mssql-python 1.16.0__cp315-cp315-win_arm64.whl

mssql_python/cursor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4188 @@
+"""
+Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+Licensed under the MIT license.
+This module contains the Cursor class, which represents a database cursor.
+Resource Management:
+- Cursors are tracked by their parent connection.
+- Closing the connection will automatically close all open cursors.
+- Do not use a cursor after it is closed, or after its parent connection is closed.
+- Use close() to release resources held by the cursor as soon as it is no longer needed.
+"""
+
+# pylint: disable=too-many-lines  # Large file due to comprehensive DB-API 2.0 implementation
+
+import decimal
+import logging
+import uuid
+import datetime
+import warnings
+from typing import List, Mapping, Union, Any, Optional, Tuple, Sequence, TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable
+from mssql_python.constants import ConstantsDDBC as ddbc_sql_const, SQLTypes
+from mssql_python.helpers import check_error, connstr_to_pycore_params
+from mssql_python.logging import logger
+from mssql_python import ddbc_bindings
+from mssql_python.exceptions import (
+    InterfaceError,
+    NotSupportedError,
+    ProgrammingError,
+    OperationalError,
+    DatabaseError,
+)
+from mssql_python.row import Row
+from mssql_python.perf_timer import perf_phase
+from mssql_python import get_settings
+from mssql_python.parameter_helper import (
+    detect_and_convert_parameters,
+    parse_pyformat_params,
+    convert_pyformat_to_qmark,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pyarrow  # type: ignore
+    from mssql_python.connection import Connection
+else:
+    pyarrow = None
+
+# Constants for string handling
+MAX_INLINE_CHAR: int = (
+    4000  # NVARCHAR/VARCHAR inline limit; this triggers NVARCHAR(MAX)/VARCHAR(MAX) + DAE
+)
+SMALLMONEY_MIN: decimal.Decimal = decimal.Decimal("-214748.3648")
+SMALLMONEY_MAX: decimal.Decimal = decimal.Decimal("214748.3647")
+MONEY_MIN: decimal.Decimal = decimal.Decimal("-922337203685477.5808")
+MONEY_MAX: decimal.Decimal = decimal.Decimal("922337203685477.5807")
+# SQL BIGINT is a signed 64-bit integer. Ints outside this range have no BIGINT
+# encoding and must be rejected at detect time on both paths (see _map_sql_type).
+BIGINT_MIN: int = -(2**63)
+BIGINT_MAX: int = 2**63 - 1
+ODBC3_TEMPORAL_SQL_TYPES = {
+    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DATE.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_DATE.value,
+    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TIME.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIME.value,
+    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TIMESTAMP.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value,
+}
+
+
+def _string_only_output_converter(converter):
+    """Gate fallback conversion on the fetched value, not its column metadata."""
+
+    def convert(value):
+        if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
+            return converter(value)
+        return value
+
+    return convert
+
+
+def _normalize_time_param(value, c_type):
+    """Convert a datetime.time to its isoformat string when bound via text C-types.
+
+    Returns the isoformat string if conversion applies, otherwise *None*.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, datetime.time) and c_type in (
+        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+    ):
+        return value.isoformat(timespec="microseconds")
+    return None
+
+
+class _ArrowReader:
+    """RecordBatchReader-compatible wrapper that makes ``close()`` actually
+    release server-side resources.
+
+    ``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader.from_batches(...)`` returns a reader whose
+    ``close()`` only releases the internal ArrowArrayStream — it does **not**
+    propagate into the underlying Python generator and does **not** stop the
+    server-side ODBC cursor.  This wrapper closes that gap.
+
+    Interoperability: this class exposes ``__arrow_c_stream__`` (Arrow
+    PyCapsule Protocol, pyarrow >= 14), so Arrow-aware consumers
+    (``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader.from_stream``, ``polars.from_arrow``,
+    ``duckdb.from_arrow``, etc.) can accept it directly without any
+    ``isinstance(x, pyarrow.RecordBatchReader)`` check.  Subclassing
+    ``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader`` (a Cython extension type) isn't a viable
+    alternative because its ``from_batches`` factory returns the base class
+    regardless of the subclass, ``__class__`` reassignment is rejected on
+    Cython types, and instances cannot hold arbitrary Python attributes —
+    so a subclass could not carry the cursor/generator refs this wrapper
+    needs for cancellation semantics.
+
+    Design (optimized):
+      * The Python generator backing the reader carries its own ``try/finally``
+        block — so server-side cleanup runs symmetrically whether the user
+        exhausts the reader, calls ``close()`` mid-iteration, exits a ``with``
+        block, or just lets the reader be garbage-collected.  ``close()``
+        itself only has to (a) call ``SQLCancel`` to unblock any fetch in
+        flight on another thread and (b) close the generator; the
+        ``finally`` clause does the rest.
+      * ``SQLCancel`` is called *before* ``SQLFreeStmt(SQL_CLOSE)`` so a fetch
+        running on another thread returns cleanly first.  ``SQLCancel`` is
+        the single ODBC entry point (with the diag-record functions) that the
+        spec marks as safe to call from a different thread than the one
+        owning the statement.
+      * Cancellation/error diagnostics are drained before closing the cursor.
+        Natural exhaustion uses the native fetch's captured diagnostics; a
+        drain after close picks up anything ``SQL_CLOSE`` itself emits.
+      * Cached ``pyarrow.ArrowInvalid`` avoids per-read imports on the
+        post-close error path.
+      * ``__del__`` is guarded against interpreter finalization.
+      * The public method surface is *delegated* to the inner pyarrow reader
+        via ``__getattr__`` rather than hand-enumerated: any method pyarrow
+        provides (``read_all``, ``read_pandas``, ``cast``, ``schema``,
+        ``read_next_batch``, and anything added by future pyarrow
+        versions) transparently forwards.  Only the methods the wrapper
+        genuinely intercepts stay explicit: ``close``, ``closed``,
+        ``__arrow_c_stream__``, ``__iter__``/``__next__``,
+        ``__enter__``/``__exit__``, ``__del__``.
+
+    The parent ``Cursor`` is **not** closed; it remains fully usable.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_cursor",
+        "_inner",
+        "_generator",
+        "_closed",
+        "_arrow_invalid",
+        "_close_requested",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cursor: "Cursor",
+        inner: "pyarrow.RecordBatchReader",
+        generator,
+        arrow_invalid_exc: type,
+        close_requested: list[bool],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._cursor = cursor
+        self._inner = inner
+        self._generator = generator
+        self._closed = False
+        self._close_requested = close_requested
+        # Cache the exception class so post-close reads in a hot loop don't
+        # re-import pyarrow.
+        self._arrow_invalid = arrow_invalid_exc
+
+    # ── Public surface mirroring pyarrow.RecordBatchReader ────────────────
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """True once ``close()`` has been called."""
+        return self._closed
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        """Delegate any attribute we don't explicitly define to the inner
+        ``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader``.
+
+        Rationale: enumerating pyarrow's surface by hand was fragile —
+        methods like ``read_all()``, ``read_pandas()``, and ``cast()`` were
+        silently missing, breaking existing user code on upgrade, and every
+        future addition to ``RecordBatchReader`` would repeat the same
+        regression.  ``__getattr__`` is only invoked when normal attribute
+        lookup fails, so our explicit overrides (``close``, ``closed``,
+        ``__arrow_c_stream__``, iteration and context-manager protocols)
+        always win; everything else falls through to the wrapped reader.
+
+        Private / dunder names (leading ``_``) are refused so that a
+        partially-constructed instance during ``__del__`` cannot recurse
+        forever trying to resolve its own slot names via ``self._inner``.
+
+        Post-close access raises ``pyarrow.ArrowInvalid`` to match the
+        behaviour of the explicit ``__next__`` / ``__arrow_c_stream__``
+        methods — a reader that has been marked closed must not delegate
+        even if a retry-pending state still holds ``self._inner``.
+        """
+        if name.startswith("_"):
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        if self._closed:
+            raise self._arrow_invalid("Reader is closed")
+        return getattr(self._inner, name)
+
+    def __arrow_c_stream__(self, requested_schema=None):
+        """Arrow PyCapsule Protocol — export as an Arrow C stream.
+
+        Implements the Arrow PyCapsule Protocol for streams (pyarrow >= 14),
+        so this wrapper can be consumed by any Arrow-compatible library
+        (``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader.from_stream``, ``polars.from_arrow``,
+        ``duckdb.from_arrow``, ``pandas.api.interchange.from_dataframe`` for
+        streams, etc.) without an ``isinstance(x, pa.RecordBatchReader)``
+        check.  See
+        https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/CDataInterface/PyCapsuleInterface.html
+
+        Note: once the capsule has been consumed by the caller, the
+        underlying pyarrow reader's internal C stream is transferred out;
+        further calls to ``read_next_batch()`` on this wrapper will fail
+        with ``ArrowInvalid``.  That mirrors pyarrow's own semantics.
+        """
+        if self._closed:
+            raise self._arrow_invalid("Reader is closed")
+        # Delegate to the inner pyarrow reader.  pyarrow >= 14 exposes
+        # ``__arrow_c_stream__`` directly on ``RecordBatchReader``; older
+        # versions do not implement the protocol.  Fail explicitly rather
+        # than silently returning something invalid.
+        inner_export = getattr(self._inner, "__arrow_c_stream__", None)
+        if inner_export is None:
+            raise self._arrow_invalid(
+                "Arrow PyCapsule Protocol requires pyarrow>=14; "
+                "the installed pyarrow version does not expose "
+                "RecordBatchReader.__arrow_c_stream__."
+            )
+        return inner_export(requested_schema)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise self._arrow_invalid("Reader is closed")
+        return self._inner.read_next_batch()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise self._arrow_invalid("Reader is closed")
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        return False
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        # Best-effort cleanup if the user never called close() (or a previous
+        # close() attempt failed to release the generator and left cleanup
+        # incomplete) and the reader is being garbage-collected.  Skip during
+        # interpreter shutdown — the module globals (pyarrow, ddbc_bindings)
+        # may already be torn down, and touching native code at that point is
+        # unsafe.
+        try:
+            import sys as _sys
+
+            if _sys.is_finalizing():
+                return
+            # Retry whenever the generator is still referenced — covers both
+            # "user never called close()" and "earlier close() raised before
+            # the generator was released".
+            if getattr(self, "_generator", None) is not None:
+                self.close()
+        except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            pass
+
+    # ── Close implementation ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Synchronously stop fetching, release the server-side cursor, and
+        reset parent-cursor bookkeeping.  Idempotent **and retry-safe**:
+        if a previous call raised before the generator was released (for
+        example because another thread was still executing it and
+        ``generator.close()`` raised ``ValueError: generator already
+        executing``), subsequent calls will pick up where the failed call
+        left off rather than silently no-op'ing.
+
+        Most of the actual cleanup work lives in the generator's ``finally``
+        clause (see ``Cursor.arrow_reader``); this method just unblocks any
+        in-flight fetch and closes the generator, which triggers that
+        ``finally`` block.
+        """
+        # Fast path: cleanup already completed on a previous call.  We use
+        # the *generator* reference — not ``_closed`` — as the completion
+        # marker, because ``_closed`` is flipped early (so racing reads
+        # raise) and must not by itself disable retry of failed cleanup.
+        if self._generator is None and self._cursor is None:
+            self._closed = True
+            return
+
+        # Mark closed first so any racing read raises immediately, even if
+        # the cleanup steps below fail and we end up retried later.
+        self._closed = True
+        self._close_requested[0] = True
+
+        # SQLCancel (cross-thread safe) — unblocks a fetch running on another
+        # thread so that the generator's finally clause can then run
+        # SQLFreeStmt(SQL_CLOSE) without risking the undefined-behaviour
+        # window of closing an HSTMT mid-fetch.  Safe no-op for an idle stmt.
+        cursor = self._cursor
+        if cursor is not None and not cursor.closed and cursor.hstmt is not None:
+            try:
+                cursor.hstmt._cancel()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                logger.debug("arrow_reader.close: SQLCancel raised: %s", e)
+
+        # Close the generator — this raises GeneratorExit inside it, which
+        # runs the try/finally cleanup block (SQLFreeStmt + diag drain +
+        # cursor bookkeeping reset).  If close() raises and the generator is
+        # still alive (e.g. another thread is currently executing it), keep
+        # the reference so a subsequent close() / __del__ can retry; only
+        # drop refs once the generator is actually dead.
+        gen = self._generator
+        if gen is not None:
+            try:
+                gen.close()
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                logger.debug("arrow_reader.close: generator.close raised: %s", e)
+                if getattr(gen, "gi_frame", None) is not None:
+                    # Generator still alive — leave _generator (and _cursor,
+                    # so the next retry can re-issue SQLCancel) intact.
+                    return
+            self._generator = None
+
+        # Drop strong refs so the wrapper does not extend the lifetime of
+        # the parent Cursor or the inner pyarrow reader.
+        self._cursor = None
+        self._inner = None
+
+
+class Cursor:  # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes,too-many-public-methods
+    """
+    Represents a database cursor, which is used to manage the context of a fetch operation.
+
+    Attributes:
+        connection: Database connection object.
+        description: Sequence of 7-item sequences describing one result column.
+        rowcount: Number of rows produced or affected by the last execute operation.
+        arraysize: Number of rows to fetch at a time with fetchmany().
+        rownumber: Track the current row index in the result set.
+
+    Methods:
+        __init__(connection_str) -> None.
+        callproc(procname, parameters=None) ->
+            Modified copy of the input sequence with output parameters.
+        close() -> None.
+        execute(operation, parameters=None) -> Cursor.
+        executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters) -> None.
+        fetchone() -> Single sequence or None if no more data is available.
+        fetchmany(size=None) -> Sequence of sequences (e.g. list of tuples).
+        fetchall() -> Sequence of sequences (e.g. list of tuples).
+        nextset() -> True if there is another result set, None otherwise.
+        next() -> Fetch the next row from the cursor.
+        setinputsizes(sizes) -> None.
+        setoutputsize(size, column=None) -> None.
+    """
+
+    # TODO(jathakkar): Thread safety considerations
+    # The cursor class contains methods that are not thread-safe due to:
+    #  1. Methods that mutate cursor state (_reset_cursor, self.description, etc.)
+    #  2. Methods that call ODBC functions with shared handles (self.hstmt)
+    #
+    # These methods should be properly synchronized or redesigned when implementing
+    # async functionality to prevent race conditions and data corruption.
+    # Consider using locks, redesigning for immutability, or ensuring
+    # cursor objects are never shared across threads.
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: "Connection", timeout: int = 0) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize the cursor with a database connection.
+
+        Args:
+            connection: Database connection object.
+            timeout: Query timeout in seconds
+        """
+        # Establish the close() invariant *first*, before any statement that
+        # can raise (notably ``_initialize_cursor`` below).  Setting
+        # ``closed=False`` (not True) up front means that if ``__init__``
+        # fails partway — even after ``hstmt`` was allocated — a subsequent
+        # ``close()`` / ``__del__`` will still see a consistent view and
+        # correctly release whatever was allocated.  Pairing it with
+        # ``hstmt=None`` keeps ``close()`` safe when allocation fails before
+        # an HSTMT exists.
+        self.closed: bool = False
+        self.hstmt: Optional[Any] = None
+
+        self._connection: "Connection" = connection  # Store as private attribute
+        self._timeout: int = timeout
+        self._inputsizes: Optional[List[Tuple[int, int, int, int]]] = None
+        # self.connection.autocommit = False
+        self._initialize_cursor()
+        self.description: Optional[
+            List[
+                Tuple[
+                    str,
+                    Any,
+                    Optional[int],
+                    Optional[int],
+                    Optional[int],
+                    Optional[int],
+                    Optional[bool],
+                ]
+            ]
+        ] = None
+        self.rowcount: int = -1
+        self.arraysize: int = (
+            1  # Default number of rows to fetch at a time is 1, user can change it
+        )
+        self.buffer_length: int = 1024  # Default buffer length for string data
+        self._result_set_empty: bool = False  # Add this initialization
+        self.last_executed_stmt: str = ""  # Stores the last statement executed by this cursor
+        self.is_stmt_prepared: List[bool] = [
+            False
+        ]  # Indicates if last_executed_stmt was prepared by ddbc shim.
+        # Is a list instead of a bool coz bools in Python are immutable.
+        # Hence, we can't pass around bools by reference & modify them.
+        # Therefore, it must be a list with exactly one bool element.
+
+        self._rownumber = -1  # DB-API extension: last returned row index, -1 before first
+
+        # Column-name -> index map for the current result set. For catalog/metadata
+        # result sets this also carries lowercase and friendly aliases (see
+        # _prepare_metadata_result_set).
+        self._cached_column_map = None
+        self._cached_column_map_lower = None
+        self._cached_converter_map = None
+        self._cached_converters_generation = self._connection._converters_generation
+        # Canonical, order-preserving column names snapshotted once per result set
+        # and handed to each Row so mapping views never read the live cursor.description
+        # (which changes when the cursor is reused for another query). _result_columns_src
+        # tracks the self.description identity the snapshot was built from, so a new
+        # result set rebuilds it exactly once.
+        self._cached_result_columns = None
+        self._result_columns_src = None
+        # Raw ODBC SQL type codes (from SQLDescribeCol) per column, parallel to
+        # self.description. Kept so output-converter dispatch can key on the integer
+        # ODBC SQL type code (pyodbc-compatible), not just the mapped Python type. See #684.
