modulo-vki 2.0.7__py3-none-any.whl → 2.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

modulo_vki/modulo_old.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1368 @@
+# Functional ones:
+import os
+import numpy as np
+from scipy import linalg
+from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import pairwise_kernels
+# To have fancy loading bar
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+# All the functions from the modulo package 
+from modulo_vki.core._dft import dft_fit
+from modulo_vki.core.temporal_structures import dft, temporal_basis_mPOD
+from modulo_vki.core._dmd_s import dmd_s
+from modulo_vki.core._k_matrix import CorrelationMatrix, spectral_filter, kernelized_K
+from modulo_vki.core._mpod_space import spatial_basis_mPOD
+# from modulo_vki.core._mpod_time import temporal_basis_mPOD
+from modulo_vki.core._pod_space import Spatial_basis_POD
+from modulo_vki.core._pod_time import Temporal_basis_POD
+from modulo_vki.core._spod_s import compute_SPOD_s
+from modulo_vki.core._spod_t import compute_SPOD_t
+from modulo_vki.utils._utils import switch_svds
+
+from modulo_vki.utils.read_db import ReadData
+from modulo_vki.core.utils import segment_and_fft, pod_from_dhat
+
+class ModuloVKI:
+    """
+    MODULO (MODal mULtiscale pOd) is a software developed at the von Karman Institute
+    to perform Multiscale Modal Analysis using Multiscale Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (mPOD)
+    on numerical and experimental data.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    - Theoretical foundation:
+      https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.09646
+
+    - MODULO framework presentation:
+      https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.12123.pdf
+
+    - Hands-on tutorial videos:
+      https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEJZLD0-4PeKW6Ze984q08bNz28GTntkR
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    MODULO operations assume the dataset is uniformly spaced in both space
+    (Cartesian grid) and time. For non-cartesian grids, the user must 
+    provide a weights vector `[w_1, w_2, ..., w_Ns]` where `w_i = area_cell_i / area_grid`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 data: np.ndarray,
+                 N_PARTITIONS: int = 1,
+                 FOLDER_OUT: str = './',
+                 SAVE_K: bool = False,
+                 N_T: int = 100,
+                 N_S: int = 200,
+                 n_Modes: int = 10,
+                 dtype: str = 'float32',
+                 eig_solver: str = 'eigh',
+                 svd_solver: str = 'svd_sklearn_truncated',
+                 weights: np.ndarray = np.array([])):
+        """
+        Initialize the MODULO analysis.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        data : np.ndarray
+            Data matrix of shape (N_S, N_T) to factorize. If not yet formatted, use the `ReadData`
+            method provided by MODULO. When memory saving mode (N_PARTITIONS > 1) is active,
+            set this parameter to None and use prepared partitions instead.
+
+        N_PARTITIONS : int, default=1
+            Number of partitions used for memory-saving computation. If set greater than 1,
+            data must be partitioned in advance and `data` set to None.
+
+        FOLDER_OUT : str, default='./'
+            Directory path to store output (Phi, Sigma, Psi matrices) and intermediate
+            calculation files (e.g., partitions, correlation matrix).
+
+        SAVE_K : bool, default=False
+            Whether to store the correlation matrix K to disk in
+            `FOLDER_OUT/correlation_matrix`.
+
+        N_T : int, default=100
+            Number of temporal snapshots. Mandatory when using partitions (N_PARTITIONS > 1).
+
+        N_S : int, default=200
+            Number of spatial grid points. Mandatory when using partitions (N_PARTITIONS > 1).
+
+        n_Modes : int, default=10
+            Number of modes to compute.
+
+        dtype : str, default='float32'
+            Data type for casting input data.
+
+        eig_solver : str, default='eigh'
+            Solver for eigenvalue decomposition.
+
+        svd_solver : str, default='svd_sklearn_truncated'
+            Solver for Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
+
+        weights : np.ndarray, default=np.array([])
+            Weights vector `[w_1, w_2, ..., w_Ns]` to account for non-uniform spatial grids.
+            Defined as `w_i = area_cell_i / area_grid`. Leave empty for uniform grids.
+        """
+
+        print("MODULO (MODal mULtiscale pOd) is a software developed at the von Karman Institute to perform "
+              "data driven modal decomposition of numerical and experimental data. \n")
+
+        if not isinstance(data, np.ndarray) and N_PARTITIONS == 1:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Please check that your database is in an numpy array format. If D=None, then you must have memory saving (N_PARTITIONS>1)")
+
+        if N_PARTITIONS > 1:
+            self.MEMORY_SAVING = True
+        else:
+            self.MEMORY_SAVING = False
+
+            # Assign the number of modes
+        self.n_Modes = n_Modes
+        # If particular needs, override choice for svd and eigen solve
+        self.svd_solver = svd_solver.lower()
+        self.eig_solver = eig_solver.lower()
+        possible_svds = ['svd_numpy', 'svd_scipy_sparse', 'svd_sklearn_randomized', 'svd_sklearn_truncated']
+        possible_eigs = ['svd_sklearn_randomized', 'eigsh', 'eigh']
+
+        if self.svd_solver not in possible_svds:
+            raise NotImplementedError("The requested SVD solver is not implemented. Please pick one of the following:"
+                                      "which belongs to: \n {}".format(possible_svds))
+
+        if self.eig_solver not in possible_eigs:
+            raise NotImplementedError("The requested EIG solver is not implemented. Please pick one of the following: "
+                                      " \n {}".format(possible_eigs))
+
+        # if N_PARTITIONS >= self.N_T:
+        #     raise AttributeError("The number of requested partitions is greater of the total columns (N_T). Please,"
+        #                          "try again.")
+
+        self.N_PARTITIONS = N_PARTITIONS
+        self.FOLDER_OUT = FOLDER_OUT
+        self.SAVE_K = SAVE_K
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            os.makedirs(self.FOLDER_OUT, exist_ok=True)
+        
+        # Load the data matrix
+        if isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
+            # Number of points in time and space
+            self.N_T = data.shape[1]
+            self.N_S = data.shape[0]
+            # Check the data type
+            self.D = data.astype(dtype)
+        else:
+            self.D = None  # D is never saved when N_partitions >1
+            self.N_S = N_S  # so N_S and N_t must be given as parameters of modulo
+            self.N_T = N_T
+        
+        '''If the grid is not cartesian, ensure inner product is properly defined using weights.'''
+        
+        if weights.size == 0:
+                print('Modulo assumes you have a uniform grid. If not, please provide weights as parameters.')
