musica 0.14.4__cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

musica/examples/sulfate_box_model.py

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+"""
+Simple box model with MICM and CARMA
+
+This script creates one column and solves gas-phase sulfuric acid formation with
+MICM and nucleation, growth, and coagulation of aerosols with CARMA.
+
+UNDER DEVELOPMENT
+"""
+import musica
+from musica.constants import GAS_CONSTANT
+import musica.mechanism_configuration as mc
+import pandas as pd
+import numpy as np
+import ussa1976
+import xarray as xr
+
+available = musica.backend.carma_available()
+
+MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3 = np.float64(1.0e6) / np.float64(6.022e23)  # Convert from molecules/cm³ to moles/m³
+NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS = 120  # Number of grid cells for the simulation
+NUMBER_OF_AEROSOL_SECTIONS = 38  # Number of aerosol sections for the simulation
+DENSITY_SULFATE = np.float64(1923.0)  # Density of sulfate in kg/m³
+MOLECULAR_MASS_H2O = np.float64(0.01801528)  # kg/mol
+MOLECULAR_MASS_H2SO4 = np.float64(0.098078479)  # kg/mol
+MOLECULAR_MASS_AIR = np.float64(0.029)  # kg/mol (average molecular mass of air)
+
+
+def create_mechanism():
+    """
+    Creates a chemical mechanism for the gas-phase reactions involved in sulfate formation.
+    """
+    HO2 = mc.Species(name="HO2")
+    H2O2 = mc.Species(name="H2O2")
+    OH = mc.Species(name="OH", constant_mixing_ratio_mol_mol=0.8e-11)
+    SO2 = mc.Species(name="SO2")
+    SO3 = mc.Species(name="SO3")
+    H2SO4 = mc.Species(name="H2SO4")
+    H2O = mc.Species(name="H2O")
+    M = mc.Species(name="M", is_third_body=True)
+
+    gas = mc.Phase(name="gas", species=[HO2, H2O2, OH, SO2, SO3, H2SO4, H2O, M])
+
+    rxn_2HO2_H2O2 = mc.Arrhenius(
+        name="2HO2 -> H2O2",
+        reactants=[HO2, HO2],
+        products=[H2O2],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        A=3.0e-13 / MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3,
+        Ea=-6.35099e-21)
+
+    rxn_2HO2_M_H2O2 = mc.Arrhenius(
+        name="2HO2 + M -> H2O2",
+        reactants=[HO2, HO2, M],
+        products=[H2O2],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        A=2.1e-33 / (MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3**2),
+        Ea=-1.2702e-20)
+
+    rxn_2HO2_H2O_H2O2 = mc.Arrhenius(
+        name="2H2O2 + H2O -> H2O2 + H2O",
+        reactants=[HO2, HO2, H2O],
+        products=[H2O2, H2O],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        A=4.2e-34 / (MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3**2),
+        Ea=-3.67253e-20)
+
+    rxn_2HO2_H2O_M_H2O2 = mc.Arrhenius(
+        name="2HO2 + H2O + M -> H2O2 + H2O",
+        reactants=[HO2, HO2, H2O, M],
+        products=[H2O2, H2O],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        A=2.94e-54 / (MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3**3),
+        Ea=-4.30762e-20)
+
+    rxn_H2O2_OH_HO2_H2O = mc.Arrhenius(
+        name="H2O2 + OH -> HO2 + H2O",
+        reactants=[H2O2, OH],
+        products=[HO2, H2O],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        A=1.8e-12 / MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3)
+
+    rxn_SO2_OH_SO3_HO2 = mc.Troe(
+        name="SO2 + OH -> SO3 + HO2",
+        reactants=[SO2, OH],
+        products=[SO3, HO2],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        k0_A=2.9e-31 / MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3,
+        k0_B=-4.1,
+        kinf_A=1.7e-12 / MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3,
+        kinf_B=-0.2)
+
+    rxn_SO3_2H2O_H2SO4_H2O = mc.Arrhenius(
+        name="SO3 + 2H2O -> H2SO4 + H2O",
+        reactants=[SO3, H2O, H2O],
+        products=[H2SO4, H2O],
+        gas_phase=gas,
+        A=8.5e-41 / (MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3**2),
+        C=6540.0)
+
+    rxn_SO2 = mc.Emission(
+        name="SO2",
+        products=[SO2],
+        gas_phase=gas
+    )
+
+    return mc.Mechanism(
+        name="Sulfate Box Model",
+        phases=[gas],
+        reactions=[
+            rxn_2HO2_H2O2,
+            rxn_2HO2_M_H2O2,
+            rxn_2HO2_H2O_H2O2,
+            rxn_2HO2_H2O_M_H2O2,
+            rxn_H2O2_OH_HO2_H2O,
+            rxn_SO2_OH_SO3_HO2,
+            rxn_SO3_2H2O_H2SO4_H2O,
+            rxn_SO2
+        ],
+        species=[HO2, H2O2, OH, SO2, SO3, H2SO4, H2O, M]
+    )
+
+
+def create_carma_solver():
+    """
+    Creates a CARMA solver with the sulfate box model configuration.