+        self._column_sql_types = None
+        self._uuid_str_indices = None  # Pre-computed UUID column indices for str conversion
+        # Cache the effective native_uuid setting for this cursor's connection.
+        # Resolution order: connection._native_uuid (if not None) → module-level setting.
+        self._conn_native_uuid = getattr(self.connection, "_native_uuid", None)
+        self._next_row_index = 0  # internal: index of the next row the driver will return (0-based)
+        self._has_result_set = False  # Track if we have an active result set
+        self._refresh_decoding_cache()
+        self._skip_increment_for_next_fetch = (
+            False  # Track if we need to skip incrementing the row index
+        )
+        self.messages: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []  # Store diagnostic messages
+
+    def _is_unicode_string(self, param: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if a string contains non-ASCII characters.
+
+        Args:
+            param: The string to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the string contains non-ASCII characters, False otherwise.
+        """
+        return not param.isascii()
+
+    def _parse_date(self, param: str) -> Optional[datetime.date]:
+        """
+        Attempt to parse a string as a date.
+
+        Args:
+            param: The string to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            A datetime.date object if parsing is successful, else None.
+        """
+        formats = ["%Y-%m-%d"]
+        for fmt in formats:
+            try:
+                return datetime.datetime.strptime(param, fmt).date()
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+        return None
+
+    def _parse_datetime(self, param: str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
+        """
+        Attempt to parse a string as a datetime, smalldatetime, datetime2, timestamp.
+
+        Args:
+            param: The string to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            A datetime.datetime object if parsing is successful, else None.
+        """
+        formats = [
+            "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f",  # ISO 8601 datetime with fractional seconds
+            "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",  # ISO 8601 datetime
+            "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # Datetime with fractional seconds
+            "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # Datetime without fractional seconds
+        ]
+        for fmt in formats:
+            try:
+                return datetime.datetime.strptime(param, fmt)  # Valid datetime
+            except ValueError:
+                continue  # Try next format
+
+        return None  # If all formats fail, return None
+
+    def _parse_time(self, param: str) -> Optional[datetime.time]:
+        """
+        Attempt to parse a string as a time.
+
+        Args:
+            param: The string to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            A datetime.time object if parsing is successful, else None.
+        """
+        formats = [
+            "%H:%M:%S",  # Time only
+            "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # Time with fractional seconds
+        ]
+        for fmt in formats:
+            try:
+                return datetime.datetime.strptime(param, fmt).time()
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+        return None
+
+    def _get_numeric_data(self, param: decimal.Decimal) -> Any:
+        """
+        Get the data for a numeric parameter.
+
+        Args:
+            param: The numeric parameter.
+
+        Returns:
+            numeric_data: A NumericData struct containing
+            the numeric data.
+        """
+        decimal_as_tuple = param.as_tuple()
+        digits_tuple = decimal_as_tuple.digits
+        num_digits = len(digits_tuple)
+        exponent = decimal_as_tuple.exponent
+
+        # NaN / sNaN / Infinity report a string exponent ('n', 'N', 'F') instead of an
+        # int. There is no SQL NUMERIC encoding for them, so refuse here rather than
+        # falling through to precision=38 and letting the digit packing below emit a
+        # silent zero. The native detection path raises ValueError for the same input.
+        if isinstance(exponent, str):
+            raise ValueError("Cannot bind non-finite Decimal (NaN/Infinity) as SQL NUMERIC")
+
+        # Calculate the SQL precision & scale
+        #   precision = no. of significant digits
+        #   scale     = no. digits after decimal point
+        if exponent >= 0:
+            # digits=314, exp=2 ---> '31400' --> precision=5, scale=0
+            precision = num_digits + exponent
+            scale = 0
+        elif (-1 * exponent) <= num_digits:
+            # digits=3140, exp=-3 ---> '3.140' --> precision=4, scale=3
+            precision = num_digits
+            scale = exponent * -1
+        else:
+            # digits=3140, exp=-5 ---> '0.03140' --> precision=5, scale=5
+            # TODO: double check the precision calculation here with SQL documentation
+            precision = exponent * -1
+            scale = exponent * -1
+
+        if precision > 38:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Precision of the numeric value is too high - "
+                + str(param)
+                + ". Should be less than or equal to 38"
+            )
+        Numeric_Data = ddbc_bindings.NumericData
+        numeric_data = Numeric_Data()
+        numeric_data.scale = scale
+        numeric_data.precision = precision
+        numeric_data.sign = 1 if decimal_as_tuple.sign == 0 else 0
+        # strip decimal point from param & convert the significant digits to integer
+        # Ex: 12.34 ---> 1234
+        int_str = "".join(str(d) for d in digits_tuple)
+        if exponent > 0:
+            int_str = int_str + ("0" * exponent)
+        elif exponent < 0:
+            if -exponent > num_digits:
+                int_str = ("0" * (-exponent - num_digits)) + int_str
+
+        if int_str == "":
+            int_str = "0"
+
+        # Convert decimal base-10 string to python int, then to 16 little-endian bytes
+        big_int = int(int_str)
+        byte_array = bytearray(16)  # SQL_MAX_NUMERIC_LEN
+        for i in range(16):
+            byte_array[i] = big_int & 0xFF
+            big_int >>= 8
+            if big_int == 0:
+                break
+
+        numeric_data.val = bytes(byte_array)
+        return numeric_data
+
+    def _get_encoding_settings(self):
+        """
+        Get the encoding settings from the connection.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary with 'encoding' and 'ctype' keys, or default settings if not available
+
+        Raises:
+            OperationalError, DatabaseError: If there are unexpected database connection issues
+            that indicate a broken connection state. These should not be silently ignored
+            as they can lead to data corruption or inconsistent behavior.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self._connection, "getencoding"):
+            try:
+                return self._connection.getencoding()
+            except (OperationalError, DatabaseError) as db_error:
+                # Log the error for debugging but re-raise for fail-fast behavior
+                # Silently returning defaults can lead to data corruption and hard-to-debug issues
+                logger.error(
+                    "Failed to get encoding settings from connection due to database error: %s. "
+                    "This indicates a broken connection state that should not be ignored.",
+                    db_error,
+                )
+                # Re-raise to fail fast - users should know their connection is broken
+                raise
+            except Exception as unexpected_error:
+                # Handle other unexpected errors (connection closed, programming errors, etc.)
+                logger.error("Unexpected error getting encoding settings: %s", unexpected_error)
+                # Re-raise unexpected errors as well
+                raise
+
+        # Return default encoding settings if getencoding is not available
+        # This is the only case where defaults are appropriate (method doesn't exist)
+        return {"encoding": "utf-16le", "ctype": ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WCHAR.value}
+
+    def _refresh_decoding_cache(self):
+        """Read decoding settings only when the connection configuration changes."""
+        generation = self._connection._decoding_generation
+        char_decoding = self._get_decoding_settings(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_CHAR.value)
+        wchar_encoding = self._get_decoding_settings(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WCHAR.value).get(
+            "encoding", "utf-16le"
+        )
+        self._cached_char_encoding = char_decoding.get("encoding", "utf-16le")
+        self._cached_char_ctype = char_decoding.get("ctype", ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WCHAR.value)
+        self._cached_wchar_encoding = wchar_encoding
+        self._cached_decoding_generation = generation
+
+    def _get_decoding_settings(self, sql_type):
+        """
+        Get decoding settings for a specific SQL type.
+
+        Args:
+            sql_type: SQL type constant (SQL_CHAR, SQL_WCHAR, etc.)
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing the decoding settings.
+
+        Raises:
+            OperationalError, DatabaseError: If there are unexpected database connection issues
+            that indicate a broken connection state. These should not be silently ignored
+            as they can lead to data corruption or inconsistent behavior.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Get decoding settings from connection for this SQL type
+            return self._connection.getdecoding(sql_type)
+        except (OperationalError, DatabaseError) as db_error:
+            # Log the error for debugging but re-raise for fail-fast behavior
+            # Silently returning defaults can lead to data corruption and hard-to-debug issues
+            logger.error(
+                "Failed to get decoding settings for SQL type %s due to database error: %s. "
+                "This indicates a broken connection state that should not be ignored.",
+                sql_type,
+                db_error,
+            )
+            # Re-raise to fail fast - users should know their connection is broken
+            raise
+        except Exception as unexpected_error:
+            # Handle other unexpected errors (connection closed, programming errors, etc.)
+            logger.error(
+                "Unexpected error getting decoding settings for SQL type %s: %s",
+                sql_type,
+                unexpected_error,
+            )
+            # Re-raise unexpected errors as well
+            raise
+
+    def _map_sql_type(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments,too-many-locals,too-many-return-statements,too-many-branches
+        self,
+        param: Any,
+        parameters_list: List[Any],
+        i: int,
+        min_val: Optional[Any] = None,
+        max_val: Optional[Any] = None,
+        decimal_as_numeric: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int, bool]:
+        """
+        Map a Python data type to the corresponding SQL type,
+        C type, Column size, and Decimal digits.
+        Takes:
+            - param: The parameter to map.
+            - parameters_list: The list of parameters to bind.
+            - i: The index of the parameter in the list.
+            - decimal_as_numeric: When True, bind a Decimal as SQL_NUMERIC regardless of
+              value, skipping the MONEY/SMALLMONEY-range VARCHAR shortcut. The execute()
+              path sets this so a money-range Decimal compared against a numeric column
+              does not overflow (GH-740). executemany() leaves it False because it
+              string-binds Decimals for the whole batch (GH-503).
+        Returns:
+            - A tuple containing the SQL type, C type, column size, and decimal digits.
+        """
+        logger.debug("_map_sql_type: Mapping param index=%d, type=%s", i, type(param).__name__)
+        if param is None:
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: NULL parameter - index=%d", i)
+            # GH-610: Send SQL_UNKNOWN_TYPE to C++ where the describe-cache
+            # in BindParameters / BindParameterArray resolves the correct
+            # type via SQLDescribeParam (cached after first call).
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_UNKNOWN_TYPE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_DEFAULT.value,
+                1,
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, bool):
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: BOOL detected - index=%d", i)
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BIT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BIT.value,
+                1,
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, int):
+            # Use min_val/max_val if available
+            value_to_check = max_val if max_val is not None else param
+            min_to_check = min_val if min_val is not None else param
+            logger.debug(
+                "_map_sql_type: INT detected - index=%d, min=%s, max=%s",
+                i,
+                str(min_to_check)[:50],
+                str(value_to_check)[:50],
+            )
+
+            if 0 <= min_to_check and value_to_check <= 255:
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: INT -> TINYINT - index=%d", i)
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TINYINT.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TINYINT.value,
+                    3,
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+            if -32768 <= min_to_check and value_to_check <= 32767:
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: INT -> SMALLINT - index=%d", i)
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SMALLINT.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_SHORT.value,
+                    5,
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+            if -2147483648 <= min_to_check and value_to_check <= 2147483647:
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: INT -> INTEGER - index=%d", i)
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_INTEGER.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_LONG.value,
+                    10,
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+            # Beyond INTEGER, the only integer SQL type is BIGINT (signed 64-bit). An int
+            # outside its range cannot bind, so reject here with a clear message rather than
+            # labelling it BIGINT and failing later at the C++ cast. Mirrors the native path.
+            if value_to_check > BIGINT_MAX or min_to_check < BIGINT_MIN:
+                offending = value_to_check if value_to_check > BIGINT_MAX else min_to_check
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"integer {offending} is out of range for SQL BIGINT [-2^63, 2^63-1]"
+                )
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: INT -> BIGINT - index=%d", i)
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BIGINT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_SBIGINT.value,
+                19,
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, float):
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: FLOAT detected - index=%d", i)
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DOUBLE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_DOUBLE.value,
+                15,
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, decimal.Decimal):
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: DECIMAL detected - index=%d", i)
+            # First check precision limit for all decimal values
+            decimal_as_tuple = param.as_tuple()
+            digits_tuple = decimal_as_tuple.digits
+            num_digits = len(digits_tuple)
+            exponent = decimal_as_tuple.exponent
+
+            # NaN / sNaN / Infinity report a string exponent ('n', 'N', 'F'). Reject them
+            # before the MONEY range comparison below, which would otherwise raise
+            # decimal.InvalidOperation for NaN, and before _get_numeric_data, which used to
+            # fail with TypeError for Infinity. The native detection path raises ValueError
+            # for the same input, so both paths now agree on type and message.
+            if isinstance(exponent, str):
+                logger.debug(
+                    "_map_sql_type: DECIMAL non-finite value - index=%d, exponent=%s", i, exponent
+                )
+                raise ValueError("Cannot bind non-finite Decimal (NaN/Infinity) as SQL NUMERIC")
+
+            # Calculate the SQL precision (same logic as _get_numeric_data)
+            if exponent >= 0:
+                precision = num_digits + exponent
+            elif (-1 * exponent) <= num_digits:
+                precision = num_digits
+            else:
+                precision = exponent * -1
+            logger.debug(
+                "_map_sql_type: DECIMAL precision calculated - index=%d, precision=%d",
+                i,
+                precision,
+            )
+
+            if precision > 38:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "_map_sql_type: DECIMAL precision too high - index=%d, precision=%d",
+                    i,
+                    precision,
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Precision of the numeric value is too high. "
+                    f"The maximum precision supported by SQL Server is 38, but got {precision}."
+                )
+
+            # Detect MONEY / SMALLMONEY range. Skipped on the execute() path
+            # (decimal_as_numeric=True), where a money-range Decimal must bind as
+            # SQL_NUMERIC so a comparison against a smaller numeric column returns no
+            # match instead of overflowing (GH-740). executemany keeps the VARCHAR
+            # shortcut because it string-binds Decimals for the batch (GH-503).
+            if not decimal_as_numeric and SMALLMONEY_MIN <= param <= SMALLMONEY_MAX:
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: DECIMAL -> SMALLMONEY - index=%d", i)
+                # smallmoney
+                parameters_list[i] = format(param, "f")
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                    len(parameters_list[i]),
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+            if not decimal_as_numeric and MONEY_MIN <= param <= MONEY_MAX:
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: DECIMAL -> MONEY - index=%d", i)
+                # money
+                parameters_list[i] = format(param, "f")
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                    len(parameters_list[i]),
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+            # fallback to generic numeric binding
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: DECIMAL -> NUMERIC - index=%d", i)
+            parameters_list[i] = self._get_numeric_data(param)
+            logger.debug(
+                "_map_sql_type: NUMERIC created - index=%d, precision=%d, scale=%d",
+                i,
+                parameters_list[i].precision,
+                parameters_list[i].scale,
+            )
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_NUMERIC.value,
+                parameters_list[i].precision,
+                parameters_list[i].scale,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, uuid.UUID):
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: UUID detected - index=%d", i)
+            parameters_list[i] = param.bytes_le
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_GUID.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_GUID.value,
+                16,
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, str):
+            logger.debug("_map_sql_type: STR detected - index=%d, length=%d", i, len(param))
+            if (
+                param.startswith("POINT")
+                or param.startswith("LINESTRING")
+                or param.startswith("POLYGON")
+            ):
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: STR is geometry type - index=%d", i)
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WVARCHAR.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                    len(param),
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+
+            # String mapping logic here
+            is_unicode = self._is_unicode_string(param)
+
+            # Computes UTF-16 code units (handles surrogate pairs)
+            utf16_len = sum(2 if ord(c) > 0xFFFF else 1 for c in param)
+            logger.debug(
+                "_map_sql_type: STR analysis - index=%d, is_unicode=%s, utf16_len=%d",
+                i,
+                str(is_unicode),
+                utf16_len,
+            )
+            if utf16_len > MAX_INLINE_CHAR:  # Long strings -> DAE
+                logger.debug("_map_sql_type: STR exceeds MAX_INLINE_CHAR, using DAE - index=%d", i)
+                if is_unicode:
+                    return (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WVARCHAR.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                        0,
+                        0,
+                        True,
+                    )
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    True,
+                )
+
+            # Short strings
+            if is_unicode:
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WVARCHAR.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                    utf16_len,
+                    0,
+                    False,
+                )
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                len(param),
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            length = len(param)
+            if length > 8000:  # Use VARBINARY(MAX) for large blobs
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARBINARY.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    True,
+                )
+            # Small blobs → direct binding
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARBINARY.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+                max(length, 1),
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, datetime.datetime):
+            if param.tzinfo is not None:
+                # Timezone-aware datetime -> DATETIMEOFFSET
+                return (
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DATETIMEOFFSET.value,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET.value,
+                    34,
+                    7,
+                    False,
+                )
+            # Naive datetime -> TIMESTAMP
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value,
+                26,
+                6,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, datetime.date):
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_DATE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_DATE.value,
+                10,
+                0,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(param, datetime.time):
+            return (
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIME.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                16,
+                6,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        # For safety: unknown/unhandled Python types should not silently go to SQL
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Unsupported parameter type: The driver cannot safely convert it to a SQL type."
+        )
+
+    def _initialize_cursor(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize the DDBC statement handle.
+        """
+        self._allocate_statement_handle()
+        self._set_timeout()
+
+    def _allocate_statement_handle(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Allocate the DDBC statement handle.
+        """
+        self.hstmt = self._connection._conn.alloc_statement_handle()
+
+    def _set_timeout(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the query timeout attribute on the statement handle.
+        This is called once when the cursor is created and after any handle reallocation.
+        Following pyodbc's approach for better performance.