+        else: 
+                if len(weights) == self.N_S:
+                        print("The weights you have input have the size of the columns of D \n"
+                                  "MODULO has considered that you have already duplicated the dimensions of the weights "
+                                  "to match the dimensions of the D columns \n")
+                        self.weights = weights
+                elif len(weights) == 2 * self.N_S:
+                        print("Assuming 2D domain. Automatically duplicating the weights to match the dimension of the D columns \n")
+                        self.weights = np.concatenate((weights, weights))
+                else:
+                        raise AttributeError("Make sure the size of the weight array is twice smaller than the size of D")
+                
+                if isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
+                        # Apply the weights only if D exist.
+                        # If not (i.e. N_partitions >1), weights are applied in _k_matrix.py when loading partitions of D
+                        self.Dstar = np.transpose(np.transpose(self.D) * np.sqrt(self.weights))
+                else:
+                        self.Dstar = None
+                        
+        # # Load and applied the weights to the D matrix
+        # if weights.size != 0:
+        #     if len(weights) == self.N_S:
+        #         print("The weights you have input have the size of the columns of D \n"
+        #               "MODULO has considered that you have already duplicated the dimensions of the weights "
+        #               "to match the dimensions of the D columns \n")
+        #         self.weights = weights
+        #     elif 2 * len(weights) == self.N_S:  # 2D computation only
+        #         self.weights = np.concatenate((weights, weights))
+        #         print("Modulo assumes you have a 2D domain and has duplicated the weight "
+        #               "array to match the size of the D columns \n")
+        #         print(weights)
+        #     else:
+        #         raise AttributeError("Make sure the size of the weight array is twice smaller than the size of D")
+        #     # Dstar is used to compute the K matrix
+        #     if isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
+        #         # Apply the weights only if D exist.
+        #         # If not (i.e. N_partitions >1), weights are applied in _k_matrix.py when loading partitions of D
+        #         self.Dstar = np.transpose(np.transpose(self.D) * np.sqrt(self.weights))
+        #     else:
+        #         self.Dstar = None
+        # else:
+        #     print("Modulo assumes you have a uniform grid. "
+        #           "If not, please give the weights as parameters of MODULO!")
+        #     self.weights = weights
+        #     self.Dstar = self.D
+        
+        pass 
+
+
+
+    def _temporal_basis_POD(self,
+                            SAVE_T_POD: bool = False):
+        """
+        This method computes the temporal structure for the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) computation.
+        The theoretical background of the POD is briefly recalled here:
+
+        https://youtu.be/8fhupzhAR_M
+
+        The diagonalization of K is computed via Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
+        A speedup is available if the user is on Linux machine, in which case MODULO
+        exploits the power of JAX and its Numpy implementation.
+
+        For more on JAX:
+
+        https://github.com/google/jax
+        https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/jax.numpy.html
+
+        If the user is on a Win machine, Linux OS can be used using
+        the Windows Subsystem for Linux.
+
+        For more on WSL:
+        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10
+
+        :param SAVE_T_POD: bool
+                Flag deciding if the results will be stored on the disk.
+                Default value is True, to limit the RAM's usage.
+                Note that this might cause a minor slowdown for the loading,
+                but the tradeoff seems worthy.
+                This attribute is passed to the MODULO class.
+
+
+        POD temporal basis are returned if MEMORY_SAVING is not active. Otherwise all the results are saved on disk.
+
+        :return Psi_P: np.array
+                POD Psis
+
+        :return Sigma_P: np.array
+                POD Sigmas. If needed, Lambdas can be easily computed recalling that: Sigma_P = np.sqrt(Lambda_P)
+        """
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            K = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + "/correlation_matrix/k_matrix.npz")['K']
+            SAVE_T_POD = True
+        else:
+            K = self.K
+
+        Psi_P, Sigma_P = Temporal_basis_POD(K, SAVE_T_POD,
+                                            self.FOLDER_OUT, self.n_Modes, self.eig_solver)
+
+        del K
+        return Psi_P, Sigma_P if not self.MEMORY_SAVING else None
+
+    def _spatial_basis_POD(self, Psi_P, Sigma_P,
+                           SAVE_SPATIAL_POD: bool = True):
+        """
+        This method computes the spatial structure for the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) computation.
+        The theoretical background of the POD is briefly recalled here:
+
+        https://youtu.be/8fhupzhAR_M
+
+        :param Psi_P: np.array
+                POD temporal basis
+        :param Sigma_P: np.array
+                POD Sigmas
+        :param SAVE_SPATIAL_POD: bool
+                Flag deciding if the results will be stored on the disk.
+                Default value is True, to limit the RAM's usage.
+                Note that this might cause a minor slowdown for the loading,
+                but the tradeoff seems worthy.
+                This attribute is passed to the MODULO class.
+
+        :return Phi_P: np.array
+            POD Phis
+
+        """
+
+        self.SAVE_SPATIAL_POD = SAVE_SPATIAL_POD
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            '''Loading temporal basis from disk. They're already in memory otherwise.'''
+            Psi_P = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + 'POD/temporal_basis.npz')['Psis']
+            Sigma_P = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + 'POD/temporal_basis.npz')['Sigmas']
+
+        Phi_P = Spatial_basis_POD(self.D, N_T=self.N_T, PSI_P=Psi_P, Sigma_P=Sigma_P,
+                                  MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING, FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                  N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS, SAVE_SPATIAL_POD=SAVE_SPATIAL_POD)
+
+        return Phi_P if not self.MEMORY_SAVING else None
+
+    def _temporal_basis_mPOD(self, K, Nf, Ex, F_V, Keep, boundaries, MODE, dt, K_S=False):
+        """
+        This function computes the temporal structures of each scale in the mPOD, as in step 4 of the algorithm
+        ref: Multi-Scale Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of Complex Fluid Flows - M. A. Mendez et al.
+
+        :param K: np.array
+                Temporal correlation matrix
+        :param Nf: np.array
+                Order of the FIR filters that are used to isolate each of the scales
+        :param Ex: int
+                Extension at the boundaries of K to impose the boundary conditions (see boundaries)
+                It must be at least as Nf.
+        :param F_V: np.array
+                Frequency splitting vector, containing the frequencies of each scale (see article).
+                If the time axis is in seconds, these frequencies are in Hz.
+        :param Keep: np.array
+                Scale keep
+        :param boundaries: str -> {'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap' or 'extrap'}
+                Define the boundary conditions for the filtering process, in order to avoid edge effects.
+                The available boundary conditions are the classic ones implemented for image processing:
+                nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap' or 'extrap'. See also https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/ndimage.html
+        :param MODE: str -> {‘reduced’, ‘complete’, ‘r’, ‘raw’}
+                A QR factorization is used to enforce the orthonormality of the mPOD basis, to compensate
+                for the non-ideal frequency response of the filters.