+    """
+    params = musica.carma.CARMAParameters()
+    params.nz = NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS
+    params.nbin = NUMBER_OF_AEROSOL_SECTIONS
+
+    # Set up a group for sulfate particles
+    sulfate_group = musica.carma.CARMAGroupConfig(
+        name="sulfate",
+        shortname="SULF",
+        rmin=2.0e-10,  # Minimum radius in meters
+        rmrat=2.0,  # Radius ratio for the group
+        swelling_approach={
+            "algorithm": musica.carma.ParticleSwellingAlgorithm.WEIGHT_PERCENT_H2SO4,
+            "composition": musica.carma.ParticleSwellingComposition.NONE
+        },
+        is_sulfate=True,
+        do_drydep=True,
+    )
+    params.groups.append(sulfate_group)
+
+    # Set up an element for sulfate
+    sulfate_element = musica.carma.CARMAElementConfig(
+        name="Sulfate",
+        shortname="SULF",
+        rho=DENSITY_SULFATE,  # Density in kg/m³
+        itype=musica.carma.ParticleType.VOLATILE,
+        icomposition=musica.carma.ParticleComposition.SULFURIC_ACID,
+        igroup=1,  # Group index for sulfate
+    )
+    params.elements.append(sulfate_element)
+
+    # Set up gases for water and sulfuric acid
+    water = musica.carma.CARMAGasConfig(
+        name="Water Vapor",
+        shortname="H2O",
+        wtmol=MOLECULAR_MASS_H2O,  # Molar mass of water in kg/mol
+        ivaprtn=musica.carma.VaporizationAlgorithm.H2O_MURPHY_2005,
+        icomposition=musica.carma.GasComposition.H2O,
+        dgc_threshold=0.1,
+        ds_threshold=0.1,
+    )
+    params.gases.append(water)
+
+    h2so4 = musica.carma.CARMAGasConfig(
+        name="Sulfuric Acid",
+        shortname="H2SO4",
+        wtmol=MOLECULAR_MASS_H2SO4,  # Molar mass of sulfuric acid in kg/mol
+        ivaprtn=musica.carma.VaporizationAlgorithm.H2SO4_AYERS_1980,
+        icomposition=musica.carma.GasComposition.H2SO4,
+        dgc_threshold=0.1,
+        ds_threshold=0.1,
+    )
+    params.gases.append(h2so4)
+
+    # Add microphysical processes
+    h2so4_uptake = musica.carma.CARMAGrowthConfig(
+        ielem=1,  # Element index for sulfate
+        igas=2,  # Gas index for sulfuric acid
+    )
+    params.growths.append(h2so4_uptake)
+
+    nucleation = musica.carma.CARMANucleationConfig(
+        ielemfrom=1,  # Element index for sulfate
+        ielemto=1,  # Element index for sulfuric acid
+        igas=2,  # Gas index for sulfuric acid
+        algorithm=musica.carma.ParticleNucleationAlgorithm.HOMOGENEOUS_NUCLEATION,
+    )
+    params.nucleations.append(nucleation)
+
+    coagulation = musica.carma.CARMACoagulationConfig(
+        igroup1=1,  # Group index for sulfate (from)
+        igroup2=1,  # Group index for sulfate (from)
+        igroup3=1,  # Group index for sulfate (to)
+        algorithm=musica.carma.ParticleCollectionAlgorithm.FUCHS,
+    )
+    params.coagulations.append(coagulation)
+
+    # Set initialization options
+    params.initialization.do_substep = True
+    params.initialization.do_thermo = True
+    params.initialization.maxretries = 16
+    params.initialization.maxsubsteps = 32
+    params.initialization.dt_threshold = 1.0
+    params.initialization.sulfnucl_method = musica.carma.SulfateNucleationMethod.ZHAO_TURCO.value
+
+    return musica.carma.CARMA(params)
+
+
+def get_initial_conditions():
+    """
+    Initializes and returns the environmental conditions and chemical species concentrations
+    for a box model simulation.