+        """
+        if self._timeout > 0:
+            logger.debug("_set_timeout: Setting query timeout=%d seconds", self._timeout)
+            try:
+                timeout_value = int(self._timeout)
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLSetStmtAttr(
+                    self.hstmt,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_ATTR_QUERY_TIMEOUT.value,
+                    timeout_value,
+                )
+                check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+                logger.debug("Query timeout set to %d seconds", timeout_value)
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                logger.warning("Failed to set query timeout: %s", str(e))
+
+    def _reset_cursor(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the DDBC statement handle.
+        """
+        if self.hstmt:
+            self.hstmt.free()
+            self.hstmt = None
+            logger.debug("SQLFreeHandle succeeded")
+
+        self._clear_rownumber()
+
+        # Reinitialize the statement handle
+        self._initialize_cursor()
+        self.is_stmt_prepared = [False]
+
+    def _soft_reset_cursor(self) -> None:
+        """Lightweight reset: close cursor and unbind params without freeing the HSTMT.
+
+        Preserves the prepared statement plan on the server so repeated
+        executions of the same SQL skip SQLPrepare entirely.
+        """
+        if self.hstmt:
+            ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLResetStmt(self.hstmt)
+            try:
+                check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning("_soft_reset_cursor failed; falling back to full reset")
+                self._reset_cursor()
+                self.last_executed_stmt = ""
+                return
+        self._clear_rownumber()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the connection now (rather than whenever .__del__() is called).
+        Idempotent: subsequent calls have no effect and will be no-ops.
+
+        The cursor will be unusable from this point forward; an InterfaceError
+        will be raised if any operation (other than close) is attempted with the cursor.
+        This is a deviation from pyodbc, which raises an exception if the cursor is already closed.
+        """
+        # ``closed`` may be missing on the instance only if the object was
+        # built via ``Cursor.__new__(Cursor)`` (no ``__init__``).  Normal
+        # construction sets ``self.closed = False`` as the first statement
+        # of ``__init__``, so any partially-initialized instance still has
+        # the attribute.  Treat the no-``__init__`` case as "already closed"
+        # — there's nothing to release — and let GC reap the object cleanly.
+        if getattr(self, "closed", True):
+            # Do nothing - not calling _check_closed() here since we want this to be idempotent
+            return
+
+        # Clear messages per DBAPI
+        self.messages = []
+
+        # Remove this cursor from the connection's tracking
+        if hasattr(self, "connection") and self.connection and hasattr(self.connection, "_cursors"):
+            try:
+                self.connection._cursors.discard(self)
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                logger.warning("Error removing cursor from connection tracking: %s", e)
+
+        if self.hstmt:
+            self.hstmt.free()
+            self.hstmt = None
+            logger.debug("SQLFreeHandle succeeded")
+        self._clear_rownumber()
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def _check_closed(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Check if the cursor is closed and raise an exception if it is.
+
+        Raises:
+            ProgrammingError: If the cursor is closed.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ProgrammingError(
+                driver_error="Operation cannot be performed: The cursor is closed.",
+                ddbc_error="",
+            )
+
+    def _capture_diagnostics(self, ret: int) -> None:
+        """Append diagnostic messages to self.messages when the return code
+        indicates records may be present.
+
+        Captures on SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO (info/warning messages) and
+        SQL_NO_DATA (trailing diagnostics attached by SQLMoreResults,
+        e.g. a PRINT after the final result set).
+
+        Skips SQL_SUCCESS to avoid the ~10 ms overhead of scanning the
+        driver's internal state when no records exist.  SQL_ERROR is
+        handled separately by check_error() which extracts diagnostics
+        and raises.
+
+        Composite native fetches capture intermediate diagnostics directly
+        into self.messages before subsequent ODBC calls can replace them.
+        """
+        if self.hstmt and ret in (
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO.value,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_DATA.value,
+        ):
+            self.messages.extend(ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLGetAllDiagRecords(self.hstmt))
+
+    def _ensure_pyarrow(self) -> Any:
+        """
+        Import and return pyarrow or raise ImportError accordingly.
+        """
+        try:
+            import pyarrow
+
+            return pyarrow
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "pyarrow is required for Arrow fetch methods. Please install pyarrow."
+            ) from e
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, sizes: List[Union[int, tuple]]) -> None:
+        """
+        Sets the type information to be used for parameters in execute and executemany.
+
+        This method can be used to explicitly declare the types and sizes of query parameters.
+        For example:
+
+        sql = "INSERT INTO product (item, price) VALUES (?, ?)"
+        params = [('bicycle', 499.99), ('ham', 17.95)]
+        # specify that parameters are for NVARCHAR(50) and DECIMAL(18,4) columns
+        cursor.setinputsizes([(SQL_WVARCHAR, 50, 0), (SQL_DECIMAL, 18, 4)])
+        cursor.executemany(sql, params)
+
+        Note:
+            SQL_SS_UDT parameters require a statement whose parameter metadata
+            SQL Server can describe. The driver discovers the UDT identity before
+            binding; this may require a metadata round trip. Temporary tables and
+            table variables may not be describable, and discovery errors are
+            propagated. For built-in spatial types, bind serialized bytes without
+            a SQL_SS_UDT override or use a SQL constructor such as
+            hierarchyid::Parse(?) with a text parameter instead.
+
+            When inserting NULL into BINARY/VARBINARY columns in temp tables (#table)
+            or table variables, SQLDescribeParam cannot resolve the column type and
+            falls back to SQL_VARCHAR. This causes an implicit conversion error from
+            SQL Server. Use setinputsizes to explicitly specify types for ALL
+            parameters::
+
+                from mssql_python.constants import ConstantsDDBC
+                cursor.setinputsizes([
+                    (ConstantsDDBC.SQL_INTEGER.value, 0, 0),
+                    (ConstantsDDBC.SQL_VARBINARY.value, 100, 0)
+                ])
+                cursor.execute("INSERT INTO #t (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)", [1, None])
+
+        Args:
+            sizes: A sequence of tuples, one for each parameter. Each tuple contains
+                (sql_type, size, decimal_digits) where size and decimal_digits are optional.
+        """
+
+        # Get valid SQL types from centralized constants
+        valid_sql_types = SQLTypes.get_valid_types()
+
+        self._inputsizes = []
+
+        if sizes:
+            for size_info in sizes:
+                if isinstance(size_info, tuple):
+                    # Handle tuple format (sql_type, size, decimal_digits)
+                    if len(size_info) == 1:
+                        sql_type = size_info[0]
+                        column_size = 0
+                        decimal_digits = 0
+                    elif len(size_info) == 2:
+                        sql_type, column_size = size_info
+                        decimal_digits = 0
+                    elif len(size_info) >= 3:
+                        sql_type, column_size, decimal_digits = size_info
+
+                    # Validate SQL type
+                    if not isinstance(sql_type, int) or sql_type not in valid_sql_types:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Invalid SQL type: {sql_type}. Must be a valid SQL type constant."
+                        )
+
+                    sql_type = ODBC3_TEMPORAL_SQL_TYPES.get(sql_type, sql_type)
+
+                    # Validate size and precision
+                    if not isinstance(column_size, int) or column_size < 0:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Invalid column size: {column_size}. Must be a non-negative integer."
+                        )
+
+                    if not isinstance(decimal_digits, int) or decimal_digits < 0:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Invalid decimal digits: {decimal_digits}. "
+                            f"Must be a non-negative integer."
+                        )
+
+                    self._inputsizes.append(
+                        (
+                            sql_type,
+                            self._get_c_type_for_sql_type(sql_type),
+                            column_size,
+                            decimal_digits,
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Handle single value (just sql_type)
+                    sql_type = size_info
+
+                    # Validate SQL type
+                    if not isinstance(sql_type, int) or sql_type not in valid_sql_types:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Invalid SQL type: {sql_type}. Must be a valid SQL type constant."
+                        )
+
+                    sql_type = ODBC3_TEMPORAL_SQL_TYPES.get(sql_type, sql_type)
+
+                    self._inputsizes.append(
+                        (sql_type, self._get_c_type_for_sql_type(sql_type), 0, 0)
+                    )
+
+    def _reset_inputsizes(self) -> None:
+        """Reset input sizes after execution"""
+        self._inputsizes = None
+
+    # Pre-built constant lookup table — avoids rebuilding ~30 entries on every call.
+    # Used by setinputsizes fallback path (PR #549 fast path doesn't need this).
+    _SQL_TO_C_TYPE = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_sql_to_c_type_map(cls):
+        if cls._SQL_TO_C_TYPE is None:
+            cls._SQL_TO_C_TYPE = {
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_CHAR.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARCHAR.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WCHAR.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WVARCHAR.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WLONGVARCHAR.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DECIMAL.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_NUMERIC.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_NUMERIC.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BIT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BIT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TINYINT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TINYINT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SMALLINT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_SHORT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_INTEGER.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_LONG.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BIGINT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_SBIGINT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_REAL.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_FLOAT.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_FLOAT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_DOUBLE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DOUBLE.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_DOUBLE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BINARY.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARBINARY.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARBINARY.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_UDT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_DATE.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_DATE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIME.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_TIME.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_TIME2.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_TIME.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DATETIMEOFFSET.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DATE.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_DATE.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TIME.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_TIME.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TIMESTAMP.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_GUID.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_GUID.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_XML.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_WCHAR.value,
+                ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_VARIANT.value: ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_BINARY.value,
+            }
+        return cls._SQL_TO_C_TYPE
+
+    def _get_c_type_for_sql_type(self, sql_type: int) -> int:
+        """Map SQL type to appropriate C type for parameter binding."""
+        return self._get_sql_to_c_type_map().get(sql_type, ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_DEFAULT.value)
+
+    def _create_parameter_types_list(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments
+        self,
+        parameter: Any,
+        param_info: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]],
+        parameters_list: List[Any],
+        i: int,
+        min_val: Optional[Any] = None,
+        max_val: Optional[Any] = None,
+        decimal_as_numeric: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int, bool]:
+        """
+        Maps parameter types for the given parameter.
+
+        Python-side type detection for executemany(). The standard execute() path
+        uses DetectParamTypes in C++ instead. This helper goes away once executemany
+        has native columnwise detection.
+
+        Args:
+            parameter: parameter to bind.
+        Returns:
+            paraminfo.
+        """
+        paraminfo = param_info()
+
+        sql_type, c_type, column_size, decimal_digits, is_dae = self._map_sql_type(
+            parameter,
+            parameters_list,
+            i,
+            min_val=min_val,
+            max_val=max_val,
+            decimal_as_numeric=decimal_as_numeric,
+        )
+
+        # If TIME values are being bound via text C-types, normalize them to a
+        # textual representation expected by SQL_C_CHAR/SQL_C_WCHAR binding.
+        time_text = _normalize_time_param(parameter, c_type)
+        if time_text is not None:
+            parameters_list[i] = time_text
+            column_size = max(column_size, len(time_text))
+
+        paraminfo.paramCType = c_type
+        paraminfo.paramSQLType = sql_type
+        paraminfo.inputOutputType = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_PARAM_INPUT.value
+        paraminfo.columnSize = column_size
+        paraminfo.decimalDigits = decimal_digits
+        paraminfo.isDAE = is_dae
+
+        if is_dae:
+            paraminfo.dataPtr = parameter  # Will be converted to py::object* in C++
+
+        return paraminfo
+
+    def _initialize_description(self, column_metadata: Optional[Any] = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize the description attribute from column metadata."""
+        if not column_metadata:
+            self.description = None
+            self._column_sql_types = None
+            return
+
+        description = []
+        # Raw ODBC SQL type codes, parallel to description, for output-converter
+        # dispatch by integer SQL type (see _build_converter_map / #684).
+        sql_type_codes = []
+        for _, col in enumerate(column_metadata):
+            # Get column name - lowercase it if the lowercase flag is set
+            column_name = col["ColumnName"]
+
+            # Use the current global setting to ensure tests pass correctly
+            if get_settings().lowercase:
+                column_name = column_name.lower()
+
+            sql_type_codes.append(col["DataType"])
+            # Add to description tuple (7 elements as per PEP-249)
+            description.append(
+                (
+                    column_name,  # name
+                    self._map_data_type(col["DataType"]),  # type_code
+                    None,  # display_size
+                    col["ColumnSize"],  # internal_size
+                    col["ColumnSize"],  # precision - should match ColumnSize
+                    col["DecimalDigits"],  # scale
+                    col["Nullable"] == ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NULLABLE.value,  # null_ok
+                )
+            )
+        self.description = description
+        self._column_sql_types = sql_type_codes
+
+    def _build_converter_map(self):
+        """
+        Build a pre-computed converter map for output converters.
+        Returns a list where each element is either a converter function or None.
+        An empty tuple means no converters apply; None is reserved for uncached
+        direct Row construction and its legacy connection lookup.
+        String fallback converters check each value's type because variant and
+        unknown SQL types can have str metadata but non-string values.
+        This eliminates the need to look up converters for every row.
+        """
+        generation = self._connection._converters_generation
+        if (
+            not self.description
+            or not hasattr(self.connection, "_output_converters")
+            or not self.connection._output_converters
+        ):
+            self._cached_converters_generation = generation
+            return ()
+
+        sql_type_codes = self._column_sql_types
+        converter_map = []
+
+        for i, desc in enumerate(self.description):
+            if desc is None:
+                converter_map.append(None)
+                continue
+            converter = None
+            # 1) pyodbc-compatible: dispatch on the raw ODBC integer SQL type code
+            #    (e.g. SQL_DECIMAL). This is the key add_output_converter documents. #684
+            if sql_type_codes is not None and i < len(sql_type_codes):
+                converter = self.connection.get_output_converter(sql_type_codes[i])
+            # 2) fall back to the Python type stored in description[i][1]
+            #    (e.g. decimal.Decimal) - the pre-existing mssql-python key style.
+            if converter is None:
+                converter = self.connection.get_output_converter(desc[1])
+            # 3) The WVARCHAR fallback must also check the value: SQL_VARIANT and
+            #    unknown types map to str but can return non-string Python values.
+            if converter is None and desc[1] in (str, bytes):
+                converter = self.connection.get_output_converter(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WVARCHAR.value)
+                if converter:
+                    converter = _string_only_output_converter(converter)
+
+            converter_map.append(converter)
+
+        self._cached_converters_generation = generation
+        return converter_map if any(converter is not None for converter in converter_map) else ()
+
+    def _compute_uuid_str_indices(self):
+        """
+        Compute the tuple of column indices whose uuid.UUID values should be
+        stringified (as uppercase), based on the effective native_uuid setting.
+
+        Resolution order: connection-level (if set) → module-level (fallback).
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple of int or None: Column indices to stringify, or None when
+            native_uuid is True — meaning zero per-row overhead.
+        """
+        if not self.description:
+            return None
+
+        effective_native_uuid = (
+            self._conn_native_uuid
+            if self._conn_native_uuid is not None
+            else get_settings().native_uuid
+        )
+        if not effective_native_uuid:
+            indices = tuple(
+                i for i, desc in enumerate(self.description) if desc and desc[1] is uuid.UUID
+            )
+            return indices if indices else None
+        return None
+
+    def _get_column_and_converter_maps(self):
+        """
+        Get column map and converter map for Row construction (thread-safe).
+        This centralizes the column map building logic to eliminate duplication
+        and ensure thread-safe lazy initialization.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple: (column_map, converter_map)
+        """
+        # Thread-safe lazy initialization of column map
+        column_map = self._cached_column_map
+        if column_map is None and self.description:
+            # Build column map locally first, then assign to cache
+            column_map = {col_desc[0]: i for i, col_desc in enumerate(self.description)}
+            self._cached_column_map = column_map
+            self._cached_column_map_lower = (
+                {k.lower(): v for k, v in column_map.items()} if get_settings().lowercase else None
+            )
+
+        # Fallback to legacy column name map if no cached map
+        column_map = column_map or getattr(self, "_column_name_map", None)
+
+        # Refresh once per settings change, not once per row.
+        if self._cached_converters_generation != self._connection._converters_generation:
+            self._cached_converter_map = self._build_converter_map()
+        converter_map = getattr(self, "_cached_converter_map", None)
+
+        # Snapshot canonical column names once per result set (identity-tracked against
+        # self.description) so each Row carries stable names even after the cursor is reused.
+        if self.description is not None and self._result_columns_src is not self.description:
+            self._cached_result_columns = tuple(col_desc[0] for col_desc in self.description)
+            self._result_columns_src = self.description
+
+        return column_map, converter_map, self._cached_column_map_lower
+
+    def _map_data_type(self, sql_type):
+        """
+        Map SQL data type to Python data type.
+
+        Maps the ODBC SQL type code returned by SQLDescribeCol to the
+        corresponding Python type for cursor.description[i][1].
+
+        The ODBC 18 driver for SQL Server reports these type codes:
+          Standard ODBC 3.x types:
+            SQL_CHAR(1), SQL_VARCHAR(12), SQL_LONGVARCHAR(-1),
+            SQL_WCHAR(-8), SQL_WVARCHAR(-9), SQL_WLONGVARCHAR(-10),
+            SQL_INTEGER(4), SQL_SMALLINT(5), SQL_TINYINT(-6), SQL_BIGINT(-5),
+            SQL_BIT(-7), SQL_FLOAT(6), SQL_REAL(7), SQL_DOUBLE(8),
+            SQL_DECIMAL(3), SQL_NUMERIC(2),
+            SQL_BINARY(-2), SQL_VARBINARY(-3), SQL_LONGVARBINARY(-4),
+            SQL_TYPE_DATE(91), SQL_TYPE_TIME(92), SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP(93), SQL_GUID(-11)
+          SQL Server-specific types (from msodbcsql.h):
+            SQL_SS_TIME2(-154)  for time columns
+            SQL_DATETIMEOFFSET(-155)  for datetimeoffset columns
+            SQL_SS_XML(-152)  for xml columns
+            SQL_SS_UDT(-151)  for geography/geometry/hierarchyid columns
+
+        ODBC 2.x aliases (9, 10, 11) are also accepted defensively.
