multipers 2.0.0__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

multipers/ml/signed_measures.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1542 @@
+from itertools import product
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, Optional
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from joblib import Parallel, delayed
+from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+import multipers as mp
+from multipers.grids import compute_grid as reduce_grid
+from multipers.ml.convolutions import convolution_signed_measures
+
+
+class SimplexTree2SignedMeasure(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    """
+    Input
+    -----
+    Iterable[SimplexTreeMulti]
+
+    Output
+    ------
+    Iterable[ list[signed_measure for degree] ]
+
+    signed measure is either
+        - (points : (n x num_parameters) array, weights : (n) int array ) if sparse,
+        - else an integer matrix.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+        - degrees : list of degrees to compute. None correspond to the euler characteristic
+        - filtration grid : the grid on which to compute.
+        If None, the fit will infer it from
+        - fit_fraction : the fraction of data to consider for the fit, seed is controlled by the seed parameter
+        - resolution : the resolution of this grid
+        - filtration_quantile : filtrations values quantile to ignore
+        - grid_strategy:str : 'regular' or 'quantile' or 'exact'
+        - normalize filtration : if sparse, will normalize all filtrations.
+        - expand : expands the simplextree to compute correctly the degree, for
+        flag complexes
+        - invariant : the topological invariant to produce the signed measure.
+        Choices are "hilbert" or "euler". Will add rank invariant later.
+        - num_collapse : Either an int or "full". Collapse the complex before
+        doing computation.
+        - _möbius_inversion : if False, will not do the mobius inversion. output
+        has to be a matrix then.
+        - enforce_null_mass : Returns a zero mass measure, by thresholding the
+        module if True.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        # homological degrees + None for euler
+        degrees: list[int | None] = [],
+        rank_degrees: list[int] = [],  # same for rank invariant
+        filtration_grid: Iterable[np.ndarray]
+        # filtration values to consider. Format : [ filtration values of Fi for Fi:filtration values of parameter i]
+        | None = None,
+        progress=False,  # tqdm
+        num_collapses: int | str = 0,  # edge collapses before computing
+        n_jobs=None,
+        resolution: Iterable[int]
+        | int
+        | None = None,  # when filtration grid is not given, the resolution of the filtration grid to infer
+        # sparse=True, # sparse output # DEPRECATED TO Ssigned measure formatter
+        plot: bool = False,
+        filtration_quantile: float = 0.0,  # quantile for inferring filtration grid
+        # wether or not to do the möbius inversion (not recommended to touch)
+        _möbius_inversion: bool = True,
+        expand=True,  # expand the simplextree befoe computing the homology
+        normalize_filtrations: bool = False,
+        # exact_computation:bool=False, # compute the exact signed measure.
+        grid_strategy: str = "exact",
+        seed: int = 0,  # if fit_fraction is not 1, the seed sampling
+        fit_fraction=1,  # the fraction of the data on which to fit
+        out_resolution: Iterable[int] | int | None = None,
+        individual_grid: Optional[
+            bool
+        ] = None,  # Can be significantly faster for some grid strategies, but can drop statistical performance
+        enforce_null_mass: bool = False,
+        flatten=True,
+        backend="multipers",
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.degrees = degrees
+        self.rank_degrees = rank_degrees
+        self.filtration_grid = filtration_grid
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.num_collapses = num_collapses
+        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
+        self.resolution = resolution
+        self.plot = plot
+        self.backend = backend
+        # self.sparse=sparse # TODO : deprecate
+        self.filtration_quantile = filtration_quantile
+        # Will only work for non sparse output. (discrete matrices cannot be "rescaled")
+        self.normalize_filtrations = normalize_filtrations
+        self.grid_strategy = grid_strategy
+        self.num_parameter = None
+        self._is_input_delayed = None
+        self._möbius_inversion = _möbius_inversion
+        self._reconversion_grid = None
+        self.expand = expand
+        # will only refit the grid if filtration_grid has never been given.
+        self._refit_grid = None
+        self.seed = seed
+        self.fit_fraction = fit_fraction
+        self._transform_st = None
+        self._to_simplex_tree: Callable
+        self.out_resolution = out_resolution
+        self.individual_grid = individual_grid
+        self.enforce_null_mass = enforce_null_mass
+        self._default_mass_location = None
+        self.flatten = flatten
+        self.num_parameters: int = 0
+        return
+
+    def _infer_filtration(self, X):
+        indices = np.random.choice(
+            len(X), min(int(self.fit_fraction * len(X)) + 1, len(X)), replace=False
+        )
+
+        def get_st_filtration(x) -> np.ndarray:
+            return self._to_simplex_tree(x).get_filtration_grid(grid_strategy="exact")
+
+        filtrations: list = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, backend="threading")(
+            delayed(get_st_filtration)(x) for x in (X[idx] for idx in indices)
+        )
+        num_parameters = len(filtrations[0])
+        filtrations_values = [
+            np.unique(np.concatenate([x[i] for x in filtrations]))
+            for i in range(num_parameters)
+        ]
+        filtration_grid = reduce_grid(
+            filtrations_values, resolution=self.resolution, strategy=self.grid_strategy
+        )  # TODO :use more parameters
+        self.filtration_grid = filtration_grid
+        return filtration_grid
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):  # Todo : infer filtration grid ? quantiles ?
+        # assert not self.normalize_filtrations or self.sparse, "Not able to normalize a matrix without losing information."
+        assert (
+            self.resolution is not None
+            or self.filtration_grid is not None
+            or self.grid_strategy == "exact"
+            or self.individual_grid
+        ), "For non exact filtrations, a resolution has to be specified."
+        assert (
+            self._möbius_inversion or not self.individual_grid
+        ), "The grid has to be aligned when not using mobius inversion; disable individual_grid or enable mobius inversion."
+        # assert self.invariant != "_" or self._möbius_inversion
+        self._is_input_delayed = not mp.simplex_tree_multi.is_simplextree_multi(X[0])
+        if self._is_input_delayed:
+            from multipers.ml.tools import get_simplex_tree_from_delayed
+
+            self._to_simplex_tree = get_simplex_tree_from_delayed
+        else:
+            self._to_simplex_tree = lambda x: x
+        if isinstance(self.resolution, int) or self.resolution == np.inf:
+            self.resolution = [self.resolution] * self._to_simplex_tree(
+                X[0]
+            ).num_parameters
+        self.num_parameter = self._to_simplex_tree(X[0]).num_parameters
+        self.individual_grid = (
+            self.individual_grid
+            if self.individual_grid is not None
+            else self.grid_strategy
+            in ["regular_closest", "exact", "quantile", "partition"]
+        )
+
+        if (
+            not self.enforce_null_mass
+            and self.individual_grid
+            or self.filtration_grid is not None
+        ):
+            self._refit_grid = False
+        else:
+            self._refit_grid = True
+
+        if self._refit_grid:
+            self._infer_filtration(X=X)
+        if self.out_resolution is None:
+            self.out_resolution = self.resolution
+        elif isinstance(self.out_resolution, int):
+            self.out_resolution = [self.out_resolution] * self.num_parameters
+        if self.normalize_filtrations and not self.individual_grid:
+            # self._reconversion_grid = [np.linspace(0,1, num=len(f), dtype=float) for f in self.filtration_grid] ## This will not work for non-regular grids...