+    Returns:
+      tuple:
+        - environmental_conditions (dict): Dictionary containing arrays for temperature (K)
+          and pressure (Pa) for each grid cell.
+        - initial_concentrations (dict): Dictionary containing arrays for the initial
+          concentrations (in mol/m^3) of chemical species ('HO2', 'H2O2', 'OH', 'SO2', 'SO3',
+          'H2SO4', 'H2O', 'M') for each grid cell.
+    Notes:
+      - The number of grid cells is determined by the constant NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS.
+      - Concentrations are calculated using the conversion factor MOLEC_CM3_TO_MOLE_M3.
+      - Some species are initialized to zero concentration.
+    """
+
+    # Set up the vertical grid in CARMA
+    zmin = np.float64(0.0)
+    deltaz = np.float64(100.0)
+    grid = {
+        "vertical_center": zmin + (np.arange(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, dtype=np.float64) + 0.5) * deltaz,
+        "vertical_levels": zmin + np.arange(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS + 1, dtype=np.float64) * deltaz
+    }
+
+    centered_variables = ussa1976.compute(z=grid["vertical_center"], variables=["t", "p"])
+    edge_variables = ussa1976.compute(z=grid["vertical_levels"], variables=["p"])
+    centered_variables["rho"] = centered_variables["p"] / (GAS_CONSTANT * centered_variables["t"])
+    environmental_conditions = {
+        "temperature": np.array(centered_variables["t"], dtype=np.float64),
+        "pressure": np.array(centered_variables["p"], dtype=np.float64),
+        "pressure levels": np.array(edge_variables["p"], dtype=np.float64),
+        "air density": np.array(centered_variables["rho"], dtype=np.float64)
+    }
+
+    initial_concentrations = {
+        "HO2": environmental_conditions["air density"] * 80.0e-12,
+        "H2O2": environmental_conditions["air density"] * 1.0e-9,
+        "SO2": environmental_conditions["air density"] * 0.15e-9,
+        "SO3": np.zeros(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, dtype=np.float64),
+        "H2SO4": np.zeros(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, dtype=np.float64),
+        "H2O": environmental_conditions["air density"] * 0.004,
+    }
+    return grid, environmental_conditions, initial_concentrations
+
+
+def run_box_model():
+    # Create the mechanism and solvers
+    mechanism = create_mechanism()
+    solver = musica.MICM(mechanism=mechanism, solver_type=musica.SolverType.rosenbrock_standard_order)
+    state = solver.create_state(number_of_grid_cells=NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS)
+
+    carma = create_carma_solver()
+
+    # Set initial conditions
+    grid, environmental_conditions, initial_concentrations = get_initial_conditions()
+    state.set_conditions(environmental_conditions["temperature"], environmental_conditions["pressure"])
+    state.set_concentrations(initial_concentrations)
+    state.set_user_defined_rate_parameters({"EMIS.SO2": np.full(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, 1.0e-8, dtype=np.float64)})
+
+    # Run the simulation for 30 minutes with a timestep of 30 seconds
+    time_hours = 0.5
+    time_seconds = time_hours * np.float64(3600.0)
+    dt = np.float64(30.0)
+    num_steps = int(time_seconds / dt)
+
+    # Initialize combined state arrays
+    concentrations = [state.get_concentrations()]
+    current_temperature = environmental_conditions["temperature"].copy()
+    bin_state = None
+
+    # Set up additional CARMA state arrays
+    satliq_h2o = np.full(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, -1.0, dtype=np.float64)
+    satice_h2o = np.full(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, -1.0, dtype=np.float64)
+    satliq_h2so4 = np.full(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, -1.0, dtype=np.float64)
+    satice_h2so4 = np.full(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, -1.0, dtype=np.float64)
