ngio 0.4.8__py3-none-any.whl → 0.5.0__py3-none-any.whl

ngio/utils/_zarr_utils.py

@@ -1,61 +1,75 @@
 """Common utilities for working with Zarr groups in consistent ways."""
 
+import json
+import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal, TypeAlias
 
+import dask.array as da
 import fsspec
 import zarr
 from filelock import BaseFileLock, FileLock
-from zarr.errors import ContainsGroupError, GroupNotFoundError
-from zarr.storage import DirectoryStore, FSStore, MemoryStore, Store, StoreLike
-from zarr.types import DIMENSION_SEPARATOR
-
-from ngio.utils import NgioFileExistsError, NgioFileNotFoundError, NgioValueError
-from ngio.utils._errors import NgioError
+from pydantic_zarr.v2 import ArraySpec as AnyArraySpecV2
+from pydantic_zarr.v3 import ArraySpec as AnyArraySpecV3
+from zarr.abc.store import Store
+from zarr.errors import ContainsGroupError
+from zarr.storage import FsspecStore, LocalStore, MemoryStore, ZipStore
+
+from ngio.utils._cache import NgioCache
+from ngio.utils._errors import (
+    NgioFileExistsError,
+    NgioFileNotFoundError,
+    NgioValueError,
+)
 
 AccessModeLiteral = Literal["r", "r+", "w", "w-", "a"]
 # StoreLike is more restrictive than it could be
 # but to make sure we can handle the store correctly
 # we need to be more restrictive
-NgioSupportedStore = (
-    str | Path | fsspec.mapping.FSMap | FSStore | DirectoryStore | MemoryStore
+NgioSupportedStore: TypeAlias = (
+    str | Path | fsspec.mapping.FSMap | FsspecStore | MemoryStore | dict | LocalStore
 )
-GenericStore = Store | NgioSupportedStore
-StoreOrGroup = GenericStore | zarr.Group
+GenericStore: TypeAlias = NgioSupportedStore | Store
+StoreOrGroup: TypeAlias = NgioSupportedStore | zarr.Group
 
 
 def _check_store(store) -> NgioSupportedStore:
     """Check the store and return a valid store."""
-    if isinstance(store, NgioSupportedStore):
-        return store
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(
-        f"Store type {type(store)} is not supported. "
-        f"Supported types are: {NgioSupportedStore}"
-    )
+    if not isinstance(store, NgioSupportedStore):
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Store type {type(store)} is not explicitly supported. "
+            f"Supported types are: {NgioSupportedStore}. "
+            "Proceeding, but this may lead to unexpected behavior.",
+            UserWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+    return store
 
 
-def _check_group(group: zarr.Group, mode: AccessModeLiteral) -> zarr.Group:
+def _check_group(
+    group: zarr.Group, mode: AccessModeLiteral | None = None
+) -> zarr.Group:
     """Check the group and return a valid group."""
-    is_read_only = getattr(group, "_read_only", False)
-    if is_read_only and mode in ["w", "w-"]:
-        raise NgioValueError(
-            "The group is read only. Cannot open in write mode ['w', 'w-']"
-        )
+    if group.read_only and mode not in [None, "r"]:
+        raise NgioValueError(f"The group is read only. Cannot open in mode {mode}.")
 
-    if mode == "r" and not is_read_only:
+    if mode == "r" and not group.read_only:
         # let's make sure we don't accidentally write to the group
         group = zarr.open_group(store=group.store, path=group.path, mode="r")
-
     return group
 
 
-def open_group_wrapper(store: StoreOrGroup, mode: AccessModeLiteral) -> zarr.Group:
+def open_group_wrapper(
+    store: StoreOrGroup,
+    mode: AccessModeLiteral | None = None,
+    zarr_format: Literal[2, 3] | None = None,
+) -> zarr.Group:
     """Wrapper around zarr.open_group with some additional checks.
 
     Args:
         store (StoreOrGroup): The store or group to open.
-        mode (ReadOrEdirLiteral): The mode to open the group in.
+        mode (AccessModeLiteral): The mode to open the group in.
+        zarr_format (int): The Zarr format version to use.
 