+
+        Args:
+            sql_type: SQL data type code from SQLDescribeCol.
+
+        Returns:
+            Corresponding Python data type.
+        """
+        sql_to_python_type = {
+            # String types
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_CHAR.value: str,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value: str,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARCHAR.value: str,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WCHAR.value: str,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WVARCHAR.value: str,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WLONGVARCHAR.value: str,
+            # Integer types
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_INTEGER.value: int,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SMALLINT.value: int,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TINYINT.value: int,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BIGINT.value: int,
+            # Floating-point types
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_FLOAT.value: float,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DOUBLE.value: float,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_REAL.value: float,
+            # Exact numeric types
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DECIMAL.value: decimal.Decimal,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value: decimal.Decimal,
+            # Date/time types — values the ODBC 18 driver actually reports
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_DATE.value: datetime.date,  # 91 — date
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIME.value: datetime.time,  # 92 — time (ODBC 3.x)
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP.value: datetime.datetime,  # 93 — datetime/datetime2/smalldatetime
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_TIME2.value: datetime.time,  # -154 — time
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DATETIMEOFFSET.value: datetime.datetime,  # -155 — datetimeoffset
+            # ODBC 2.x date/time aliases (defensive, in case any driver reports these)
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DATE.value: datetime.date,  # 9
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TIME.value: datetime.time,  # 10
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_TIMESTAMP.value: datetime.datetime,  # 11
+            # Boolean
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BIT.value: bool,
+            # Binary types
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BINARY.value: bytes,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARBINARY.value: bytes,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARBINARY.value: bytes,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_UDT.value: bytes,
+            # UUID
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_GUID.value: uuid.UUID,
+            # XML — driver reports SQL_SS_XML (-152), fetched as str
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SS_XML.value: str,
+        }
+        return sql_to_python_type.get(sql_type, str)
+
+    @property
+    def rownumber(self) -> int:
+        """
+        DB-API extension: Current 0-based index of the cursor in the result set.
+
+        Returns:
+            int or None: The current 0-based index of the cursor in the result set,
+                        or None if no row has been fetched yet or the index cannot be determined.
+
+        Note:
+            - Returns -1 before the first successful fetch
+            - Returns 0 after fetching the first row
+            - Returns -1 for empty result sets (since no rows can be fetched)
+
+        Warning:
+            This is a DB-API extension and may not be portable across different
+            database modules.
+        """
+        # Use mssql_python logging system instead of standard warnings
+        logger.warning("DB-API extension cursor.rownumber used")
+
+        # Return None if cursor is closed or no result set is available
+        if self.closed or not self._has_result_set:
+            return -1
+
+        return self._rownumber  # Will be None until first fetch, then 0, 1, 2, etc.
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> "Connection":
+        """
+        DB-API 2.0 attribute: Connection object that created this cursor.
+
+        This is a read-only reference to the Connection object that was used to create
+        this cursor. This attribute is useful for polymorphic code that needs access
+        to connection-level functionality.
+
+        Returns:
+            Connection: The connection object that created this cursor.
+
+        Note:
+            This attribute is read-only as specified by DB-API 2.0. Attempting to
+            assign to this attribute will raise an AttributeError.
+        """
+        return self._connection
+
+    def _reset_rownumber(self) -> None:
+        """Reset the rownumber tracking when starting a new result set."""
+        self._rownumber = -1
+        self._next_row_index = 0
+        self._has_result_set = True
+        self._skip_increment_for_next_fetch = False
+
+    def _increment_rownumber(self):
+        """
+        Called after a successful fetch from the driver. Keep both counters consistent.
+        """
+        if self._has_result_set:
+            # driver returned one row, so the next row index increments by 1
+            self._next_row_index += 1
+            # rownumber is last returned row index
+            self._rownumber = self._next_row_index - 1
+        else:
+            raise InterfaceError(
+                "Cannot increment rownumber: no active result set.",
+                "No active result set.",
+            )
+
+    # Will be used when we add support for scrollable cursors
+    def _decrement_rownumber(self):
+        """
+        Decrement the rownumber by 1.
+
+        This could be used for error recovery or cursor positioning operations.
+        """
+        if self._has_result_set and self._rownumber >= 0:
+            if self._rownumber > 0:
+                self._rownumber -= 1
+            else:
+                self._rownumber = -1
+        else:
+            raise InterfaceError(
+                "Cannot decrement rownumber: no active result set.",
+                "No active result set.",
+            )
+
+    def _clear_rownumber(self):
+        """
+        Clear the rownumber tracking.
+
+        This should be called when the result set is cleared or when the cursor is reset.
+        """
+        self._rownumber = -1
+        self._has_result_set = False
+        self._skip_increment_for_next_fetch = False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Return the cursor itself as an iterator.
+
+        This allows direct iteration over the cursor after execute():
+
+        for row in cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM table"):
+            print(row)
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        """
+        Fetch the next row when iterating over the cursor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The next Row object.
+
+        Raises:
+            StopIteration: When no more rows are available.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        row = self.fetchone()
+        if row is None:
+            raise StopIteration
+        return row
+
+    def next(self):
+        """
+        Fetch the next row from the cursor.
+
+        This is an alias for __next__() to maintain compatibility with older code.
+
+        Returns:
+            The next Row object.
+
+        Raises:
+            StopIteration: When no more rows are available.
+        """
+        return next(self)
+
+    def execute(  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
+        self,
+        operation: str,
+        *parameters,
+        use_prepare: bool = True,
+        reset_cursor: bool = True,
+    ) -> "Cursor":
+        """
+        Prepare and execute a database operation (query or command).
+
+        Args:
+            operation: SQL query or command.
+            parameters: Sequence of parameters to bind.
+            use_prepare: Whether to use SQLPrepareW (default) or SQLExecDirectW.
+            reset_cursor: Whether to reset the cursor before execution.
+        """
+        logger.debug(
+            "execute: Starting - operation_length=%d, param_count=%d, use_prepare=%s",
+            len(operation),
+            len(parameters),
+            str(use_prepare),
+        )
+
+        # Log the actual query being executed
+        logger.debug("Executing query: %s", operation)
+
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+        if reset_cursor:
+            if self.hstmt:
+                self._soft_reset_cursor()
+            else:
+                self._reset_cursor()
+        else:
+            # Close just the ODBC cursor (not the statement handle) so the
+            # prepared plan can be reused.  SQLFreeStmt(SQL_CLOSE) releases
+            # the cursor associated with hstmt without destroying the
+            # prepared statement, which is the standard ODBC pattern for
+            # re-executing a prepared query.
+            if self.hstmt:
+                logger.debug("execute: Closing cursor for re-execution (reset_cursor=False)")
+                self.hstmt._close_cursor()
+                self._clear_rownumber()
+
+        # Clear any previous messages
+        self.messages = []
+
+        # Auto-detect and convert parameter style if needed
+        # Supports both qmark (?) and pyformat (%(name)s)
+        # Note: parameters is always a tuple due to *parameters in method signature
+        #
+        # Parameter Passing Rules (handling ambiguity):
+        #
+        # 1. Single value:
+        #    cursor.execute("SELECT ?", 42)
+        #    → parameters = (42,)
+        #    → Wrapped as single parameter
+        #
+        # 2. Multiple values (two equivalent ways):
+        #    cursor.execute("SELECT ?, ?", 1, 2)        # Varargs
+        #    cursor.execute("SELECT ?, ?", (1, 2))      # Tuple
+        #    → Both result in parameters = (1, 2) or ((1, 2),)
+        #    → If single tuple/list/dict arg, it's unwrapped
+        #
+        # 3. Dict for named parameters:
+        #    cursor.execute("SELECT %(id)s", {"id": 42})
+        #    → parameters = ({"id": 42},)
+        #    → Unwrapped to {"id": 42}, then converted to qmark style
+        #
+        # Important: If you pass a tuple/list/dict as the ONLY argument,
+        # it will be unwrapped for parameter binding. This means you cannot
+        # pass a tuple as a single parameter value (but SQL Server doesn't
+        # support tuple types as parameter values anyway).
+        with perf_phase("py::execute::param_prep"):
+            if parameters:
+                # Check if single parameter is a nested container that should be unwrapped
+                # e.g., execute("SELECT ?", (value,)) vs execute("SELECT ?, ?", ((1, 2),))
+                if isinstance(parameters, tuple) and len(parameters) == 1:
+                    if isinstance(parameters[0], (tuple, list, dict)):
+                        actual_params = parameters[0]
+                    elif isinstance(parameters[0], Row):
+                        # A Row (e.g. from fetchone()) is a sequence of column values.
+                        # Normalize it to a tuple so the downstream binding logic, which
+                        # only handles tuple/list/dict, can unwrap it into individual
+                        # parameters instead of treating the whole Row as one value.
+                        actual_params = tuple(parameters[0])
+                    else:
+                        actual_params = parameters
+                else:
+                    actual_params = parameters
+
+                # Skip detect_and_convert_parameters when re-executing the same SQL —
+                # the parameter style (qmark vs pyformat) won't change between calls.
+                if operation == self.last_executed_stmt and isinstance(
+                    actual_params, (tuple, list)
+                ):
+                    parameters = list(actual_params)
+                else:
+                    operation, converted_params = detect_and_convert_parameters(
+                        operation, actual_params
+                    )
+                    parameters = list(converted_params)
+            else:
+                parameters = []
+
+        # Getting encoding setting
+        encoding_settings = self._get_encoding_settings()
+
+        # Validate that inputsizes matches parameter count if both are present
+        if parameters and self._inputsizes:
+            if len(self._inputsizes) != len(parameters):
+
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Number of input sizes ({len(self._inputsizes)}) does not match "
+                    f"number of parameters ({len(parameters)}). "
+                    f"This may lead to unexpected behavior.",
+                    Warning,
+                )
+
+        # Prepare caching: skip SQLPrepare when re-executing the same SQL
+        # with parameters. The HSTMT is reused via _soft_reset_cursor, so the
+        # server-side plan from the previous SQLPrepare is still valid.
+        same_sql = parameters and operation == self.last_executed_stmt and self.is_stmt_prepared[0]
+        if not same_sql:
+            self.is_stmt_prepared = [False]
+        effective_use_prepare = use_prepare and not same_sql
+
+        with perf_phase("py::execute::cpp_call"):
+            if parameters:
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLExecute(
+                    self.hstmt,
+                    operation,
+                    parameters,
+                    self._inputsizes,
+                    self.is_stmt_prepared,
+                    effective_use_prepare,
+                    encoding_settings,
+                )
+            else:
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLExecDirect(self.hstmt, operation)
+        # Check return code
+        try:
+
+            # Check for errors but don't raise exceptions for info/warning messages
+            check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            logger.warning("Execute failed, resetting cursor: %s", e)
+            self._reset_cursor()
+            raise
+
+        # Capture any diagnostic messages (SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO, etc.)
+        with perf_phase("py::execute::diag_records"):
+            self._capture_diagnostics(ret)
+
+        self.last_executed_stmt = operation
+
+        with perf_phase("py::execute::post_execute"):
+            # Update rowcount after execution
+            # TODO: rowcount return code from SQL needs to be handled
+            self.rowcount = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLRowCount(self.hstmt)
+
+            # Initialize description after execution
+            # After successful execution, initialize description if there are results
+            column_metadata = []
+            try:
+                ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLDescribeCol(self.hstmt, column_metadata)
+                self._initialize_description(column_metadata)
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                # If describe fails, it's likely there are no results (e.g., for INSERT)
+                self.description = None
+                self._column_sql_types = None
+
+        # Reset rownumber for new result set (only for SELECT statements)
+        if self.description:  # If we have column descriptions, it's likely a SELECT
+            self.rowcount = -1
+            self._reset_rownumber()
+            # Pre-build column map and converter map
+            self._cached_column_map = {
+                col_desc[0]: i for i, col_desc in enumerate(self.description)
+            }
+            self._cached_column_map_lower = (
+                {k.lower(): v for k, v in self._cached_column_map.items()}
+                if get_settings().lowercase
+                else None
+            )
+            self._cached_converter_map = self._build_converter_map()
+            self._uuid_str_indices = self._compute_uuid_str_indices()
+        else:
+            self.rowcount = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLRowCount(self.hstmt)
+            self._clear_rownumber()
+            self._cached_column_map = None
+            self._cached_column_map_lower = None
+            self._cached_converter_map = None
+            self._uuid_str_indices = None
+
+        self._reset_inputsizes()  # Reset input sizes after execution
+        # Return self for method chaining
+        return self
+
+    def _prepare_metadata_result_set(  # pylint: disable=too-many-statements
+        self, column_metadata=None, fallback_description=None, specialized_mapping=None
+    ):
+        """
+        Prepares a metadata result set by:
+        1. Retrieving column metadata if not provided
+        2. Initializing the description attribute
+        3. Setting up column name mappings (including any specialized aliases)
+           so the standard fetch methods return rows keyed by catalog columns
+
+        Args:
+            column_metadata (list, optional): Pre-fetched column metadata.
+                                             If None, it will be retrieved.
+            fallback_description (list, optional): Fallback description to use if
+                                                  metadata retrieval fails.
+            specialized_mapping (dict, optional): Custom column mapping for special cases.
+
+        Returns:
+            Cursor: Self, for method chaining
+        """
+        # Retrieve column metadata if not provided
+        if column_metadata is None:
+            column_metadata = []
+            try:
+                ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLDescribeCol(self.hstmt, column_metadata)
+            except InterfaceError as e:
+                logger.warning(f"Driver interface error during metadata retrieval: {e}")
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                # Log the exception with appropriate context
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Failed to retrieve column metadata: {e}. "
+                    f"Using standard ODBC column definitions instead.",
+                )
+
+        # Initialize the description attribute with the column metadata
+        self._initialize_description(column_metadata)
+
+        # Use fallback description if provided and current description is empty
+        if not self.description and fallback_description:
+            self.description = fallback_description
+
+        # Build the converter map so output converters (including integer SQL-type
+        # keys) apply to metadata result sets consistently with normal result sets.
+        # See GH #684.
+        self._cached_converter_map = self._build_converter_map()
+
+        # Build the column-name -> index map for this metadata result set.
+        # Both the exact name and its lowercase alias are stored so that rows
+        # support case-insensitive lookup regardless of the global ``lowercase``
+        # setting (catalog column names are well-known and case-stable).
+        # ``self.description`` is None when DDBCSQLDescribeCol failed above and no
+        # fallback_description was supplied (e.g. getTypeInfo()); guard with ``or ()``
+        # so the cursor simply yields no rows instead of raising TypeError here.
+        column_map = {}
+        for i, (name, *_) in enumerate(self.description or ()):
+            column_map[name] = i
+            column_map[name.lower()] = i
+
+        # Some catalog helpers expose additional friendly aliases (e.g. ODBC 2.x
+        # vs 3.x column names) via a specialized mapping. Merge them in so they
+        # resolve to the same column indices.
+        if specialized_mapping:
+            column_map.update(specialized_mapping)
+
+        # Route the map through the shared fetch path. The standard fetchone/
+        # fetchmany/fetchall methods read these cached maps when constructing Row
+        # objects, so metadata rows pick up the catalog column names without any
+        # per-call method reassignment (the previous approach broke static type
+        # checking - see GH #620).
+        self._cached_column_map = column_map
+        # Mirror execute(): when ``lowercase`` is enabled the description names are
+        # already lowercased, so build the lowercase lookup map (including any
+        # specialized aliases) to keep case-insensitive access working for catalog
+        # rows (e.g. row.TABLE_NAME when lowercase=True).
+        self._cached_column_map_lower = (
+            {k.lower(): v for k, v in column_map.items()} if get_settings().lowercase else None
+        )
+
+        # Initialize rownumber tracking so fetchone() and iteration work
+        self._reset_rownumber()
+
+        # Metadata methods produce a new result set, so rowcount is unknown
+        # until rows are fetched. Reset it to avoid exposing a stale value
+        # from a previous statement.
+        self.rowcount = -1
+
+        # Return the cursor itself for method chaining
+        return self
+
+    def getTypeInfo(self, sqlType=None):
+        """
+        Executes SQLGetTypeInfo and creates a result set with information about
+        the specified data type or all data types supported by the ODBC driver if not specified.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        sql_all_types = 0  # SQL_ALL_TYPES = 0
+
+        try:
+            # Get information about data types
+            ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLGetTypeInfo(
+                self.hstmt, sqlType if sqlType is not None else sql_all_types
+            )
+            check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+
+            # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+            return self._prepare_metadata_result_set()
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            self._reset_cursor()
+            raise e
+
+    def procedures(self, procedure=None, catalog=None, schema=None):
+        """
+        Executes SQLProcedures and creates a result set of information about procedures
+        in the data source.
+
+        Args:
+            procedure (str, optional): Procedure name pattern. Default is None (all procedures).
+            catalog (str, optional): Catalog name pattern. Default is None (current catalog).
+            schema (str, optional): Schema name pattern. Default is None (all schemas).
