monadspy 1.0.2__py3-none-any.whl

monads/functional_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import TypeVar, Callable
+
+I = TypeVar("I")
+O = TypeVar("O")
+
+Function = Callable[[I], O]
+"""
+Represents a function that takes an input of type `I` and returns an output of type `O`.
+
+Example:
+    def square(x: int) -> int:
+        return x * x
+
+    f: Function[int, int] = square
+"""
+
+Predicate = Callable[[I], bool]
+"""
+Represents a boolean-valued function (predicate) that takes an input of type `I`.
+
+Example:
+    def is_even(x: int) -> bool:
+        return x % 2 == 0
+
+    p: Predicate[int] = is_even
+"""
+
+Supplier = Callable[[], I]
+"""
+Represents a function that takes no arguments and supplies a value of type `I`.
+
+Example:
+    def supply_five() -> int:
+        return 5
+
+    s: Supplier[int] = supply_five
+"""

monads/monad.py

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Generic, Iterable, Self, Iterator, TypeVar
+
+from .functional_types import Predicate, Function
+
+I = TypeVar('I')  # Input value
+O = TypeVar('O')  # Output value
+U = TypeVar('U')  # Unused value
+
+
+class Monad(Generic[I], ABC, Iterable[I]):
+    """
+    Base interface for all monadic structures.
+
+    A Monad wraps a value and provides a functional API based on:
+    - mapping a function over the value
+    - chaining computations
+    - safe extraction
+    - optional filtering
+    - iteration over the contained value (0 or 1 element)
+
+    This interface is inspired by the Scala `Monad` type class and is meant
+    to be implemented by concrete monads such as `Option`, `Try`, etc.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def for_each(self, fn: Function[I, U]) -> None:
+        """
+        Applies a function for its side effects to the wrapped value.
+
+        If the monad contains a value, `fn(value)` is executed.
+        If it contains no value (e.g., Nothing, Failure), nothing happens.
+
+        Equivalent to Scala's `foreach`.
+
+        Example:
+            Option.of(10).for_each(print)  # prints 10
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> "Monad[O]":
+        """
+        Transforms the wrapped value using the provided function.
+
+        - If the monad contains a value -> returns a monad containing mapping_fn(value)
+        - If the monad is empty or failed -> returns the same empty/failure monad
+
+        This operation does NOT flatten nested monads.
+
+        Example:
+            Option.of(10).map(lambda x: x * 2)  # Some(20)
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def flat_map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, "Monad[O]"]) -> "Monad[O]":
+        """
+        Applies a function returning a monad and flattens the result.
+
+        - Used for chaining monadic operations
+        - Behaves like `map` but avoids nested monads (Monad[Monad[T]])
+
+        Equivalent to Scala's `flatMap`.
+
+        Example:
+            def safe_div(x):
+                return Try.of(lambda: 10 / x)
+
+            Try.of(lambda: 2).flat_map(safe_div)  # Success(5)
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_or_else(self, default: I) -> I:
+        """
+        Extracts the contained value or returns the provided default.
+
+        - For monads with a value -> returns the value
+        - For empty/failure monads -> returns `default`
+
+        Example:
+            Option.of(None).get_or_else(99)  # 99
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def or_else(self, default: "Monad[I]") -> "Monad[I]":
+        """
+        Returns this monad if it contains a value, otherwise returns the fallback monad.
+
+        - Useful for specifying fallback computations
+        - Does not unwrap values
+
+        Example:
+            Option.of(None).or_else(Option.of(5))  # Some(5)
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def filter(self, predicate: Predicate[I]) -> "Monad[I]":
+        """
+        Retains the value only if it satisfies the predicate.
+
+        - If the monad contains a value and predicate(value) is True → return the monad
+        - Otherwise → return an empty/failure monad
+
+        Example:
+            Option.of(10).filter(lambda x: x > 5)  # Some(10)
+            Option.of(3).filter(lambda x: x > 5)   # Nothing
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def flatten(self) -> "Monad[I]":
+        """
+        Removes one level of monadic nesting.
+
+        - If the monad wraps another monad (e.g., Some(Some(x))) → returns inner monad
+        - Otherwise → returns itself
+
+        Example:
+            Option.of(Option.of(10)).flatten()  # Some(10)
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[I]:
+        """
+        Allows the monad to be iterated over like a container with 0 or 1 element.
+
+        - Monads with a value → yield that value
+        - Empty/failure monads → yield nothing
+
+        Enables:
+            for x in Option.of(10):
+                print(x)  # prints 10
+        """
+        pass