     Returns:
         zarr.Group: The opened Zarr group.
@@ -67,16 +81,22 @@ def open_group_wrapper(store: StoreOrGroup, mode: AccessModeLiteral) -> zarr.Gro
 
     try:
         _check_store(store)
-        group = zarr.open_group(store=store, mode=mode)
+        mode = mode if mode is not None else "a"
+        group = zarr.open_group(store=store, mode=mode, zarr_format=zarr_format)
 
-    except ContainsGroupError as e:
+    except FileExistsError as e:
         raise NgioFileExistsError(
             f"A Zarr group already exists at {store}, consider setting overwrite=True."
         ) from e
 
-    except GroupNotFoundError as e:
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
         raise NgioFileNotFoundError(f"No Zarr group found at {store}") from e
 
+    except ContainsGroupError as e:
+        raise NgioFileExistsError(
+            f"A Zarr group already exists at {store}, consider setting overwrite=True."
+        ) from e
+
     return group
 
 
@@ -86,178 +106,184 @@ class ZarrGroupHandler:
     def __init__(
         self,
         store: StoreOrGroup,
+        zarr_format: Literal[2, 3] | None = None,
         cache: bool = False,
-        mode: AccessModeLiteral = "a",
-        parallel_safe: bool = False,
-        parent: "ZarrGroupHandler | None" = None,
+        mode: AccessModeLiteral | None = None,
     ):
         """Initialize the handler.
 
         Args:
             store (StoreOrGroup): The Zarr store or group containing the image data.
-            meta_mode (str): The mode of the metadata handler.
+            zarr_format (int | None): The Zarr format version to use.
             cache (bool): Whether to cache the metadata.
-            mode (str): The mode of the store.
-            parallel_safe (bool): If True, the handler will create a lock file to make
-                that can be used to make the handler parallel safe.
-                Be aware that the lock needs to be used manually.
-            parent (ZarrGroupHandler | None): The parent handler.
+            mode (str | None): The mode of the store.
         """
-        if mode not in ["r", "r+", "w", "w-", "a"]:
+        if mode not in ["r", "r+", "w", "w-", "a", None]:
             raise NgioValueError(f"Mode {mode} is not supported.")
 
-        if parallel_safe and cache:
-            raise NgioValueError(
-                "The cache and parallel_safe options are mutually exclusive."
-                "If you want to use the lock mechanism, you should not use the cache."
-            )
-
-        group = open_group_wrapper(store, mode)
-        _store = group.store
-
-        # Make sure the cache is set in the attrs
-        # in the same way as the cache in the handler
-        group.attrs.cache = cache
-
-        if parallel_safe:
-            if not isinstance(_store, DirectoryStore):
-                raise NgioValueError(
-                    "The store needs to be a DirectoryStore to use the lock mechanism. "
-                    f"Instead, got {_store.__class__.__name__}."
-                )
-            store_path = Path(_store.path) / group.path
-            self._lock_path = store_path.with_suffix(".lock")
-            self._lock = FileLock(self._lock_path, timeout=10)
-
-        else:
-            self._lock_path = None
-            self._lock = None
-
+        group = open_group_wrapper(store=store, mode=mode, zarr_format=zarr_format)
         self._group = group
-        self._mode = mode
         self.use_cache = cache
-        self._parallel_safe = parallel_safe
-        self._cache = {}
-        self._parent = parent
+
+        self._group_cache: NgioCache[zarr.Group] = NgioCache(use_cache=cache)
+        self._array_cache: NgioCache[zarr.Array] = NgioCache(use_cache=cache)
+        self._handlers_cache: NgioCache[ZarrGroupHandler] = NgioCache(use_cache=cache)
+        self._lock: tuple[Path, BaseFileLock] | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Return a string representation of the handler."""
         return (
-            f"ZarrGroupHandler(full_url={self.full_url}, mode={self.mode}, "
+            f"ZarrGroupHandler(full_url={self.full_url}, read_only={self.read_only}, "
             f"cache={self.use_cache}"
         )
 
     @property
-    def store(self) -> StoreLike:
+    def store(self) -> Store:
         """Return the store of the group."""
-        return self.group.store
+        return self._group.store
 