+            self._reconversion_grid = [
+                f / np.std(f) for f in self.filtration_grid
+            ]  # not the best, but better than some weird magic
+        # elif not self.sparse: # It actually renormalizes the filtration !!
+        # self._reconversion_grid = [np.linspace(0,r, num=r, dtype=int) for r in self.out_resolution]
+        else:
+            self._reconversion_grid = self.filtration_grid
+        self._default_mass_location = (
+            [g[-1] for g in self._reconversion_grid] if self.enforce_null_mass else None
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def transform1(
+        self,
+        simplextree,
+        filtration_grid=None,
+        _reconversion_grid=None,
+        thread_id: str = "",
+    ):
+        if filtration_grid is None:
+            filtration_grid = self.filtration_grid
+        if _reconversion_grid is None:
+            _reconversion_grid = self._reconversion_grid
+        st = self._to_simplex_tree(simplextree)
+        # st = mp.SimplexTreeMulti(st, num_parameters=st.num_parameters)  # COPY
+        if self.individual_grid:
+            filtration_grid = st.get_filtration_grid(
+                grid_strategy=self.grid_strategy, resolution=self.resolution
+            )
+            if self.enforce_null_mass:
+                filtration_grid = [
+                    np.concatenate([f, [d]], axis=0)
+                    for f, d in zip(filtration_grid, self._default_mass_location)
+                ]
+        st = st.grid_squeeze(filtration_grid=filtration_grid, coordinate_values=True)
+        if st.num_parameters == 2:
+            if self.num_collapses == "full":
+                st.collapse_edges(full=True, max_dimension=1)
+            elif isinstance(self.num_collapses, int):
+                st.collapse_edges(num=self.num_collapses, max_dimension=1)
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Bad edge collapse type. either 'full' or an int.")
+        int_degrees = np.asarray([d for d in self.degrees if d is not None])
+        if self._möbius_inversion:
+            # EULER. First as there is prune above dimension below
+            if self.expand and None in self.degrees:
+                st.expansion(st.num_vertices)
+            signed_measures_euler = (
+                mp.signed_measure(
+                    simplextree=st,
+                    degrees=[None],
+                    plot=self.plot,
+                    mass_default=self._default_mass_location,
+                    invariant="euler",
+                    thread_id=thread_id,
+                )[0]
+                if None in self.degrees
+                else []
+            )
+
+            if self.expand and len(int_degrees) > 0:
+                st.expansion(np.max(int_degrees) + 1)
+            if len(int_degrees) > 0:
+                st.prune_above_dimension(
+                    np.max(np.concatenate([int_degrees, self.rank_degrees])) + 1
+                )  # no need to compute homology beyond this
+            signed_measures_pers = (
+                mp.signed_measure(
+                    simplextree=st,
+                    degrees=int_degrees,
+                    mass_default=self._default_mass_location,
+                    plot=self.plot,
+                    invariant="hilbert",
+                    thread_id=thread_id,
+                    backend=self.backend,
+                )
+                if len(int_degrees) > 0
+                else []
+            )
+            if self.plot:
+                plt.show()
+            if self.expand and len(self.rank_degrees) > 0:
+                st.expansion(np.max(self.rank_degrees) + 1)
+            if len(self.rank_degrees) > 0:
+                st.prune_above_dimension(
+                    np.max(self.rank_degrees) + 1
+                )  # no need to compute homology beyond this
+            signed_measures_rank = (
+                mp.signed_measure(
+                    simplextree=st,
+                    degrees=self.rank_degrees,
+                    mass_default=self._default_mass_location,
+                    plot=self.plot,
+                    invariant="rank",
+                    thread_id=thread_id,
+                )
+                if len(self.rank_degrees) > 0
+                else []
+            )
+            if self.plot:
+                plt.show()
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("This is deprecated")
+            # from multipers.euler_characteristic import euler_surface
+            # from multipers.hilbert_function import hilbert_surface
+            # from multipers.rank_invariant import rank_invariant
+            #
+            # if self.expand and None in self.degrees:
+            #     st.expansion(st.num_vertices)
+            # signed_measures_euler = (
+            #     euler_surface(
+            #         simplextree=st,
+            #         plot=self.plot,
+            #     )[1][None]
+            #     if None in self.degrees
+            #     else []
+            # )
+            #
+            # if self.expand and len(int_degrees) > 0:
+            #     st.expansion(np.max(int_degrees) + 1)
+            # if len(int_degrees) > 0:
+            #     st.prune_above_dimension(
+            #         np.max(np.concatenate([int_degrees, self.rank_degrees])) + 1
+            #     )
+            #     # no need to compute homology beyond this
+            # signed_measures_pers = (
+            #     hilbert_surface(
+            #         simplextree=st,
+            #         degrees=int_degrees,
+            #         plot=self.plot,
+            #     )[1]
+            #     if len(int_degrees) > 0
+            #     else []
+            # )
+            # if self.plot:
+            #     plt.show()
+            #
+            # if self.expand and len(self.rank_degrees) > 0:
+            #     st.expansion(np.max(self.rank_degrees) + 1)
+            # if len(self.rank_degrees) > 0:
+            #     st.prune_above_dimension(
+            #         np.max(self.rank_degrees) + 1
+            #     )  # no need to compute homology beyond this
+            # signed_measures_rank = (
+            #     rank_invariant(
+            #         sieplextree=st,
+            #         degrees=self.rank_degrees,
+            #         plot=self.plot,
+            #     )
+            #     if len(self.rank_degrees) > 0
+            #     else []
+            # )
+            #
+        count = 0
+        signed_measures = []
+        for d in self.degrees:
+            if d is None:
+                signed_measures.append(signed_measures_euler)
+            else:
+                signed_measures.append(signed_measures_pers[count])
+                count += 1
+        signed_measures += signed_measures_rank
+        if not self._möbius_inversion and self.flatten:
+            signed_measures = np.asarray(signed_measures).flatten()
+        return signed_measures
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        assert self.filtration_grid is not None or self.individual_grid, "Fit first"
+        prefer = "loky" if self._is_input_delayed else "threading"
