monai-weekly 1.5.dev2511__py3-none-any.whl → 1.5.dev2513__py3-none-any.whl

monai/__init__.py

@@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ except BaseException:
 
     if MONAIEnvVars.debug():
         raise
-__commit_id__ = "34f379735c5e18e7f809453eb1b3606c225c788b"
+__commit_id__ = "bfcb318b1fbde75bdceb56b7cff632c9fc1c13dd"

monai/_version.py

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ import json
 
 version_json = '''
 {
- "date": "2025-03-16T02:30:38+0000",
+ "date": "2025-03-30T02:32:28+0000",
  "dirty": false,
  "error": null,
- "full-revisionid": "7876647f87c763d854f9546bbc60e12f13af84a6",
- "version": "1.5.dev2511"
+ "full-revisionid": "ef083a32ccc13ee3937a4bd8acc12b9cdc174e18",
+ "version": "1.5.dev2513"
 }
 '''  # END VERSION_JSON
 

monai/data/utils.py

@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ def convert_tables_to_dicts(
     # parse row indices
     rows: list[int | str] = []
     if row_indices is None:
-        rows = slice(df.shape[0])  # type: ignore
+        rows = df.index.tolist()
     else:
         for i in row_indices:
             if isinstance(i, (tuple, list)):

monai/metrics/meandice.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import torch
 
 from monai.metrics.utils import do_metric_reduction
-from monai.utils import MetricReduction
+from monai.utils import MetricReduction, deprecated_arg
 
 from .metric import CumulativeIterationMetric
 
@@ -23,35 +23,76 @@ __all__ = ["DiceMetric", "compute_dice", "DiceHelper"]
 
 class DiceMetric(CumulativeIterationMetric):
     """
-    Compute average Dice score for a set of pairs of prediction-groundtruth segmentations.
+    Computes Dice score for a set of pairs of prediction-groundtruth labels. It supports single-channel label maps
+    or multi-channel images with class segmentations per channel. This allows the computation for both multi-class
+    and multi-label tasks.
 
-    It supports both multi-classes and multi-labels tasks.
-    Input `y_pred` is compared with ground truth `y`.
-    `y_pred` is expected to have binarized predictions and `y` can be single-channel class indices or in the
-    one-hot format. The `include_background` parameter can be set to ``False`` to exclude
-    the first category (channel index 0) which is by convention assumed to be background. If the non-background
-    segmentations are small compared to the total image size they can get overwhelmed by the signal from the
-    background. `y_preds` and `y` can be a list of channel-first Tensor (CHW[D]) or a batch-first Tensor (BCHW[D]),
-    `y` can also be in the format of `B1HW[D]`.
+    If either prediction ``y_pred`` or ground truth ``y`` have shape BCHW[D], it is expected that these represent one-
+    hot segmentations for C number of classes. If either shape is B1HW[D], it is expected that these are label maps
+    and the number of classes must be specified by the ``num_classes`` parameter. In either case for either inputs,
+    this metric applies no activations and so non-binary values will produce unexpected results if this metric is used
+    for binary overlap measurement (ie. either was expected to be one-hot formatted). Soft labels are thus permitted by
+    this metric. Typically this implies that raw predictions from a network must first be activated and possibly made
+    into label maps, eg. for a multi-class prediction tensor softmax and then argmax should be applied over the channel
+    dimensions to produce a label map.
+
+    The ``include_background`` parameter can be set to `False` to exclude the first category (channel index 0) which
+    is by convention assumed to be background. If the non-background segmentations are small compared to the total
+    image size they can get overwhelmed by the signal from the background. This assumes the shape of both prediction
+    and ground truth is BCHW[D].
+
+    The typical execution steps of this metric class follows :py:class:`monai.metrics.metric.Cumulative`.
+
+    Further information can be found in the official
+    `MONAI Dice Overview <https://github.com/Project-MONAI/tutorials/blob/main/modules/dice_loss_metric_notes.ipynb>`.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import torch
+        from monai.metrics import DiceMetric
+        from monai.losses import DiceLoss
+        from monai.networks import one_hot
+
+        batch_size, n_classes, h, w = 7, 5, 128, 128
+
+        y_pred = torch.rand(batch_size, n_classes, h, w)  # network predictions
+        y_pred = torch.argmax(y_pred, 1, True)  # convert to label map
+
+        # ground truth as label map
+        y = torch.randint(0, n_classes, size=(batch_size, 1, h, w))
+
+        dm = DiceMetric(
+            reduction="mean_batch", return_with_label=True, num_classes=n_classes
+        )
+
+        raw_scores = dm(y_pred, y)
+        print(dm.aggregate())
+
+        # now compute the Dice loss which should be the same as 1 - raw_scores
+        dl = DiceLoss(to_onehot_y=True, reduction="none")
+        loss = dl(one_hot(y_pred, n_classes), y).squeeze()
+
+        print(1.0 - loss)  # same as raw_scores
 