+                The option MODE from np.linalg.qr carries out this operation.
+
+        :return PSI_M: np.array
+                Multiscale POD temporal basis
+
+        """
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            K = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + "/correlation_matrix/k_matrix.npz")['K']
+
+        PSI_M = temporal_basis_mPOD(K=K, Nf=Nf, Ex=Ex, F_V=F_V, Keep=Keep, boundaries=boundaries,
+                                    MODE=MODE, dt=dt, FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                    n_Modes=self.n_Modes, K_S=False,
+                                    MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING, SAT=self.SAT, eig_solver=self.eig_solver)
+
+        return PSI_M if not self.MEMORY_SAVING else None
+
+    def _spatial_basis_mPOD(self, D, PSI_M, SAVE):
+        """
+        This function implements the last step of the mPOD algorithm:
+        completing the decomposition. Here we project from psis, to get phis and sigmas
+
+        :param D: np.array
+                data matrix
+        :param PSI_M: np.array
+                temporal basis for the mPOD. Remember that it is not possible to impose both basis matrices
+                phis and psis: given one of the two, the other is univocally determined.
+        :param SAVE: bool
+                if True, MODULO saves the results on disk.
+
+        :return Phi_M: np.array
+                mPOD Phis (Matrix of spatial structures)
+        :return Psi_M: np.array
+                mPOD Psis (Matrix of temporal structures)
+        :return Sigma_M: np.array
+                mPOD Sigmas (vector of amplitudes, i.e. the diagonal of Sigma_M)
+
+        """
+
+        Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M = spatial_basis_mPOD(D, PSI_M, N_T=self.N_T, N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                                   N_S=self.N_S, MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                                   FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                                   SAVE=SAVE)
+
+        return Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M
+
+    def compute_mPOD(self, Nf, Ex, F_V, Keep, SAT, boundaries, MODE, dt, SAVE=False):
+        """
+        This function computes the temporal structures of each scale in the mPOD, as in step 4 of the algorithm
+        ref: Multi-Scale Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of Complex Fluid Flows - M. A. Mendez et al.
+
+        :param K: np.array
+                Temporal correlation matrix
+
+        :param Nf: np.array
+                Order of the FIR filters that are used to isolate each of the scales
+
+        :param Ex: int
+                Extension at the boundaries of K to impose the boundary conditions (see boundaries)
+                It must be at least as Nf.
+
+        :param F_V: np.array
+                Frequency splitting vector, containing the frequencies of each scale (see article).
+                If the time axis is in seconds, these frequencies are in Hz.
+
+        :param Keep: np.array
+                Scale keep
+
+        :param boundaries: str -> {'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap' or 'extrap'}
+                Define the boundary conditions for the filtering process, in order to avoid edge effects.
+                The available boundary conditions are the classic ones implemented for image processing:
+                nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap' or 'extrap'. See also https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/ndimage.html
+
+        :param MODE: str -> {‘reduced’, ‘complete’, ‘r’, ‘raw’}
+                A QR factorization is used to enforce the orthonormality of the mPOD basis, to compensate
+                for the non-ideal frequency response of the filters.
+                The option MODE from np.linalg.qr carries out this operation.
+
+        :param SAT: Maximum number of modes per scale.
+                    Only used for mPOD (max number of modes per scale)
+
+        :param dt: float
+                temporal step
+
+        :return Phi_M: np.array
+                mPOD Phis (Matrix of spatial structures)
+        :return Psi_M: np.array
+                mPOD Psis (Matrix of temporal structures)
+        :return Sigma_M: np.array
+                mPOD Sigmas (vector of amplitudes, i.e. the diagonal of Sigma_M
+
+        """
+
+        print('Computing correlation matrix D matrix...')
+        self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                   self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                   self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, D=self.Dstar)
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            self.K = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/correlation_matrix/k_matrix.npz')['K']
+
+        print("Computing Temporal Basis...")
+
+        PSI_M = temporal_basis_mPOD(K=self.K, Nf=Nf, Ex=Ex, F_V=F_V, Keep=Keep, boundaries=boundaries,
+                                    MODE=MODE, dt=dt, FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                    n_Modes=self.n_Modes, MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING, SAT=SAT,
+                                    eig_solver=self.eig_solver)
+
+        print("Done.")
+
+        if hasattr(self, 'D'):  # if self.D is available:
+            print('Computing Phi from D...')
+            Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M = spatial_basis_mPOD(self.D, PSI_M, N_T=self.N_T, N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                                       N_S=self.N_S, MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                                       FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                                       SAVE=SAVE)
+
+        else:  # if not, the memory saving is on and D will not be used. We pass a dummy D
+            print('Computing Phi from partitions...')
+            Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M = spatial_basis_mPOD(np.array([1]), PSI_M, N_T=self.N_T,
+                                                       N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                                       N_S=self.N_S, MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                                       FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                                       SAVE=SAVE)
+
+        print("Done.")
+
+        return Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M
+
+
+    def compute_POD_K(self, SAVE_T_POD: bool = False):
+        """
+        This method computes the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of a dataset
+        using the snapshot approach, i.e. working on the temporal correlation matrix.
+        The eig solver for K is defined in 'eig_solver'
+        The theoretical background of the POD is briefly recalled here:
+
+        https://youtu.be/8fhupzhAR_M
+
+        :return Psi_P: np.array
+                POD Psis
+
+        :return Sigma_P: np.array
+                POD Sigmas. If needed, Lambdas can be easily computed recalling that: Sigma_P = np.sqrt(Lambda_P)
+
+        :return Phi_P: np.array
+                POD Phis
+        """
+
+        print('Computing correlation matrix...')
+        self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                   self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                   self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, 
+                                   D=self.Dstar, weights=self.weights)
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            self.K = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/correlation_matrix/k_matrix.npz')['K']
+
+        print("Computing Temporal Basis...")
+        Psi_P, Sigma_P = Temporal_basis_POD(self.K, SAVE_T_POD,
+                                            self.FOLDER_OUT, self.n_Modes, eig_solver=self.eig_solver)
+        print("Done.")
+        print("Computing Spatial Basis...")
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:  # if self.D is available:
+            print('Computing Phi from partitions...')
+            Phi_P = Spatial_basis_POD(np.array([1]), N_T=self.N_T,
+                             PSI_P=Psi_P,
+                             Sigma_P=Sigma_P,
+                             MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                             FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                             N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS)
+
+        else:  # if not, the memory saving is on and D will not be used. We pass a dummy D
+           print('Computing Phi from D...')