     @property
     def full_url(self) -> str | None:
         """Return the store path."""
-        if isinstance(self.store, DirectoryStore | FSStore):
-            _store_path = str(self.store.path)
-            _store_path = _store_path.rstrip("/")
-            return f"{self.store.path}/{self._group.path}"
+        if isinstance(self.store, LocalStore):
+            return (self.store.root / self.group.path).as_posix()
+        elif isinstance(self.store, FsspecStore):
+            return f"{self.store.path}/{self.group.path}"
+        elif isinstance(self.store, ZipStore):
+            return (self.store.path / self.group.path).as_posix()
+        elif isinstance(self.store, MemoryStore):
+            return None
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Cannot determine full URL for store type {type(self.store)}. ",
+            UserWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
         return None
 
     @property
-    def mode(self) -> AccessModeLiteral:
-        """Return the mode of the group."""
-        return self._mode  # type: ignore (return type is Literal)
+    def zarr_format(self) -> Literal[2, 3]:
+        """Return the Zarr format version."""
+        return self._group.metadata.zarr_format
+
+    @property
+    def read_only(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the group is read only."""
+        return self._group.read_only
+
+    def _create_lock(self) -> tuple[Path, BaseFileLock]:
+        """Create the lock."""
+        if self._lock is not None:
+            return self._lock
+
+        if self.use_cache is True:
+            raise NgioValueError(
+                "Lock mechanism is not compatible with caching. "
+                "Please set cache=False to use the lock mechanism."
+            )
+
+        if not isinstance(self.store, LocalStore):
+            raise NgioValueError(
+                "The store needs to be a LocalStore to use the lock mechanism. "
+                f"Instead, got {self.store.__class__.__name__}."
+            )
+
+        store_path = Path(self.store.root) / self.group.path
+        _lock_path = store_path.with_suffix(".lock")
+        _lock = FileLock(_lock_path, timeout=10)
+        return _lock_path, _lock
 
     @property
     def lock(self) -> BaseFileLock:
         """Return the lock."""
         if self._lock is None:
-            raise NgioValueError(
-                "The handler is not parallel safe. "
-                "Reopen the handler with parallel_safe=True."
-            )
-        return self._lock
+            self._lock = self._create_lock()
+        return self._lock[1]
 
     @property
-    def parent(self) -> "ZarrGroupHandler | None":
-        """Return the parent handler."""
-        return self._parent
+    def lock_path(self) -> Path:
+        """Return the lock path."""
+        if self._lock is None:
+            self._lock = self._create_lock()
+        return self._lock[0]
 
     def remove_lock(self) -> None:
         """Return the lock."""
-        if self._lock is None or self._lock_path is None:
+        if self._lock is None:
             return None
 
-        lock_path = Path(self._lock_path)
-        if lock_path.exists() and self._lock.lock_counter == 0:
+        lock_path, lock = self._lock
+        if lock_path.exists() and lock.lock_counter == 0:
             lock_path.unlink()
             self._lock = None
-            self._lock_path = None
             return None
 
         raise NgioValueError("The lock is still in use. Cannot remove it.")
 
-    @property
-    def group(self) -> zarr.Group:
-        """Return the group."""
-        return self._group
+    def reopen_group(self) -> zarr.Group:
+        """Reopen the group.
 
-    def add_to_cache(self, key: str, value: object) -> None:
-        """Add an object to the cache."""
-        if not self.use_cache:
-            return None
-        self._cache[key] = value
+        This is useful when the group has been modified
+        outside of the handler.
+        """
+        mode = "r" if self.read_only else "r+"
+        return zarr.open_group(
+            store=self._group.store,
+            path=self._group.path,
+            mode=mode,
+            zarr_format=self._group.metadata.zarr_format,
+        )
 
-    def get_from_cache(self, key: str) -> object | None:
-        """Get an object from the cache."""
-        if not self.use_cache:
-            return None
-        return self._cache.get(key, None)
+    def reopen_handler(self) -> "ZarrGroupHandler":
+        """Reopen the handler.
+
+        This is useful when the group has been modified
+        outside of the handler.
+        """
+        mode = "r" if self.read_only else "r+"
+        group = self.reopen_group()
+        return ZarrGroupHandler(
+            store=group,
+            zarr_format=group.metadata.zarr_format,
+            cache=self.use_cache,
+            mode=mode,
+        )
 
     def clean_cache(self) -> None:
         """Clear the cached metadata."""
-        self._cache = {}
+        group = self.reopen_group()
+        self.__init__(
+            store=group,
+            zarr_format=group.metadata.zarr_format,
+            cache=self.use_cache,
+            mode="r" if self.read_only else "r+",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def group(self) -> zarr.Group:
+        """Return the group."""
+        if self.use_cache is False:
+            # If we are not using cache, we need to reopen the group
+            # to make sure that the attributes are up to date
+            return self.reopen_group()
+        return self._group
 