-    Example of the typical execution steps of this metric class follows :py:class:`monai.metrics.metric.Cumulative`.
 
     Args:
-        include_background: whether to include Dice computation on the first channel of
-            the predicted output. Defaults to ``True``.
-        reduction: define mode of reduction to the metrics, will only apply reduction on `not-nan` values,
-            available reduction modes: {``"none"``, ``"mean"``, ``"sum"``, ``"mean_batch"``, ``"sum_batch"``,
-            ``"mean_channel"``, ``"sum_channel"``}, default to ``"mean"``. if "none", will not do reduction.
-        get_not_nans: whether to return the `not_nans` count, if True, aggregate() returns (metric, not_nans).
-            Here `not_nans` count the number of not nans for the metric, thus its shape equals to the shape of the metric.
-        ignore_empty: whether to ignore empty ground truth cases during calculation.
-            If `True`, NaN value will be set for empty ground truth cases.
-            If `False`, 1 will be set if the predictions of empty ground truth cases are also empty.
-        num_classes: number of input channels (always including the background). When this is None,
+        include_background: whether to include Dice computation on the first channel/category of the prediction and
+            ground truth. Defaults to ``True``, use ``False`` to exclude the background class.
+        reduction: defines mode of reduction to the metrics, this will only apply reduction on `not-nan` values. The
+            available reduction modes are enumerated by :py:class:`monai.utils.enums.MetricReduction`. If "none", is
+            selected, the metric will not do reduction.
+        get_not_nans: whether to return the `not_nans` count. If True, aggregate() returns `(metric, not_nans)` where
+            `not_nans` counts the number of valid values in the result, and will have the same shape.
+        ignore_empty: whether to ignore empty ground truth cases during calculation. If `True`, the `NaN` value will be
+            set for an empty ground truth cases, otherwise 1 will be set if the predictions of empty ground truth cases
+            are also empty.
+        num_classes: number of input channels (always including the background). When this is ``None``,
             ``y_pred.shape[1]`` will be used. This option is useful when both ``y_pred`` and ``y`` are
             single-channel class indices and the number of classes is not automatically inferred from data.
         return_with_label: whether to return the metrics with label, only works when reduction is "mean_batch".
-            If `True`, use "label_{index}" as the key corresponding to C channels; if 'include_background' is True,
+            If `True`, use "label_{index}" as the key corresponding to C channels; if ``include_background`` is True,
             the index begins at "0", otherwise at "1". It can also take a list of label names.
             The outcome will then be returned as a dictionary.
 
@@ -77,22 +118,21 @@ class DiceMetric(CumulativeIterationMetric):
             include_background=self.include_background,
             reduction=MetricReduction.NONE,
             get_not_nans=False,
-            softmax=False,
+            apply_argmax=False,
             ignore_empty=self.ignore_empty,
             num_classes=self.num_classes,
         )
 
     def _compute_tensor(self, y_pred: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:  # type: ignore[override]
         """
+        Compute the dice value using ``DiceHelper``.
+
         Args:
-            y_pred: input data to compute, typical segmentation model output.
-                It must be one-hot format and first dim is batch, example shape: [16, 3, 32, 32]. The values
-                should be binarized.
-            y: ground truth to compute mean Dice metric. `y` can be single-channel class indices or
-                in the one-hot format.
+            y_pred: prediction value, see class docstring for format definition.
+            y: ground truth label.
 