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        # Call the SQLProcedures function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLProcedures(self.hstmt, catalog, schema, procedure)
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Define fallback description for procedures
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("procedure_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("procedure_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("procedure_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("num_input_params", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("num_output_params", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("num_result_sets", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("remarks", str, None, 254, 254, 0, True),
+            ("procedure_type", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def primaryKeys(self, table, catalog=None, schema=None):
+        """
+        Creates a result set of column names that make up the primary key for a table
+        by executing the SQLPrimaryKeys function.
+
+        Args:
+            table (str): The name of the table
+            catalog (str, optional): The catalog name (database). Defaults to None.
+            schema (str, optional): The schema name. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        if not table:
+            raise ProgrammingError("Table name must be specified", "HY000")
+
+        # Call the SQLPrimaryKeys function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLPrimaryKeys(self.hstmt, catalog, schema, table)
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Define fallback description for primary keys
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("table_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("table_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("table_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("column_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("key_seq", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("pk_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def foreignKeys(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments
+        self,
+        table=None,
+        catalog=None,
+        schema=None,
+        foreignTable=None,
+        foreignCatalog=None,
+        foreignSchema=None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Executes the SQLForeignKeys function and creates a result set of column names
+        that are foreign keys.
+
+        This function returns:
+        1. Foreign keys in the specified table that reference primary keys in other tables, OR
+        2. Foreign keys in other tables that reference the primary key in the specified table
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        # Check if we have at least one table specified
+        if table is None and foreignTable is None:
+            raise ProgrammingError("Either table or foreignTable must be specified", "HY000")
+
+        # Call the SQLForeignKeys function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLForeignKeys(
+            self.hstmt,
+            foreignCatalog,
+            foreignSchema,
+            foreignTable,
+            catalog,
+            schema,
+            table,
+        )
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Define fallback description for foreign keys
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("pktable_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("pktable_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("pktable_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("pkcolumn_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("fktable_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("fktable_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("fktable_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("fkcolumn_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("key_seq", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("update_rule", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("delete_rule", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("fk_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("pk_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("deferrability", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def rowIdColumns(self, table, catalog=None, schema=None, nullable=True):
+        """
+        Executes SQLSpecialColumns with SQL_BEST_ROWID which creates a result set of
+        columns that uniquely identify a row.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        if not table:
+            raise ProgrammingError("Table name must be specified", "HY000")
+
+        # Set the identifier type and options
+        identifier_type = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BEST_ROWID.value
+        scope = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SCOPE_CURROW.value
+        nullable_flag = (
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NULLABLE.value if nullable else ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_NULLS.value
+        )
+
+        # Call the SQLSpecialColumns function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLSpecialColumns(
+            self.hstmt, identifier_type, catalog, schema, table, scope, nullable_flag
+        )
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Define fallback description for special columns
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("scope", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("column_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("data_type", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("type_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("column_size", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("buffer_length", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("decimal_digits", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("pseudo_column", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def rowVerColumns(self, table, catalog=None, schema=None, nullable=True):
+        """
+        Executes SQLSpecialColumns with SQL_ROWVER which creates a result set of
+        columns that are automatically updated when any value in the row is updated.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        if not table:
+            raise ProgrammingError("Table name must be specified", "HY000")
+
+        # Set the identifier type and options
+        identifier_type = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_ROWVER.value
+        scope = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SCOPE_CURROW.value
+        nullable_flag = (
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NULLABLE.value if nullable else ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_NULLS.value
+        )
+
+        # Call the SQLSpecialColumns function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLSpecialColumns(
+            self.hstmt, identifier_type, catalog, schema, table, scope, nullable_flag
+        )
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Same fallback description as rowIdColumns
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("scope", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("column_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("data_type", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("type_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("column_size", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("buffer_length", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("decimal_digits", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("pseudo_column", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def statistics(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments
+        self,
+        table: str,
+        catalog: str = None,
+        schema: str = None,
+        unique: bool = False,
+        quick: bool = True,
+    ) -> "Cursor":
+        """
+        Creates a result set of statistics about a single table and the indexes associated
+        with the table by executing SQLStatistics.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        if not table:
+            raise ProgrammingError("Table name is required", "HY000")
+
+        # Set unique and quick flags
+        unique_option = (
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_INDEX_UNIQUE.value if unique else ddbc_sql_const.SQL_INDEX_ALL.value
+        )
+        reserved_option = (
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_QUICK.value if quick else ddbc_sql_const.SQL_ENSURE.value
+        )
+
+        # Call the SQLStatistics function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLStatistics(
+            self.hstmt, catalog, schema, table, unique_option, reserved_option
+        )
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Define fallback description for statistics
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("table_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("table_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("table_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("non_unique", bool, None, 1, 1, 0, False),
+            ("index_qualifier", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("index_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("type", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("ordinal_position", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("column_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("asc_or_desc", str, None, 1, 1, 0, True),
+            ("cardinality", int, None, 20, 20, 0, True),
+            ("pages", int, None, 20, 20, 0, True),
+            ("filter_condition", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def columns(self, table=None, catalog=None, schema=None, column=None):
+        """
+        Creates a result set of column information in the specified tables
+        using the SQLColumns function.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        # Call the SQLColumns function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLColumns(self.hstmt, catalog, schema, table, column)
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, retcode)
+
+        # Define fallback description for columns
+        fallback_description = [
+            ("table_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("table_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+            ("table_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("column_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("data_type", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("type_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+            ("column_size", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("buffer_length", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("decimal_digits", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("num_prec_radix", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("nullable", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("remarks", str, None, 254, 254, 0, True),
+            ("column_def", str, None, 254, 254, 0, True),
+            ("sql_data_type", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("sql_datetime_sub", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("char_octet_length", int, None, 10, 10, 0, True),
+            ("ordinal_position", int, None, 10, 10, 0, False),
+            ("is_nullable", str, None, 254, 254, 0, True),
+        ]
+
+        # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+        return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+    def _transpose_rowwise_to_columnwise(
+        self,
+        seq_of_parameters: Sequence[Sequence[Any]],
+    ) -> tuple[list, int]:
+        """
+        Convert sequence of rows (row-wise) into list of columns (column-wise),
+        for array binding via ODBC. Works with both iterables and generators.
+
+        Args:
+            seq_of_parameters: Sequence of sequences or mappings of parameters.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple: (columnwise_data, row_count)
+        """
+        columnwise = []
+        first_row = True
+        row_count = 0
+
+        for row in seq_of_parameters:
+            row_count += 1
+            if first_row:
+                # Initialize columnwise lists based on first row
+                num_params = len(row)
+                columnwise = [[] for _ in range(num_params)]
+                first_row = False
+            else:
+                # Validate row size consistency
+                if len(row) != num_params:
+                    raise ValueError("Inconsistent parameter row size in executemany()")
+
+            # Add each value to its column list
+            for i, val in enumerate(row):
+                columnwise[i].append(val)
+
+        return columnwise, row_count
+
+    def _compute_column_type(self, column):
+        """
+        Determine representative value and integer min/max for a column.
+
+        Returns:
+            sample_value: Representative value for type inference and modified_row.
+            min_val: Minimum for integers (None otherwise).
+            max_val: Maximum for integers (None otherwise).
+            max_decimal_formatted_len: Maximum len(format(d, 'f')) across all
+                Decimal values in the column (0 when no Decimals are present).
+                Used by executemany to correct the SQL_VARCHAR column size when
+                the sample value's formatted string is shorter than another
+                value's (e.g. positive sample vs negative row value) (GH-557).
+        """
+        non_nulls = [v for v in column if v is not None]
+        if not non_nulls:
+            return None, None, None, 0
+
+        int_values = [v for v in non_nulls if isinstance(v, int)]
+        if int_values:
+            min_val, max_val = min(int_values), max(int_values)
+            sample_value = max(int_values, key=abs)
+            return sample_value, min_val, max_val, 0
+
+        sample_value = None
+        max_decimal_formatted_len = 0
+        for v in non_nulls:
+            if isinstance(v, decimal.Decimal):
+                max_decimal_formatted_len = max(max_decimal_formatted_len, len(format(v, "f")))
+            if not sample_value:
+                sample_value = v
+            elif isinstance(v, (str, bytes, bytearray)) and isinstance(
+                sample_value, (str, bytes, bytearray)
+            ):
+                # For string/binary objects, prefer the longer one
+                # Use safe length comparison to avoid exceptions from custom __len__ implementations
+                try:
+                    if len(v) > len(sample_value):
+                        sample_value = v
+                except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+                    # If length comparison fails, keep the current sample_value
+                    pass
+            elif isinstance(v, decimal.Decimal) and isinstance(sample_value, decimal.Decimal):
+                # For Decimal objects, prefer the one that requires higher precision or scale
+                v_tuple = v.as_tuple()
+                sample_tuple = sample_value.as_tuple()
+
+                # Calculate precision (total significant digits) and scale (decimal places)
+                # For a number like 0.000123456789, we need precision = 9, scale = 12
+                # The precision is the number of significant digits (len(digits))
+                # The scale is the number of decimal places needed to represent the number
+
+                v_precision = len(v_tuple.digits)
+                if v_tuple.exponent < 0:
+                    v_scale = -v_tuple.exponent
+                else:
+                    v_scale = 0
+
+                sample_precision = len(sample_tuple.digits)
+                if sample_tuple.exponent < 0:
+                    sample_scale = -sample_tuple.exponent
+                else:
+                    sample_scale = 0
+
+                # For SQL DECIMAL(precision, scale), we need:
+                # precision >= number of significant digits
+                # scale >= number of decimal places
+                # For 0.000123456789: precision needs to be at least 12 (to accommodate 12 decimal places)
+                # So we need to adjust precision to be at least as large as scale
+                v_required_precision = max(v_precision, v_scale)
+                sample_required_precision = max(sample_precision, sample_scale)
+
+                # Prefer the decimal that requires higher precision or scale
+                # This ensures we can accommodate all values in the column
+                if v_required_precision > sample_required_precision or (
+                    v_required_precision == sample_required_precision and v_scale > sample_scale
+                ):
+                    sample_value = v
+            elif isinstance(v, decimal.Decimal) and not isinstance(sample_value, decimal.Decimal):
+                # If comparing Decimal to non-Decimal, prefer Decimal for better type inference
+                sample_value = v
+
+        return sample_value, None, None, max_decimal_formatted_len
+
+    def executemany(  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
+        self,
+        operation: str,
+        seq_of_parameters: Union[Sequence[Sequence[Any]], Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepare a database operation and execute it against all parameter sequences.
+        This version uses column-wise parameter binding and a single batched SQLExecute().
+        Args:
+            operation: SQL query or command.
+            seq_of_parameters: Sequence of sequences or mappings of parameters.
+        Raises:
+            Error: If the operation fails.
+        """
+        logger.debug(
+            "executemany: Starting - operation_length=%d, batch_count=%d",
+            len(operation),
+            len(seq_of_parameters),
+        )
+
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+        self.messages = []
+        logger.debug("executemany: Cursor reset complete")
+
+        if not seq_of_parameters:
+            self.rowcount = 0
+            return
+
+        # Auto-detect and convert parameter style for executemany
+        # Check first row to determine if we need to convert from pyformat to qmark
+        first_row = (
+            seq_of_parameters[0]
+            if hasattr(seq_of_parameters, "__getitem__")
+            else next(iter(seq_of_parameters))
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(first_row, dict):
+            # pyformat style - convert all rows
+            # Parse parameter names from SQL (determines order for all rows)
+            param_names = parse_pyformat_params(operation)
+
+            if param_names:
+                # Convert SQL to qmark style
+                operation, _ = convert_pyformat_to_qmark(operation, first_row)
+
+                # Convert all parameter dicts to tuples in the same order
+                converted_params = []
+                for param_dict in seq_of_parameters:
+                    if not isinstance(param_dict, dict):
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            f"Mixed parameter types in executemany: first row is dict, "
+                            f"but row has {type(param_dict).__name__}"
+                        )
+                    # Build tuple in the order determined by param_names
+                    row_tuple = tuple(param_dict[name] for name in param_names)
+                    converted_params.append(row_tuple)
+
+                seq_of_parameters = converted_params
+                logger.debug(
+                    "executemany: Converted %d rows from pyformat to qmark", len(seq_of_parameters)
+                )
+
+        # Apply timeout if set (non-zero)
+        if self._timeout > 0:
+            try:
+                timeout_value = int(self._timeout)
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLSetStmtAttr(
+                    self.hstmt,
+                    ddbc_sql_const.SQL_ATTR_QUERY_TIMEOUT.value,
+                    timeout_value,
+                )
+                check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+                logger.debug(f"Set query timeout to {self._timeout} seconds")
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                logger.warning(f"Failed to set query timeout: {e}")
+
+        # Get sample row for parameter type detection and validation
+        sample_row = (
+            seq_of_parameters[0]
+            if hasattr(seq_of_parameters, "__getitem__")
+            else next(iter(seq_of_parameters))
+        )
+        param_count = len(sample_row)
+        param_info = ddbc_bindings.ParamInfo
+        parameters_type = []
+        any_dae = False
+
+        # Check if we have explicit input sizes set
+        if self._inputsizes:
+            # Validate input sizes match parameter count
+            if len(self._inputsizes) != param_count:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Number of input sizes ({len(self._inputsizes)}) does not match "
+                    f"number of parameters ({param_count}). This may lead to unexpected behavior.",
+                    Warning,
+                )
+
+        # Prepare parameter type information
+        with perf_phase("py::executemany::param_type_detection"):
+            for col_index in range(param_count):
+                column = (
+                    [row[col_index] for row in seq_of_parameters]
+                    if hasattr(seq_of_parameters, "__getitem__")
+                    else []
+                )
+                sample_value, min_val, max_val, _ = self._compute_column_type(column)
+
+                if self._inputsizes and col_index < len(self._inputsizes):
+                    # Use explicitly set input sizes
+                    sql_type, c_type, column_size, decimal_digits = self._inputsizes[col_index]
+
+                    # Default is_dae to False
+                    is_dae = False
+
+                    # Override DECIMAL/NUMERIC to use SQL_C_CHAR string binding (GH-503)
+                    if sql_type in (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DECIMAL.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value,
+                    ):
+                        c_type = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value
+
+                    # Check if this should be a DAE (data at execution) parameter based on column size
+                    if sample_value is not None:
+                        if isinstance(sample_value, str) and column_size > MAX_INLINE_CHAR:
+                            is_dae = True
+                        elif isinstance(sample_value, (bytes, bytearray)) and column_size > 8000:
+                            is_dae = True
+
+                    # Sanitize precision/scale for numeric types
+                    if sql_type in (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DECIMAL.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value,
+                    ):
+                        column_size = max(1, min(int(column_size) if column_size > 0 else 18, 38))
+                        decimal_digits = min(max(0, decimal_digits), column_size)
+
+                    # For binary data columns with mixed content, we need to find max size
+                    if sql_type in (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BINARY.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARBINARY.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARBINARY.value,
+                    ):
+                        # Find the maximum size needed for any row's binary data
+                        max_binary_size = 0
+                        for row in seq_of_parameters:
+                            value = row[col_index]
+                            if value is not None and isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray)):
+                                max_binary_size = max(max_binary_size, len(value))
+
+                        # For SQL Server VARBINARY(MAX), we need to use large object binding
+                        if column_size > 8000 or max_binary_size > 8000:
+                            sql_type = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARBINARY.value
+                            is_dae = True
+
+                        # Update column_size to actual maximum size if it's larger
+                        # Always ensure at least a minimum size of 1 for empty strings
+                        column_size = max(max_binary_size, 1)
+
+                    paraminfo = param_info()
+                    paraminfo.paramCType = c_type
+                    paraminfo.paramSQLType = sql_type
+                    paraminfo.inputOutputType = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_PARAM_INPUT.value
+                    paraminfo.columnSize = column_size
+                    paraminfo.decimalDigits = decimal_digits
+                    paraminfo.isDAE = is_dae
+
+                    # Ensure we never have SQL_C_DEFAULT (0) for C-type
+                    if paraminfo.paramCType == 0:
+                        paraminfo.paramCType = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_DEFAULT.value
+
+                    parameters_type.append(paraminfo)
+                else:
+                    # Use auto-detection for columns without explicit types
+                    column = (
+                        [row[col_index] for row in seq_of_parameters]
+                        if hasattr(seq_of_parameters, "__getitem__")
+                        else []
+                    )
+                    sample_value, min_val, max_val, max_decimal_len = self._compute_column_type(
+                        column
+                    )
+
+                    dummy_row = list(sample_row)
+                    paraminfo = self._create_parameter_types_list(
+                        sample_value,
+                        param_info,
+                        dummy_row,
+                        col_index,
+                        min_val=min_val,
+                        max_val=max_val,
+                    )
+
+                    # GH-610: all-NULL columns now pass SQL_UNKNOWN_TYPE to C++,
+                    # where BindParameterArray resolves the correct type via the
+                    # SQLDescribeParam cache.  The previous SQL_VARCHAR hardcoded
+                    # fallback was removed because it broke VARBINARY columns.
+
+                    # Override DECIMAL/NUMERIC to use SQL_C_CHAR string binding.
+                    # _map_sql_type may return SQL_C_NUMERIC (expecting NumericData structs)
+                    # but the conversion loop below converts all Decimal values to strings.