     def load_attrs(self) -> dict:
         """Load the attributes of the group."""
-        attrs = self.get_from_cache("attrs")
-        if attrs is not None and isinstance(attrs, dict):
-            return attrs
-
-        attrs = dict(self.group.attrs)
-
-        self.add_to_cache("attrs", attrs)
-        return attrs
-
-    def _write_attrs(self, attrs: dict, overwrite: bool = False) -> None:
-        """Write the metadata to the store."""
-        is_read_only = getattr(self._group, "_read_only", False)
-        if is_read_only:
-            raise NgioValueError("The group is read only. Cannot write metadata.")
-
-        # we need to invalidate the current attrs cache
-        self.add_to_cache("attrs", None)
-        if overwrite:
-            self.group.attrs.clear()
-
-        self.group.attrs.update(attrs)
+        return self.reopen_group().attrs.asdict()
 
     def write_attrs(self, attrs: dict, overwrite: bool = False) -> None:
         """Write the metadata to the store."""
         # Maybe we should use the lock here
-        self._write_attrs(attrs, overwrite)
-
-    def _obj_get(self, path: str):
-        """Get a group from the group."""
-        group_or_array = self.get_from_cache(path)
-        if group_or_array is not None:
-            return group_or_array
-
-        group_or_array = self.group.get(path, None)
-        self.add_to_cache(path, group_or_array)
-        return group_or_array
+        if self.read_only:
+            raise NgioValueError("The group is read only. Cannot write metadata.")
+        group = self.reopen_group()
+        if overwrite:
+            group.attrs.clear()
+        group.attrs.update(attrs)
 
     def create_group(self, path: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> zarr.Group:
         """Create a group in the group."""
-        if self.mode == "r":
+        if self.group.read_only:
             raise NgioValueError("Cannot create a group in read only mode.")
 
         try:
@@ -267,7 +293,7 @@ class ZarrGroupHandler:
                 f"A Zarr group already exists at {path}, "
                 "consider setting overwrite=True."
             ) from e
-        self.add_to_cache(path, group)
+        self._group_cache.set(path, group, overwrite=overwrite)
         return group
 
     def get_group(
@@ -293,123 +319,215 @@ class ZarrGroupHandler:
         if overwrite:
             return self.create_group(path, overwrite=overwrite)
 
-        group = self._obj_get(path)
+        group = self._group_cache.get(path)
         if isinstance(group, zarr.Group):
             return group
 
-        if group is not None:
-            raise NgioValueError(
-                f"The object at {path} is not a group, but a {type(group)}"
-            )
+        group = self.group.get(path, default=None)
+        if isinstance(group, zarr.Group):
+            self._group_cache.set(path, group, overwrite=overwrite)
+            return group
+
+        if isinstance(group, zarr.Array):
+            raise NgioValueError(f"The object at {path} is not a group, but an array.")
 
         if not create_mode:
             raise NgioFileNotFoundError(f"No group found at {path}")
         group = self.create_group(path)
+        self._group_cache.set(path, group, overwrite=overwrite)
         return group
 
-    def safe_get_group(
-        self, path: str, create_mode: bool = False
-    ) -> tuple[bool, zarr.Group | NgioError]:
-        """Get a group from the group.
+    def get_array(self, path: str) -> zarr.Array:
+        """Get an array from the group."""
+        array = self._array_cache.get(path)
+        if isinstance(array, zarr.Array):
+            return array
+        array = self.group.get(path, default=None)
+        if isinstance(array, zarr.Array):
+            self._array_cache.set(path, array)
+            return array
+
+        if isinstance(array, zarr.Group):
+            raise NgioValueError(f"The object at {path} is not an array, but a group.")
+        raise NgioFileNotFoundError(f"No array found at {path}")
+
+    def get_handler(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        create_mode: bool = True,
+        overwrite: bool = False,
+    ) -> "ZarrGroupHandler":
+        """Get a new handler for a group in the current handler group.
 