         Raises:
-            ValueError: when `y_pred` has less than three dimensions.
+            ValueError: when `y_pred` has fewer than three dimensions.
         """
         dims = y_pred.ndimension()
         if dims < 3:
@@ -107,10 +147,8 @@ class DiceMetric(CumulativeIterationMetric):
         Execute reduction and aggregation logic for the output of `compute_dice`.
 
         Args:
-            reduction: define mode of reduction to the metrics, will only apply reduction on `not-nan` values,
-                available reduction modes: {``"none"``, ``"mean"``, ``"sum"``, ``"mean_batch"``, ``"sum_batch"``,
-                ``"mean_channel"``, ``"sum_channel"``}, default to `self.reduction`. if "none", will not do reduction.
-
+            reduction: defines mode of reduction as enumerated in :py:class:`monai.utils.enums.MetricReduction`.
+                By default this will do no reduction.
         """
         data = self.get_buffer()
         if not isinstance(data, torch.Tensor):
@@ -138,18 +176,20 @@ def compute_dice(
     ignore_empty: bool = True,
     num_classes: int | None = None,
 ) -> torch.Tensor:
-    """Computes Dice score metric for a batch of predictions.
+    """
+    Computes Dice score metric for a batch of predictions. This performs the same computation as
+    :py:class:`monai.metrics.DiceMetric`, which is preferrable to use over this function. For input formats, see the
+    documentation for that class .
 
     Args:
         y_pred: input data to compute, typical segmentation model output.
-            `y_pred` can be single-channel class indices or in the one-hot format.
-        y: ground truth to compute mean dice metric. `y` can be single-channel class indices or in the one-hot format.
-        include_background: whether to include Dice computation on the first channel of
-            the predicted output. Defaults to True.
-        ignore_empty: whether to ignore empty ground truth cases during calculation.
-            If `True`, NaN value will be set for empty ground truth cases.
-            If `False`, 1 will be set if the predictions of empty ground truth cases are also empty.
-        num_classes: number of input channels (always including the background). When this is None,
+        y: ground truth to compute mean dice metric.
+        include_background: whether to include Dice computation on the first channel/category of the prediction and
+            ground truth. Defaults to ``True``, use ``False`` to exclude the background class.
+        ignore_empty: whether to ignore empty ground truth cases during calculation. If `True`, the `NaN` value will be
+            set for an empty ground truth cases, otherwise 1 will be set if the predictions of empty ground truth cases
+            are also empty.
+        num_classes: number of input channels (always including the background). When this is ``None``,
             ``y_pred.shape[1]`` will be used. This option is useful when both ``y_pred`` and ``y`` are
             single-channel class indices and the number of classes is not automatically inferred from data.
 
@@ -161,7 +201,7 @@ def compute_dice(
         include_background=include_background,
         reduction=MetricReduction.NONE,
         get_not_nans=False,
-        softmax=False,
+        apply_argmax=False,
         ignore_empty=ignore_empty,
         num_classes=num_classes,
     )(y_pred=y_pred, y=y)
@@ -169,8 +209,8 @@ def compute_dice(
 
 class DiceHelper:
     """
-    Compute Dice score between two tensors `y_pred` and `y`.
-    `y_pred` and `y` can be single-channel class indices or in the one-hot format.
+    Compute Dice score between two tensors ``y_pred`` and ``y``. This is used by :py:class:`monai.metrics.DiceMetric`,
+    see the documentation for that class for input formats.
 
     Example:
 
@@ -188,49 +228,65 @@ class DiceHelper:
         score, not_nans = DiceHelper(include_background=False, sigmoid=True, softmax=True)(y_pred, y)
         print(score, not_nans)
 
