natural-pdf 0.1.12__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.14__py3-none-any.whl

natural_pdf/exporters/paddleocr.py

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ import os
 import random
 import shutil
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+import collections
 
-from tqdm import tqdm
+from tqdm.auto import tqdm
 
 from natural_pdf.exporters.base import FinetuneExporter
 
@@ -33,19 +34,20 @@ class PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter(FinetuneExporter):
     def __init__(
         self,
         resolution: int = 150,
-        padding: int = 2,
+        padding: int = 0,
         selector: Optional[str] = None,
         corrected_only: bool = False,
         split_ratio: Optional[float] = 0.9,
         include_guide: bool = True,
         random_seed: Optional[int] = 42,
+        min_char_freq: int = 3,
     ):
         """
         Initialize the PaddleOCR Recognition Exporter.
 
         Args:
             resolution: DPI resolution for rendering text region images (default: 150).
-            padding: Padding (in points) to add around text element bbox before cropping (default: 2).
+            padding: Padding (in points) to add around text element bbox before cropping (default: 0).
             selector: CSS-like selector to filter which TextElements to export.
                       If None and corrected_only is False, all 'text' elements are considered.
             corrected_only: If True, overrides selector and exports only elements likely
@@ -57,6 +59,9 @@ class PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter(FinetuneExporter):
                            in the output directory (default: True).
             random_seed: Seed for the random number generator used for train/val split shuffling,
                          ensuring reproducibility (default: 42).
+            min_char_freq: Minimum frequency for a character to be included in the dictionary.
+                           Text elements containing characters below this frequency will be removed.
+                           (default: 1, meaning no filtering based on frequency).
         """
         if corrected_only and selector:
             logger.warning(
@@ -76,10 +81,12 @@ class PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter(FinetuneExporter):
         self.split_ratio = split_ratio
         self.include_guide = include_guide
         self.random_seed = random_seed
+        self.min_char_freq = min_char_freq
 
         logger.info(
             f"Initialized PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter: selector='{self.selector}', resolution={resolution}, "
-            f"padding={padding}, split_ratio={split_ratio}, include_guide={include_guide}"
+            f"padding={padding}, split_ratio={split_ratio}, include_guide={include_guide}, "
+            f"min_char_freq={min_char_freq}"
         )
 
     def export(
@@ -114,7 +121,7 @@ class PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter(FinetuneExporter):
 
         # --- 2. Collect Elements and Render Images ---
         labels: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []  # List of (relative_image_path, text_label)
-        char_set: Set[str] = set()
+        char_counts: collections.Counter = collections.Counter()
         elements_processed = 0
         elements_skipped = 0
 
@@ -200,7 +207,7 @@ class PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter(FinetuneExporter):
                         labels.append(
                             (relative_image_path.replace(os.path.sep, "/"), element_text)
                         )  # Use forward slashes for labels
-                        char_set.update(element_text)
+                        char_counts.update(element_text)
                         elements_processed += 1
 
                     except Exception as e:
@@ -226,15 +233,48 @@ class PaddleOCRRecognitionExporter(FinetuneExporter):
 
         logger.info(f"Processed {elements_processed} text elements, skipped {elements_skipped}.")
 