monads/option_monad.py

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Iterator, Callable, Any
+
+from monads.functional_types import Predicate, Function
+from monads.monad import Monad, I, O, U
+
+
+class Option(Monad[I], ABC):
+    """
+    Represents an optional value: either Some(value) or Nothing.
+
+    Use `Option.of(value)` to create an Option that is Some if value is not None,
+    or Nothing if value is None.
+
+    This is inspired by Scala's Option monad.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def of(value: I) -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Creates an Option wrapping the given value.
+
+        Returns:
+            Some(value) if value is not None,
+            Nothing if value is None.
+        """
+        return Nothing if value is None else Some(value)
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this Option is empty (Nothing).
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_defined(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this Option contains a value (Some).
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def fold(self, default: O, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> O:
+        """
+        Extracts a value from this Option by applying one of two cases:
+
+        - If Some(value), applies `mapping_fn(value)`.
+        - If Nothing, returns `default`.
+
+        Args:
+            default: The fallback value if empty.
+            mapping_fn: Function to apply if value is present.
+
+        Returns:
+            Result of type O.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class Some(Option[I]):
+    """
+    Represents an Option containing a non-None value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value: I):
+        if value is None:
+            raise ValueError("value cannot be None")
+        self._value: I = value
+
+    @property
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_defined(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def for_each(self, fn: Function[I, U]) -> None:
+        """
+        Applies `fn` for side effects on the contained value.
+        """
+        fn(self._value)
+
+    def flatten(self) -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        If the contained value is itself an Option, returns it (flatten one level).
+        Otherwise returns self.
+        """
+        return self._value if isinstance(self._value, Option) else self
+
+    def map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> "Option[O]":
+        """
+        Transforms the contained value using `mapping_fn`, returning an Option.
+        """
+        return Option.of(mapping_fn(self._value))
+
+    def flat_map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, "Option[O]"]) -> "Option[O]":
+        """
+        Applies a function returning an Option to the contained value, flattening the result.
+        """
+        return mapping_fn(self._value)
+
+    def get_or_else(self, default: I) -> I:
+        """
+        Returns the contained value.
+        """
+        return self._value
+
+    def or_else(self, default: "Option[I]") -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Returns self, ignoring the provided default Option.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def fold(self, default: O, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> O:
+        """
+        Applies `mapping_fn` to the contained value.
+        """
+        return mapping_fn(self._value)
+
+    def filter(self, predicate: Predicate[I]) -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Returns self if the predicate holds for the value, otherwise Nothing.
+        """
+        return self if predicate(self._value) else Nothing
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[I]:
+        """
+        Iterates over the contained value.
+        """
+        yield self._value
+
+
+class _Nothing(Option[None]):
+    """
+    Represents an empty Option (no value).
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_defined(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def for_each(self, fn: Function[I, U]) -> None:
+        """
+        Does nothing because there is no value.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> "_Nothing":
+        """
+        Returns Nothing unchanged.
+        """
+        return Nothing
+
+    def flatten(self) -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Returns Nothing unchanged.
+        """
+        return Nothing
+
+    def flat_map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, "Option[O]"]) -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Returns Nothing unchanged.
+        """
+        return Nothing
+
+    def get_or_else(self, default: I) -> I:
+        """
+        Returns the provided default value.
+        """
+        return default
+
+    def or_else(self, default: "Option[I]") -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Returns the provided fallback Option.
+        """
+        return default
+
+    def fold(self, default: O, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> O:
+        """
+        Returns the default value.
+        """
+        return default
+
+    def filter(self, predicate: Predicate[I]) -> "Option[I]":
+        """
+        Returns Nothing unchanged.
+        """
+        return Nothing
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[I]:
+        """
+        Yields nothing because there is no value.
+        """
+        return iter([])
+
+
+Nothing = _Nothing()
+
+
+def to_option(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., "Option[Any]"]:
+    """
+    Decorator that wraps a function's return value into an Option.
+
+    Usage:
+
+        @to_option
+        def maybe_get_value():
+            # returns a value or None
+            return compute_something()
+
+        maybe_get_value()  # Some(value) or Nothing
+
+    Args:
+        fn: The function to wrap.
+
+    Returns:
+        A function returning Option wrapping the original function's output.
+    """
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> "Option[Any]":
+        return Option.of(fn(*args, **kwargs))
+    return wrapper