+    Args:
+        include_background: whether to include Dice computation on the first channel/category of the prediction and
+            ground truth. Defaults to ``True``, use ``False`` to exclude the background class.
+        threshold: if ``True`, ``y_pred`` will be thresholded at a value of 0.5. Defaults to False.
+        apply_argmax: whether ``y_pred`` are softmax activated outputs. If True, `argmax` will be performed to
+            get the discrete prediction. Defaults to the value of ``not threshold``.
+        activate: if this and ``threshold` are ``True``, sigmoid activation is applied to ``y_pred`` before
+            thresholding. Defaults to False.
+        get_not_nans: whether to return the number of not-nan values.
+        reduction: defines mode of reduction to the metrics, this will only apply reduction on `not-nan` values. The
+            available reduction modes are enumerated by :py:class:`monai.utils.enums.MetricReduction`. If "none", is
+            selected, the metric will not do reduction.
+        ignore_empty: whether to ignore empty ground truth cases during calculation. If `True`, the `NaN` value will be
+            set for an empty ground truth cases, otherwise 1 will be set if the predictions of empty ground truth cases
+            are also empty.
+        num_classes: number of input channels (always including the background). When this is ``None``,
+            ``y_pred.shape[1]`` will be used. This option is useful when both ``y_pred`` and ``y`` are
+            single-channel class indices and the number of classes is not automatically inferred from data.
     """
 
+    @deprecated_arg("softmax", "1.5", "1.7", "Use `apply_argmax` instead.", new_name="apply_argmax")
+    @deprecated_arg("sigmoid", "1.5", "1.7", "Use `threshold` instead.", new_name="threshold")
     def __init__(
         self,
         include_background: bool | None = None,
-        sigmoid: bool = False,
-        softmax: bool | None = None,
+        threshold: bool = False,
+        apply_argmax: bool | None = None,
         activate: bool = False,
         get_not_nans: bool = True,
         reduction: MetricReduction | str = MetricReduction.MEAN_BATCH,
         ignore_empty: bool = True,
         num_classes: int | None = None,
+        sigmoid: bool | None = None,
+        softmax: bool | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        """
+        # handling deprecated arguments
+        if sigmoid is not None:
+            threshold = sigmoid
+        if softmax is not None:
+            apply_argmax = softmax
 
-        Args:
-            include_background: whether to include the score on the first channel
-                (default to the value of `sigmoid`, False).
-            sigmoid: whether ``y_pred`` are/will be sigmoid activated outputs. If True, thresholding at 0.5
-                will be performed to get the discrete prediction. Defaults to False.
-            softmax: whether ``y_pred`` are softmax activated outputs. If True, `argmax` will be performed to
-                get the discrete prediction. Defaults to the value of ``not sigmoid``.
-            activate: whether to apply sigmoid to ``y_pred`` if ``sigmoid`` is True. Defaults to False.
-                This option is only valid when ``sigmoid`` is True.
-            get_not_nans: whether to return the number of not-nan values.
-            reduction: define mode of reduction to the metrics
-            ignore_empty: if `True`, NaN value will be set for empty ground truth cases.
-                If `False`, 1 will be set if the Union of ``y_pred`` and ``y`` is empty.
-            num_classes: number of input channels (always including the background). When this is None,
-                ``y_pred.shape[1]`` will be used. This option is useful when both ``y_pred`` and ``y`` are
-                single-channel class indices and the number of classes is not automatically inferred from data.
-        """
-        self.sigmoid = sigmoid
+        self.threshold = threshold
         self.reduction = reduction
         self.get_not_nans = get_not_nans
-        self.include_background = sigmoid if include_background is None else include_background
-        self.softmax = not sigmoid if softmax is None else softmax
+        self.include_background = threshold if include_background is None else include_background
+        self.apply_argmax = not threshold if apply_argmax is None else apply_argmax
         self.activate = activate
         self.ignore_empty = ignore_empty
         self.num_classes = num_classes
 
     def compute_channel(self, y_pred: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """"""
+        """
+        Compute the dice metric for binary inputs which have only spatial dimensions. This method is called separately
+        for each batch item and for each channel of those items.
+
+        Args:
+            y_pred: input predictions with shape HW[D].
+            y: ground truth with shape HW[D].
+        """
         y_o = torch.sum(y)
         if y_o > 0:
             return (2.0 * torch.sum(torch.masked_select(y, y_pred))) / (y_o + torch.sum(y_pred))
@@ -243,25 +299,25 @@ class DiceHelper:
 
     def __call__(self, y_pred: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor | tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
         """
+        Compute the metric for the given prediction and ground truth.
 