+        # --- 2.5 Filter based on character frequency ---
+        if self.min_char_freq > 1:
+            logger.info(f"Filtering elements based on min_char_freq: {self.min_char_freq}")
+            original_label_count = len(labels)
+            rare_chars = {char for char, count in char_counts.items() if count < self.min_char_freq}
+            if rare_chars:
+                logger.info(f"Identified {len(rare_chars)} rare characters: {rare_chars}")
+                filtered_labels = []
+                for img_path, text in labels:
+                    if any(char in rare_chars for char in text):
+                        elements_skipped += 1 # Count these as skipped due to rare chars
+                        elements_processed -=1 # Decrement from processed as it's now being skipped
+                    else:
+                        filtered_labels.append((img_path, text))
+                
+                labels_removed_count = original_label_count - len(filtered_labels)
+                if labels_removed_count > 0:
+                    logger.info(f"Removed {labels_removed_count} elements containing rare characters.")
+                labels = filtered_labels
+                
+                # Recalculate char_counts based on filtered_labels to update the dictionary
+                char_counts.clear()
+                for _, text in labels:
+                    char_counts.update(text)
+
+                if not labels:
+                    logger.error(
+                        "All elements were removed after character frequency filtering. Aborting."
+                    )
+                    return
+            else:
+                logger.info("No rare characters found below the frequency threshold.")
+
+
         # --- 3. Generate Dictionary File (`dict.txt`) ---
         dict_path = os.path.join(output_dir, "dict.txt")
         try:
             # Log the character set before sorting/writing
-            logger.debug(f"Exporter final char_set before sorting: {repr(char_set)}")
-            # PaddleOCR typically doesn't require special tokens like <UNK> or <BLK> in the dict
-            # for recognition models, but this might depend on the specific base model.
-            # Start with just the characters found.
-            sorted_chars = sorted(list(char_set), reverse=True)
+            final_chars_for_dict = set(char_counts.keys()) # Use keys from potentially filtered char_counts
+            logger.debug(f"Exporter final char_set for dict: {repr(final_chars_for_dict)}")
+
+            sorted_chars = sorted(list(final_chars_for_dict)) # No specific sorting order needed, just make it consistent
             with open(dict_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f_dict:
                 for char in sorted_chars:
                     # Ensure we don't write empty strings or just newlines as dictionary entries

natural_pdf/flows/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from .flow import Flow
+from .element import FlowElement
+from .region import FlowRegion
+from .collections import FlowElementCollection, FlowRegionCollection
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Flow",
+    "FlowElement",
+    "FlowRegion",
+    "FlowElementCollection",
+    "FlowRegionCollection",
+] 