+    last_h2so4_mmr = np.zeros(NUMBER_OF_GRID_CELLS, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    for i_time in range(num_steps):
+        state.set_conditions(temperatures=current_temperature, pressures=environmental_conditions["pressure"])
+        solver.solve(state, dt)
+        micm_output = state.get_concentrations()
+
+        h2so4_mmr = np.array(micm_output["H2SO4"], dtype=np.float64) * MOLECULAR_MASS_H2SO4 / \
+            (environmental_conditions["air density"] * MOLECULAR_MASS_AIR)
+        h2o_mmr = np.array(micm_output["H2O"], dtype=np.float64) * MOLECULAR_MASS_H2O / \
+            (environmental_conditions["air density"] * MOLECULAR_MASS_AIR)
+
+        carma_state = carma.create_state(
+            vertical_center=grid["vertical_center"],
+            vertical_levels=grid["vertical_levels"],
+            temperature=current_temperature,
+            pressure=environmental_conditions["pressure"],
+            pressure_levels=environmental_conditions["pressure levels"],
+            time=i_time * dt,
+            time_step=dt,
+            latitude=-40.0,
+            longitude=-105.0,
+            specific_humidity=h2o_mmr,
+        )
+
+        if bin_state is None:
+            bin_state = carma_state.get_bins()
+            bin_state = bin_state.expand_dims({"time": [0.0]}).copy(deep=True)
+            bin_state["mass_mixing_ratio"].values[0, :, :, :] = 0.0
+
+        for i_bin in range(NUMBER_OF_AEROSOL_SECTIONS):
+            carma_state.set_bin(
+                bin_index=i_bin + 1,
+                element_index=1,  # Sulfate element index
+                value=bin_state.isel(time=i_time, bin=i_bin, element=0)["mass_mixing_ratio"].values,
+            )
+
+        carma_state.set_gas(
+            gas_index=1,  # Water vapor gas index
+            value=h2o_mmr,
+            old_mmr=h2o_mmr,
+            gas_saturation_wrt_liquid=satliq_h2o,
+            gas_saturation_wrt_ice=satice_h2o
+        )
+        carma_state.set_gas(
+            gas_index=2,  # Sulfuric acid gas index
+            value=h2so4_mmr,
+            old_mmr=last_h2so4_mmr,
+            gas_saturation_wrt_liquid=satliq_h2so4,
+            gas_saturation_wrt_ice=satice_h2so4
+        )
+        last_h2so4_mmr = h2so4_mmr
+
+        carma_state.step()
+
+        # Get updated state data from CARMA
+        bin_state = xr.concat([bin_state, carma_state.get_bins().expand_dims(
+            {"time": [(i_time + 1) * dt]})], dim="time")
+
+        gas_state, gas_index = carma_state.get_gases()
+        micm_output["H2O"] = np.array(
+            gas_state.isel(
+                gas=gas_index["H2O"])["gas_mass_mixing_ratio"],
+            dtype=np.float64) * environmental_conditions["air density"] * MOLECULAR_MASS_AIR / MOLECULAR_MASS_H2O
+        micm_output["H2SO4"] = np.array(
+            gas_state.isel(
+                gas=gas_index["H2SO4"])["gas_mass_mixing_ratio"],
+            dtype=np.float64) * environmental_conditions["air density"] * MOLECULAR_MASS_AIR / MOLECULAR_MASS_H2SO4
+
+        # save concentrations for output
+        concentrations.append(micm_output)
+
+        # prepare for next time step
+        current_temperature = carma_state.get_environmental_values()["temperature"]
+        state.set_concentrations({
+            "H2O": micm_output["H2O"],
+            "H2SO4": micm_output["H2SO4"]
+        })
+
+    # Collect output data
+    concentrations = pd.DataFrame(concentrations)
+    times = np.arange(num_steps + 1) * dt / 3600.0  # Time in hours
+
+    return concentrations, times, bin_state
+
+
+def plot_results(concentrations, times, sulfate_data=None):
+    """Plots the results of the sulfate box model simulation.
+    Args:
+        concentrations (pd.DataFrame): DataFrame containing the concentrations of chemical species over time.
+        times (np.ndarray): Array of time values corresponding to the concentrations.
+        sulfate_data (xr.Dataset): xarray Dataset containing CARMA sulfate data over time.