         Args:
             y_pred: input predictions with shape (batch_size, num_classes or 1, spatial_dims...).
                 the number of channels is inferred from ``y_pred.shape[1]`` when ``num_classes is None``.
             y: ground truth with shape (batch_size, num_classes or 1, spatial_dims...).
         """
-        _softmax, _sigmoid = self.softmax, self.sigmoid
+        _apply_argmax, _threshold = self.apply_argmax, self.threshold
         if self.num_classes is None:
             n_pred_ch = y_pred.shape[1]  # y_pred is in one-hot format or multi-channel scores
         else:
             n_pred_ch = self.num_classes
             if y_pred.shape[1] == 1 and self.num_classes > 1:  # y_pred is single-channel class indices
-                _softmax = _sigmoid = False
+                _apply_argmax = _threshold = False
 
-        if _softmax:
-            if n_pred_ch > 1:
-                y_pred = torch.argmax(y_pred, dim=1, keepdim=True)
+        if _apply_argmax and n_pred_ch > 1:
+            y_pred = torch.argmax(y_pred, dim=1, keepdim=True)
 
-        elif _sigmoid:
+        elif _threshold:
             if self.activate:
                 y_pred = torch.sigmoid(y_pred)
             y_pred = y_pred > 0.5

monai/networks/blocks/__init__.py

@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@ from .acti_norm import ADN
 from .activation import GEGLU, MemoryEfficientSwish, Mish, Swish
 from .aspp import SimpleASPP
 from .backbone_fpn_utils import BackboneWithFPN
+from .cablock import CABlock, FeedForward
 from .convolutions import Convolution, ResidualUnit
 from .crf import CRF
 from .crossattention import CrossAttentionBlock
 from .denseblock import ConvDenseBlock, DenseBlock
 from .dints_block import ActiConvNormBlock, FactorizedIncreaseBlock, FactorizedReduceBlock, P3DActiConvNormBlock
-from .downsample import MaxAvgPool
+from .downsample import DownSample, Downsample, MaxAvgPool, SubpixelDownsample, SubpixelDownSample, Subpixeldownsample
 from .dynunet_block import UnetBasicBlock, UnetOutBlock, UnetResBlock, UnetUpBlock, get_output_padding, get_padding
 from .encoder import BaseEncoder
 from .fcn import FCN, GCN, MCFCN, Refine