natural_pdf/flows/collections.py

@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+import logging
+from collections.abc import MutableSequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union
+
+from PIL import Image # Single import for PIL.Image module
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # from PIL.Image import Image as PIL_Image # No longer needed with Image.Image type hint
+    from natural_pdf.elements.base import Element as PhysicalElement
+    from natural_pdf.elements.collections import ElementCollection
+    from natural_pdf.core.page import Page as PhysicalPage
+    from .element import FlowElement
+    from .flow import Flow # Though not directly used in __init__, FlowRegion needs it.
+    from .region import FlowRegion
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+T_FEC = TypeVar("T_FEC", bound="FlowElement")
+T_FRC = TypeVar("T_FRC", bound="FlowRegion")
+
+
+class FlowElementCollection(MutableSequence[T_FEC]):
+    """
+    A collection of FlowElement objects, typically the result of Flow.find_all().
+    Provides directional methods that operate on its contained FlowElements and
+    return FlowRegionCollection objects.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, flow_elements: List["FlowElement"]):
+        self._flow_elements: List["FlowElement"] = flow_elements if flow_elements is not None else []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> "FlowElement":
+        return self._flow_elements[index]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index: int, value: "FlowElement") -> None:
+        self._flow_elements[index] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int) -> None:
+        del self._flow_elements[index]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._flow_elements)
+
+    def insert(self, index: int, value: "FlowElement") -> None:
+        self._flow_elements.insert(index, value)
+
+    @property
+    def flow_elements(self) -> List["FlowElement"]:
+        return self._flow_elements
+
+    @property
+    def first(self) -> Optional["FlowElement"]:
+        return self._flow_elements[0] if self._flow_elements else None
+
+    @property
+    def last(self) -> Optional["FlowElement"]:
+        return self._flow_elements[-1] if self._flow_elements else None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<FlowElementCollection(count={len(self)})>"
+
+    def _execute_directional_on_all(self, method_name: str, **kwargs) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        results: List["FlowRegion"] = []
+        if not self._flow_elements:
+            return FlowRegionCollection([]) # Return empty FlowRegionCollection
+
+        # Assuming all flow_elements share the same flow context
+        # (which should be true if they came from the same Flow.find_all())
+        
+        for fe in self._flow_elements:
+            method_to_call = getattr(fe, method_name)
+            flow_region_result: "FlowRegion" = method_to_call(**kwargs)
+            # FlowElement directional methods always return a FlowRegion (even if empty)
+            results.append(flow_region_result)
+        return FlowRegionCollection(results)
+
+    def above(self, height: Optional[float] = None, width_ratio: Optional[float] = None,
+              width_absolute: Optional[float] = None, width_alignment: str = "center",
+              until: Optional[str] = None, include_endpoint: bool = True, **kwargs) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        return self._execute_directional_on_all(
+            "above", height=height, width_ratio=width_ratio, width_absolute=width_absolute,
+            width_alignment=width_alignment, until=until, include_endpoint=include_endpoint, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def below(self, height: Optional[float] = None, width_ratio: Optional[float] = None,
+              width_absolute: Optional[float] = None, width_alignment: str = "center",
+              until: Optional[str] = None, include_endpoint: bool = True, **kwargs) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        return self._execute_directional_on_all(
+            "below", height=height, width_ratio=width_ratio, width_absolute=width_absolute,
+            width_alignment=width_alignment, until=until, include_endpoint=include_endpoint, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def left(self, width: Optional[float] = None, height_ratio: Optional[float] = None,
+             height_absolute: Optional[float] = None, height_alignment: str = "center",
+             until: Optional[str] = None, include_endpoint: bool = True, **kwargs) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        return self._execute_directional_on_all(
+            "left", width=width, height_ratio=height_ratio, height_absolute=height_absolute,
+            height_alignment=height_alignment, until=until, include_endpoint=include_endpoint, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def right(self, width: Optional[float] = None, height_ratio: Optional[float] = None,
+              height_absolute: Optional[float] = None, height_alignment: str = "center",
+              until: Optional[str] = None, include_endpoint: bool = True, **kwargs) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        return self._execute_directional_on_all(
+            "right", width=width, height_ratio=height_ratio, height_absolute=height_absolute,