monads/try_monad.py

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Iterator, Self, Callable, Any
+
+from monads.functional_types import Predicate, Function, O
+from .functional_types import Supplier
+from .monad import Monad, I, O, U
+from .option_monad import Option, Nothing
+
+
+class Try(Monad[I], ABC):
+    """
+    Monad representing a computation that may either result in a value (Success)
+    or an exception (Failure).
+
+    Use `Try.of(supplier)` to safely execute a computation and capture exceptions.
+
+    This is inspired by Scala's `Try` monad.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def of(supplier: Supplier[I]) -> "Try[I]":
+        """
+        Executes the given supplier function and wraps the result in a Try.
+
+        - If the function executes without raising an exception, returns Success(value).
+        - If an exception is raised, returns Failure(exception).
+
+        Args:
+            supplier: A no-argument callable that produces a value of type I.
+
+        Returns:
+            Try[I]: Success or Failure.
+        """
+        try:
+            return Success(supplier())
+        except Exception as e:
+            return Failure(e)
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_success(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this Try is a Success.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_failure(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this Try is a Failure.
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def fold(self, default: Function[Exception, O], mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> O:
+        """
+        Extracts a value from this Try by applying one of two functions:
+
+        - If Success, applies `mapping_fn` to the contained value.
+        - If Failure, applies `default` to the exception.
+
+        Args:
+            default: Function to handle exceptions.
+            mapping_fn: Function to handle the successful value.
+
+        Returns:
+            O: Result of either function.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def to_option(self) -> Option[I]:
+        """
+        Converts this Try into an Option:
+
+        - Success(value) -> Some(value)
+        - Failure(_) -> Nothing
+
+        Returns:
+            Option[I]
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class Success(Try[I]):
+    """
+    Represents a successful computation containing a value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value: I):
+        self._value: I = value
+
+    @property
+    def is_success(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_failure(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def for_each(self, fn: Function[I, U]) -> None:
+        """
+        Executes `fn` for side effects on the contained value.
+        """
+        fn(self._value)
+
+    def map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> Try[O]:
+        """
+        Transforms the contained value using `mapping_fn`, returning a new Try.
+        """
+        return Try.of(lambda: mapping_fn(self._value))
+
+    def flatten(self) -> Try[I]:
+        """
+        If the contained value is itself a Try, returns it to remove nesting.
+        Otherwise, returns self.
+        """
+        return self._value if isinstance(self._value, Try) else self
+
+    def flat_map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, Try[O]]) -> Try[O]:
+        """
+        Applies a function returning a Try to the contained value, flattening the result.
+        """
+        try:
+            return mapping_fn(self._value)
+        except Exception as e:
+            return Failure(e)
+
+    def get_or_else(self, default: I) -> I:
+        """
+        Returns the contained value.
+        """
+        return self._value
+
+    def or_else(self, default: Try[I]) -> Try[I]:
+        """
+        Returns self, ignoring the provided default.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def fold(self, default: Function[Exception, O], mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> O:
+        """
+        Applies `mapping_fn` to the contained value.
+        """
+        return mapping_fn(self._value)
+
+    def filter(self, predicate: Predicate[I]) -> Try[I]:
+        """
+        Returns self if predicate(value) is True, otherwise Failure.
+        """
+        if predicate(self._value):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return Failure(ValueError(f"Predicate does not hold for {self._value!r}"))
+
+    def to_option(self) -> Option[I]:
+        """
+        Converts to Some(value).
+        """
+        return Option.of(self._value)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[I]:
+        """
+        Iterates over the contained value.
+        """
+        yield self._value
+
+
+class Failure(Try[I]):
+    """
+    Represents a failed computation containing an Exception.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value: Exception):
+        if not isinstance(value, Exception):
+            raise ValueError('value must be an Exception')
+        self._value: Exception = value
+
+    @property
+    def is_success(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_failure(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def for_each(self, fn: Function[I, U]) -> None:
+        """
+        Does nothing because there is no value.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> Try[O]:
+        """
+        Returns self without applying the mapping function.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def flat_map(self, mapping_fn: Function[I, Try[O]]) -> Try[O]:
+        """
+        Returns self without applying the flat mapping function.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def get_or_else(self, default: I) -> I:
+        """
+        Returns the provided default value.
+        """
+        return default
+
+    def or_else(self, default: Try[I]) -> Try[I]:
+        """
+        Returns the provided fallback Try.
+        """
+        return default
+
+    def fold(self, default: Function[Exception, O], mapping_fn: Function[I, O]) -> O:
+        """
+        Applies `default` to the contained exception.
+        """
+        return default(self._value)
+
+    def filter(self, predicate: Predicate[I]) -> Try[I]:
+        """
+        Returns self unchanged because there is no value to filter.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def flatten(self) -> Try[I]:
+        """
+        Returns self unchanged.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def to_option(self) -> Option[I]:
+        """
+        Converts to Nothing.
+        """
+        return Nothing
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[I]:
+        """
+        Yields nothing because there is no value.
+        """
+        return iter([])
+
+
+def to_try(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Try[Any]]:
+    """
+    Decorator that wraps function execution into a Try, capturing exceptions.
+
+    Usage:
+
+        @to_try
+        def divide(a, b):
+            return a / b
+
+        divide(4, 2)  # Success(2.0)
+        divide(1, 0)  # Failure(ZeroDivisionError)
+
+    Args:
+        fn: The function to wrap.
+
+    Returns:
+        A function that returns a Try wrapping the original function's result or exception.
+    """
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> Try[Any]:
+        return Try.of(lambda: fn(*args, **kwargs))
+    return wrapper

monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/METADATA

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: monadspy
+Version: 1.0.2
+Summary: Option and Try monads implementation in pure Python code
+Requires-Python: >=3.14
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-File: LICENSE
+Dynamic: license-file
+
+# Option and Try Monads for Python  
+Functional programming utilities inspired by Scala.
+
+---
+
+# Option Monad
+
+`Option` represents a value that may or may not exist.
+
+- `Some(value)` — a present value  
+- `Nothing` — absence of a value  
+
+This eliminates manual `None` checks and enables functional pipelines.
+
+## Creating Options
+
+```python
+Option.of(10)      # Some(10)
+Option.of(None)    # Nothing
+```
+
+## Properties
+
+| Property | Some | Nothing |
+|----------|------|---------|
+| `is_defined` | True | False |
+| `is_empty` | False | True |
+
+## Methods
+
+### `map(fn)`
+Transforms the wrapped value if present.
+
+```python
+Option.of(10).map(lambda x: x * 2)   # Some(20)
+Option.of(None).map(lambda x: x * 2) # Nothing
+```
+
+### `flat_map(fn)`
+Chaining operations that return `Option`.
+
+```python
+def safe_div(a, b):
+    return Option.of(a / b if b != 0 else None)
+
+Option.of(10).flat_map(lambda x: safe_div(x, 2)) # Some(5)
+```
+
+### `filter(predicate)`
+Keeps the value only if it satisfies the predicate.
+
+```python
+Option.of(10).filter(lambda x: x > 5)  # Some(10)
+Option.of(3).filter(lambda x: x > 5)   # Nothing
+```
+
+### `get_or_else(default)`
+```python
+Option.of(None).get_or_else(99)  # 99
+```
+
+### `fold(default, mapping_fn)`
+Useful for extraction.
+
+```python
+Option.of(20).fold(0, lambda x: x * 2)  # 40
+```
+
+### `or_else(other_option)`
+```python
+Option.of(None).or_else(Option.of(5))  # Some(5)
+```
+
+### `flatten()`
+```python
+Option.of(Option.of(10)).flatten()  # Some(10)
+```
+
+### Iteration
+```python
+for value in Option.of(10):
+    print(value)   # 10
+```
+
+## Decorator: `@to_option`
+
+Converts function output into `Option`.
+
+```python
+@to_option
+def compute(x):
+    return x * 2
+
+compute(10)  # Some(20)
+```
+
+---
+
+# Try Monad
+
+`Try` models computations that may throw exceptions.
+
+- `Success(value)`
+- `Failure(exception)`
+
+It removes the need for `try/except` in functional code.
+
+## Creating Try Values
+
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 10 / 2)  # Success(5.0)
+Try.of(lambda: 10 / 0)  # Failure(ZeroDivisionError)
+```
+
+## Properties
+
+| Property | Success | Failure |
+|----------|---------|---------|
+| `is_success` | True | False |
+| `is_failure` | False | True |
+
+## Methods
+
+### `map(fn)`
+Only applied if successful.
+
