only done when y is preceded by a consonant,
+            but not if the stem is only a single consonant, i.e.
+
+               (*c and not c) Y -> I
+
+            So 'happy' -> 'happi', but
+               'enjoy' -> 'enjoy'  etc
+
+            This is a much better rule. Formerly 'enjoy'->'enjoi' and
+            'enjoyment'->'enjoy'. Step 1c is perhaps done too soon; but
+            with this modification that no longer really matters.
+
+            Also, the removal of the contains_vowel(z) condition means
+            that 'spy', 'fly', 'try' ... stem to 'spi', 'fli', 'tri' and
+            conflate with 'spied', 'tried', 'flies' ...
+            """
+            return len(stem) > 1 and self._is_consonant(stem, len(stem) - 1)
+        
+        def original_condition(stem):
+            return self._contains_vowel(stem)
+        
+        return self._apply_rule_list(word, [
+            (
+                'y',
+                'i',
+                nltk_condition if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS
+                               else original_condition
+            )
+        ])
+
+    def _step2(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 2 from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+        Step 2
+
+            (m>0) ATIONAL ->  ATE       relational     ->  relate
+            (m>0) TIONAL  ->  TION      conditional    ->  condition
+                                        rational       ->  rational
+            (m>0) ENCI    ->  ENCE      valenci        ->  valence
+            (m>0) ANCI    ->  ANCE      hesitanci      ->  hesitance
+            (m>0) IZER    ->  IZE       digitizer      ->  digitize
+            (m>0) ABLI    ->  ABLE      conformabli    ->  conformable
+            (m>0) ALLI    ->  AL        radicalli      ->  radical
+            (m>0) ENTLI   ->  ENT       differentli    ->  different
+            (m>0) ELI     ->  E         vileli        - >  vile
+            (m>0) OUSLI   ->  OUS       analogousli    ->  analogous
+            (m>0) IZATION ->  IZE       vietnamization ->  vietnamize
+            (m>0) ATION   ->  ATE       predication    ->  predicate
+            (m>0) ATOR    ->  ATE       operator       ->  operate
+            (m>0) ALISM   ->  AL        feudalism      ->  feudal
+            (m>0) IVENESS ->  IVE       decisiveness   ->  decisive
+            (m>0) FULNESS ->  FUL       hopefulness    ->  hopeful
+            (m>0) OUSNESS ->  OUS       callousness    ->  callous
+            (m>0) ALITI   ->  AL        formaliti      ->  formal
+            (m>0) IVITI   ->  IVE       sensitiviti    ->  sensitive
+            (m>0) BILITI  ->  BLE       sensibiliti    ->  sensible
+        """
+
+        if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS:
+            # Instead of applying the ALLI -> AL rule after '(a)bli' per
+            # the published algorithm, instead we apply it first, and,
+            # if it succeeds, run the result through step2 again.
+            if (
+                word.endswith('alli') and
+                self._has_positive_measure(
+                    self._replace_suffix(word, 'alli', '')
+                )
+            ):
+                return self._step2(
+                    self._replace_suffix(word, 'alli', 'al')
+                )
+        
+        bli_rule = ('bli', 'ble', self._has_positive_measure)
+        abli_rule = ('abli', 'able', self._has_positive_measure)
+        
+        rules = [
+            ('ational', 'ate', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('tional', 'tion', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('enci', 'ence', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('anci', 'ance', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('izer', 'ize', self._has_positive_measure),
+            
+            abli_rule if self.mode == self.ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM else bli_rule,
+            
+            ('alli', 'al', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('entli', 'ent', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('eli', 'e', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ousli', 'ous', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ization', 'ize', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ation', 'ate', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ator', 'ate', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('alism', 'al', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('iveness', 'ive', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('fulness', 'ful', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ousness', 'ous', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('aliti', 'al', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('iviti', 'ive', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('biliti', 'ble', self._has_positive_measure),
+        ]
+        
+        if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS:
+            rules.append(
+                ('fulli', 'ful', self._has_positive_measure)
+            )
+            
+            # The 'l' of the 'logi' -> 'log' rule is put with the stem,
+            # so that short stems like 'geo' 'theo' etc work like
+            # 'archaeo' 'philo' etc.
+            rules.append((
+                "logi",
+                "log",
+                lambda stem: self._has_positive_measure(word[:-3])
+            ))
+
+        if self.mode == self.MARTIN_EXTENSIONS:
+            rules.append(
+                ("logi", "log", self._has_positive_measure)
+            )
+        
+        return self._apply_rule_list(word, rules)
+
+    def _step3(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 3 from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+        Step 3
+
+            (m>0) ICATE ->  IC              triplicate     ->  triplic
+            (m>0) ATIVE ->                  formative      ->  form
+            (m>0) ALIZE ->  AL              formalize      ->  formal
+            (m>0) ICITI ->  IC              electriciti    ->  electric
+            (m>0) ICAL  ->  IC              electrical     ->  electric
+            (m>0) FUL   ->                  hopeful        ->  hope
+            (m>0) NESS  ->                  goodness       ->  good
+        """
+        return self._apply_rule_list(word, [
+            ('icate', 'ic', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ative', '', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('alize', 'al', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('iciti', 'ic', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ical', 'ic', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ful', '', self._has_positive_measure),
+            ('ness', '', self._has_positive_measure),
+        ])
+
+    def _step4(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 4 from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        Step 4
+
+            (m>1) AL    ->                  revival        ->  reviv
+            (m>1) ANCE  ->                  allowance      ->  allow
+            (m>1) ENCE  ->                  inference      ->  infer
+            (m>1) ER    ->                  airliner       ->  airlin
+            (m>1) IC    ->                  gyroscopic     ->  gyroscop
+            (m>1) ABLE  ->                  adjustable     ->  adjust
+            (m>1) IBLE  ->                  defensible     ->  defens
+            (m>1) ANT   ->                  irritant       ->  irrit
+            (m>1) EMENT ->                  replacement    ->  replac
+            (m>1) MENT  ->                  adjustment     ->  adjust
+            (m>1) ENT   ->                  dependent      ->  depend
+            (m>1 and (*S or *T)) ION ->     adoption       ->  adopt
+            (m>1) OU    ->                  homologou      ->  homolog
+            (m>1) ISM   ->                  communism      ->  commun
+            (m>1) ATE   ->                  activate       ->  activ
+            (m>1) ITI   ->                  angulariti     ->  angular
+            (m>1) OUS   ->                  homologous     ->  homolog
+            (m>1) IVE   ->                  effective      ->  effect
+            (m>1) IZE   ->                  bowdlerize     ->  bowdler
+
+        The suffixes are now removed. All that remains is a little
+        tidying up.