+    """
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    # Create a 4-panel plot for H2O, H2SO4, SO2, and HO2 concentrations over time at the first grid cell
+    fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(14, 10), sharex=True)
+    species = ["H2O", "H2SO4", "SO2", "HO2"]
+    titles = [
+        "H2O Concentration (mol/m³)",
+        "H2SO4 Concentration (mol/m³)",
+        "SO2 Concentration (mol/m³)",
+        "HO2 Concentration (mol/m³)"
+    ]
+    for ax, specie, title in zip(axs.flat, species, titles):
+        conc = np.array([row[0] for row in [c[specie] for _, c in concentrations.iterrows()]])
+        ax.plot(times, conc, label=specie)
+        ax.set_title(title)
+        ax.set_ylabel("Concentration (mol/m³)")
+        ax.legend()
+        ax.grid()
+    for ax in axs[1]:
+        ax.set_xlabel("Time (hours)")
+    plt.tight_layout()
+    plt.show()
+
+    # Plot total sulfate mass mixing ratio (sum over all bins) over time at the first vertical level
+    if sulfate_data is not None and hasattr(sulfate_data, "mass_mixing_ratio"):
+        total_mmr = sulfate_data["mass_mixing_ratio"].isel(vertical_center=0).sum(dim="bin")
+        total_mmr.plot(x="time")
+        plt.title("Total Sulfate Mass Mixing Ratio (First Vertical Level)")
+        plt.ylabel("Mass Mixing Ratio (kg/kg)")
+        plt.xlabel("Time (hours)")
+        plt.grid()
+        plt.show()
+    else:
+        print("SULFATE data structure:", sulfate_data)
+        if sulfate_data is not None:
+            print(
+                "Available variables:",
+                list(
+                    sulfate_data.data_vars) if hasattr(
+                    sulfate_data,
+                    'data_vars') else "No data_vars available")
+            print(
+                "Available dimensions:",
+                list(
+                    sulfate_data.dims) if hasattr(
+                    sulfate_data,
+                    'dims') else "No dims available")
+        else:
+            print("No SULFATE data available")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if not available:
+        print("CARMA backend is not available.")
+    else:
+        concs, plot_times, sulfate_data = run_box_model()
+        plot_results(concs, plot_times, sulfate_data)

musica/examples/ts1_latin_hypercube.py

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+import musica
+from musica.mechanism_configuration import Parser
+import pandas as pd
+from scipy.stats import qmc
+import xarray as xr
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+path = 'configs/v1/ts1/ts1.json'
+
+parser = Parser()
+mechanism = parser.parse(path)
+
+solver = musica.MICM(mechanism=mechanism,
+                     solver_type=musica.SolverType.rosenbrock_standard_order)
+num_grid_cells = 100
+state = solver.create_state(num_grid_cells)
+
+# The initial conditions file contains various parameters with their values.
+# It has three columns: parameter, value1, and value2.
+# The meaning of value1 and value2 depends on the parameter type:
+#
+# | Parameter Prefix | value1 Meaning                      | value2 Meaning                      |
+# |------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+# | SURF             | Effective radius (meters)           | Particle number concentration (#/m3)|
+# | CONC             | Initial concentration (mol m-3)     | Unused                              |
+# | ENV              | Temperature (K) or Pressure (Pa)    | Unused                              |
+# | USER             | User-defined parameter value        | Unused                              |
+conditions = pd.read_csv('configs/v1/ts1/initial_conditions.csv',
+                         sep=',', names=['parameter', 'value1', 'value2'])
+
+# grab the surface reactions, anything prefixed with SURF.
+surface_reactions = conditions[conditions['parameter'].str.contains('SURF')]
+
+# grab the initial concentrations, anything prefixed with CONC.
+initial_concentrations = conditions[conditions['parameter'].str.contains(
+    'CONC')]
+# remove CONC. from the parameter names
+initial_concentrations.loc[:, 'parameter'] = initial_concentrations.loc[:,
+                                                                        'parameter'].str.replace('CONC.', '')
+
+# grab the environmental conditions, anything prefixed with ENV.
+environmental_conditions = conditions[conditions['parameter'].str.contains(
+    'ENV')]
+
+# grab the user defined conditions, anything prefixed with USER.