+        out = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, backend=prefer)(
+            delayed(self.transform1)(to_st, thread_id=str(thread_id))
+            for thread_id, to_st in tqdm(
+                enumerate(X),
+                disable=not self.progress,
+                desc="Computing signed measure decompositions",
+            )
+        )
+        return out
+
+
+class SimplexTrees2SignedMeasures(SimplexTree2SignedMeasure):
+    """
+    Input
+    -----
+
+    (data) x (axis, e.g. different bandwidths for simplextrees) x (simplextree)
+
+    Output
+    ------
+    (data) x (axis) x (degree) x (signed measure)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._num_st_per_data = None
+        # self._super_model=SimplexTree2SignedMeasure(**kwargs)
+        self._filtration_grids = None
+        return
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):
+        if len(X) == 0:
+            return self
+        try:
+            self._num_st_per_data = len(X[0])
+        except:
+            raise Exception(
+                "Shape has to be (num_data, num_axis), dtype=SimplexTreeMulti"
+            )
+        self._filtration_grids = []
+        for axis in range(self._num_st_per_data):
+            self._filtration_grids.append(
+                super().fit([x[axis] for x in X]).filtration_grid
+            )
+            # self._super_fits.append(truc)
+        # self._super_fits_params = [super().fit([x[axis] for x in X]).get_params() for axis in range(self._num_st_per_data)]
+        return self
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        if self.normalize_filtrations:
+            _reconversion_grids = [
+                [np.linspace(0, 1, num=len(f), dtype=float) for f in F]
+                for F in self._filtration_grids
+            ]
+        else:
+            _reconversion_grids = self._filtration_grids
+
+        def todo(x):
+            # return [SimplexTree2SignedMeasure().set_params(**transformer_params).transform1(x[axis]) for axis,transformer_params in enumerate(self._super_fits_params)]
+            out = [
+                self.transform1(
+                    x[axis],
+                    filtration_grid=filtration_grid,
+                    _reconversion_grid=_reconversion_grid,
+                )
+                for axis, filtration_grid, _reconversion_grid in zip(
+                    range(self._num_st_per_data),
+                    self._filtration_grids,
+                    _reconversion_grids,
+                )
+            ]
+            return out
+
+        return Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, backend="threading")(
+            delayed(todo)(x)
+            for x in tqdm(
+                X,
+                disable=not self.progress,
+                desc="Computing Signed Measures from simplextrees.",
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def rescale_sparse_signed_measure(
+    signed_measure, filtration_weights, normalize_scales=None
+):
+    # from copy import deepcopy
+    #
+    # out = deepcopy(signed_measure)
+
+    if filtration_weights is None and normalize_scales is None:
+        return signed_measure
+
+    # if normalize_scales is None:
+    #     out = tuple(
+    #         (
+    #             _cat(
+    #                 tuple(
+    #                     signed_measure[degree][0][:, parameter]
+    #                     * filtration_weights[parameter]
+    #                     for parameter in range(num_parameters)
+    #                 ),
+    #                 axis=1,
+    #             ),
+    #             signed_measure[degree][1],
+    #         )
+    #         for degree in range(len(signed_measure))
+    #     )
+    # for degree in range(len(signed_measure)):  # degree
+    #     for parameter in range(len(filtration_weights)):
+    #         signed_measure[degree][0][:, parameter] *= filtration_weights[parameter]
+    #         # TODO Broadcast w.r.t. the parameter
+    # out = tuple(
+    #     _cat(
+    #         tuple(
+    #             signed_measure[degree][0][:, [parameter]]
+    #             * filtration_weights[parameter]
+    #             / (
+    #                 normalize_scales[degree][parameter]
+    #                 if normalize_scales is not None
+    #                 else 1
+    #             )
+    #             for parameter in range(num_parameters)
+    #         ),
+    #         axis=1,
+    #     )
+    #     for degree in range(len(signed_measure))
+    # )
+    out = tuple(
+        (
+            signed_measure[degree][0]
+            * (1 if filtration_weights is None else filtration_weights.reshape(1, -1))
+            / (
+                normalize_scales[degree].reshape(1, -1)
+                if normalize_scales is not None
+                else 1
+            ),
+            signed_measure[degree][1],
+        )
+        for degree in range(len(signed_measure))
+    )
+    # for degree in range(len(out)):
+    #     for parameter in range(len(filtration_weights)):
+    #         out[degree][0][:, parameter] *= (
+    #             filtration_weights[parameter] / normalize_scales[degree][parameter]
+    #         )
+    return out
+
+
+class SignedMeasureFormatter(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    """
+    Input
+    -----
+
+    (data) x (degree) x (signed measure) or (data) x (axis) x (degree) x (signed measure)
+
+    Iterable[list[signed_measure_matrix of degree]] or Iterable[previous].
+
+    The second is meant to use multiple choices for signed measure input. An example of usage : they come from a Rips + Density with different bandwidth.
+    It is controlled by the axis parameter.
+
+    Output
+    ------
+
+    Iterable[list[(reweighted)_sparse_signed_measure of degree]]
+
+    or (deep format)
+
+    Tensor of shape (num_axis*num_degrees, data, max_num_pts, num_parameters)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filtrations_weights: Optional[Iterable[float]] = None,
+        normalize=False,
+        plot: bool = False,
+        unsparse: bool = False,
+        axis: int = -1,
+        resolution: int | Iterable[int] = 50,
+        flatten: bool = False,
+        deep_format: bool = False,
+        unrag: bool = True,
+        n_jobs: int = 1,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        integrate: bool = False,
+        grid_strategy="regular",
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.filtrations_weights = filtrations_weights
+        self.num_parameters: int = 0
+        self.plot = plot
+        self.unsparse = unsparse
+        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
+        self.axis = axis
+        self._num_axis = 0
+        self.resolution = resolution
+        self._filtrations_bounds = None
+        self.flatten = flatten
+        self.normalize = normalize
+        self._normalization_factors = None
+        self.deep_format = deep_format
+        self.unrag = unrag
+        assert (
+            not self.deep_format or not self.unsparse or not self.integrate
+        ), "One post processing at the time."