+            height_alignment=height_alignment, until=until, include_endpoint=include_endpoint, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def show(self, scale: float = 2.0, labels: bool = True, legend_position: str = "right", 
+             default_color: Optional[Union[Tuple, str]] = "orange", # A distinct color for FEC show
+             label_prefix: Optional[str] = "FEC_Element", width: Optional[int] = None,
+             stack_direction: str = "vertical", # "vertical" or "horizontal"
+             stack_gap: int = 5, # Gap between stacked page images
+             stack_background_color: Tuple[int, int, int] = (255, 255, 255), # Background for stacking
+             **kwargs) -> Optional[Image.Image]:
+        """
+        Shows all FlowElements in this collection by highlighting them on their respective pages.
+        If multiple pages are involved, they are stacked into a single image.
+        """
+        if not self._flow_elements:
+            logger.info("FlowElementCollection.show() called on an empty collection.")
+            return None
+
+        # Group flow elements by their physical page
+        elements_by_page: dict["PhysicalPage", List["FlowElement"]] = {}
+        for flow_element in self._flow_elements:
+            page_obj = flow_element.page
+            if page_obj:
+                if page_obj not in elements_by_page:
+                    elements_by_page[page_obj] = []
+                elements_by_page[page_obj].append(flow_element)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"FlowElement {flow_element} has no page.")
+
+        if not elements_by_page:
+            logger.info("FlowElementCollection.show() found no flow elements with associated pages.")
+            return None
+
+        # Get a highlighter service from the first page
+        first_page_with_elements = next(iter(elements_by_page.keys()), None)
+        highlighter_service = None
+        if first_page_with_elements and hasattr(first_page_with_elements, '_highlighter'):
+            highlighter_service = first_page_with_elements._highlighter
+        
+        if not highlighter_service:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot get highlighter service for FlowElementCollection.show(). "
+                "Ensure flow elements' pages are initialized with a highlighter."
+            )
+
+        output_page_images: List[Image.Image] = []
+        
+        # Sort pages by index for consistent output order
+        sorted_pages = sorted(elements_by_page.keys(), key=lambda p: p.index if hasattr(p, 'index') else getattr(p, 'page_number', 0))
+
+        # Render each page with its relevant flow elements highlighted
+        for page_idx, page_obj in enumerate(sorted_pages):
+            flow_elements_on_this_page = elements_by_page[page_obj]
+            if not flow_elements_on_this_page:
+                continue
+
+            temp_highlights_for_page = []
+            for i, flow_element in enumerate(flow_elements_on_this_page):
+                element_label = None
+                if labels and label_prefix:
+                    count_indicator = ""
+                    if len(self._flow_elements) > 1:
+                        # Find global index of this flow_element in self._flow_elements
+                        try:
+                            global_idx = self._flow_elements.index(flow_element)
+                            count_indicator = f"_{global_idx + 1}"
+                        except ValueError:
+                            count_indicator = f"_p{page_idx}i{i+1}" # fallback local index
+                    elif len(flow_elements_on_this_page) > 1:
+                         count_indicator = f"_{i+1}"
+
+                    element_label = f"{label_prefix}{count_indicator}" if label_prefix else None
+                
+                temp_highlights_for_page.append({
+                    "page_index": page_obj.index if hasattr(page_obj, 'index') else getattr(page_obj, 'page_number', 1) -1,
+                    "bbox": flow_element.bbox,
+                    "polygon": getattr(flow_element.physical_object, 'polygon', None) if hasattr(flow_element.physical_object, 'has_polygon') and flow_element.physical_object.has_polygon else None,
+                    "color": default_color,
+                    "label": element_label,
+                    "use_color_cycling": False,
+                })
+            
+            if not temp_highlights_for_page:
+                continue
+
+            page_image = highlighter_service.render_preview(
+                page_index=page_obj.index if hasattr(page_obj, 'index') else getattr(page_obj, 'page_number', 1) -1,
+                temporary_highlights=temp_highlights_for_page,
+                scale=scale,
+                width=width,
+                labels=labels,
+                legend_position=legend_position,
+                **kwargs
+            )
+            if page_image:
+                output_page_images.append(page_image)
+
+        # Stack the generated page images if multiple
+        if not output_page_images:
+            logger.info("FlowElementCollection.show() produced no page images to concatenate.")
+            return None
+        
+        if len(output_page_images) == 1:
+            return output_page_images[0]
+
+        # Stacking logic (same as in FlowRegionCollection.show)
+        if stack_direction == "vertical":
+            final_width = max(img.width for img in output_page_images)
+            final_height = sum(img.height for img in output_page_images) + (len(output_page_images) - 1) * stack_gap