+user_defined_conditions = conditions[conditions['parameter'].str.contains(
+    'USER')]
+
+# make sure the length of all the subsets matches the total length of conditions
+assert len(surface_reactions) + len(initial_concentrations) + \
+    len(environmental_conditions) + \
+    len(user_defined_conditions) == len(conditions)
+
+# To create a Latin Hypercube sample, we have to define the lower and upper bounds for each parameter
+# We will use the initial conditions from the file and add a small perturbation to create a range
+lower_bounds = []
+upper_bounds = []
+
+concentration_perturbation = 0.1
+user_defined_perturbation = 0.05
+surface_perturbation = 0.02
+environmental_perturbation = 0.2
+
+# Lets loop through each of our initial conditions arrays and create bounds
+for concentration in initial_concentrations['value1']:
+    lower_bounds.append(float(concentration) *
+                        (1 - concentration_perturbation))
+    upper_bounds.append(float(concentration) *
+                        (1 + concentration_perturbation))
+
+for user in user_defined_conditions['value1']:
+    lower_bounds.append(float(user) * (1 - user_defined_perturbation))
+    upper_bounds.append(float(user) * (1 + user_defined_perturbation))
+
+for _, row in surface_reactions.iterrows():
+    # effective radius
+    lower_bounds.append(float(row['value1']) * (1 - surface_perturbation))
+    upper_bounds.append(float(row['value1']) * (1 + surface_perturbation))
+    # particle number concentration
+    lower_bounds.append(float(row['value2']) * (1 - surface_perturbation))
+    upper_bounds.append(float(row['value2']) * (1 + surface_perturbation))
+
+for environmental in environmental_conditions['value1']:
+    lower_bounds.append(float(environmental) *
+                        (1 - environmental_perturbation))
+    upper_bounds.append(float(environmental) *
+                        (1 + environmental_perturbation))
+
+# Now we can create the Latin Hypercube samples
+sampler = qmc.LatinHypercube(d=len(lower_bounds))
+# we will make one sample for each grid cell and solve all of the parameter combinations at once
+sample = sampler.random(n=num_grid_cells)
+scaled_sample = qmc.scale(sample, lower_bounds, upper_bounds)
+
+# Now we need to extract the sampled values and set them on the state
+# The order matches how we built the bounds arrays above
+
+# Extract samples for each parameter type
+current_index = 0
+
+# 1. Extract concentration samples
+concentration_samples = {}
+species_ordering = state.get_species_ordering()
+for _, concentration_name in enumerate(initial_concentrations['parameter']):
+    concentration_samples[concentration_name] = scaled_sample[:, current_index]
+    current_index += 1
+
+# 2. Extract user-defined rate samples
+user_defined_samples = {}
+user_defined_ordering = state.get_user_defined_rate_parameters_ordering()
+for _, user_param in enumerate(user_defined_conditions['parameter']):
+    # Remove USER. prefix to match the expected parameter name
+    user_defined_samples[user_param] = scaled_sample[:, current_index]
+    current_index += 1
+
+# 3. Extract surface reaction samples (skip for now as they need special handling)
+for _, row in surface_reactions.iterrows():
+    # Skip effective radius and particle concentration for now
+    user_defined_samples[f"{row['parameter']}.effective radius [m]"] = scaled_sample[:, current_index]
+    current_index += 1
+    user_defined_samples[f"{row['parameter']}.particle number concentration [# m-3]"] = scaled_sample[:, current_index]
+    current_index += 1
+
+# 4. Extract environmental samples
+temperature_samples = scaled_sample[:, current_index]
+current_index += 1
+pressure_samples = scaled_sample[:, current_index]
+current_index += 1
+
+# Now set all of the samples across all grid cells
+state.set_conditions(temperature_samples, pressure_samples)