+           Phi_P = Spatial_basis_POD(self.D, N_T=self.N_T,
+                                    PSI_P=Psi_P,
+                                    Sigma_P=Sigma_P,
+                                    MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                    FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                    N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS)
+        print("Done.")
+
+        return Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P
+
+    def compute_POD_svd(self, SAVE_T_POD: bool = False):
+        """
+        This method computes the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of a dataset
+        using the SVD decomposition. The svd solver is defined by 'svd_solver'.
+        Note that in this case, the memory saving option is of no help, since
+        the SVD must be performed over the entire dataset.
+
+        https://youtu.be/8fhupzhAR_M
+
+        :return Psi_P: np.array
+            POD Psis
+
+        :return Sigma_P: np.array
+            POD Sigmas. If needed, Lambdas can be easily computed recalling that: Sigma_P = np.sqrt(Lambda_P)
+
+         :return Phi_P: np.array
+            POD Phis
+        """
+        # If Memory saving is active, we must load back the data.
+        # This process is memory demanding. Different SVD solver will handle this differently.
+
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            if self.N_T % self.N_PARTITIONS != 0:
+                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS + 1
+            else:
+                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS
+
+            # Prepare the D matrix again
+            D = np.zeros((self.N_S, self.N_T))
+            R1 = 0
+
+            # print(' \n Reloading D from tmp...')
+            for k in tqdm(range(tot_blocks_col)):
+                di = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + f"/data_partitions/di_{k + 1}.npz")['di']
+                R2 = R1 + np.shape(di)[1]
+                D[:, R1:R2] = di
+                R1 = R2
+
+            # Now that we have D back, we can proceed with the SVD approach
+            Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P = switch_svds(D, self.n_Modes, self.svd_solver)
+
+
+        else:  # self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P = switch_svds(self.D, self.n_Modes, self.svd_solver)
+
+        return Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P
+
+    def compute_DMD_PIP(self, SAVE_T_DMD: bool = True, F_S=1):
+        """
+        This method computes the Dynamic Mode Decomposition of the data
+        using the algorithm in https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.0041, which is basically the same as
+        the PIP algorithm proposed in https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167278996001248
+        See v1 of this paper https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.01971 for more details (yes, reviewers did ask to omit this detail in v2).
+
+        :return Phi_D: np.array
+                DMD Phis. As for the DFT, these are complex.
+
+        :return Lambda_D: np.array
+                DMD Eigenvalues (of the reduced propagator). These are complex.
+
+        :return freqs: np.array
+                Frequencies (in Hz, associated to the DMD modes)
+
+        :return a0s: np.array
+                Initial Coefficients of the Modes
+
+        """
+
+        # If Memory saving is active, we must load back the data
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            if self.N_T % self.N_PARTITIONS != 0:
+                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS + 1
+            else:
+                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS
+
+            # Prepare the D matrix again
+            D = np.zeros((self.N_S, self.N_T))
+            R1 = 0
+
+            # print(' \n Reloading D from tmp...')
+            for k in tqdm(range(tot_blocks_col)):
+                di = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + f"/data_partitions/di_{k + 1}.npz")['di']
+                R2 = R1 + np.shape(di)[1]
+                D[:, R1:R2] = di
+                R1 = R2
+
+            # Compute the DMD
+            Phi_D, Lambda, freqs, a0s = dmd_s(D[:, 0:self.N_T - 1],
+                                              D[:, 1:self.N_T], self.n_Modes, F_S, svd_solver=self.svd_solver)
+
+        else:
+            Phi_D, Lambda, freqs, a0s = dmd_s(self.D[:, 0:self.N_T - 1],
+                                              self.D[:, 1:self.N_T], self.n_Modes, F_S, SAVE_T_DMD=SAVE_T_DMD,
+                                              svd_solver=self.svd_solver, FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT)
+
+        return Phi_D, Lambda, freqs, a0s
+
+    def compute_DFT(self, F_S, SAVE_DFT=False):
+        """
+        This method computes the Discrete Fourier Transform of your data.
+
+        Check out this tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fhupzhAR_M&list=PLEJZLD0-4PeKW6Ze984q08bNz28GTntkR&index=2
+
+        :param F_S: float,
+                Sampling Frequency [Hz]
+        :param SAVE_DFT: bool,
+                If True, MODULO will save the output in self.FOLDER OUT/MODULO_tmp
+
+        :return: Sorted_Freqs: np.array,
+                    Sorted Frequencies
+        :return Phi_F: np.array,
+                    DFT Phis
+        :return Sigma_F: np.array,
+                    DFT Sigmas
+        """
+        if self.D is None:
+            D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+            SAVE_DFT = True
+            Sorted_Freqs, Phi_F, SIGMA_F = dft_fit(self.N_T, F_S, D, self.FOLDER_OUT, SAVE_DFT=SAVE_DFT)
+
+        else:
+            Sorted_Freqs, Phi_F, SIGMA_F = dft_fit(self.N_T, F_S, self.D, self.FOLDER_OUT, SAVE_DFT=SAVE_DFT)
+
+        return Sorted_Freqs, Phi_F, SIGMA_F
+
+    def compute_SPOD_t(self, F_S, L_B=500, O_B=250, n_Modes=10, SAVE_SPOD=True):
+        """
+        This method computes the Spectral POD of your data. This is the one by Towne et al
+        (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/spectral-proper-orthogonal-decomposition-and-its-relationship-to-dynamic-mode-decomposition-and-resolvent-analysis/EC2A6DF76490A0B9EB208CC2CA037717)
+
+        :param F_S: float,
+                Sampling Frequency [Hz]
+        :param L_B: float,
+                lenght of the chunks
+        :param O_B: float,
+                Overlapping between blocks in the chunk
+        :param n_Modes: float,
+               number of modes to be computed for each frequency
+        :param SAVE_SPOD: bool,
+                If True, MODULO will save the output in self.FOLDER OUT/MODULO_tmp
+        :return Psi_P_hat: np.array
+                Spectra of the SPOD Modes
+        :return Sigma_P: np.array
+                Amplitudes of the SPOD Modes.
+        :return Phi_P: np.array
+                SPOD Phis
+        :return freq: float
+                frequency bins for the Spectral POD
+
+
+        """
+        if self.D is None:
+            D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+            Phi_SP, Sigma_SP, Freqs_Pos = compute_SPOD_t(D, F_S, L_B=L_B, O_B=O_B,
+                                                         n_Modes=n_Modes, SAVE_SPOD=SAVE_SPOD,
+                                                         FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT, possible_svds=self.svd_solver)
+        else:
+            Phi_SP, Sigma_SP, Freqs_Pos = compute_SPOD_t(self.D, F_S, L_B=L_B, O_B=O_B,
+                                                         n_Modes=n_Modes, SAVE_SPOD=SAVE_SPOD,
+                                                         FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT, possible_svds=self.svd_solver)
+
+        return Phi_SP, Sigma_SP, Freqs_Pos
+
+        # New Decomposition: SPOD f
+
+    def compute_SPOD_s(self, F_S, N_O=100, f_c=0.3, n_Modes=10, SAVE_SPOD=True):
+        """
+        This method computes the Spectral POD of your data.