monai/networks/blocks/cablock.py

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# Copyright (c) MONAI Consortium
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import cast
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+
+from monai.networks.blocks.convolutions import Convolution
+from monai.utils import optional_import
+
+rearrange, _ = optional_import("einops", name="rearrange")
+
+__all__ = ["FeedForward", "CABlock"]
+
+
+class FeedForward(nn.Module):
+    """Gated-DConv Feed-Forward Network (GDFN) that controls feature flow using gating mechanism.
+    Uses depth-wise convolutions for local context mixing and GELU-activated gating for refined feature selection.
+
+    Args:
+        spatial_dims: Number of spatial dimensions (2D or 3D)
+        dim: Number of input channels
+        ffn_expansion_factor: Factor to expand hidden features dimension
+        bias: Whether to use bias in convolution layers
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, spatial_dims: int, dim: int, ffn_expansion_factor: float, bias: bool):
+        super().__init__()
+        hidden_features = int(dim * ffn_expansion_factor)
+
+        self.project_in = Convolution(
+            spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
+            in_channels=dim,
+            out_channels=hidden_features * 2,
+            kernel_size=1,
+            bias=bias,
+            conv_only=True,
+        )
+
+        self.dwconv = Convolution(
+            spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
+            in_channels=hidden_features * 2,
+            out_channels=hidden_features * 2,
+            kernel_size=3,
+            strides=1,
+            padding=1,
+            groups=hidden_features * 2,
+            bias=bias,
+            conv_only=True,
+        )
+
+        self.project_out = Convolution(
+            spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
+            in_channels=hidden_features,
+            out_channels=dim,
+            kernel_size=1,
+            bias=bias,
+            conv_only=True,
+        )
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        x = self.project_in(x)
+        x1, x2 = self.dwconv(x).chunk(2, dim=1)
+        return cast(torch.Tensor, self.project_out(F.gelu(x1) * x2))
+
+
+class CABlock(nn.Module):
+    """Multi-DConv Head Transposed Self-Attention (MDTA): Differs from standard self-attention
+    by operating on feature channels instead of spatial dimensions. Incorporates depth-wise
+    convolutions for local mixing before attention, achieving linear complexity vs quadratic
+    in vanilla attention. Based on SW Zamir, et al., 2022 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09881>
+
+    Args:
+        spatial_dims: Number of spatial dimensions (2D or 3D)
+        dim: Number of input channels
+        num_heads: Number of attention heads
+        bias: Whether to use bias in convolution layers
+        flash_attention: Whether to use flash attention optimization. Defaults to False.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If flash attention is not available in current PyTorch version
+        ValueError: If spatial_dims is greater than 3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, spatial_dims, dim: int, num_heads: int, bias: bool, flash_attention: bool = False):
+        super().__init__()
+        if flash_attention and not hasattr(F, "scaled_dot_product_attention"):
+            raise ValueError("Flash attention not available")
+        if spatial_dims > 3:
+            raise ValueError(f"Only 2D and 3D inputs are supported. Got spatial_dims={spatial_dims}")
+        self.spatial_dims = spatial_dims
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.temperature = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(num_heads, 1, 1))
+        self.flash_attention = flash_attention
+
+        self.qkv = Convolution(
+            spatial_dims=spatial_dims, in_channels=dim, out_channels=dim * 3, kernel_size=1, bias=bias, conv_only=True
+        )
+
+        self.qkv_dwconv = Convolution(
+            spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
+            in_channels=dim * 3,
+            out_channels=dim * 3,
+            kernel_size=3,
+            strides=1,
+            padding=1,
+            groups=dim * 3,
+            bias=bias,
+            conv_only=True,
+        )
+
+        self.project_out = Convolution(
+            spatial_dims=spatial_dims, in_channels=dim, out_channels=dim, kernel_size=1, bias=bias, conv_only=True
+        )
+
+        self._attention_fn = self._get_attention_fn()
+
+    def _get_attention_fn(self):
+        if self.flash_attention:
+            return self._flash_attention
+        return self._normal_attention
+
+    def _flash_attention(self, q, k, v):
+        """Flash attention implementation using scaled dot-product attention."""
+        scale = float(self.temperature.mean())
+        out = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, scale=scale, dropout_p=0.0, is_causal=False)
+        return out
+
+    def _normal_attention(self, q, k, v):
+        """Attention matrix multiplication with depth-wise convolutions."""
+        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.temperature
+        attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
+        return attn @ v
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Forward pass for MDTA attention.
+        1. Apply depth-wise convolutions to Q, K, V
+        2. Reshape Q, K, V for multi-head attention
+        3. Compute attention matrix using flash or normal attention
+        4. Reshape and project out attention output"""
+        spatial_dims = x.shape[2:]
+
+        # Project and mix
+        qkv = self.qkv_dwconv(self.qkv(x))
+        q, k, v = qkv.chunk(3, dim=1)
+
+        # Select attention
+        if self.spatial_dims == 2:
+            qkv_to_multihead = "b (head c) h w -> b head c (h w)"
+            multihead_to_qkv = "b head c (h w) -> b (head c) h w"
+        else:  # dims == 3
+            qkv_to_multihead = "b (head c) d h w -> b head c (d h w)"
+            multihead_to_qkv = "b head c (d h w) -> b (head c) d h w"
+
+        # Reconstruct and project feature map
+        q = rearrange(q, qkv_to_multihead, head=self.num_heads)
+        k = rearrange(k, qkv_to_multihead, head=self.num_heads)
+        v = rearrange(v, qkv_to_multihead, head=self.num_heads)
+
+        q = torch.nn.functional.normalize(q, dim=-1)
+        k = torch.nn.functional.normalize(k, dim=-1)
+
+        out = self._attention_fn(q, k, v)
+        out = rearrange(
+            out,
+            multihead_to_qkv,
+            head=self.num_heads,
+            **dict(zip(["h", "w"] if self.spatial_dims == 2 else ["d", "h", "w"], spatial_dims)),
+        )
+
+        return cast(torch.Tensor, self.project_out(out))