+            if final_width == 0 or final_height == 0: 
+                raise ValueError("Cannot create concatenated image with zero width or height.")
+            
+            concatenated_image = Image.new("RGB", (final_width, final_height), stack_background_color)
+            current_y = 0
+            for img in output_page_images:
+                paste_x = (final_width - img.width) // 2
+                concatenated_image.paste(img, (paste_x, current_y))
+                current_y += img.height + stack_gap
+            return concatenated_image
+        elif stack_direction == "horizontal":
+            final_width = sum(img.width for img in output_page_images) + (len(output_page_images) - 1) * stack_gap
+            final_height = max(img.height for img in output_page_images)
+            if final_width == 0 or final_height == 0:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot create concatenated image with zero width or height.")
+
+            concatenated_image = Image.new("RGB", (final_width, final_height), stack_background_color)
+            current_x = 0
+            for img in output_page_images:
+                paste_y = (final_height - img.height) // 2
+                concatenated_image.paste(img, (current_x, paste_y))
+                current_x += img.width + stack_gap
+            return concatenated_image
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid stack_direction '{stack_direction}' for FlowElementCollection.show(). Must be 'vertical' or 'horizontal'.")
+
+
+class FlowRegionCollection(MutableSequence[T_FRC]):
+    """
+    A collection of FlowRegion objects, typically the result of directional
+    operations on a FlowElementCollection.
+    Provides methods for querying and visualizing the aggregated content.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, flow_regions: List["FlowRegion"]):
+        self._flow_regions: List["FlowRegion"] = flow_regions if flow_regions is not None else []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> "FlowRegion":
+        return self._flow_regions[index]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index: int, value: "FlowRegion") -> None:
+        self._flow_regions[index] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int) -> None:
+        del self._flow_regions[index]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._flow_regions)
+
+    def insert(self, index: int, value: "FlowRegion") -> None:
+        self._flow_regions.insert(index, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<FlowRegionCollection(count={len(self)})>"
+
+    def __add__(self, other: "FlowRegionCollection") -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        if not isinstance(other, FlowRegionCollection):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return FlowRegionCollection(self._flow_regions + other._flow_regions)
+
+    @property
+    def flow_regions(self) -> List["FlowRegion"]:
+        return self._flow_regions
+
+    @property
+    def first(self) -> Optional["FlowRegion"]:
+        return self._flow_regions[0] if self._flow_regions else None
+
+    @property
+    def last(self) -> Optional["FlowRegion"]:
+        return self._flow_regions[-1] if self._flow_regions else None
+
+    @property
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        if not self._flow_regions:
+            return True
+        return all(fr.is_empty for fr in self._flow_regions)
+
+    def filter(self, func: Callable[["FlowRegion"], bool]) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        return FlowRegionCollection([fr for fr in self._flow_regions if func(fr)])
+
+    def sort(self, key: Optional[Callable[["FlowRegion"], Any]] = None, reverse: bool = False) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        """Sorts the collection in-place. Default sort is by flow order if possible."""
+        # A default key could try to sort by first constituent region's page then top/left,
+        # but FlowRegions can be complex. For now, require explicit key or rely on list.sort default.
+        if key is None:
+            # Attempt a sensible default sort: by page of first constituent, then its top, then its x0
+            def default_sort_key(fr: "FlowRegion"):
+                if fr.constituent_regions:
+                    first_constituent = fr.constituent_regions[0]
+                    page_idx = first_constituent.page.index if first_constituent.page else -1
+                    return (page_idx, first_constituent.top, first_constituent.x0)
+                return (float('inf'), float('inf'), float('inf')) # Push empty ones to the end
+            self._flow_regions.sort(key=default_sort_key, reverse=reverse)
+        else:
+            self._flow_regions.sort(key=key, reverse=reverse)
+        return self
+        
+    def extract_text(self, separator: str = "\n", apply_exclusions: bool = True, **kwargs) -> str:
+        texts = [
+            fr.extract_text(apply_exclusions=apply_exclusions, **kwargs)
+            for fr in self._flow_regions
+        ]
+        return separator.join(t for t in texts if t) # Filter out empty strings from concatenation
+
+    def extract_each_text(self, apply_exclusions: bool = True, **kwargs) -> List[str]:
+        return [
+            fr.extract_text(apply_exclusions=apply_exclusions, **kwargs)
+            for fr in self._flow_regions
+        ]
+