+        This is the one by Sieber
+        et al (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/spectral-proper-orthogonal-decomposition/DCD8A6EDEFD56F5A9715DBAD38BD461A)
+
+        :param F_S: float,
+                Sampling Frequency [Hz]
+        :param N_o: float,
+                Semi-Order of the diagonal filter.
+                Note that the filter order will be 2 N_o +1 (to make sure it is odd)
+        :param f_c: float,
+                cut-off frequency of the diagonal filter
+        :param n_Modes: float,
+               number of modes to be computed
+        :param SAVE_SPOD: bool,
+                If True, MODULO will save the output in self.FOLDER OUT/MODULO_tmp
+        :return Psi_P: np.array
+                SPOD Psis
+        :return Sigma_P: np.array
+                SPOD Sigmas.
+        :return Phi_P: np.array
+                SPOD Phis
+        """
+
+        if self.D is None:
+            D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+
+            self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS, self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                       self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, D=D)
+
+            Phi_sP, Psi_sP, Sigma_sP = compute_SPOD_s(D, self.K, F_S, self.N_S, self.N_T, N_O, f_c,
+                                                      n_Modes, SAVE_SPOD, self.FOLDER_OUT, self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                                      self.N_PARTITIONS)
+
+        else:
+            self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS, self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                       self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, D=self.D)
+
+            Phi_sP, Psi_sP, Sigma_sP = compute_SPOD_s(self.D, self.K, F_S, self.N_S, self.N_T, N_O, f_c,
+                                                      n_Modes, SAVE_SPOD, self.FOLDER_OUT, self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                                      self.N_PARTITIONS)
+
+        return Phi_sP, Psi_sP, Sigma_sP
+
+    def compute_kPOD(self, M_DIST=[1, 10], k_m=0.1, cent=True,
+                     n_Modes=10, alpha=1e-6, metric='rbf', K_out=False):
+        """
+        This function implements the kernel PCA as described in the VKI course https://www.vki.ac.be/index.php/events-ls/events/eventdetail/552/-/online-on-site-hands-on-machine-learning-for-fluid-dynamics-2023
+
+        The computation of the kernel function is carried out as in https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07746.pdf.
+
+
+        :param M_DIST: array,
+                position of the two snapshots that will be considered to
+                estimate the minimal k. They should be the most different ones.
+        :param k_m: float,
+                minimum value for the kernelized correlation
+        :param alpha: float
+                regularization for K_zeta
+        :param cent: bool,
+                if True, the matrix K is centered. Else it is not
+        :param n_Modes: float,
+               number of modes to be computed
+        :param metric: string,
+               This identifies the metric for the kernel matrix. It is a wrapper to 'pairwise_kernels' from sklearn.metrics.pairwise
+               Note that different metrics would need different set of parameters. For the moment, only rbf was tested; use any other option at your peril !
+        :param K_out: bool,
+               If true, the matrix K is also exported as a fourth output.
+        :return Psi_xi: np.array
+               kPOD's Psis
+        :return Sigma_xi: np.array
+               kPOD's Sigmas.
+        :return Phi_xi: np.array
+               kPOD's Phis
+        :return K_zeta: np.array
+               Kernel Function from which the decomposition is computed.
+               (exported only if K_out=True)
+
+
+        """
+        if self.D is None:
+            D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+        else:
+            D = self.D
+
+        # Compute Eucledean distances
+        i, j = M_DIST;
+        n_s, n_t = np.shape(D)
+        M_ij = np.linalg.norm(D[:, i] - D[:, j]) ** 2
+
+        gamma = -np.log(k_m) / M_ij
+
+        K_zeta = pairwise_kernels(D.T, metric='rbf', gamma=gamma)
+        print('Kernel K ready')
+
+        # Compute the Kernel Matrix
+        n_t = np.shape(D)[1]
+        # Center the Kernel Matrix (if cent is True):
+        if cent:
+            H = np.eye(n_t) - 1 / n_t * np.ones_like(K_zeta)
+            K_zeta = H @ K_zeta @ H.T
+            print('K_zeta centered')
+        # Diagonalize and Sort
+        lambdas, Psi_xi = linalg.eigh(K_zeta + alpha * np.eye(n_t), subset_by_index=[n_t - n_Modes, n_t - 1])
+        lambdas, Psi_xi = lambdas[::-1], Psi_xi[:, ::-1];
+        Sigma_xi = np.sqrt(lambdas);
+        print('K_zeta diagonalized')
+        # Encode
+        # Z_xi=np.diag(Sigma_xi)@Psi_xi.T
+        # We compute the spatial structures as projections of the data
+        # onto the Psi_xi!
+        R = Psi_xi.shape[1]
+        PHI_xi_SIGMA_xi = np.dot(D, (Psi_xi))
+        # Initialize the output
+        PHI_xi = np.zeros((n_s, R))
+        SIGMA_xi = np.zeros((R))
+
+        for i in tqdm(range(0, R)):
+            # Assign the norm as amplitude
+            SIGMA_xi[i] = np.linalg.norm(PHI_xi_SIGMA_xi[:, i])
+            # Normalize the columns of C to get spatial modes
+            PHI_xi[:, i] = PHI_xi_SIGMA_xi[:, i] / SIGMA_xi[i]
+
+        Indices = np.flipud(np.argsort(SIGMA_xi))  # find indices for sorting in decreasing order
+        Sorted_Sigmas = SIGMA_xi[Indices]  # Sort all the sigmas
+        Phi_xi = PHI_xi[:, Indices]  # Sorted Spatial Structures Matrix
+        Psi_xi = Psi_xi[:, Indices]  # Sorted Temporal Structures Matrix
+        Sigma_xi = Sorted_Sigmas  # Sorted Amplitude Matrix
+        print('Phi_xi computed')
+
+        if K_out:
+            return Phi_xi, Psi_xi, Sigma_xi, K_zeta
+        else:
+            return Phi_xi, Psi_xi, Sigma_xi
+
+
+    # --- updated functions down here --- # 
+    
+    def mPOD(self, Nf, Ex, F_V, Keep, SAT, boundaries, MODE, dt, SAVE=False, K_in=None):
+        """
+        Multi-Scale Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (mPOD) of a signal.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        Nf : np.array
+                Orders of the FIR filters used to isolate each scale.