+        """
+        measure_gt_1 = lambda stem: self._measure(stem) > 1
+        
+        return self._apply_rule_list(word, [
+            ('al', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ance', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ence', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('er', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ic', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('able', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ible', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ant', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ement', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ment', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ent', '', measure_gt_1),
+            
+            # (m>1 and (*S or *T)) ION -> 
+            (
+                'ion',
+                '',
+                lambda stem: self._measure(stem) > 1 and stem[-1] in ('s', 't')
+            ),
+            
+            ('ou', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ism', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ate', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('iti', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ous', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ive', '', measure_gt_1),
+            ('ize', '', measure_gt_1),
+        ])
+        
+    def _step5a(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 5a from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+        Step 5a
+
+            (m>1) E     ->                  probate        ->  probat
+                                            rate           ->  rate
+            (m=1 and not *o) E ->           cease          ->  ceas
+        """
+        # Note that Martin's test vocabulary and reference
+        # implementations are inconsistent in how they handle the case
+        # where two rules both refer to a suffix that matches the word
+        # to be stemmed, but only the condition of the second one is
+        # true.
+        # Earlier in step2b we had the rules:
+        #     (m>0) EED -> EE
+        #     (*v*) ED  ->
+        # but the examples in the paper included "feed"->"feed", even
+        # though (*v*) is true for "fe" and therefore the second rule
+        # alone would map "feed"->"fe".
+        # However, in THIS case, we need to handle the consecutive rules
+        # differently and try both conditions (obviously; the second
+        # rule here would be redundant otherwise). Martin's paper makes
+        # no explicit mention of the inconsistency; you have to infer it
+        # from the examples.
+        # For this reason, we can't use _apply_rule_list here.
+        if word.endswith('e'):
+            stem = self._replace_suffix(word, 'e', '')
+            if self._measure(stem) > 1:
+                return stem
+            if self._measure(stem) == 1 and not self._ends_cvc(stem):
+                return stem
+        return word
+
+    def _step5b(self, word):
+        """Implements Step 5a from "An algorithm for suffix stripping"
+        
+        From the paper:
+        
+        Step 5b
+
+            (m > 1 and *d and *L) -> single letter
+                                    controll       ->  control
+                                    roll           ->  roll
+        """
+        return self._apply_rule_list(word, [
+            ('ll', 'l', lambda stem: self._measure(word[:-1]) > 1)
+        ])
+
+    def stem(self, word):
+        stem = word.lower()
+        
+        if self.mode == self.NLTK_EXTENSIONS and word in self.pool:
+            return self.pool[word]
+
+        if self.mode != self.ORIGINAL_ALGORITHM and len(word) <= 2:
+            # With this line, strings of length 1 or 2 don't go through
+            # the stemming process, although no mention is made of this
+            # in the published algorithm.
+            return word
+
+        stem = self._step1a(stem)
+        stem = self._step1b(stem)
+        stem = self._step1c(stem)
+        stem = self._step2(stem)
+        stem = self._step3(stem)
+        stem = self._step4(stem)
+        stem = self._step5a(stem)
+        stem = self._step5b(stem)
+        
+        return stem
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<PorterStemmer>'
+
+def demo():
+    """
+    A demonstration of the porter stemmer on a sample from
+    the Penn Treebank corpus.
+    """
+
+    from nltk.corpus import treebank
+    from nltk import stem
+
+    stemmer = stem.PorterStemmer()
+
+    orig = []
+    stemmed = []
+    for item in treebank.fileids()[:3]:
+        for (word, tag) in treebank.tagged_words(item):
+            orig.append(word)
+            stemmed.append(stemmer.stem(word))
+
+    # Convert the results to a string, and word-wrap them.
+    results = ' '.join(stemmed)
+    results = re.sub(r"(.{,70})\s", r'\1\n', results+' ').rstrip()
+
+    # Convert the original to a string, and word wrap it.
+    original = ' '.join(orig)
+    original = re.sub(r"(.{,70})\s", r'\1\n', original+' ').rstrip()
+
+    # Print the results.
+    print('-Original-'.center(70).replace(' ', '*').replace('-', ' '))
+    print(original)
+    print('-Results-'.center(70).replace(' ', '*').replace('-', ' '))
+    print(results)
+    print('*'*70)