+    def find(self, selector: Optional[str] = None, *, text: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs) -> Optional["PhysicalElement"]:
+        from natural_pdf.elements.base import Element as PhysicalElement # Runtime import
+        for fr in self._flow_regions:
+            found = fr.find(selector=selector, text=text, **kwargs)
+            if found:
+                return found
+        return None
+
+    def find_all(self, selector: Optional[str] = None, *, text: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs) -> "ElementCollection":
+        from natural_pdf.elements.collections import ElementCollection as RuntimeElementCollection # Runtime import
+        
+        all_physical_elements: List["PhysicalElement"] = []
+        for fr in self._flow_regions:
+            # FlowRegion.find_all returns an ElementCollection
+            elements_in_fr: "RuntimeElementCollection" = fr.find_all(selector=selector, text=text, **kwargs)
+            if elements_in_fr: # ElementCollection has boolean True if not empty
+                 all_physical_elements.extend(elements_in_fr.elements) # Access .elements to get list
+        
+        # Deduplicate while preserving order as much as possible (simple set doesn't preserve order)
+        seen = set()
+        unique_elements = []
+        for el in all_physical_elements:
+            if el not in seen:
+                unique_elements.append(el)
+                seen.add(el)
+        return RuntimeElementCollection(unique_elements)
+
+    def highlight(self, label_prefix: Optional[str] = "FRC", color: Optional[Union[Tuple, str]] = None, **kwargs) -> "FlowRegionCollection":
+        if not self._flow_regions:
+            return self
+        
+        num_flow_regions = len(self._flow_regions)
+        for i, fr in enumerate(self._flow_regions):
+            current_label = None
+            if label_prefix:
+                current_label = f"{label_prefix}_{i+1}" if num_flow_regions > 1 else label_prefix
+            
+            # Pass the specific color to each FlowRegion's highlight method.
+            # FlowRegion.highlight will then pass it to its constituent regions.
+            fr.highlight(label=current_label, color=color, **kwargs)
+        return self
+
+    def show(self, scale: float = 2.0, labels: bool = True, legend_position: str = "right", 
+             default_color: Optional[Union[Tuple, str]] = "darkviolet", # A distinct color for FRC show
+             label_prefix: Optional[str] = "FRC_Part", width: Optional[int] = None,
+             stack_direction: str = "vertical", # New: "vertical" or "horizontal"
+             stack_gap: int = 5, # New: Gap between stacked page images
+             stack_background_color: Tuple[int, int, int] = (255, 255, 255), # New: Background for stacking
+             **kwargs) -> Optional[Image.Image]: # Return type changed
+        if not self._flow_regions:
+            logger.info("FlowRegionCollection.show() called on an empty collection.")
+            return None # Changed from []
+
+        regions_by_page: dict["PhysicalPage", List[dict[str, Any]]] = {} 
+
+        first_flow_region = self._flow_regions[0]
+        highlighter_service = None
+        if first_flow_region and first_flow_region.flow and first_flow_region.flow.segments:
+             first_segment_page = first_flow_region.flow.segments[0].page
+             if first_segment_page and hasattr(first_segment_page, '_highlighter'):
+                 highlighter_service = first_segment_page._highlighter
+        
+        if not highlighter_service:
+            logger.error("Cannot get highlighter service for FlowRegionCollection.show().")
+            return None # Changed from []
+
+        constituent_idx = 0
+        for fr_idx, fr in enumerate(self._flow_regions):
+            for constituent_region in fr.constituent_regions:
+                page_obj = constituent_region.page
+                if not page_obj:
+                    logger.warning(f"Constituent region {constituent_region.bbox} has no page. Skipping in show().")
+                    continue
+
+                if page_obj not in regions_by_page:
+                    regions_by_page[page_obj] = []
+                
+                part_label = None
+                if label_prefix:
+                    part_label = f"{label_prefix}_{constituent_idx}"
+                
+                regions_by_page[page_obj].append({
+                    "page_index": page_obj.index if hasattr(page_obj, 'index') else getattr(page_obj, 'page_number', 1) -1,
+                    "bbox": constituent_region.bbox,
+                    "polygon": constituent_region.polygon if constituent_region.has_polygon else None,
+                    "color": default_color, 
+                    "label": part_label,
+                    "use_color_cycling": False,
+                })
+                constituent_idx += 1
+        
+        output_page_images: List[Image.Image] = []
+        sorted_pages = sorted(regions_by_page.keys(), key=lambda p: p.index if hasattr(p, 'index') else getattr(p, 'page_number', 0))
+
+        for page_obj in sorted_pages:
+            temp_highlights_for_page = regions_by_page[page_obj]
+            if not temp_highlights_for_page: continue
+
+            page_image = highlighter_service.render_preview(
+                page_index=page_obj.index if hasattr(page_obj, 'index') else getattr(page_obj, 'page_number', 1) -1,
+                temporary_highlights=temp_highlights_for_page,
+                scale=scale,