         Args:
             path (str): The path to the group.
             create_mode (bool): If True, create the group if it does not exist.
+            overwrite (bool): If True, overwrite the group if it exists.
+        """
+        handler = self._handlers_cache.get(path)
+        if handler is not None:
+            return handler
+        group = self.get_group(path, create_mode=create_mode, overwrite=overwrite)
+        mode = "r" if group.read_only else "r+"
+        handler = ZarrGroupHandler(
+            store=group, zarr_format=self.zarr_format, cache=self.use_cache, mode=mode
+        )
+        self._handlers_cache.set(path, handler)
+        return handler
 
-        Returns:
-            zarr.Group | None: The Zarr group or None if it does not exist
-                or an error occurs.
+    @property
+    def is_listable(self) -> bool:
+        return is_group_listable(self.group)
+
+    def delete_group(self, path: str) -> None:
+        """Delete a group from the current group.
 
+        Args:
+            path (str): The path to the group to delete.
         """
-        try:
-            return True, self.get_group(path, create_mode)
-        except NgioError as e:
-            return False, e
+        if self.group.read_only:
+            raise NgioValueError("Cannot delete a group in read only mode.")
+        self.group.__delitem__(path)
+        self._group_cache._cache.pop(path, None)
+        self._handlers_cache._cache.pop(path, None)
+
+    def delete_self(self) -> None:
+        """Delete the current group."""
+        if self.group.read_only:
+            raise NgioValueError("Cannot delete a group in read only mode.")
+        self.group.__delitem__("/")
+
+    def copy_group(self, dest_group: zarr.Group):
+        """Copy the group to a new store."""
+        copy_group(self.group, dest_group)
 
-    def get_array(self, path: str) -> zarr.Array:
-        """Get an array from the group."""
-        array = self._obj_get(path)
-        if array is None:
-            raise NgioFileNotFoundError(f"No array found at {path}")
-        if not isinstance(array, zarr.Array):
+
+def find_dimension_separator(array: zarr.Array) -> Literal[".", "/"]:
+    """Find the dimension separator used in the Zarr store.
+
+    Args:
+        array (zarr.Array): The Zarr array to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        Literal[".", "/"]: The dimension separator used in the store.
+    """
+    from zarr.core.chunk_key_encodings import DefaultChunkKeyEncoding
+
+    if array.metadata.zarr_format == 2:
+        separator = array.metadata.dimension_separator
+    else:
+        separator = array.metadata.chunk_key_encoding
+        if not isinstance(separator, DefaultChunkKeyEncoding):
             raise NgioValueError(
-                f"The object at {path} is not an array, but a {type(array)}"
+                "Only DefaultChunkKeyEncoding is supported in this example."
             )
-        return array
+        separator = separator.separator
+    return separator
 
-    def create_array(
-        self,
-        path: str,
-        shape: tuple[int, ...],
-        dtype: str,
-        chunks: tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
-        dimension_separator: DIMENSION_SEPARATOR = "/",
-        compressor: str = "default",
-        overwrite: bool = False,
-    ) -> zarr.Array:
-        if self.mode == "r":
-            raise NgioValueError("Cannot create an array in read only mode.")
 
-        try:
-            return self.group.zeros(
-                name=path,
-                shape=shape,
-                dtype=dtype,
-                chunks=chunks,
-                dimension_separator=dimension_separator,
-                compressor=compressor,
-                overwrite=overwrite,
-            )
-        except ContainsGroupError as e:
-            raise NgioFileExistsError(
-                f"A Zarr array already exists at {path}, "
-                "consider setting overwrite=True."
-            ) from e
-        except Exception as e:
-            raise NgioValueError(f"Error creating array at {path}") from e
+def is_group_listable(group: zarr.Group) -> bool:
+    """Check if a Zarr group is listable.
 
-    def derive_handler(
-        self,
-        path: str,
-        overwrite: bool = False,
-    ) -> "ZarrGroupHandler":
-        """Derive a new handler from the current handler.
+    A group is considered listable if it contains at least one array or subgroup.
 