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self._num_degrees = 0
+        self.integrate = integrate
+        self.grid_strategy = grid_strategy
+        self._infered_grids = None
+        self._axis_iterator = None
+        self._backend = None
+        return
+
+    def _get_filtration_bounds(self, X, axis):
+        if self._backend == "numpy":
+            _cat = np.concatenate
+
+        else:
+            ## torch is globally imported
+            _cat = torch.cat
+        stuff = [
+            _cat(
+                [sm[axis][degree][0] for sm in X],
+                axis=0,
+            )
+            for degree in range(self._num_degrees)
+        ]
+        sizes_ = np.array([len(x) == 0 for x in stuff])
+        assert np.all(1 - sizes_), f"Degree axis {np.where(sizes_)} is/are trivial !"
+        if self._backend == "numpy":
+            filtrations_bounds = np.array(
+                [([f.min(axis=0), f.max(axis=0)]) for f in stuff]
+            )
+        else:
+            filtrations_bounds = torch.stack(
+                [
+                    torch.stack([f.min(axis=0).values, f.max(axis=0).values])
+                    for f in stuff
+                ]
+            ).detach()  ## don't want to rescale gradient of normalization
+        normalization_factors = (
+            filtrations_bounds[:, 1] - filtrations_bounds[:, 0]
+            if self.normalize
+            else None
+        )
+        # print("Normalization factors : ",self._normalization_factors)
+        if (normalization_factors == 0).any():
+            indices = normalization_factors == 0
+            # warn(f"Constant filtration encountered, at degree, parameter {indices} and axis {self.axis}.")
+            normalization_factors[indices] = 1
+        return filtrations_bounds, normalization_factors
+
+    def _plot_signed_measures(self, sms: Iterable[np.ndarray], size=4):
+        from multipers.plots import plot_signed_measure
+
+        num_degrees = len(sms[0])
+        num_imgs = len(sms)
+        fig, axes = plt.subplots(
+            ncols=num_degrees,
+            nrows=num_imgs,
+            figsize=(size * num_degrees, size * num_imgs),
+        )
+        axes = np.asarray(axes).reshape(num_imgs, num_degrees)
+        # assert axes.ndim==2, "Internal error"
+        for i, sm in enumerate(sms):
+            for j, sm_of_degree in enumerate(sm):
+                plot_signed_measure(sm_of_degree, ax=axes[i, j])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_sm(sm) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(sm, tuple)
+            and hasattr(sm[0], "ndim")
+            and sm[0].ndim == 2
+            and len(sm) == 2
+        )
+
+    def _check_axis(self, X):
+        # axes should be (num_data, num_axis, num_degrees, (signed_measure))
+        if len(X) == 0:
+            return
+        if len(X[0]) == 0:
+            return
+        if self._check_sm(X[0][0]):
+            self._has_axis = False
+            self._num_axis = 1
+            self._axis_iterator = [slice(None)]
+            return
+        assert (  ## vaguely checks that its a signed measure
+            self._check_sm(_sm := X[0][0][0])
+        ), f"Cannot take this input. # data, axis, degrees, sm.\n Got {_sm} of type {type(_sm)}"
+
+        self._has_axis = True
+        self._num_axis = len(X[0])
+        self._axis_iterator = range(self._num_axis) if self.axis == -1 else [self.axis]
+
+    def _check_backend(self, X):
+        if self._has_axis:
+            # data, axis, degrees, (pts, weights)
+            first_sm = X[0][0][0][0]
+        else:
+            first_sm = X[0][0][0]
+        if isinstance(first_sm, np.ndarray):
+            self._backend = "numpy"
+        else:
+            global torch
+            import torch
+
+            assert isinstance(first_sm, torch.Tensor)
+            self._backend = "pytorch"
+
+    def _check_measures(self, X):
+        if self._has_axis:
+            first_sm = X[0][0]
+        else:
+            first_sm = X[0]
+        self._num_degrees = len(first_sm)
+        self.num_parameters = first_sm[0][0].shape[1]
+
+    def _check_resolution(self):
+        assert self.num_parameters > 0, "Num parameters hasn't been initialized."
+        if isinstance(self.resolution, int):
+            self.resolution = [self.resolution] * self.num_parameters
+        self.resolution = np.asarray(self.resolution, dtype=int)
+        assert (
+            self.resolution.shape[0] == self.num_parameters
+        ), "Resolution doesn't have a proper size."
+
+    def _check_weights(self):
+        if self.filtrations_weights is None:
+            return
+        assert (
+            self.filtrations_weights.shape[0] == self.num_parameters
+        ), "Filtration weights don't have a proper size"
+
+    def _infer_grids(self, X):
+        # Computes normalization factors
+        if self.normalize:
+            # if self._has_axis and self.axis == -1:
+            self._filtrations_bounds = []
+            self._normalization_factors = []
+            for ax in self._axis_iterator:
+                (
+                    filtration_bounds,
+                    normalization_factors,
+                ) = self._get_filtration_bounds(X, axis=ax)
+                self._filtrations_bounds.append(filtration_bounds)
+                self._normalization_factors.append(normalization_factors)
+            # else:
+            #     (
+            #         self._filtrations_bounds,
+            #         self._normalization_factors,
+            #     ) = self._get_filtration_bounds(
+            #         X, axis=self._axis_iterator[0]
+            #     )  ## axis = slice(None)
+        elif self.integrate or self.unsparse or self.deep_format:
+            filtration_values = [
+                np.concatenate(
+                    [
+                        stuff
+                        if isinstance(stuff := x[ax][degree][0], np.ndarray)
+                        else stuff.detach().numpy()
+                        for x in X
+                        for degree in range(self._num_degrees)
+                    ]
+                )
+                for ax in self._axis_iterator
+            ]
+            # axis, filtration_values
+            filtration_values = [
+                reduce_grid(
+                    f_ax.T, resolution=self.resolution, strategy=self.grid_strategy
+                )
+                for f_ax in filtration_values
+            ]
+            self._infered_grids = filtration_values
+
+    def _print_stats(self, X):
+        print("------------SignedMeasureFormatter------------")
+        print("---- Parameters")
+        print(f"Number of axis : {self._num_axis}")
+        print(f"Number of degrees : {self._num_degrees}")
+        print(f"Filtration bounds : \n{self._filtrations_bounds}")
+        print(f"Normalization factor : \n{self._normalization_factors}")
+        if self._infered_grids is not None:
+            print(
+                f"Filtration grid shape : \n \
+                {tuple(tuple(len(f) for f in F) for F in self._infered_grids)}"
+            )
+        print("---- SM stats")
+        print("In axis :", self._num_axis)
+        sizes = [
+            [[len(xd[1]) for xd in x[ax]] for x in X] for ax in self._axis_iterator
+        ]
+        print(f"Size means (axis) x (degree): {np.mean(sizes, axis=(1))}")
+        print(f"Size std : {np.std(sizes, axis=(1))}")
+        print("----------------------------------------------")
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):
+        # Gets a grid. This will be the max in each coord+1
+        if (
+            len(X) == 0
+            or len(X[0]) == 0
+            or (self.axis is not None and len(X[0][0][0]) == 0)
+        ):
+            return self
+
+        self._check_axis(X)
+        self._check_backend(X)
+        self._check_measures(X)
+        self._check_resolution()
+        self._check_weights()
+        # if not sparse : not recommended.