+                    # The C type must match the actual data to avoid:
+                    #   RuntimeError: Parameter's object type does not match parameter's C type
+                    if paraminfo.paramSQLType in (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DECIMAL.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value,
+                    ):
+                        paraminfo.paramCType = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_C_CHAR.value
+                        # Ensure columnSize accommodates the longest string representation
+                        if max_decimal_len > paraminfo.columnSize:
+                            paraminfo.columnSize = max_decimal_len
+
+                    # Correct column size for Decimal columns sent as SQL_VARCHAR (GH-557).
+                    # The sample value's formatted string may be shorter than another
+                    # row's (e.g. positive sample "1.0" = 3 chars vs negative "-0.1" = 4).
+                    # max_decimal_len was already computed during _compute_column_type
+                    # so no extra iteration is needed.
+                    if (
+                        paraminfo.paramSQLType == ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value
+                        and max_decimal_len > paraminfo.columnSize
+                    ):
+                        paraminfo.columnSize = max_decimal_len
+
+                    # Special handling for binary data in auto-detected types
+                    if paraminfo.paramSQLType in (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_BINARY.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARBINARY.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARBINARY.value,
+                    ):
+                        # Find the maximum size needed for any row's binary data
+                        max_binary_size = 0
+                        for row in seq_of_parameters:
+                            value = row[col_index]
+                            if value is not None and isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray)):
+                                max_binary_size = max(max_binary_size, len(value))
+
+                        # For SQL Server VARBINARY(MAX), we need to use large object binding
+                        if max_binary_size > 8000:
+                            paraminfo.paramSQLType = ddbc_sql_const.SQL_LONGVARBINARY.value
+                            paraminfo.isDAE = True
+
+                        # Update column_size to actual maximum size
+                        # Always ensure at least a minimum size of 1 for empty strings
+                        paraminfo.columnSize = max(max_binary_size, 1)
+
+                    parameters_type.append(paraminfo)
+                if paraminfo.isDAE:
+                    any_dae = True
+
+        if any_dae:
+            logger.debug(
+                "DAE parameters detected. Falling back to row-by-row execution with streaming.",
+            )
+            input_sizes = self._inputsizes
+            try:
+                for row in seq_of_parameters:
+                    # execute() consumes overrides; every streamed row needs them.
+                    self._inputsizes = input_sizes
+                    self.execute(operation, row)
+            finally:
+                self._reset_inputsizes()
+            return
+
+        # Process parameters into column-wise format with possible type conversions
+        # First, convert any Decimal types as needed for NUMERIC/DECIMAL columns
+        with perf_phase("py::executemany::param_conversion"):
+            processed_parameters = []
+            for row_index, row in enumerate(seq_of_parameters):
+                processed_row = list(row)
+                for i, val in enumerate(processed_row):
+                    if val is None:
+                        continue
+                    time_text = _normalize_time_param(val, parameters_type[i].paramCType)
+                    if time_text is not None:
+                        processed_row[i] = time_text
+                        continue
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(val, decimal.Decimal)
+                        and parameters_type[i].paramSQLType == ddbc_sql_const.SQL_VARCHAR.value
+                    ):
+                        processed_row[i] = format(val, "f")
+                    # Convert all values to string for DECIMAL/NUMERIC columns (GH-503)
+                    elif parameters_type[i].paramSQLType in (
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_DECIMAL.value,
+                        ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NUMERIC.value,
+                    ):
+                        if isinstance(val, decimal.Decimal):
+                            processed_row[i] = format(val, "f")
+                        else:
+                            # Do not embed the parameter value or the full row in the
+                            # message: rows may contain PII (SSNs, emails, balances)
+                            # that would leak into caller error handlers, tracebacks,
+                            # and log/APM stores. Report metadata only (row index,
+                            # column index, value type).
+                            err_msg = (
+                                f"Failed to convert parameter to Decimal at row "
+                                f"{row_index}, column {i} (value type: {type(val).__name__})"
+                            )
+                            # Raise outside the handler so conversion exceptions are
+                            # not retained as context with rejected input.
+                            conversion_failed = False
+                            try:
+                                val_text = str(val)
+                                processed_row[i] = format(decimal.Decimal(val_text), "f")
+                            except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                                conversion_failed = True
+                            if conversion_failed:
+                                raise ValueError(err_msg) from None
+                processed_parameters.append(processed_row)
+
+        # Now transpose the processed parameters
+        with perf_phase("py::executemany::param_processing"):
+            columnwise_params, row_count = self._transpose_rowwise_to_columnwise(
+                processed_parameters
+            )
+
+        # Get encoding settings
+        encoding_settings = self._get_encoding_settings()
+
+        # Debug logging: emit batch metadata only. Never log parameter values or
+        # row representations here -- rows may contain PII (SSNs, emails,
+        # balances) that would leak into log files and APM/log shippers even
+        # though this is a DEBUG-level statement. Metadata (batch size, column
+        # count) is sufficient for diagnostics without exposing user data.
+        logger.debug(
+            "Executing batch query with %d parameter sets (%d columns per row)",
+            len(seq_of_parameters),
+            len(parameters_type),
+        )
+
+        with perf_phase("py::executemany::cpp_call"):
+            ret = ddbc_bindings.SQLExecuteMany(
+                self.hstmt,
+                operation,
+                columnwise_params,
+                parameters_type,
+                row_count,
+                encoding_settings,
+            )
+
+        # Capture any diagnostic messages after execution
+        with perf_phase("py::executemany::diag_records"):
+            if self.hstmt:
+                self.messages.extend(ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLGetAllDiagRecords(self.hstmt))
+
+        try:
+            check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+            self.rowcount = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLRowCount(self.hstmt)
+            self.last_executed_stmt = operation
+
+            # Fetch column metadata (e.g. for INSERT … OUTPUT)
+            column_metadata = []
+            try:
+                ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLDescribeCol(self.hstmt, column_metadata)
+                self._initialize_description(column_metadata)
+            except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                self.description = None
+                self._column_sql_types = None
+
+            if self.description:
+                self.rowcount = -1
+                self._reset_rownumber()
+                self._cached_column_map = {
+                    col_desc[0]: i for i, col_desc in enumerate(self.description)
+                }
+                self._cached_column_map_lower = (
+                    {k.lower(): v for k, v in self._cached_column_map.items()}
+                    if get_settings().lowercase
+                    else None
+                )
+                self._cached_converter_map = self._build_converter_map()
+                self._uuid_str_indices = self._compute_uuid_str_indices()
+            else:
+                self.rowcount = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLRowCount(self.hstmt)
+                self._clear_rownumber()
+                self._cached_column_map = None
+                self._cached_column_map_lower = None
+                self._cached_converter_map = None
+                self._uuid_str_indices = None
+        finally:
+            # Reset input sizes after execution
+            self._reset_inputsizes()
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Union[None, Row]:
+        """
+        Fetch the next row of a query result set.
+
+        Returns:
+            Single Row object or None if no more data is available.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+
+        if self._cached_decoding_generation != self._connection._decoding_generation:
+            self._refresh_decoding_cache()
+        char_enc = self._cached_char_encoding
+        wchar_enc = self._cached_wchar_encoding
+
+        # Fetch raw data
+        row_data = []
+        try:
+            with perf_phase("py::fetchone::cpp_call"):
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLFetchOne(
+                    self.hstmt,
+                    row_data,
+                    char_enc,
+                    wchar_enc,
+                    self._cached_char_ctype,
+                    self.messages,
+                )
+
+            check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+
+            if ret == ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_DATA.value:
+                # No more data available
+                if self._next_row_index == 0 and self.description is not None:
+                    self.rowcount = 0
+                return None
+
+            # Update internal position after successful fetch
+            if self._skip_increment_for_next_fetch:
+                self._skip_increment_for_next_fetch = False
+                self._next_row_index += 1
+            else:
+                self._increment_rownumber()
+
+            self.rowcount = self._next_row_index
+
+            # Get column and converter maps
+            column_map, converter_map, column_map_lower = self._get_column_and_converter_maps()
+            with perf_phase("py::fetchone::row_wrap"):
+                if not converter_map and not self._uuid_str_indices:
+                    return Row._fast_create(
+                        row_data, column_map, self, column_map_lower, self._cached_result_columns
+                    )
+                return Row(
+                    row_data,
+                    column_map,
+                    cursor=self,
+                    converter_map=converter_map,
+                    uuid_str_indices=self._uuid_str_indices,
+                    column_map_lower=column_map_lower,
+                    column_names=self._cached_result_columns,
+                )
+        except Exception:
+            # On error, don't increment rownumber - rethrow the error
+            raise
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> List[Row]:
+        """
+        Fetch the next set of rows of a query result.
+
+        Args:
+            size: Number of rows to fetch at a time.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Row objects.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+        if not self._has_result_set and self.description:
+            self._reset_rownumber()
+
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        if size <= 0:
+            return []
+
+        if self._cached_decoding_generation != self._connection._decoding_generation:
+            self._refresh_decoding_cache()
+        char_enc = self._cached_char_encoding
+        wchar_enc = self._cached_wchar_encoding
+
+        # Fetch raw data
+        rows_data = []
+        try:
+            with perf_phase("py::fetchmany::cpp_call"):
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLFetchMany(
+                    self.hstmt,
+                    rows_data,
+                    size,
+                    char_enc,
+                    wchar_enc,
+                    self._cached_char_ctype,
+                    self.messages,
+                )
+
+            check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+
+            # Update rownumber for the number of rows actually fetched
+            if rows_data and self._has_result_set:
+                # advance counters by number of rows actually returned
+                self._next_row_index += len(rows_data)
+                self._rownumber = self._next_row_index - 1
+
+            # Centralize rowcount assignment after fetch
+            if len(rows_data) == 0 and self._next_row_index == 0:
+                self.rowcount = 0
+            else:
+                self.rowcount = self._next_row_index
+
+            # Get column and converter maps
+            column_map, converter_map, column_map_lower = self._get_column_and_converter_maps()
+
+            # Convert raw data to Row objects
+            uuid_idx = self._uuid_str_indices
+            with perf_phase("py::fetchmany::row_wrap"):
+                if not converter_map and not uuid_idx:
+                    return ddbc_bindings.construct_rows(
+                        rows_data,
+                        Row,
+                        column_map,
+                        self,
+                        column_map_lower,
+                        self._cached_result_columns,
+                    )
+                return [
+                    Row(
+                        row_data,
+                        column_map,
+                        cursor=self,
+                        converter_map=converter_map,
+                        uuid_str_indices=uuid_idx,
+                        column_map_lower=column_map_lower,
+                        column_names=self._cached_result_columns,
+                    )
+                    for row_data in rows_data
+                ]
+        except Exception:
+            # On error, don't increment rownumber - rethrow the error
+            raise
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> List[Row]:
+        """
+        Fetch all (remaining) rows of a query result.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Row objects.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+        if not self._has_result_set and self.description:
+            self._reset_rownumber()
+
+        if self._cached_decoding_generation != self._connection._decoding_generation:
+            self._refresh_decoding_cache()
+        char_enc = self._cached_char_encoding
+        wchar_enc = self._cached_wchar_encoding
+
+        # Fetch raw data
+        rows_data = []
+        try:
+            with perf_phase("py::fetchall::cpp_call"):
+                ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLFetchAll(
+                    self.hstmt,
+                    rows_data,
+                    char_enc,
+                    wchar_enc,
+                    self._cached_char_ctype,
+                    self.messages,
+                )
+
+            # Check for errors
+            check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+
+            # Update rownumber for the number of rows actually fetched
+            if rows_data and self._has_result_set:
+                self._next_row_index += len(rows_data)
+                self._rownumber = self._next_row_index - 1
+
+            # Centralize rowcount assignment after fetch
+            if len(rows_data) == 0 and self._next_row_index == 0:
+                self.rowcount = 0
+            else:
+                self.rowcount = self._next_row_index
+
+            # Get column and converter maps
+            column_map, converter_map, column_map_lower = self._get_column_and_converter_maps()
+
+            # Convert raw data to Row objects
+            uuid_idx = self._uuid_str_indices
+            with perf_phase("py::fetchall::row_wrap"):
+                if not converter_map and not uuid_idx:
+                    return ddbc_bindings.construct_rows(
+                        rows_data,
+                        Row,
+                        column_map,
+                        self,
+                        column_map_lower,
+                        self._cached_result_columns,
+                    )
+                return [
+                    Row(
+                        row_data,
+                        column_map,
+                        cursor=self,
+                        converter_map=converter_map,
+                        uuid_str_indices=uuid_idx,
+                        column_map_lower=column_map_lower,
+                        column_names=self._cached_result_columns,
+                    )
+                    for row_data in rows_data
+                ]
+        except Exception:
+            # On error, don't increment rownumber - rethrow the error
+            raise
+
+    def arrow_batch(self, batch_size: int = 8192) -> "pyarrow.RecordBatch":
+        """
+        Fetch a single pyarrow Record Batch of the specified size from the
+        query result set.
+
+        Args:
+            batch_size: Maximum number of rows to fetch in the Record Batch.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pyarrow RecordBatch object containing up to batch_size rows.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+        pyarrow = self._ensure_pyarrow()
+
+        if not self._has_result_set and self.description:
+            self._reset_rownumber()
+
+        capsules = []
+        char_decoding = self._get_decoding_settings(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_CHAR.value)
+        char_c_type = char_decoding.get("ctype", ddbc_sql_const.SQL_WCHAR.value)
+        ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLFetchArrowBatch(
+            self.hstmt, capsules, max(batch_size, 0), char_c_type, self.messages
+        )
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+
+        batch = pyarrow.RecordBatch._import_from_c_capsule(*capsules)
+
+        # Update rownumber for the number of rows actually fetched
+        num_fetched = batch.num_rows
+        if num_fetched > 0 and self._has_result_set:
+            self._next_row_index += num_fetched
+            self._rownumber = self._next_row_index - 1
+
+        # Centralize rowcount assignment after fetch
+        if num_fetched == 0 and self._next_row_index == 0:
+            self.rowcount = 0
+        else:
+            self.rowcount = self._next_row_index
+
+        return batch
+
+    def arrow(self, batch_size: int = 8192) -> "pyarrow.Table":
+        """
+        Fetch the entire result as a pyarrow Table.
+
+        Args:
+            batch_size: Size of the Record Batches which make up the Table.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pyarrow Table containing all remaining rows from the result set.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+        pyarrow = self._ensure_pyarrow()
+
+        batches: list["pyarrow.RecordBatch"] = []
+        while True:
+            batch = self.arrow_batch(batch_size)
+            if batch.num_rows < batch_size or batch_size <= 0:
+                if not batches or batch.num_rows > 0:
+                    batches.append(batch)
+                break
+            batches.append(batch)
+        return pyarrow.Table.from_batches(batches, schema=batches[0].schema)
+
+    def arrow_reader(self, batch_size: int = 8192) -> "_ArrowReader":
+        """
+        Fetch the result as a pyarrow-compatible RecordBatchReader, which
+        yields Record Batches of the specified size until the current result
+        set is exhausted.
+
+        The returned object is an ``_ArrowReader`` wrapper that behaves like
+        ``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader``
+        (``schema``, ``read_next_batch``, iteration, context manager) but
+        its ``close()`` is fully effective.  Cleanup is driven
+        by a ``try/finally`` block inside the underlying batch generator, so
+        the same teardown — ``SQLCancel`` to unblock any in-flight fetch on
+        another thread, ``SQLFreeStmt(SQL_CLOSE)`` to release the server-side
+        cursor and locks, draining diagnostics into ``cursor.messages``, and
+        resetting the parent ``Cursor``'s rownumber / ``rowcount`` state —
+        runs whether the user (a) exhausts the reader normally, (b) calls
+        ``close()`` mid-iteration, (c) exits a ``with`` block, or (d) just
+        lets the reader be garbage-collected.  The parent ``Cursor`` itself
+        is **not** closed and can be re-executed.  ``close()`` is idempotent.
+
+        Args:
+            batch_size: Size of the Record Batches produced by the reader.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pyarrow-compatible RecordBatchReader for the result set.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+        pyarrow = self._ensure_pyarrow()
+
+        # Fetch schema without advancing cursor
+        schema_batch = self.arrow_batch(0)
+        schema = schema_batch.schema
+
+        # Capture the parent cursor in a closure cell that the generator
+        # can null out after cleanup, so a GC'd reader does not keep the
+        # cursor pinned.
+        cursor_ref = [self]
+        close_requested = [False]
+
+        def batch_generator():
+            exhausted = False
+            try:
+                while (batch := cursor_ref[0].arrow_batch(batch_size)).num_rows > 0:
+                    yield batch
+                exhausted = True
+            finally:
+                # Symmetric server-side teardown — runs on exhaustion,
+                # GeneratorExit (from close()), or an exception inside the
+                # body.  This is the single canonical cleanup site.
+                cur = cursor_ref[0]
+                cursor_ref[0] = None
+                if not cur.closed and cur.hstmt is not None:
+                    # Natural EOF was captured natively. A close/cancel request
+                    # (including a racing one) or an error still needs the drain.
+                    if not exhausted or close_requested[0]:
+                        try:
+                            cur.messages.extend(ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLGetAllDiagRecords(cur.hstmt))
+                        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                            logger.debug("arrow_reader cleanup: pre-close diag drain failed: %s", e)
+
+                    # 2) Release the server-side cursor & locks while keeping the
+                    #    HSTMT and prepared plan intact, so the parent Cursor can
+                    #    be re-executed.
