mergeron 2024.739105.4__py3-none-any.whl → 2024.739105.6__py3-none-any.whl
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mergeron/__init__.py
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Metadata-Version: 2.1
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Name: mergeron
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Version: 2024.739105.
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Version: 2024.739105.6
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Summary: Merger Policy Analysis using Python
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License: MIT
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Keywords: merger policy analysis,merger guidelines,merger screening,policy presumptions,concentration standards,upward pricing pressure,GUPPI
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Module :code:`.gen.data_generation` includes the :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample` which provides for a rich specification of shares and diversion ratios (:code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`), margins (:code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.pcm_spec`, prices (:code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.price_spec`), and HSR filing requirements (:code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.hsr_filing_test_type`), and with methods for, (i) generating sample data (:code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.generate_sample`), and (ii) estimating enforcement or clearance rates under specified enforcement regimes given a method of aggregating diversion ratio or GUPPI estimates for the firms in a merger (:code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.estimate_enf_counts`). While the latter populate the properties, :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.data`
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and :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.enf_counts`, respectively, the underlying methods for generating standalone :code:`MarketDataSample` and :code:`UPPTestCounts` objects are included in the class definition, with helper functions defined in the modules, :code:`.gen.data_generation_functions` and :code:`.gen.upp_tests`. Notably, market shares are generated for a sample of markets with firm-count distributed as specified in :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec.firm_count_weights`, with defaults as discussed below (also see, :code:`.gen.ShareSpec.firm_count_weights`.
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By default, merging-firm shares are drawn with uniform distribution over the space :math:`s_1 + s_2 \leqslant 1` for an unspecified number of firms. Alternatively, shares may be drawn from the Dirichlet distribution
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By default, merging-firm shares are drawn with uniform distribution over the space :math:`s_1 + s_2 \leqslant 1` for an unspecified number of firms. Alternatively, shares may be drawn from the Dirichlet distribution (see property `dist_type` of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`, of type, :code:`.gen.SHRDistribution`), with specified shape parameters (property `dist_parms` of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`. When drawing shares from the Dirichlet distribution, the user specifies the `firm_count_weights` property of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`, as a vector of weights specifying the frequency distribution over sequential firm counts, e.g., :code:`[133, 184, 134, 52, 32, 10, 12, 4, 3]` to specify shares drawn from Dirichlet distributions with 2 to 10 pre-merger firms distributed as in data for FTC merger investigations during 1996--2003 (See, for example, Table 4.1 of `FTC, Horizontal Merger Investigations Data, Fiscal Years 1996--2003 (Revised: August 31, 2004) <https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/horizontal-merger-investigation-data-fiscal-years-1996-2003/040831horizmergersdata96-03.pdf>`_). If the property `firm_count_weights` is not explicitly assigned a value when defining :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`, the default values is used, which results in a sample of markets with 2 to 7 firms with relative frequency in inverse proportion to firm-count, with 2-firm markets being 6 times as likely to be drawn as 7-firm markets.
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Recapture rates can be specified as, "proportional", "inside-out", "outside-in" (see :code:`.RECForm`). The "inside-out" specification (assigning :code:`.RECForm.INOUT` to the `recapture_form` property of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`) results in recapture ratios consistent with merging-firms' in-market shares and a default recapture rate. The "outside-in" specification (assigning :code:`.RECForm.INOUT` to the `recapture_form` property of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`) yields diversion ratios from purchase probabilities drawn at random for :math:`N+1` goods, from which are derived market shares and recapture rates for the :math:`N` goods in the putative market (see, :code:`.gen.ShareSpec`). The "outside-in" specification is invalid when the distribution of markets over firm-count is unspecified, i.e., when the property `dist_type` of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec` is assigned :code:`.gen.ShareDistributions.UNI`, raising a :code:`ValueError` exception. The "proportional" form (`recapture_form` = :code:`.RECForm.FIXED`) is often used in the literature, as an approximation to the "inside-out" calibration. See, for example, Coate (2011).