+
+        self._infer_grids(X)
+        if self.verbose:
+            self._print_stats(X)
+        return self
+
+    def unsparse_signed_measure(self, sparse_signed_measure):
+        filtrations = self._infered_grids  # ax, filtration
+        out = []
+        for filtrations_of_ax, ax in zip(filtrations, self._axis_iterator, strict=True):
+            sparse_signed_measure_of_ax = sparse_signed_measure[ax]
+            measure_of_ax = []
+            for pts, weights in sparse_signed_measure_of_ax:  # over degree
+                signed_measure, _ = np.histogramdd(
+                    pts, bins=filtrations_of_ax, weights=weights
+                )
+                if self.flatten:
+                    signed_measure = signed_measure.flatten()
+                measure_of_ax.append(signed_measure)
+            out.append(np.asarray(measure_of_ax))
+
+        if self.flatten:
+            out = np.concatenate(out).flatten()
+        if self.axis == -1:
+            return np.asarray(out)
+        else:
+            return np.asarray(out)[0]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def deep_format_measure(signed_measure):
+        dirac_positions, dirac_signs = signed_measure
+        dtype = dirac_positions.dtype
+        new_shape = list(dirac_positions.shape)
+        new_shape[1] += 1
+        if isinstance(dirac_positions, np.ndarray):
+            c = np.empty(new_shape, dtype=dtype)
+            c[:, :-1] = dirac_positions
+            c[:, -1] = dirac_signs
+
+        else:
+            import torch
+
+            c = torch.empty(new_shape, dtype=dtype)
+            c[:, :-1] = dirac_positions
+            c[:, -1] = dirac_signs
+        return c
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integrate_measure(sm, filtrations):
+        from multipers.point_measure_integration import integrate_measure
+
+        return integrate_measure(sm[0], sm[1], filtrations)
+
+    def _rescale_measures(self, X):
+        def rescale_from_sparse(sparse_signed_measure):
+            if self.axis == -1 and self._has_axis:
+                return tuple(
+                    rescale_sparse_signed_measure(
+                        sparse_signed_measure[ax],
+                        filtration_weights=self.filtrations_weights,
+                        normalize_scales=n,
+                    )
+                    for ax, n in zip(
+                        self._axis_iterator, self._normalization_factors, strict=True
+                    )
+                )
+            return rescale_sparse_signed_measure(  ## axis iterator is of size 1 here
+                sparse_signed_measure,
+                filtration_weights=self.filtrations_weights,
+                normalize_scales=self._normalization_factors[0],
+            )
+
+        out = tuple(rescale_from_sparse(x) for x in X)
+        return out
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        if not self._has_axis or self.axis == -1:
+            out = X
+        else:
+            out = tuple(x[self.axis] for x in X)
+            # same format for everyone
+
+        if self._normalization_factors is not None:
+            out = self._rescale_measures(out)
+
+        if self.plot:
+            # assert ax != -1, "Not implemented"
+            self._plot_signed_measures(out)
+        if self.integrate:
+            filtrations = self._infered_grids
+            # if self.axis != -1:
+            ax = 0  # if self.axis is None else self.axis # TODO deal with axis -1
+
+            assert ax != -1, "Not implemented. Can only integrate with axis"
+            # try:
+            out = np.asarray(
+                [
+                    [
+                        self._integrate_measure(x[degree], filtrations=filtrations[ax])
+                        for degree in range(self._num_degrees)
+                    ]
+                    for x in out
+                ]
+            )
+            # except:
+            # print(self.axis, ax, filtrations)
+            if self.flatten:
+                out = out.reshape((len(X), -1))
+            # else:
+            # out = [[[self._integrate_measure(x[axis][degree],filtrations=filtrations[degree].T) for degree in range(self._num_degrees)] for axis in range(self._num_axis)] for x in out]
+        elif self.unsparse:
+            out = [self.unsparse_signed_measure(x) for x in out]
+        elif self.deep_format:
+            num_degrees = self._num_degrees
+            out = tuple(
+                tuple(self.deep_format_measure(sm[axis][degree]) for sm in out)
+                for degree in range(num_degrees)
+                for axis in self._axis_iterator
+            )
+            if self.unrag:
+                max_num_pts = np.max(
+                    [sm.shape[0] for sm_of_axis in out for sm in sm_of_axis]
+                )
+                num_axis_degree = len(out)
+                num_data = len(out[0])
+                assert num_axis_degree == num_degrees * (
+                    self._num_axis if self._has_axis else 1
+                ), f"Bad axis/degree count. Got {num_axis_degree} (Internal error)"
+                num_parameters = out[0][0].shape[1]
+                dtype = out[0][0].dtype
+                if isinstance(out[0][0], np.ndarray):
+                    from numpy import zeros
+                else:
+                    from torch import zeros
+                unragged_tensor = zeros(
+                    (
+                        num_axis_degree,
+                        num_data,
+                        max_num_pts,
+                        num_parameters,
+                    ),
+                    dtype=dtype,
+                )
+                for ax in range(num_axis_degree):
+                    for data in range(num_data):
+                        sm = out[ax][data]
+                        a, b = sm.shape
+                        unragged_tensor[ax, data, :a, :b] = sm
+                out = unragged_tensor
+        return out
+
+
+class SignedMeasure2Convolution(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    """
+    Discrete convolution of a signed measure
+
+    Input
+    -----
+
+    (data) x (degree) x (signed measure)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+     - filtration_grid : Iterable[array] For each filtration, the filtration values on which to evaluate the grid
+     - resolution : int or (num_parameter) : If filtration grid is not given, will infer a grid, with this resolution
+     - grid_strategy : the strategy to generate the grid. Available ones are regular, quantile, exact
+     - flatten : if true, the output will be flattened
+     - kernel : kernel to used to convolve the images.
+     - flatten : flatten the images if True
+     - progress : progress bar if True
+     - backend : sklearn, pykeops or numba.
+     - plot : Creates a plot Figure.