+        
+        Ex : int
+                Extension length at the boundaries to impose boundary conditions (must be at least as large as Nf).
+        
+        F_V : np.array
+                Frequency splitting vector, containing the cutoff frequencies for each scale. Units depend on the temporal step `dt`.
+        
+        Keep : np.array
+                Boolean array indicating scales to retain.
+        
+        SAT : int
+                Maximum number of modes per scale.
+        
+        boundaries : {'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap', 'extrap'}
+                Boundary conditions for filtering to avoid edge effects. Refer to:
+                https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/ndimage.html
+        
+        MODE : {'reduced', 'complete', 'r', 'raw'}
+                Mode option for QR factorization, used to enforce orthonormality of the mPOD basis to account for non-ideal filter responses.
+        
+        dt : float
+                Temporal step size between snapshots.
+        
+        SAVE : bool, default=False
+                Whether to save intermediate results to disk.
+
+        load_existing_K : bool, default=True
+                If True and MEMORY_SAVING is active, attempts to load an existing correlation matrix K from disk,
+                skipping recomputation if possible.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Phi_M : np.array
+                Spatial mPOD modes (spatial structures matrix).
+        
+        Psi_M : np.array
+                Temporal mPOD modes (temporal structures matrix).
+        
+        Sigma_M : np.array
+                Modal amplitudes.
+        """
+        
+        if K_in is None:
+                print('Computing correlation matrix D matrix...')
+                self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                        self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                        self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, D=self.Dstar)
+
+                if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+                        self.K = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/correlation_matrix/k_matrix.npz')['K']
+        else:
+                print('Using K matrix provided by the user...')
+                self.K = K_in
+
+
+        print("Computing Temporal Basis...")
+        PSI_M = temporal_basis_mPOD(
+                K=self.K, Nf=Nf, Ex=Ex, F_V=F_V, Keep=Keep, boundaries=boundaries,
+                MODE=MODE, dt=dt, FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                n_Modes=self.n_Modes, MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING, SAT=SAT,
+                eig_solver=self.eig_solver
+        )
+        print("Temporal Basis computed.")
+
+        if hasattr(self, 'D'):
+                print('Computing spatial modes Phi from D...')
+                Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M = spatial_basis_mPOD(
+                self.D, PSI_M, N_T=self.N_T, N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                N_S=self.N_S, MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT, SAVE=SAVE
+                )
+        else:
+                print('Computing spatial modes Phi from partitions...')
+                Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M = spatial_basis_mPOD(
+                np.array([1]), PSI_M, N_T=self.N_T,
+                N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS, N_S=self.N_S,
+                MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT, SAVE=SAVE
+                )
+
+        print("Spatial modes computed.")
+
+        return Phi_M, Psi_M, Sigma_M
+
+    def DFT(self, F_S, SAVE_DFT=False):
+        """
+        Computes the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the dataset.
+
+        For detailed guidance, see the tutorial video:
+        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fhupzhAR_M&list=PLEJZLD0-4PeKW6Ze984q08bNz28GTntkR&index=2
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        F_S : float
+                Sampling frequency in Hz.
+
+        SAVE_DFT : bool, default=False
+                If True, saves the computed DFT outputs to disk under:
+                `self.FOLDER_OUT/MODULO_tmp`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Phi_F : np.ndarray
+                Spatial DFT modes (spatial structures matrix).
+                
+        Psi_F : np.ndarray
+                Temporal DFT modes (temporal structures matrix).
+
+        Sigma_F : np.ndarray
+                Modal amplitudes.
+        """
+        if self.D is None:
+            D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+            SAVE_DFT = True
+            Phi_F, Psi_F, Sigma_F = dft(self.N_T, F_S, D, self.FOLDER_OUT, SAVE_DFT=SAVE_DFT)
+
+        else:
+            Phi_F, Psi_F, Sigma_F = dft(self.N_T, F_S, self.D, self.FOLDER_OUT, SAVE_DFT=SAVE_DFT)
+
+        return Phi_F, Psi_F, Sigma_F
+
+    
+    def POD(self, SAVE_T_POD: bool = False, mode: str = 'K'):
+        """
+        Compute the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of a dataset.
+
+        The POD is computed using the snapshot approach, working on the
+        temporal correlation matrix.  The eigenvalue solver for this
+        matrix is defined in the `eig_solver` attribute of the class.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        SAVE_T_POD : bool, optional
+                Flag to save time-dependent POD data. Default is False.
+        mode : str, optional
+                The mode of POD computation. Must be either 'K' or 'svd'.
+                'K' (default) uses the snapshot method on the temporal
+                correlation matrix.
+                'svd' uses the SVD decomposition (full dataset must fit in memory).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Psi_P : numpy.ndarray
+                POD spatial modes.
+        Sigma_P : numpy.ndarray
+                POD singular values (eigenvalues are Sigma_P**2).
+        Phi_P : numpy.ndarray
+                POD temporal modes.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError
+                If `mode` is not 'k' or 'svd'.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        A brief recall of the theoretical background of the POD is
+        available at https://youtu.be/8fhupzhAR_M
+        """
+        
+        mode = mode.lower()
+        assert mode in ('k', 'svd'), "POD mode must be either 'K', temporal correlation matrix, or 'svd'." 
+
+        if mode == 'k':
+                
+                print('Computing correlation matrix...')
+                self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS,
+                                        self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                        self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, D=self.Dstar, weights=self.weights)
+
+                if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+                        self.K = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/correlation_matrix/k_matrix.npz')['K']
+
+                        print("Computing Temporal Basis...")
+                        Psi_P, Sigma_P = Temporal_basis_POD(self.K, SAVE_T_POD,
+                                                        self.FOLDER_OUT, self.n_Modes, eig_solver=self.eig_solver)
+                        print("Done.")
+                        print("Computing Spatial Basis...")
+
+                if self.MEMORY_SAVING:  # if self.D is available:
+                        print('Computing Phi from partitions...')
+                        Phi_P = Spatial_basis_POD(np.array([1]), N_T=self.N_T,
+                                        PSI_P=Psi_P,
+                                        Sigma_P=Sigma_P,
+                                        MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                        FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                        N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS)
+
+                else:  # if not, the memory saving is on and D will not be used. We pass a dummy D
+                        print('Computing Phi from D...')
+                        Phi_P = Spatial_basis_POD(self.D, N_T=self.N_T,
+                                                PSI_P=Psi_P,
+                                                Sigma_P=Sigma_P,
+                                                MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING,
+                                                FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                                N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS)
+                        print("Done.")