+                    try:
+                        cur.hstmt._close_cursor()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+                    except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                        # Elevated to WARNING: unlike the diag-drain failures
+                        # (which only cost us some warning text), a failed
+                        # SQLFreeStmt(SQL_CLOSE) leaves the server-side cursor
+                        # and its locks/tempdb resources open on SQL Server
+                        # until this parent Cursor is closed or re-executed.
+                        # DEBUG is typically disabled in production, so that
+                        # leak would be invisible; WARNING makes it visible.
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "arrow_reader cleanup: _close_cursor failed (%s); "
+                            "server-side cursor may remain open until this "
+                            "Cursor is closed or re-executed",
+                            e,
+                        )
+
+                    # 3) Drain diagnostics produced by SQL_CLOSE itself.  This
+                    #    runs unconditionally because SQL_CLOSE can return
+                    #    SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO (a *success* code) and still leave
+                    #    warning records on the HSTMT diag stack; the previous
+                    #    "only on failure" path would silently drop those.
+                    try:
+                        cur.messages.extend(ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLGetAllDiagRecords(cur.hstmt))
+                    except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                        logger.debug("arrow_reader cleanup: post-close diag drain failed: %s", e)
+
+                    # 4) Reset cursor bookkeeping to a clean "no result set"
+                    #    state.  rowcount becomes -1 to signal that the prior
+                    #    result is no longer meaningful.
+                    try:
+                        cur._clear_rownumber()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+                        cur.rowcount = -1
+                    except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                        logger.debug("arrow_reader cleanup: bookkeeping reset failed: %s", e)
+
+        gen = batch_generator()
+        inner = pyarrow.RecordBatchReader.from_batches(schema, gen)
+        return _ArrowReader(self, inner, gen, pyarrow.ArrowInvalid, close_requested)
+
+    def nextset(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+        """
+        Skip to the next available result set.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if there is another result set, False otherwise.
+            Note: PEP 249 specifies True/None; we return True/False
+            for backward compatibility with existing callers and pyodbc
+            parity. The signature is Optional[bool] to keep the door
+            open for a future migration to True/None semantics.
+
+        Raises:
+            Error: If the previous call to execute did not produce any result set.
+        """
+        logger.debug("nextset: Moving to next result set")
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+
+        # Clear messages per DBAPI
+        self.messages = []
+
+        # Clear cached column and converter maps for the new result set
+        self._cached_column_map = None
+        self._cached_column_map_lower = None
+        self._cached_converter_map = None
+        self._column_sql_types = None
+        self._uuid_str_indices = None
+
+        # Skip to the next result set
+        ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLMoreResults(self.hstmt)
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, self.hstmt, ret)
+
+        # Capture diagnostic messages (e.g. PRINT output) — handles both
+        # SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO and SQL_NO_DATA (trailing PRINT after the
+        # final result set).  Without this, messages from subsequent result
+        # sets are silently lost (GH-612).
+        self._capture_diagnostics(ret)
+
+        if ret == ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_DATA.value:
+            logger.debug("nextset: No more result sets available")
+            self._clear_rownumber()
+            self.description = None
+            return False
+
+        self._reset_rownumber()
+
+        # Initialize description for the new result set
+        column_metadata = []
+        try:
+            ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLDescribeCol(self.hstmt, column_metadata)
+            self._initialize_description(column_metadata)
+
+            # Pre-build column map and converter map for the new result set
+            if self.description:
+                self._cached_column_map = {
+                    col_desc[0]: i for i, col_desc in enumerate(self.description)
+                }
+                self._cached_column_map_lower = (
+                    {k.lower(): v for k, v in self._cached_column_map.items()}
+                    if get_settings().lowercase
+                    else None
+                )
+                self._cached_converter_map = self._build_converter_map()
+                self._uuid_str_indices = self._compute_uuid_str_indices()
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            # If describe fails, there might be no results in this result set
+            self.description = None
+
+        logger.debug(
+            "nextset: Moved to next result set - column_count=%d",
+            len(self.description) if self.description else 0,
+        )
+        return True
+
+    # ── Mapping from ODBC connection-string keywords (lowercase, as _parse returns)
+    def _build_pycore_context(self) -> dict:
+        """Build the connection context dict expected by mssql_py_core.
+
+        Parses the underlying ODBC connection string, validates the SERVER
+        parameter, and (when Azure AD auth is in use) either registers a
+        ServicePrincipal token factory or acquires a fresh access token,
+        replacing credential fields as py-core requires. Returns a dict that
+        can be handed to ``PyCoreConnection``. Shared by :meth:`bulkcopy`
+        and :meth:`bulkcopy_arrow` so both paths get identical auth handling.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: connection string unavailable or token acquisition failed.
+            ValueError: SERVER parameter missing.
+        """
+        # Get and parse connection string
+        if not hasattr(self.connection, "connection_str"):
+            logger.error("_build_pycore_context: Connection string not available")
+            raise RuntimeError("Connection string not available for bulk copy")
+
+        # Use the proper connection string parser that handles braced values
+        from mssql_python.connection_string_parser import _ConnectionStringParser
+
+        parser = _ConnectionStringParser(validate_keywords=False)
+        params = parser._parse(self.connection.connection_str)
+
+        # Check for server parameter (accepts synonyms: server, addr, address)
+        if not (params.get("server") or params.get("addr") or params.get("address")):
+            raise ValueError("SERVER parameter is required in connection string")
+
+        # Translate parsed connection string into the dict py-core expects.
+        pycore_context = connstr_to_pycore_params(params)
+
+        # Forward the cursor's query timeout to py-core so the bulkcopy
+        # connection uses the same limit instead of py-core's compiled-in 15s
+        # default. _timeout is the snapshot taken at cursor creation (same value
+        # _set_timeout uses). Accept any int the public Connection.timeout setter
+        # accepts (including IntEnum) but exclude bool, then normalise to a plain
+        # int so py-core's u32 extract is unambiguous. 0 stays a "no override":
+        # py-core's default connect path treats 0 as no deadline, but its TCP
+        # attempt path turns 0 into a 0ms timeout that fails instantly, so we
+        # leave 0 unset and let py-core apply its own 15s default.
+        connect_timeout = self._timeout
+        if isinstance(connect_timeout, int) and not isinstance(connect_timeout, bool):
+            if connect_timeout > 0:
+                pycore_context["connect_timeout"] = int(connect_timeout)
+
+        # Token acquisition — only thing cursor must handle (needs azure-identity SDK)
+        if self.connection._token_provider is not None:
+            # User-supplied credential — use it directly for a fresh token.
+            from mssql_python.auth import acquire_raw_token_from_credential
+
+            try:
+                raw_token, _ = acquire_raw_token_from_credential(self.connection._token_provider)
+            except (OperationalError, InterfaceError) as e:
+                # Preserve the original exception *type* so the same failure is
+                # catchable the same way from connect() and bulkcopy(): an empty
+                # or invalid token raises InterfaceError, while a provider or
+                # transport failure raises OperationalError. Re-wrapping every
+                # case as OperationalError would make an InterfaceError from
+                # connect() surface as OperationalError here, splitting one
+                # failure across two DB-API error categories.
+                raise type(e)(
+                    driver_error=(
+                        "Bulk copy failed: unable to acquire token from custom credential"
+                    ),
+                    ddbc_error=str(e),
+                ) from e
+            pycore_context["access_token"] = raw_token
+            logger.debug(
+                "Bulk copy: acquired fresh token from custom credential (%s)",
+                type(self.connection._token_provider).__name__,
+            )
+        elif self.connection._auth_type:
+            # Fresh token acquisition for mssql-py-core connection
+            from mssql_python.auth import AADAuth, ServicePrincipalAuth
+            from mssql_python.constants import _AuthInternal
+
+            if self.connection._auth_type == _AuthInternal.SERVICE_PRINCIPAL:
+                # Callback-based path: tenant_id is only known from the STS URL
+                # the server returns mid-handshake, so we register a factory
+                # that py-core invokes during FedAuth (workflow 0x02).
+                # Cert-based ServicePrincipal is not supported on this path.
+                client_id = params.get("uid", "")
+                client_secret = params.get("pwd", "")
+                if not client_id or not client_secret:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Bulk copy with Authentication=ActiveDirectoryServicePrincipal "
+                        "currently supports client-secret only. "
+                        "Provide UID (client_id) and PWD (client_secret) in the "
+                        "connection string."
+                    )
+                try:
+                    factory = ServicePrincipalAuth.make_token_factory(client_id, client_secret)
+                except (RuntimeError, ValueError) as e:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Bulk copy failed: unable to build ServicePrincipal token factory: {e}"
+                    ) from e
+                pycore_context["entra_id_token_factory"] = factory
+                # Keep authentication/user_name/password in pycore_context —
+                # py-core's auth validator + transformer need them to resolve
+                # the auth method to ActiveDirectoryServicePrincipal before
+                # the factory is dispatched at handshake time.
+                logger.debug("Bulk copy: registered ServicePrincipal token factory")
+            else:
+                # Pre-acquired token path. Used for Default, DeviceCode,
+                # Interactive (non-Windows), MSI (system- or user-assigned),
+                # and any other AD method whose tenant_id is discoverable
+                # client-side via Azure Identity SDK. credential kwargs
+                # (e.g. user-assigned MSI client_id) were captured by
+                # Connection.__init__ before remove_sensitive_params stripped
+                # UID from connection_str. re-parsing here would miss them.
+                try:
+                    raw_token = AADAuth.get_raw_token(
+                        self.connection._auth_type,
+                        self.connection._credential_kwargs,
+                    )
+                except (RuntimeError, ValueError) as e:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Bulk copy failed: unable to acquire Azure AD token "
+                        f"for auth_type '{self.connection._auth_type}': {e}"
+                    ) from e
+                pycore_context["access_token"] = raw_token
+                # Token replaces credential fields — py-core's validator rejects
+                # access_token combined with authentication/user_name/password.
+                for key in ("authentication", "user_name", "password"):
+                    pycore_context.pop(key, None)
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Bulk copy: acquired fresh Azure AD token for auth_type=%s",
+                    self.connection._auth_type,
+                )
+
+        return pycore_context
+
+    def _looks_like_arrow_source(self, data) -> bool:
+        """Return True if ``data`` should be routed to :meth:`bulkcopy_arrow`.
+
+        Soft check: never imports pyarrow eagerly and never raises. Anything
+        exposing the Arrow C-stream PyCapsule protocol counts, as do the
+        concrete pyarrow container types when pyarrow is importable.
+        """
+        if data is None:
+            return False
+        if hasattr(data, "__arrow_c_stream__") or hasattr(data, "__arrow_c_array__"):
+            return True
+        try:
+            import pyarrow as pa
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+        return isinstance(data, (pa.Table, pa.RecordBatch, pa.RecordBatchReader))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _bulkcopy_core_and_validate(table_name, batch_size, timeout):
+        """Import the native core and validate the args shared by ``bulkcopy``
+        and ``bulkcopy_arrow``. Returns the imported ``mssql_py_core`` module."""
+        try:
+            import mssql_py_core
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            logger.error("bulkcopy: Failed to import mssql_py_core module")
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Bulk copy requires the mssql_py_core library which is not available. "
+                "This is an unexpected error. "
+            ) from exc
+
+        if not table_name or not isinstance(table_name, str):
+            logger.error("bulkcopy: Invalid table_name parameter")
+            raise ValueError("table_name must be a non-empty string")
+
+        if not isinstance(batch_size, int):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"batch_size must be a non-negative integer, got {type(batch_size).__name__}"
+            )
+        if batch_size < 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"batch_size must be non-negative, got {batch_size}")
+
+        if not isinstance(timeout, int) or isinstance(timeout, bool):
+            raise TypeError(f"timeout must be a non-negative integer, got {type(timeout).__name__}")
+        if timeout < 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"timeout must be non-negative, got {timeout}")
+
+        return mssql_py_core
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _bulkcopy_teardown(pycore_context, pycore_cursor, pycore_connection):
+        """Scrub credential material from the context and close native
+        bulk-copy resources. Safe to call with partially-initialized state."""
+        if pycore_context:
+            for key in ("password", "user_name", "access_token", "entra_id_token_factory"):
+                pycore_context.pop(key, None)
+        for resource in (pycore_cursor, pycore_connection):
+            if resource and hasattr(resource, "close"):
+                try:
+                    resource.close()
+                except Exception as cleanup_error:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Failed to close bulk copy resource %s: %s",
+                        type(resource).__name__,
+                        cleanup_error,
+                    )
+
+    def bulkcopy(
+        self,
+        table_name: str,
+        data: Iterable[Union[Tuple, "Row"]],
+        batch_size: int = 0,
+        timeout: int = 30,
+        column_mappings: Optional[Union[List[str], List[Tuple[int, str]]]] = None,
+        keep_identity: bool = False,
+        check_constraints: bool = False,
+        table_lock: bool = False,
+        keep_nulls: bool = False,
+        fire_triggers: bool = False,
+        use_internal_transaction: bool = False,
+    ):  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        Perform bulk copy operation for high-performance data loading.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Target table name (can include schema, e.g., 'dbo.MyTable').
+                The table must exist and the user must have INSERT permissions.
+
+            data: Iterable of tuples or Row objects containing row data to be inserted.
+                Row objects from fetchone/fetchmany/fetchall are automatically
+                converted to tuples. Lists and other types are not accepted.
+
+                Data Format Requirements:
+                - Each element in the iterable represents one row
+                - Each row should be a tuple or Row object
+                - Column order must match the target table's column order (by ordinal
+                  position), unless column_mappings is specified
+                - The number of values in each row must match the number of columns
+                  in the target table
+
+            batch_size: Number of rows to send per batch. Default 0 uses server optimal.
+
+            timeout: Operation timeout in seconds. Default is 30. 0 disables the
+                bulk copy operation timeout.
+
+            column_mappings: Maps source data columns to target table column names.
+                Two formats supported:
+
+                Simple Format - List[str]:
+                    List of destination column names in order. Position in list = source index.
+                    Example: ['UserID', 'FirstName', 'Email']
+                    Maps: index 0 → UserID, index 1 → FirstName, index 2 → Email
+
+                Advanced Format - List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+                    Explicit index mapping. Allows skipping or reordering columns.
+                    Each tuple is (source_index, target_column_name).
+                    Example: [(0, 'UserID'), (1, 'FirstName'), (3, 'Email')]
+                    Maps: index 0 → UserID, index 1 → FirstName, index 3 → Email (skips index 2)
+
+                When omitted: Columns are mapped by ordinal position (first data
+                column → first table column, second → second, etc.)
+
+            keep_identity: Preserve identity values from source data.
+
+            check_constraints: Check constraints during bulk copy.
+
+            table_lock: Use table-level lock instead of row-level locks.
+
+            keep_nulls: Preserve null values instead of using default values.
+
+            fire_triggers: Fire insert triggers on the target table.
+
+            use_internal_transaction: Use an internal transaction for each batch.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with bulk copy results including:
+                - rows_copied: Number of rows successfully copied
+                - batch_count: Number of batches processed
+                - elapsed_time: Time taken for the operation
+
+        Raises:
+            ImportError: If mssql_py_core library is not installed
+            TypeError: If data is None, not iterable, is a string/bytes, or is an
+                Arrow source (use :meth:`bulkcopy_arrow` for those)
+            ValueError: If table_name is empty or parameters are invalid
+            RuntimeError: If connection string is not available
+        """
+        # Fast check if logging is enabled to avoid overhead
+        is_logging_enabled = logger.is_debug_enabled
+
+        # Steer Arrow-shaped sources to the dedicated method instead of
+        # silently re-routing or failing deep inside the tuple validator.
+        if self._looks_like_arrow_source(data):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "bulkcopy() expects an iterable of row tuples or Row objects. "
+                "For pyarrow.Table / RecordBatch / RecordBatchReader / objects "
+                "implementing __arrow_c_stream__/__arrow_c_array__, call "
+                "cursor.bulkcopy_arrow() instead."
+            )
+
+        mssql_py_core = self._bulkcopy_core_and_validate(table_name, batch_size, timeout)
+
+        # Validate that data is iterable (but not a string or bytes, which are technically iterable)
+        if data is None:
+            raise TypeError("data must be an iterable of tuples or lists, got None")
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"data must be an iterable of tuples or lists, got {type(data).__name__}. "
+                "Strings and bytes are not valid row collections."
+            )
+        if not hasattr(data, "__iter__"):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"data must be an iterable of tuples or lists, got non-iterable {type(data).__name__}"
+            )
+
+        pycore_context = self._build_pycore_context()
+
+        pycore_connection = None
+        pycore_cursor = None
+        try:
+            # Only pass logger to Rust if logging is enabled (performance optimization)
+            pycore_connection = mssql_py_core.PyCoreConnection(
+                pycore_context, python_logger=logger if is_logging_enabled else None
+            )
+            pycore_cursor = pycore_connection.cursor()
+
+            # Enforce the bulkcopy type contract: only tuple and Row accepted.
+            # Created to support the fetchone/fetchmany/fetchall -> bulkcopy
+            # pipeline where Row objects need conversion to native tuples.
+            # Rust (mssql_py_core) requires PyTuple via cast::<PyTuple>() and
+            # rejects all other types including list. Row objects are converted
+            # using direct _values access (4x faster than __iter__ protocol).
+            # Uses itertools.chain for C-level iteration (avoids Python
+            # generator frame overhead on the tuple passthrough path).