+
+    Output
+    ------
+
+    (data) x (concatenation of imgs of degree)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filtration_grid: Iterable[np.ndarray] = None,
+        kernel="gaussian",
+        bandwidth: float | Iterable[float] = 1.0,
+        flatten: bool = False,
+        n_jobs: int = 1,
+        resolution: int | None = None,
+        grid_strategy: str = "regular",
+        progress: bool = False,
+        backend: str = "pykeops",
+        plot: bool = False,
+        log_density: bool = False,
+        **kde_kwargs,
+        #   **kwargs ## DANGEROUS
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.kernel = kernel
+        self.bandwidth = bandwidth
+        # self.more_kde_kwargs=kwargs
+        self.filtration_grid = filtration_grid
+        self.flatten = flatten
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
+        self.resolution = resolution
+        self.grid_strategy = grid_strategy
+        self._is_input_sparse = None
+        self._refit = filtration_grid is None
+        self._input_resolution = None
+        self._bandwidths = None
+        self.diameter = None
+        self.backend = backend
+        self.plot = plot
+        self.log_density = log_density
+        self.kde_kwargs = kde_kwargs
+        return
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):
+        # Infers if the input is sparse given X
+        if len(X) == 0:
+            return self
+        if isinstance(X[0][0], tuple):
+            self._is_input_sparse = True
+        else:
+            self._is_input_sparse = False
+        # print(f"IMG output is set to {'sparse' if self.sparse else 'matrix'}")
+        if not self._is_input_sparse:
+            self._input_resolution = X[0][0].shape
+            try:
+                float(self.bandwidth)
+                b = float(self.bandwidth)
+                self._bandwidths = [
+                    b if b > 0 else -b * s for s in self._input_resolution
+                ]
+            except:
+                self._bandwidths = [
+                    b if b > 0 else -b * s
+                    for s, b in zip(self._input_resolution, self.bandwidth)
+                ]
+            return self  # in that case, singed measures are matrices, and the grid is already given
+
+        if self.filtration_grid is None and self.resolution is None:
+            raise Exception(
+                "Cannot infer filtration grid. Provide either a filtration grid or a resolution."
+            )
+        # If not sparse : a grid has to be defined
+        if self._refit:
+            # print("Fitting a grid...", end="")
+            pts = np.concatenate(
+                [sm[0] for signed_measures in X for sm in signed_measures]
+            ).T
+            self.filtration_grid = reduce_grid(
+                pts,
+                strategy=self.grid_strategy,
+                resolution=self.resolution,
+            )
+            # print('Done.')
+        if self.filtration_grid is not None:
+            self.diameter = np.linalg.norm(
+                [f.max() - f.min() for f in self.filtration_grid]
+            )
+            if self.progress:
+                print(f"Computed a diameter of {self.diameter}")
+        return self
+
+    def _sparsify(self, sm):
+        return tensor_möbius_inversion(input=sm, grid_conversion=self.filtration_grid)
+
+    def _sm2smi(self, signed_measures: Iterable[np.ndarray]):
+        # print(self._input_resolution, self.bandwidths, _bandwidths)
+        from scipy.ndimage import gaussian_filter
+
+        return np.concatenate(
+            [
+                gaussian_filter(
+                    input=signed_measure,
+                    sigma=self._bandwidths,
+                    mode="constant",
+                    cval=0,
+                )
+                for signed_measure in signed_measures
+            ],
+            axis=0,
+        )
+
+    def _transform_from_sparse(self, X):
+        bandwidth = (
+            self.bandwidth if self.bandwidth > 0 else -self.bandwidth * self.diameter
+        )
+        # COMPILE KEOPS FIRST
+        dummyx = [X[0]]
+        dummyf = [f[:2] for f in self.filtration_grid]
+        convolution_signed_measures(
+            dummyx,
+            filtrations=dummyf,
+            bandwidth=bandwidth,
+            flatten=self.flatten,
+            n_jobs=1,
+            kernel=self.kernel,
+            backend=self.backend,
+        )
+
+        return convolution_signed_measures(
+            X,
+            filtrations=self.filtration_grid,
+            bandwidth=bandwidth,
+            flatten=self.flatten,
+            n_jobs=self.n_jobs,
+            kernel=self.kernel,
+            backend=self.backend,
+            **self.kde_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _plot_imgs(self, imgs: Iterable[np.ndarray], size=4):
+        from multipers.plots import plot_surface
+
+        num_degrees = imgs[0].shape[0]
+        num_imgs = len(imgs)
+        fig, axes = plt.subplots(
+            ncols=num_degrees,
+            nrows=num_imgs,
+            figsize=(size * num_degrees, size * num_imgs),
+        )
+        axes = np.asarray(axes).reshape(num_imgs, num_degrees)
+        # assert axes.ndim==2, "Internal error"
+        for i, img in enumerate(imgs):
+            for j, img_of_degree in enumerate(img):
+                plot_surface(
+                    self.filtration_grid, img_of_degree, ax=axes[i, j], cmap="Spectral"
+                )
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        if self._is_input_sparse is None:
+            raise Exception("Fit first")
+        if self._is_input_sparse:
+            out = self._transform_from_sparse(X)
+        else:
+            todo = SignedMeasure2Convolution._sm2smi
+            out = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, backend="threading")(
+                delayed(todo)(self, signed_measures)
+                for signed_measures in tqdm(
+                    X, desc="Computing images", disable=not self.progress
+                )
+            )
+        if self.plot and not self.flatten:
+            if self.progress:
+                print("Plotting convolutions...", end="")
+            self._plot_imgs(out)
+            if self.progress:
+                print("Done !")
+        if self.flatten and not self._is_input_sparse:
+            out = [x.flatten() for x in out]
+        return np.asarray(out)
+
+
+class SignedMeasure2SlicedWassersteinDistance(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    """
+    Transformer from signed measure to distance matrix.