+        
+        else:  
+                if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+                        
+                        if self.N_T % self.N_PARTITIONS != 0:
+                                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS + 1
+                        else:
+                                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS
+
+                        # Prepare the D matrix again
+                        D = np.zeros((self.N_S, self.N_T))
+                        R1 = 0
+
+                        # print(' \n Reloading D from tmp...')
+                        for k in tqdm(range(tot_blocks_col)):
+                                di = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + f"/data_partitions/di_{k + 1}.npz")['di']
+                                R2 = R1 + np.shape(di)[1]
+                                D[:, R1:R2] = di
+                                R1 = R2
+
+                        # Now that we have D back, we can proceed with the SVD approach
+                        Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P = switch_svds(D, self.n_Modes, self.svd_solver)
+
+                else:  # self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+                        Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P = switch_svds(self.D, self.n_Modes, self.svd_solver)    
+
+        return Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P
+
+    
+    def DMD(self, SAVE_T_DMD: bool = True, F_S: float = 1.0):
+        """
+        Compute the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) of the dataset.
+
+        This implementation follows the algorithm in Tu et al. (2014) [1]_, which is
+        essentially the same as Penland (1996) [2]_.  For
+        additional low-level details see v1 of Mendez et al. (2020) [3]_.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        SAVE_T_DMD : bool, optional
+                If True, save time-dependent DMD results to disk. Default is True.
+        F_S : float, optional
+                Sampling frequency in Hz. Default is 1.0.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Phi_D : numpy.ndarray
+                Complex DMD modes.
+        Lambda_D : numpy.ndarray
+                Complex eigenvalues of the reduced-order propagator.
+        freqs : numpy.ndarray
+                Frequencies (Hz) associated with each DMD mode.
+        a0s : numpy.ndarray
+                Initial amplitudes (coefficients) of the DMD modes.
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        .. [1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.0041
+        .. [2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167278996001248
+        .. [3] https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.01971
+        """
+
+        # If Memory saving is active, we must load back the data
+        if self.MEMORY_SAVING:
+            if self.N_T % self.N_PARTITIONS != 0:
+                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS + 1
+            else:
+                tot_blocks_col = self.N_PARTITIONS
+
+            # Prepare the D matrix again
+            D = np.zeros((self.N_S, self.N_T))
+            R1 = 0
+
+            # print(' \n Reloading D from tmp...')
+            for k in tqdm(range(tot_blocks_col)):
+                di = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + f"/data_partitions/di_{k + 1}.npz")['di']
+                R2 = R1 + np.shape(di)[1]
+                D[:, R1:R2] = di
+                R1 = R2
+
+            # Compute the DMD
+            Phi_D, Lambda, freqs, a0s = dmd_s(D[:, 0:self.N_T - 1],
+                                              D[:, 1:self.N_T], self.n_Modes, F_S, svd_solver=self.svd_solver)
+
+        else:
+            Phi_D, Lambda, freqs, a0s = dmd_s(self.D[:, 0:self.N_T - 1],
+                                              self.D[:, 1:self.N_T], self.n_Modes, F_S, SAVE_T_DMD=SAVE_T_DMD,
+                                              svd_solver=self.svd_solver, FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT)
+
+        return Phi_D, Lambda, freqs, a0s
+
+    def SPOD(
+        self,
+        mode: str,
+        F_S: float,
+        n_Modes: int = 10,
+        SAVE_SPOD: bool = True,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
+        """
+        Unified Spectral POD interface.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        mode : {'sieber', 'towne'}
+            Which SPOD algorithm to run.
+        F_S : float
+            Sampling frequency [Hz].
+        n_Modes : int, optional
+            Number of modes to compute, by default 10.
+        SAVE_SPOD : bool, optional
+            Whether to save outputs, by default True.
+        **kwargs
+            For mode='sieber', accepts:
+              - N_O (int): semi-order of the diagonal filter
+              - f_c (float): cutoff frequency
+            For mode='towne', accepts:
+              - L_B (int): block length
+              - O_B (int): block overlap
+              - n_processes (int): number of parallel workers
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Phi : ndarray
+            Spatial modes.
+        Sigma : ndarray
+            Modal amplitudes.
+        Aux : tuple
+            Additional outputs.
+        """
+        mode = mode.lower()
+        if mode == 'sieber':
+            N_O = kwargs.pop('N_O', 100)
+            f_c = kwargs.pop('f_c', 0.3)
+            
+            return self.compute_SPOD_s(
+                F_S=F_S,
+                N_O=N_O,
+                f_c=f_c,
+                n_Modes=n_Modes,
+                SAVE_SPOD=SAVE_SPOD
+            )
+
+        elif mode == 'towne':
+            L_B = kwargs.pop('L_B', 500)
+            O_B = kwargs.pop('O_B', 250)
+            n_processes = kwargs.pop('n_processes', 1)
+
+            # Load or reuse data matrix
+            
+            if self.D is None:
+                D = np.load(f"{self.FOLDER_OUT}/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz")['D']
+            else:
+                D = self.D
+
+            # Segment and FFT
+            D_hat, freqs_pos = segment_and_fft(
+                D=D,
+                F_S=F_S,
+                L_B=L_B,
+                O_B=O_B,
+                n_processes=n_processes
+                )
+
+            return self.compute_SPOD_t(D_hat=D_hat, 
+                                       freq_pos=freqs_pos,
+                                        n_modes=n_Modes, 
+                                        SAVE_SPOD=SAVE_SPOD, 
+                                        svd_solver=self.svd_solver,
+                                        n_processes=n_processes)
+            
+        else:
+                raise ValueError("mode must be 'sieber' or 'towne'")
+
+
+    def compute_SPOD_t(self, D_hat, freq_pos, n_Modes=10, SAVE_SPOD=True, svd_solver=None, 
+                       n_processes=1):
+        """
+        Compute the CSD-based Spectral POD (Towne et al.) from a precomputed FFT tensor.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        D_hat : ndarray, shape (n_s, n_freqs, n_blocks)
+                FFT of each block, only nonnegative frequencies retained.
+        freq_pos : ndarray, shape (n_freqs,)
+                Positive frequency values (Hz) corresponding to D_hat’s second axis.
+        n_Modes : int, optional
+                Number of SPOD modes per frequency bin. Default is 10.
+        SAVE_SPOD : bool, optional
+                If True, save outputs under `self.FOLDER_OUT/MODULO_tmp`. Default is True.
+        svd_solver : str or None, optional
+                Which SVD solver to use (passed to `switch_svds`), by default None.
+        n_processes : int, optional
+                Number of parallel workers for the POD step. Default is 1 (serial).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Phi_SP : ndarray, shape (n_s, n_Modes, n_freqs)
+                Spatial SPOD modes at each positive frequency.