+            def _prepare_row_iterator(iterable):
+                from itertools import chain
+
+                it = iter(iterable)
+                first = next(it, None)
+                if first is None:
+                    return iter(())
+                if isinstance(first, tuple):
+                    return chain((first,), it)
+                if isinstance(first, Row):
+                    return (tuple(item._values) for item in chain((first,), it))
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"bulkcopy data rows must be tuples or Row objects, "
+                    f"got {type(first).__name__}"
+                )
+
+            # Call bulkcopy with explicit keyword arguments
+            # The API signature: bulkcopy(table_name, data_source, batch_size=0, timeout=30, ...)
+            result = pycore_cursor.bulkcopy(
+                table_name,
+                _prepare_row_iterator(data),
+                batch_size=batch_size,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                column_mappings=column_mappings,
+                keep_identity=keep_identity,
+                check_constraints=check_constraints,
+                table_lock=table_lock,
+                keep_nulls=keep_nulls,
+                fire_triggers=fire_triggers,
+                use_internal_transaction=use_internal_transaction,
+                python_logger=logger if is_logging_enabled else None,  # Only pass logger if enabled
+            )
+
+            logger.info(
+                "_bulkcopy: Bulk copy completed successfully - rows_copied=%s, batch_count=%s, elapsed_time=%s",
+                result.get("rows_copied", "N/A"),
+                result.get("batch_count", "N/A"),
+                result.get("elapsed_time", "N/A"),
+            )
+
+            return result
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Log the error for debugging (without exposing credentials)
+            logger.debug(
+                "Bulk copy operation failed for table '%s': %s: %s",
+                table_name,
+                type(e).__name__,
+                str(e),
+            )
+            # Re-raise the original exception, preserving its type, args, and
+            # traceback. The finally block scrubs credentials, and Python
+            # tracebacks don't expose local values, so no reconstruction is needed.
+            raise
+
+        finally:
+            self._bulkcopy_teardown(pycore_context, pycore_cursor, pycore_connection)
+
+    def bulkcopy_arrow(
+        self,
+        table_name: str,
+        source,
+        batch_size: int = 0,
+        timeout: int = 30,
+        column_mappings: Optional[Union[List[str], List[Tuple[int, str]]]] = None,
+        keep_identity: bool = False,
+        check_constraints: bool = False,
+        table_lock: bool = False,
+        keep_nulls: bool = False,
+        fire_triggers: bool = False,
+        use_internal_transaction: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Bulk-copy from an Apache Arrow source straight into TDS.
+
+        ``source`` may be any of:
+
+        * ``pyarrow.Table``
+        * ``pyarrow.RecordBatch``
+        * ``pyarrow.RecordBatchReader``
+        * any object exposing ``__arrow_c_stream__`` (Arrow PyCapsule stream
+          interface — e.g. polars/pandas DataFrames ≥ 2.2, duckdb results)
+        * any object exposing ``__arrow_c_array__`` (single-batch PyCapsule
+          array interface)
+        * an iterable of ``pyarrow.RecordBatch`` (all batches must share the
+          same schema)
+
+        Compared to :meth:`bulkcopy`, this path skips per-cell Python
+        round-trips: each batch's typed Arrow buffers are read directly by
+        the Rust core and streamed into the TDS bulk-load packets. Schema and
+        column-mapping semantics, the options, and the returned dictionary are
+        identical to :meth:`bulkcopy`.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Target table name (may include schema, e.g. 'dbo.MyTable').
+            source: Arrow source (see above).
+            batch_size: Rows per TDS commit. Default 0 uses server optimal.
+            timeout: Operation timeout in seconds. Default 30. 0 disables the
+                bulk copy operation timeout.
+            column_mappings: Same two formats as :meth:`bulkcopy`. When omitted,
+                Arrow fields map to destination columns by ordinal position.
+            keep_identity: Preserve identity values from the source.
+            check_constraints: Check constraints during bulk copy.
+            table_lock: Use a table-level lock instead of row-level locks.
+            keep_nulls: Preserve null values instead of using column defaults.
+            fire_triggers: Fire insert triggers on the target table.
+            use_internal_transaction: Use an internal transaction per batch.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with ``rows_copied``, ``batch_count``, ``elapsed_time``
+            and ``rows_per_second``.
+
+        Raises:
+            ImportError: If the mssql_py_core library is not installed.
+            TypeError: If ``source`` is None, a str, or bytes.
+            ValueError: If ``table_name`` is empty or parameters are invalid.
+            RuntimeError: If the connection string is not available.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> import pyarrow as pa
+            >>> table = pa.table({"id": [1, 2, 3], "name": ["a", "b", "c"]})
+            >>> result = cursor.bulkcopy_arrow("dbo.MyTable", table)
+            >>> result["rows_copied"]
+            3
+        """
+        is_logging_enabled = logger.is_debug_enabled
+
+        mssql_py_core = self._bulkcopy_core_and_validate(table_name, batch_size, timeout)
+
+        if source is None or isinstance(source, (str, bytes)):
+            got = "None" if source is None else type(source).__name__
+            raise TypeError(
+                "source must be a pyarrow Table/RecordBatch/RecordBatchReader, "
+                "an iterable of RecordBatch, or an object implementing "
+                f"__arrow_c_stream__/__arrow_c_array__, got {got}"
+            )
+
+        pycore_context = self._build_pycore_context()
+
+        pycore_connection = None
+        pycore_cursor = None
+        try:
+            pycore_connection = mssql_py_core.PyCoreConnection(
+                pycore_context, python_logger=logger if is_logging_enabled else None
+            )
+            pycore_cursor = pycore_connection.cursor()
+
+            result = pycore_cursor.bulkcopy_arrow(
+                table_name,
+                source,
+                batch_size=batch_size,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                column_mappings=column_mappings,
+                keep_identity=keep_identity,
+                check_constraints=check_constraints,
+                table_lock=table_lock,
+                keep_nulls=keep_nulls,
+                fire_triggers=fire_triggers,
+                use_internal_transaction=use_internal_transaction,
+                python_logger=logger if is_logging_enabled else None,
+            )
+
+            logger.info(
+                "bulkcopy_arrow: completed - rows_copied=%s, batch_count=%s, elapsed_time=%s",
+                result.get("rows_copied", "N/A"),
+                result.get("batch_count", "N/A"),
+                result.get("elapsed_time", "N/A"),
+            )
+            return result
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.debug(
+                "bulkcopy_arrow failed for table '%s': %s: %s",
+                table_name,
+                type(e).__name__,
+                str(e),
+            )
+            raise
+
+        finally:
+            self._bulkcopy_teardown(pycore_context, pycore_cursor, pycore_connection)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """
+        Enter the runtime context for the cursor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The cursor instance itself.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        """Closes the cursor when exiting the context, ensuring proper resource cleanup."""
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def fetchval(self):
+        """
+        Fetch the first column of the first row if there are results.
+
+        This is a convenience method for queries that return a single value,
+        such as SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table, SELECT MAX(id) FROM table, etc.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value of the first column of the first row, or None if no rows
+            are available or the first column value is NULL.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the cursor is closed.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> count = cursor.execute('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users').fetchval()
+            >>> max_id = cursor.execute('SELECT MAX(id) FROM users').fetchval()
+            >>> name = cursor.execute('SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = ?', user_id).fetchval()
+
+        Note:
+            This is a convenience extension beyond the DB-API 2.0 specification.
+            After calling fetchval(), the cursor position advances by one row,
+            just like fetchone().
+        """
+        if logger.is_debug_enabled:
+            logger.debug("fetchval: Fetching single value from first column")
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+
+        # Check if this is a result-producing statement
+        if not self.description:
+            # Non-result-set statement (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc.)
+            if logger.is_debug_enabled:
+                logger.debug("fetchval: No result set available (non-SELECT statement)")
+            return None
+
+        # Fetch the first row
+        row = self.fetchone()
+
+        if row is None:
+            if logger.is_debug_enabled:
+                logger.debug("fetchval: No value available (no rows)")
+            return None
+
+        if logger.is_debug_enabled:
+            logger.debug("fetchval: Value retrieved successfully")
+        return row[0]
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """
+        Commit all SQL statements executed on the connection that created this cursor.
+
+        This is a convenience method that calls commit() on the underlying connection.
+        It affects all cursors created by the same connection since the last commit/rollback.
+
+        The benefit is that many uses can now just use the cursor and not have to track
+        the connection object.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the cursor is closed or if the commit operation fails.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)", "John")
+            >>> cursor.commit()  # Commits the INSERT
+
+        Note:
+            This is equivalent to calling connection.commit() but provides convenience
+            for code that only has access to the cursor object.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+
+        # Clear messages per DBAPI
+        self.messages = []
+
+        # Delegate to the connection's commit method
+        self._connection.commit()
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """
+        Roll back all SQL statements executed on the connection that created this cursor.
+
+        This is a convenience method that calls rollback() on the underlying connection.
+        It affects all cursors created by the same connection since the last commit/rollback.
+
+        The benefit is that many uses can now just use the cursor and not have to track
+        the connection object.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the cursor is closed or if the rollback operation fails.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)", "John")
+            >>> cursor.rollback()  # Rolls back the INSERT
+
+        Note:
+            This is equivalent to calling connection.rollback() but provides convenience
+            for code that only has access to the cursor object.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()  # Check if the cursor is closed
+
+        # Clear messages per DBAPI
+        self.messages = []
+
+        # Delegate to the connection's rollback method
+        self._connection.rollback()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """
+        Destructor to ensure the cursor is closed when it is no longer needed.
+        This is a safety net to ensure resources are cleaned up
+        even if close() was not called explicitly.
+        If the cursor is already closed, it will not raise an exception during cleanup.
+        """
+        if "closed" not in self.__dict__ or not self.closed:
+            try:
+                self.close()
+            except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+                # Don't raise an exception in __del__, just log it
+                # If interpreter is shutting down, we might not have logging set up
+                import sys
+
+                if sys and sys.is_finalizing():
+                    # Suppress logging during interpreter shutdown
+                    return
+                # ``logger`` could be torn down or have its handlers closed
+                # late in interpreter shutdown; guard so the debug call
+                # cannot itself raise an unraisable exception.
+                if logger is not None:
+                    logger.debug("Exception during cursor cleanup in __del__: %s", e)
+
+    def scroll(
+        self, value: int, mode: str = "relative"
+    ) -> None:  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
+        """
+        Scroll using SQLFetchScroll only, matching test semantics:
+          - relative(N>0): consume N rows; rownumber = previous + N;
+            next fetch returns the following row.
+          - absolute(-1): before first (rownumber = -1), no data consumed.
+          - absolute(0): position so next fetch returns first row;
+            rownumber stays 0 even after that fetch.
+          - absolute(k>0): next fetch returns row index k (0-based);
+            rownumber == k after scroll.
+        """
+        logger.debug(
+            "scroll: Scrolling cursor - mode=%s, value=%d, current_rownumber=%d",
+            mode,
+            value,
+            self._rownumber,
+        )
+        self._check_closed()
+
+        # Clear messages per DBAPI
+        self.messages = []
+
+        if mode not in ("relative", "absolute"):
+            logger.error("scroll: Invalid mode - mode=%s", mode)
+            raise ProgrammingError(
+                "Invalid scroll mode",
+                f"mode must be 'relative' or 'absolute', got '{mode}'",
+            )
+        if not self._has_result_set:
+            logger.error("scroll: No active result set")
+            raise ProgrammingError(
+                "No active result set",
+                "Cannot scroll: no result set available. Execute a query first.",
+            )
+        if not isinstance(value, int):
+            logger.error("scroll: Invalid value type - type=%s", type(value).__name__)
+            raise ProgrammingError(
+                "Invalid scroll value type",
+                f"scroll value must be an integer, got {type(value).__name__}",
+            )
+
+        # Relative backward not supported
+        if mode == "relative" and value < 0:
+            logger.error("scroll: Backward scrolling not supported - value=%d", value)
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "Backward scrolling not supported",
+                f"Cannot move backward by {value} rows on a forward-only cursor",
+            )
+
+        row_data: list = []
+
+        # Absolute positioning not supported with forward-only cursors
+        if mode == "absolute":
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "Absolute positioning not supported",
+                "Forward-only cursors do not support absolute positioning",
+            )
+
+        try:
+            if mode == "relative":
+                if value == 0:
+                    return
+
+                # For forward-only cursors, use multiple SQL_FETCH_NEXT calls
+                # This matches pyodbc's approach for skip operations
+                for i in range(value):
+                    ret = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLFetchScroll(
+                        self.hstmt, ddbc_sql_const.SQL_FETCH_NEXT.value, 0, row_data
+                    )
+                    if ret == ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_DATA.value:
+                        raise IndexError(
+                            "Cannot scroll to specified position: end of result set reached"
+                        )
+
+                # Update position tracking
+                self._rownumber = self._rownumber + value
+                self._next_row_index = self._rownumber + 1
+                logger.debug(
+                    "scroll: Scroll complete - new_rownumber=%d, next_row_index=%d",
+                    self._rownumber,
+                    self._next_row_index,
+                )
+                return
+
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            if isinstance(e, (IndexError, NotSupportedError)):
+                raise
+            raise IndexError(f"Scroll operation failed: {e}") from e
+
+    def skip(self, count: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Skip the next count records in the query result set.
+
+        Args:
+            count: Number of records to skip.
+
+        Raises:
+            IndexError: If attempting to skip past the end of the result set.
+            ProgrammingError: If count is not an integer.
+            NotSupportedError: If attempting to skip backwards.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+
+        # Clear messages
+        self.messages = []
+
+        # Simply delegate to the scroll method with 'relative' mode
+        self.scroll(count, "relative")
+
+    def _execute_tables(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments
+        self,
+        stmt_handle,
+        catalog_name=None,
+        schema_name=None,
+        table_name=None,
+        table_type=None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Execute SQLTables ODBC function to retrieve table metadata.
+
+        Args:
+            stmt_handle: ODBC statement handle
+            catalog_name: The catalog name pattern
+            schema_name: The schema name pattern
+            table_name: The table name pattern
+            table_type: The table type filter
+            search_escape: The escape character for pattern matching
+        """
+        # Convert None values to empty strings for ODBC
+        catalog = "" if catalog_name is None else catalog_name
+        schema = "" if schema_name is None else schema_name
+        table = "" if table_name is None else table_name
+        types = "" if table_type is None else table_type
+
+        # Call the ODBC SQLTables function
+        retcode = ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLTables(stmt_handle, catalog, schema, table, types)
+
+        # Check return code and handle errors
+        check_error(ddbc_sql_const.SQL_HANDLE_STMT.value, stmt_handle, retcode)
+
+        # Capture any diagnostic messages
+        if stmt_handle and retcode in (
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO.value,
+            ddbc_sql_const.SQL_NO_DATA.value,
+        ):
+            self.messages.extend(ddbc_bindings.DDBCSQLGetAllDiagRecords(stmt_handle))
+
+    def tables(
+        self, table=None, catalog=None, schema=None, tableType=None
+    ):  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments
+        """
+        Returns information about tables in the database that match the given criteria using
+        the SQLTables ODBC function.
+
+        Args:
+            table (str, optional): The table name pattern. Default is None (all tables).
+            catalog (str, optional): The catalog name. Default is None.
+            schema (str, optional): The schema name pattern. Default is None.
+            tableType (str or list, optional): The table type filter. Default is None.
+                                              Example: "TABLE" or ["TABLE", "VIEW"]
+
+        Returns:
+            Cursor: The cursor object itself for method chaining with fetch methods.
+        """
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._reset_cursor()
+
+        # Format table_type parameter - SQLTables expects comma-separated string
+        table_type_str = None
+        if tableType is not None:
+            if isinstance(tableType, (list, tuple)):
+                table_type_str = ",".join(tableType)
+            else:
+                table_type_str = str(tableType)
+
+        try:
+            # Call SQLTables via the helper method
+            self._execute_tables(
+                self.hstmt,
+                catalog_name=catalog,
+                schema_name=schema,
+                table_name=table,
+                table_type=table_type_str,
+            )
+
+            # Define fallback description for tables
+            fallback_description = [
+                ("table_cat", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+                ("table_schem", str, None, 128, 128, 0, True),
+                ("table_name", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+                ("table_type", str, None, 128, 128, 0, False),
+                ("remarks", str, None, 254, 254, 0, True),
+            ]
+
+            # Use the helper method to prepare the result set
+            return self._prepare_metadata_result_set(fallback_description=fallback_description)
+
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
+            # Log the error and re-raise
+            logger.error(f"Error executing tables query: {e}")
+            raise
+
+    def callproc(
+        self, procname: str, parameters: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Sequence[Any]]:
+        """
+        Call a stored database procedure with the given name.
+
+        Args:
+            procname: Name of the stored procedure to call
+            parameters: Optional sequence of parameters to pass to the procedure
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence containing the result parameters (input parameters unchanged,
+            output parameters with their new values)
+
+        Raises:
+            NotSupportedError: This method is not yet implemented
+        """
+        raise NotSupportedError(
+            driver_error="callproc() is not yet implemented",
+            ddbc_error="Stored procedure calls are not currently supported",
+        )
+
+    def setoutputsize(self, size: int, column: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Set a column buffer size for fetches of large columns.
+
+        This method is optional and is not implemented in this driver.
+
+        Args:
+            size: Maximum size of the column buffer
+            column: Optional column index (0-based) to set the size for
+
+        Note:
+            This method is a no-op in this implementation as buffer sizes
+            are managed automatically by the underlying driver.
+        """
+        # This is a no-op - buffer sizes are managed automatically