+
+    Input
+    -----
+
+    (data) x (degree) x (signed measure)
+
+    Format
+    ------
+    - a signed measure : tuple of array. (point position) : npts x (num_paramters) and weigths : npts
+    - each data is a list of signed measure (for e.g. multiple degrees)
+
+    Output
+    ------
+    - (degree) x (distance matrix)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        n_jobs=None,
+        num_directions: int = 10,
+        _sliced: bool = True,
+        epsilon=-1,
+        ground_norm=1,
+        progress=False,
+        grid_reconversion=None,
+        scales=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
+        self._SWD_list = None
+        self._sliced = _sliced
+        self.epsilon = epsilon
+        self.ground_norm = ground_norm
+        self.num_directions = num_directions
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.grid_reconversion = grid_reconversion
+        self.scales = scales
+        return
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):
+        from multipers.ml.sliced_wasserstein import (SlicedWassersteinDistance,
+                                                     WassersteinDistance)
+
+        # _DISTANCE = lambda : SlicedWassersteinDistance(num_directions=self.num_directions) if self._sliced else WassersteinDistance(epsilon=self.epsilon, ground_norm=self.ground_norm) # WARNING if _sliced is false, this distance is not CNSD
+        if len(X) == 0:
+            return self
+        num_degrees = len(X[0])
+        self._SWD_list = [
+            SlicedWassersteinDistance(
+                num_directions=self.num_directions,
+                n_jobs=self.n_jobs,
+                scales=self.scales,
+            )
+            if self._sliced
+            else WassersteinDistance(
+                epsilon=self.epsilon, ground_norm=self.ground_norm, n_jobs=self.n_jobs
+            )
+            for _ in range(num_degrees)
+        ]
+        for degree, swd in enumerate(self._SWD_list):
+            signed_measures_of_degree = [x[degree] for x in X]
+            swd.fit(signed_measures_of_degree)
+        return self
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        assert self._SWD_list is not None, "Fit first"
+        # out = []
+        # for degree, swd in tqdm(enumerate(self._SWD_list), desc="Computing distance matrices", total=len(self._SWD_list), disable= not self.progress):
+        with tqdm(
+            enumerate(self._SWD_list),
+            desc="Computing distance matrices",
+            total=len(self._SWD_list),
+            disable=not self.progress,
+        ) as SWD_it:
+            # signed_measures_of_degree = [x[degree] for x in X]
+            # out.append(swd.transform(signed_measures_of_degree))
+            def todo(swd, X_of_degree):
+                return swd.transform(X_of_degree)
+
+            out = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, prefer="threads")(
+                delayed(todo)(swd, [x[degree] for x in X]) for degree, swd in SWD_it
+            )
+            return np.asarray(out)
+
+    def predict(self, X):
+        return self.transform(X)
+
+
+class SignedMeasures2SlicedWassersteinDistances(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    """
+    Transformer from signed measure to distance matrix.
+    Input
+    -----
+    (data) x opt (axis) x (degree) x (signed measure)
+
+    Format
+    ------
+    - a signed measure : tuple of array. (point position) : npts x (num_paramters) and weigths : npts
+    - each data is a list of signed measure (for e.g. multiple degrees)
+
+    Output
+    ------
+    - (axis) x (degree) x (distance matrix)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        progress=False,
+        n_jobs: int = 1,
+        scales: Iterable[Iterable[float]] | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):  # same init
+        self._init_child = SignedMeasure2SlicedWassersteinDistance(
+            progress=False, scales=None, n_jobs=-1, **kwargs
+        )
+        self._axe_iterator = None
+        self._childs_to_fit = None
+        self.scales = scales
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
+        return
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):
+        from sklearn.base import clone
+
+        if len(X) == 0:
+            return self
+        if isinstance(X[0][0], tuple):  # Meaning that there are no axes
+            self._axe_iterator = [slice(None)]
+        else:
+            self._axe_iterator = range(len(X[0]))
+        if self.scales is None:
+            self.scales = [None]
+        else:
+            self.scales = np.asarray(self.scales)
+            if self.scales.ndim == 1:
+                self.scales = np.asarray([self.scales])
+        assert (
+            self.scales[0] is None or self.scales.ndim == 2
+        ), "Scales have to be either None or a list of scales !"
+        self._childs_to_fit = [
+            clone(self._init_child).set_params(scales=scales).fit([x[axis] for x in X])
+            for axis, scales in product(self._axe_iterator, self.scales)
+        ]
+        print("New axes : ", list(product(self._axe_iterator, self.scales)))
+        return self
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        return Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, prefer="processes")(
+            delayed(self._childs_to_fit[child_id].transform)([x[axis] for x in X])
+            for child_id, (axis, _) in tqdm(
+                enumerate(product(self._axe_iterator, self.scales)),
+                desc=f"Computing distances matrices of axis, and scales",
+                disable=not self.progress,
+                total=len(self._childs_to_fit),
+            )
+        )
+        # [
+        # child.transform([x[axis // len(self.scales)] for x in X])
+        # for axis, child in tqdm(enumerate(self._childs_to_fit),
+        # desc=f"Computing distances of axis", disable=not self.progress, total=len(self._childs_to_fit)
+        # )
+        # ]
+
+
+class SimplexTree2RectangleDecomposition(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    """
+    Transformer. 2 parameter SimplexTrees to their respective rectangle decomposition.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filtration_grid: np.ndarray,
+        degrees: Iterable[int],
+        plot=False,
+        reconvert_grid=True,
+        num_collapses: int = 0,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.filtration_grid = filtration_grid
+        self.degrees = degrees
+        self.plot = plot
+        self.reconvert_grid = reconvert_grid
+        self.num_collapses = num_collapses
+        return
+
+    def fit(self, X, y=None):
+        """
+        TODO : infer grid from multiple simplextrees
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def transform(self, X: Iterable[mp.simplex_tree_multi.SimplexTreeMulti_type]):
+        rectangle_decompositions = [
+            [
+                _st2ranktensor(
+                    simplextree,
+                    filtration_grid=self.filtration_grid,
+                    degree=degree,
+                    plot=self.plot,
+                    reconvert_grid=self.reconvert_grid,
+                    num_collapse=self.num_collapses,
+                )
+                for degree in self.degrees
+            ]
+            for simplextree in X
+        ]
+        # TODO : return iterator ?
+        return rectangle_decompositions
+
+
+def _st2ranktensor(
+    st: mp.simplex_tree_multi.SimplexTreeMulti_type,
+    filtration_grid: np.ndarray,
+    degree: int,
+    plot: bool,
+    reconvert_grid: bool,
+    num_collapse: int | str = 0,
+):
+    """
+    TODO
+    """
+    # Copy (the squeeze change the filtration values)
+    # stcpy = mp.SimplexTreeMulti(st)
+    # turns the simplextree into a coordinate simplex tree
+    stcpy = st.grid_squeeze(filtration_grid=filtration_grid, coordinate_values=True)
+    # stcpy.collapse_edges(num=100, strong = True, ignore_warning=True)
+    if num_collapse == "full":
+        stcpy.collapse_edges(full=True, ignore_warning=True, max_dimension=degree + 1)
+    elif isinstance(num_collapse, int):
+        stcpy.collapse_edges(
+            num=num_collapse, ignore_warning=True, max_dimension=degree + 1
+        )
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Invalid num_collapse=\
+            {num_collapse} type. Either full, or an integer."