+        Sigma_SP : ndarray, shape (n_Modes, n_freqs)
+                Modal energies per frequency bin.
+        freq_pos : ndarray, shape (n_freqs,)
+                The positive frequency vector (Hz), returned unchanged.
+        """
+        # Perform the POD (parallel if requested)
+                # received D_hat_f, this is now just a POD on the transversal direction of the tensor,
+        # e.g. the frequency domain. 
+        n_freqs = len(freq_pos)
+        
+        # also here we can parallelize
+        Phi_SP, Sigma_SP = pod_from_dhat(D_hat=D_hat, n_modes=n_Modes, n_freqs=n_freqs, 
+                                         svd_solver=self.svd_solver, n_processes=n_processes)
+        
+        # Optionally save the results
+        if SAVE_SPOD:
+                np.savez(
+                f"{self.FOLDER_OUT}/MODULO_tmp/spod_towne.npz",
+                Phi=Phi_SP,
+                Sigma=Sigma_SP,
+                freqs=freq_pos
+                )
+
+        return Phi_SP, Sigma_SP, freq_pos
+
+
+
+    def compute_SPOD_s(self, N_O=100, f_c=0.3, n_Modes=10, SAVE_SPOD=True):
+        """
+        Compute the filtered‐covariance Spectral POD (Sieber _et al._) of your data.
+
+        This implementation follows Sieber et al. (2016), which applies a zero‐phase
+        diagonal filter to the time‐lag covariance and then performs a single POD
+        on the filtered covariance matrix.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        N_O : int, optional
+                Semi‐order of the diagonal FIR filter. The true filter length is
+                2*N_O+1, by default 100.
+        f_c : float, optional
+                Normalized cutoff frequency of the diagonal filter (0 < f_c < 0.5),
+                by default 0.3.
+        n_Modes : int, optional
+                Number of SPOD modes to compute, by default 10.
+        SAVE_SPOD : bool, optional
+                If True, save output under `self.FOLDER_OUT/MODULO_tmp`, by default True.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Phi_sP : numpy.ndarray, shape (n_S, n_Modes)
+                Spatial SPOD modes.
+        Psi_sP : numpy.ndarray, shape (n_t, n_Modes)
+                Temporal SPOD modes (filtered).
+        Sigma_sP : numpy.ndarray, shape (n_Modes,)
+                Modal energies (eigenvalues of the filtered covariance).
+        """
+        if self.D is None:
+                
+                D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+
+        self.K = CorrelationMatrix(self.N_T, self.N_PARTITIONS, self.MEMORY_SAVING, self.FOLDER_OUT, self.SAVE_K, D=D)
+                
+        # additional step: diagonal spectral filter of K 
+        K_F = spectral_filter(self.K, N_o=N_O, f_c=f_c)
+        
+        # and then proceed with normal POD procedure
+        Psi_P, Sigma_P = Temporal_basis_POD(K_F, SAVE_SPOD, self.FOLDER_OUT, n_Modes)
+        
+        # but with a normalization aspect to handle the non-orthogonality of the SPOD modes
+        Phi_P = Spatial_basis_POD(D, N_T=self.K.shape[0], 
+                                        PSI_P=Psi_P, Sigma_P=Sigma_P,
+                                MEMORY_SAVING=self.MEMORY_SAVING, 
+                                FOLDER_OUT=self.FOLDER_OUT,
+                                N_PARTITIONS=self.N_PARTITIONS,rescale=True)
+                        
+
+        return Phi_P, Psi_P, Sigma_P
+
+    
+    def kPOD(self, M_DIST=[1, 10], 
+             k_m=0.1, cent=True,
+                n_Modes=10, 
+                alpha=1e-6, 
+                metric='rbf', 
+                K_out=False, SAVE_KPOD=False):
+        """
+        This function implements the kernel PCA as described in the VKI course https://www.vki.ac.be/index.php/events-ls/events/eventdetail/552/-/online-on-site-hands-on-machine-learning-for-fluid-dynamics-2023
+
+        The computation of the kernel function is carried out as in https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07746.pdf.
+
+
+        :param M_DIST: array,
+                position of the two snapshots that will be considered to
+                estimate the minimal k. They should be the most different ones.
+        :param k_m: float,
+                minimum value for the kernelized correlation
+        :param alpha: float
+                regularization for K_zeta
+        :param cent: bool,
+                if True, the matrix K is centered. Else it is not
+        :param n_Modes: float,
+               number of modes to be computed
+        :param metric: string,
+               This identifies the metric for the kernel matrix. It is a wrapper to 'pairwise_kernels' from sklearn.metrics.pairwise
+               Note that different metrics would need different set of parameters. For the moment, only rbf was tested; use any other option at your peril !
+        :param K_out: bool,
+               If true, the matrix K is also exported as a fourth output.
+        :return Psi_xi: np.array
+               kPOD's Psis
+        :return Sigma_xi: np.array
+               kPOD's Sigmas.
+        :return Phi_xi: np.array
+               kPOD's Phis
+        :return K_zeta: np.array
+               Kernel Function from which the decomposition is computed.
+               (exported only if K_out=True)
+
+
+        """
+        if self.D is None:
+            D = np.load(self.FOLDER_OUT + '/MODULO_tmp/data_matrix/database.npz')['D']
+        else:
+            D = self.D
+
+        # Compute Eucledean distances
+        i, j = M_DIST
+        
+        M_ij = np.linalg.norm(D[:, i] - D[:, j]) ** 2
+
+        K_r = kernelized_K(D=D, M_ij=M_ij, k_m=k_m, metric=metric, cent=cent, alpha=alpha)
+
+        Psi_xi, Sigma_xi = Temporal_basis_POD(K=K_r, n_Modes=n_Modes, eig_solver='eigh')
+
+        PHI_xi_SIGMA_xi = D @ Psi_xi
+        
+        Sigma_xi = np.linalg.norm(PHI_xi_SIGMA_xi, axis=0) # (R,)
+        Phi_xi   = PHI_xi_SIGMA_xi / Sigma_xi[None, :] # (n_s, R)
+        
+        sorted_idx = np.argsort(-Sigma_xi)
+
+        Phi_xi = Phi_xi[:, sorted_idx]  # Sorted Spatial Structures Matrix
+        Psi_xi = Psi_xi[:, sorted_idx]  # Sorted Temporal Structures Matrix
+        Sigma_xi = Sigma_xi[sorted_idx]
+
+        if K_out:
+            return Phi_xi, Psi_xi, Sigma_xi, K_r
+        else:
+            return Phi_xi, Psi_xi, Sigma_xi
+
+
+