+                width=width,
+                labels=labels,
+                legend_position=legend_position,
+                **kwargs 
+            )
+            if page_image:
+                output_page_images.append(page_image)
+        
+        if not output_page_images:
+            logger.info("FlowRegionCollection.show() produced no page images to concatenate.")
+            return None
+        
+        if len(output_page_images) == 1:
+            return output_page_images[0]
+
+        if stack_direction == "vertical":
+            final_width = max(img.width for img in output_page_images)
+            final_height = sum(img.height for img in output_page_images) + (len(output_page_images) - 1) * stack_gap
+            if final_width == 0 or final_height == 0: 
+                logger.warning("Cannot create concatenated image with zero width or height.")
+                return None
+            
+            concatenated_image = Image.new("RGB", (final_width, final_height), stack_background_color)
+            current_y = 0
+            for img in output_page_images:
+                paste_x = (final_width - img.width) // 2 # Center horizontally
+                concatenated_image.paste(img, (paste_x, current_y))
+                current_y += img.height + stack_gap
+            return concatenated_image
+        elif stack_direction == "horizontal":
+            final_width = sum(img.width for img in output_page_images) + (len(output_page_images) - 1) * stack_gap
+            final_height = max(img.height for img in output_page_images)
+            if final_width == 0 or final_height == 0: 
+                logger.warning("Cannot create concatenated image with zero width or height.")
+                return None
+
+            concatenated_image = Image.new("RGB", (final_width, final_height), stack_background_color)
+            current_x = 0
+            for img in output_page_images:
+                paste_y = (final_height - img.height) // 2 # Center vertically
+                concatenated_image.paste(img, (current_x, paste_y))
+                current_x += img.width + stack_gap
+            return concatenated_image
+        else:
+            logger.error(f"Invalid stack_direction '{stack_direction}' for FlowRegionCollection.show(). Must be 'vertical' or 'horizontal'.")
+            return None
+
+    def to_images(self, resolution: float = 150, **kwargs) -> List[Image.Image]:
+        """Returns a flat list of cropped images of all constituent physical regions."""
+        all_cropped_images: List[Image.Image] = []
+        for fr in self._flow_regions:
+            all_cropped_images.extend(fr.to_images(resolution=resolution, **kwargs))
+        return all_cropped_images
+    
+    def to_image(self, stack_direction: str = "vertical", background_color=(255,255,255), gap: int = 5, **kwargs_for_constituent_to_image) -> Optional[Image.Image]:
+        """
+        Creates a single composite image by stacking the composite images of each FlowRegion.
+        Each FlowRegion's composite is generated by its own .to_image() method.
+        These are then stacked.
+
+        Args:
+            stack_direction: "vertical" or "horizontal".
+            background_color: Background for the final composite.
+            gap: Gap in pixels between stacked FlowRegion images.
+            **kwargs_for_constituent_to_image: Passed to each FlowRegion.to_image().
+        """
+        if not self._flow_regions: return None
+
+        region_composites: List[Image.Image] = []
+        for fr in self._flow_regions:
+            img = fr.to_image(background_color=background_color, **kwargs_for_constituent_to_image)
+            if img:
+                region_composites.append(img)
+        
+        if not region_composites: return None
+        if len(region_composites) == 1: return region_composites[0]
+
+        if stack_direction == "vertical":
+            final_width = max(img.width for img in region_composites)
+            final_height = sum(img.height for img in region_composites) + (len(region_composites) - 1) * gap
+            if final_width == 0 or final_height == 0: return None
+            
+            new_image = Image.new("RGB", (final_width, final_height), background_color)
+            current_y = 0
+            for img in region_composites:
+                # Align to left for vertical stacking
+                new_image.paste(img, (0, current_y))
+                current_y += img.height + gap
+            return new_image
+        elif stack_direction == "horizontal":
+            final_width = sum(img.width for img in region_composites) + (len(region_composites) - 1) * gap
+            final_height = max(img.height for img in region_composites)
+            if final_width == 0 or final_height == 0: return None
+
+            new_image = Image.new("RGB", (final_width, final_height), background_color)
+            current_x = 0
+            for img in region_composites:
+                # Align to top for horizontal stacking
+                new_image.paste(img, (current_x, 0))
+                current_x += img.width + gap
+            return new_image
+        else:
+            logger.warning(f"Invalid stack_direction: {stack_direction}. Must be 'vertical' or 'horizontal'.")
+            return None # Or perhaps return the list of images?
+
+    def apply(self, func: Callable[["FlowRegion"], Any]) -> List[Any]:
+        return [func(fr) for fr in self._flow_regions]