+state.set_concentrations(concentration_samples)
+state.set_user_defined_rate_parameters(user_defined_samples)
+
+# setup and run the box model simulation
+concentrations = [state.get_concentrations()]
+times = []
+time_step = 30  # seconds
+simulation_length = 1 * 60 * 60  # 1 hour in seconds
+current_time = 0
+
+while current_time < simulation_length:
+    times.append(current_time)
+    solver.solve(state, time_step)
+    concentrations.append(state.get_concentrations())
+    current_time += time_step
+
+conditions = state.get_conditions()
+
+data_vars = {
+    "temperature": (["grid_cell"], conditions["temperature"]),
+    "pressure": (["grid_cell"], conditions["pressure"]),
+    "air density": (["grid_cell"], conditions["air_density"]),
+}
+
+for user_param, values in state.get_user_defined_rate_parameters().items():
+    data_vars[user_param] = (["grid_cell"], values)
+
+for species, _ in species_ordering.items():
+    data = [concentrations[time_idx][species]
+            for time_idx in range(len(concentrations))]
+    data_vars[species] = (["time", "grid_cell"], data)
+
+ds = xr.Dataset(
+    data_vars,
+    coords={
+        "time": times + [current_time],
+        "grid_cell": range(num_grid_cells),
+    },
+)
+
+print(ds)
+ds.to_netcdf('ts1_latin_hypercube.nc')
+
+# plot 5 grid cells for O3, OH, NO, NO2
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 8))
+
+# Convert time from seconds to hours for better readability
+time_hours = ds['time'] / 3600
+
+# Plot each species with 5 lines (one for each grid cell)
+for i in range(5):
+    ax[0, 0].plot(time_hours, ds['O3'].isel(
+        grid_cell=i), label=f'Grid Cell {i}')
+    ax[0, 1].plot(time_hours, ds['OH'].isel(
+        grid_cell=i), label=f'Grid Cell {i}')
+    ax[1, 0].plot(time_hours, ds['NO'].isel(
+        grid_cell=i), label=f'Grid Cell {i}')
+    ax[1, 1].plot(time_hours, ds['NO2'].isel(
+        grid_cell=i), label=f'Grid Cell {i}')
+
+for _ax in ax.flat:
+    _ax.grid(True, alpha=0.5)
+    _ax.spines[:].set_visible(False)
+    _ax.tick_params(width=0)
+    _ax.set_xlim(0, simulation_length / 3600)  # Set x-axis limit to simulation length in hours
+    _ax.set_ylim(0, None)
+    _ax.set_ylabel('Concentration [mol m-3]')
+    _ax.set_xlabel('Time [hours]')
+    _ax.legend()
+
+ax[0, 0].set_title('O3')
+ax[0, 1].set_title('OH')
+ax[1, 0].set_title('NO')
+ax[1, 1].set_title('NO2')
+
+fig.tight_layout()
+fig.savefig('ts1_latin_hypercube_OH_O3_NO_NO2.png', dpi=300)
+
+
+# Plot minimum and maximum values for O3, OH, NO, NO2 across all grid cells
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 8))
+for i, species in enumerate(['O3', 'OH', 'NO', 'NO2']):
+    ax.flat[i].plot(time_hours, ds[species].min(dim='grid_cell'), label='Min')
+    ax.flat[i].plot(time_hours, ds[species].max(dim='grid_cell'), label='Max')
+    ax.flat[i].set_title(species)
+    ax.flat[i].set_ylabel('Concentration [mol m-3]')
+    ax.flat[i].set_xlabel('Time [hours]')
+    ax.flat[i].legend()
+    ax.flat[i].grid(True, alpha=0.5)
+    ax.flat[i].spines[:].set_visible(False)
+    ax.flat[i].tick_params(width=0)
+    # ax.flat[i].set_yscale('log')
+
+fig.tight_layout()
+fig.savefig('ts1_latin_hypercube_OH_O3_NO_NO2_min_max.png', dpi=300)
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(3, 1, figsize=(10, 8))
+
+# Plot temperature, pressure, and air density
+ax[0].plot(ds['grid_cell'], ds['temperature'])
+ax[0].set_title('Temperature')
+ax[0].set_ylabel('Temperature [K]')
+ax[0].set_xlabel('Grid Cell')
+ax[1].plot(ds['grid_cell'], ds['pressure'])
+ax[1].set_title('Pressure')
+ax[1].set_ylabel('Pressure [Pa]')
+ax[1].set_xlabel('Grid Cell')
+ax[2].plot(ds['grid_cell'], ds['air density'])
+ax[2].set_title('Air Density')
+ax[2].set_ylabel('Air Density [kg m-3]')
+ax[2].set_xlabel('Grid Cell')
+
+fig.tight_layout()
+fig.savefig('ts1_latin_hypercube_conditions.png', dpi=300)