-        Args:
-            path (str): The path to the group.
-            overwrite (bool): If True, overwrite the group if it exists.
-        """
-        group = self.get_group(path, create_mode=True, overwrite=overwrite)
-        return ZarrGroupHandler(
-            store=group,
-            cache=self.use_cache,
-            mode=self.mode,
-            parallel_safe=self._parallel_safe,
-            parent=self,
+    Args:
+        group (zarr.Group): The Zarr group to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the group is listable, False otherwise.
+    """
+    if not group.store.supports_listing:
+        # If the store does not support listing
+        # then for sure it is not listable
+        return False
+    try:
+        next(group.keys())
+        return True
+    except StopIteration:
+        # Group is listable but empty
+        return True
+    except Exception as _:
+        # Some stores may raise errors when listing
+        # consider those not listable
+        return False
+
+
+def _make_sync_fs(fs: fsspec.AbstractFileSystem) -> fsspec.AbstractFileSystem:
+    fs_dict = json.loads(fs.to_json())
+    fs_dict["asynchronous"] = False
+    return fsspec.AbstractFileSystem.from_json(json.dumps(fs_dict))
+
+
+def _get_mapper(store: LocalStore | FsspecStore, path: str):
+    if isinstance(store, LocalStore):
+        fs = fsspec.filesystem("file")
+        full_path = (store.root / path).as_posix()
+    else:
+        fs = _make_sync_fs(store.fs)
+        full_path = f"{store.path}/{path}"
+    return fs.get_mapper(full_path)
+
+
+def _fsspec_copy(
+    src_fs: LocalStore | FsspecStore,
+    src_path: str,
+    dest_fs: LocalStore | FsspecStore,
+    dest_path: str,
+):
+    src_mapper = _get_mapper(src_fs, src_path)
+    dest_mapper = _get_mapper(dest_fs, dest_path)
+    for key in src_mapper.keys():
+        dest_mapper[key] = src_mapper[key]
+
+
+def _zarr_python_copy(src_group: zarr.Group, dest_group: zarr.Group):
+    # Copy attributes
+    dest_group.attrs.put(src_group.attrs.asdict())
+    # Copy arrays
+    for name, array in src_group.arrays():
+        if array.metadata.zarr_format == 2:
+            spec = AnyArraySpecV2.from_zarr(array)
+        else:
+            spec = AnyArraySpecV3.from_zarr(array)
+        dst = spec.to_zarr(
+            store=dest_group.store,
+            path=f"{dest_group.path}/{name}",
+            overwrite=True,
+        )
+        if array.ndim > 0:
+            dask_array = da.from_zarr(array)
+            da.to_zarr(dask_array, dst, overwrite=False)
+    # Copy subgroups
+    for name, subgroup in src_group.groups():
+        dest_subgroup = dest_group.create_group(name, overwrite=True)
+        _zarr_python_copy(subgroup, dest_subgroup)
+
+
+def copy_group(
+    src_group: zarr.Group, dest_group: zarr.Group, suppress_warnings: bool = False
+):
+    if src_group.metadata.zarr_format != dest_group.metadata.zarr_format:
+        raise NgioValueError(
+            "Different Zarr format versions between source and destination, "
+            "cannot copy."
         )
 
-    def safe_derive_handler(
-        self,
-        path: str,
-        overwrite: bool = False,
-    ) -> tuple[bool, "ZarrGroupHandler | NgioError"]:
-        """Derive a new handler from the current handler."""
-        try:
-            return True, self.derive_handler(path, overwrite=overwrite)
-        except NgioError as e:
-            return False, e
+    if not is_group_listable(src_group):
+        raise NgioValueError("Source group is not listable, cannot copy.")
 
-    def copy_handler(self, handler: "ZarrGroupHandler") -> None:
-        """Copy the group to a new store."""
-        _, n_skipped, _ = zarr.copy_store(
-            source=self.group.store,
-            dest=handler.group.store,
-            source_path=self.group.path,
-            dest_path=handler.group.path,
-            if_exists="replace",
+    if dest_group.read_only:
+        raise NgioValueError("Destination group is read only, cannot copy.")
+    if isinstance(src_group.store, LocalStore | FsspecStore) and isinstance(
+        dest_group.store, LocalStore | FsspecStore
+    ):
+        _fsspec_copy(src_group.store, src_group.path, dest_group.store, dest_group.path)
+        return
+    if not suppress_warnings:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Fsspec copy not possible, falling back to Zarr Python API for the copy. "
+            "This will preserve some tabular data non-zarr native (parquet, and csv), "
+            "and it will be slower for large datasets.",
+            UserWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
         )
-        if n_skipped > 0:
-            raise NgioValueError(
-                f"Error copying group to {handler.full_url}, "
-                f"#{n_skipped} files where skipped."
-            )
+    _zarr_python_copy(src_group, dest_group)