+        )
+    # computes the rank invariant tensor
+    rank_tensor = mp.rank_invariant2d(
+        stcpy, degree=degree, grid_shape=[len(f) for f in filtration_grid]
+    )
+    # refactor this tensor into the rectangle decomposition of the signed betti
+    grid_conversion = filtration_grid if reconvert_grid else None
+    rank_decomposition = rank_decomposition_by_rectangles(
+        rank_tensor,
+        threshold=True,
+    )
+    rectangle_decomposition = tensor_möbius_inversion(
+        tensor=rank_decomposition,
+        grid_conversion=grid_conversion,
+        plot=plot,
+        num_parameters=st.num_parameters,
+    )
+    return rectangle_decomposition
+
+
+class DegreeRips2SignedMeasure(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        degrees: Iterable[int],
+        min_rips_value: float,
+        max_rips_value,
+        max_normalized_degree: float,
+        min_normalized_degree: float,
+        grid_granularity: int,
+        progress: bool = False,
+        n_jobs=1,
+        sparse: bool = False,
+        _möbius_inversion=True,
+        fit_fraction=1,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.min_rips_value = min_rips_value
+        self.max_rips_value = max_rips_value
+        self.min_normalized_degree = min_normalized_degree
+        self.max_normalized_degree = max_normalized_degree
+        self._max_rips_value = None
+        self.grid_granularity = grid_granularity
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.n_jobs = n_jobs
+        self.degrees = degrees
+        self.sparse = sparse
+        self._möbius_inversion = _möbius_inversion
+        self.fit_fraction = fit_fraction
+        return
+
+    def fit(self, X: np.ndarray | list, y=None):
+        if self.max_rips_value < 0:
+            print("Estimating scale...", flush=True, end="")
+            indices = np.random.choice(
+                len(X), min(len(X), int(self.fit_fraction * len(X)) + 1), replace=False
+            )
+            diameters = np.max(
+                [distance_matrix(x, x).max() for x in (X[i] for i in indices)]
+            )
+            print(f"Done. {diameters}", flush=True)
+        self._max_rips_value = (
+            -self.max_rips_value * diameters
+            if self.max_rips_value < 0
+            else self.max_rips_value
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def _transform1(self, data: np.ndarray):
+        _distance_matrix = distance_matrix(data, data)
+        signed_measures = []
+        (
+            rips_values,
+            normalized_degree_values,
+            hilbert_functions,
+            minimal_presentations,
+        ) = hf_degree_rips(
+            _distance_matrix,
+            min_rips_value=self.min_rips_value,
+            max_rips_value=self._max_rips_value,
+            min_normalized_degree=self.min_normalized_degree,
+            max_normalized_degree=self.max_normalized_degree,
+            grid_granularity=self.grid_granularity,
+            max_homological_dimension=np.max(self.degrees),
+        )
+        for degree in self.degrees:
+            hilbert_function = hilbert_functions[degree]
+            signed_measure = (
+                signed_betti(hilbert_function, threshold=True)
+                if self._möbius_inversion
+                else hilbert_function
+            )
+            if self.sparse:
+                signed_measure = tensor_möbius_inversion(
+                    tensor=signed_measure,
+                    num_parameters=2,
+                    grid_conversion=[rips_values, normalized_degree_values],
+                )
+            if not self._möbius_inversion:
+                signed_measure = signed_measure.flatten()
+            signed_measures.append(signed_measure)
+        return signed_measures
+
+    def transform(self, X):
+        return Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)(
+            delayed(self._transform1)(data)
+            for data in tqdm(X, desc=f"Computing DegreeRips, of degrees {self.degrees}")
+        )
+
+
+def tensor_möbius_inversion(
+    tensor,
+    grid_conversion: Iterable[np.ndarray] | None = None,
+    plot: bool = False,
+    raw: bool = False,
+    num_parameters: int | None = None,
+):
+    from torch import Tensor
+
+    betti_sparse = Tensor(tensor.copy()).to_sparse()  # Copy necessary in some cases :(
+    num_indices, num_pts = betti_sparse.indices().shape
+    num_parameters = num_indices if num_parameters is None else num_parameters
+    if num_indices == num_parameters:  # either hilbert or rank invariant
+        rank_invariant = False
+    elif 2 * num_parameters == num_indices:
+        rank_invariant = True
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Unsupported betti shape. {num_indices}\
+            has to be either {num_parameters} or \
+            {2*num_parameters}."
+        )
+    points_filtration = np.asarray(betti_sparse.indices().T, dtype=int)
+    weights = np.asarray(betti_sparse.values(), dtype=int)
+
+    if grid_conversion is not None:
+        coords = np.empty(shape=(num_pts, num_indices), dtype=float)
+        for i in range(num_indices):
+            coords[:, i] = grid_conversion[i % num_parameters][points_filtration[:, i]]
+    else:
+        coords = points_filtration
+    if (not rank_invariant) and plot:
+        plt.figure()
+        color_weights = np.empty(weights.shape)
+        color_weights[weights > 0] = np.log10(weights[weights > 0]) + 2
+        color_weights[weights < 0] = -np.log10(-weights[weights < 0]) - 2
+        plt.scatter(
+            points_filtration[:, 0],
+            points_filtration[:, 1],
+            c=color_weights,
+            cmap="coolwarm",
+        )
+    if (not rank_invariant) or raw:
+        return coords, weights
+
+    def _is_trivial(rectangle: np.ndarray):
+        birth = rectangle[:num_parameters]
+        death = rectangle[num_parameters:]
+        return np.all(birth <= death)  # and not np.array_equal(birth,death)
+
+    correct_indices = np.array([_is_trivial(rectangle) for rectangle in coords])
+    if len(correct_indices) == 0:
+        return np.empty((0, num_indices)), np.empty((0))
+    signed_measure = np.asarray(coords[correct_indices])
+    weights = weights[correct_indices]
+    if plot:
+        # plot only the rank decompo for the moment
+        assert signed_measure.shape[1] == 4
+
+        def _plot_rectangle(rectangle: np.ndarray, weight: float):
+            x_axis = rectangle[[0, 2]]
+            y_axis = rectangle[[1, 3]]
+            color = "blue" if weight > 0 else "red"
+            plt.plot(x_axis, y_axis, c=color)
+
+        for rectangle, weight in zip(signed_measure, weights):
+            _plot_rectangle(rectangle=rectangle, weight=weight)
+    return signed_measure, weights