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 5).map(lambda x: x + 1)   # Success(6)
+Try.of(lambda: 1/0).map(lambda x: x + 1) # Failure(...)
+```
+
+### `flat_map(fn)`
+Chaining computations that return `Try`.
+
+```python
+def parse_int(s: str):
+    return Try.of(lambda: int(s))
+
+Try.of(lambda: "123").flat_map(parse_int)  # Success(123)
+```
+
+### `filter(predicate)`
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 10).filter(lambda x: x > 5)  # Success(10)
+Try.of(lambda: 3).filter(lambda x: x > 5)   # Failure(ValueError)
+```
+
+### `get_or_else(default)`
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 10/0).get_or_else(99)  # 99
+```
+
+### `or_else(default_try)`
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 10/0).or_else(Success(5))  # Success(5)
+```
+
+### `fold(default_fn, mapping_fn)`
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 10 / 0).fold(
+    default=lambda ex: f"Error: {ex}",
+    mapping_fn=lambda x: x * 2
+)
+# "Error: division by zero"
+```
+
+### `flatten()`
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: Success(10)).flatten()  # Success(10)
+```
+
+### Converting to Option
+```python
+Try.of(lambda: 10).to_option()      # Some(10)
+Try.of(lambda: 1/0).to_option()     # Nothing
+```
+
+### Iteration
+```python
+for v in Try.of(lambda: 10):
+    print(v)
+```
+
+## Decorator: `@to_try`
+
+Automatically wraps exceptions into a `Try`.
+
+```python
+@to_try
+def divide(a, b):
+    return a / b
+
+divide(10, 2)  # Success(5.0)
+divide(10, 0)  # Failure(ZeroDivisionError)
+```

monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/RECORD

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+monads/functional_types.py,sha256=PQ7aHAJiJJaukNNdu_JVBcMXjjtvUNW3h8H0xmVp-m0,730
+monads/monad.py,sha256=kHpDxSybmzXfhH1fPVt5s3OcylSvGm67ou1aEMPF5A4,4101
+monads/option_monad.py,sha256=1PpDMxd7Czao97Onm3GXMVYysebgqwTN-EkrpPP0SiE,5755
+monads/try_monad.py,sha256=vSI8ceAFbPHfcuocv_KOoFPpA81pGcslg7Ac_OT8qM8,7022
+monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=xx0jnfkXJvxRnG63LTGOxlggYnIysveWIZ6H3PNdCrQ,11357
+monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=QAnxJiQ4SxNzXTObmr3bQnmLRxOyLT3WeKcnG9Ua-qo,3786
+monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=_zCd3N1l69ArxyTb8rzEoP9TpbYXkqRFSNOD5OuxnTs,91
+monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=R2DeUjfIvNDKrSjJ8KdqWKx85tLqF2EO8BfNfatKkWQ,7
+monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/RECORD,,

monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (80.9.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+

monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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monadspy-1.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+monads