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Recapture rates can be specified as, "proportional", "inside-out", or "outside-in" (see :code:`.RECForm`). The "inside-out" specification (assigning :code:`.RECForm.INOUT` to the `recapture_form` property of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`) results in recapture ratios consistent with merging-firms' in-market shares and a default recapture rate. The "outside-in" specification (assigning :code:`.RECForm.INOUT` to the `recapture_form` property of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec`) yields diversion ratios from purchase probabilities drawn at random for :math:`N+1` goods, from which are derived market shares and recapture rates for the :math:`N` goods in the putative market (see, :code:`.gen.ShareSpec`). The "outside-in" specification is invalid when the distribution of markets over firm-count is unspecified, i.e., when the property `dist_type` of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.share_spec` is assigned :code:`.gen.ShareDistributions.UNI`, raising a :code:`ValueError` exception. The "proportional" form (`recapture_form` = :code:`.RECForm.FIXED`) is often used in the literature, as an approximation to the "inside-out" calibration. See, for example, Coate (2011).
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Price-cost-margins may be specified as having uniform distribution, Beta distribution (including a bounded Beta distribution with specified mean and variance), or an empirical distribution (see, :code:`.gen.PCMSpec`). The empirical margin distribution is based on resampling margin data published by Prof. Damodaran of NYU Stern School of Business (see Notes), using an estimated Gaussian KDE. The second merging firm's margin (per the property `firm2_pcm_constraint` of :code:`.gen.data_generation.MarketSample.pcm_spec`) may be specified as symmetric, i.i.d., or subject to equilibrium conditions for (profit-maximization in) Bertrand-Nash oligopoly with MNL demand (:code:`.gen.FM2Constraint`).
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Prices may be specified as symmetric or asymmetric, and in the latter case, the direction of correlation between merging firm prices, if any, can also be specified (see, :code:`.gen.PriceSpec`). Prices may also be defined by imposing cost symmetry on firms in the sample, with fixed unit marginal costs normalized to 1 unit, such that
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Prices may be specified as symmetric or asymmetric, and in the latter case, the direction of correlation between merging firm prices, if any, can also be specified (see, :code:`.gen.PriceSpec`). Prices may also be defined by imposing cost symmetry on firms in the sample, with fixed unit marginal costs normalized to 1 unit, such that prices equal :math:`1 / (1 - \pmb{m})`, where :math:`\pmb{m}` represents the array of margins for firms in the sample.
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The market sample may be restricted to mergers meeting the HSR filing requirement under two alternative approaches: in the one, the smaller of the two merging firms meets the lower HSR size threshold ($10 million, as adjusted) and the larger of the two merging firms meets the size test if it's share is no less than 10 times the share of the smaller firm. In the other, the :math:`n`-th firm's size is maintained as $10 million, as adjusted (see, :code:`.gen.SSZConstant`), and a merger meets the HSR filing test if either, (a.) the smaller merging firm is no smaller than the n-th firm and the larger merging firm is at 10-times as large as the n-th firm, or (b.) the smaller merging firm's market share is in excess of 10%; in effect this version of the test maintains that if the smaller merging firm's market share exceeds 10%, the value of the transaction exceeds $200 million, as adjusted, and the size-of-person test is eliminated (see, FTC (2008, p. 12); the above are simplifications of the statutory HSR filing requirements). The second assumption avoids the unfortunate assumption in the first that, within the resulting sample, the larger merging firm be at least 10 times as large as the smaller merging firm, as a consequence of the full definition of the HSR filing requirement.
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Programs demonstrating the use of this package are included in the sub-package, :code:`.demo`.
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This package includes a class, :code:`.core.pseudorandom_numbers.
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This package includes a class, :code:`.core.pseudorandom_numbers.MultithreadedRNG` for generating random numbers with selected continuous distribution over specified parameters, and with CPU multithreading on machines with multiple virtual, logical, or physical CPU cores. This class is an adaptation from the documentation of the :code:`numpy` package, from the discussion on `multithreaded random-number generation <https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/multithreading.html>_`; the version included here permits selection of the distribution with pre-tests to catch and inform on common errors. To access these directly:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: python
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import mergeron.core.
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import mergeron.core.data_generation as dgl
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help(
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help(dgl.MarketSample)
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.. rubric:: References
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mergeron/License.txt,sha256=7iX-y0EyjkbVJKJLS4ZKzuuE1wd0lryfsD_IytLG8lQ,1246
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mergeron/__init__.py,sha256=
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mergeron/__init__.py,sha256=O3P7UN78BS5u2QXmM2W9VtuAUrJtXqcosgN-cXTUqNU,1479
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mergeron/core/__init__.py,sha256=KtjBlZOl7jwBCAUhrTJB9PdrN39YLYytNiSUSM_gRmA,62
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mergeron/core/damodaran_margin_data.py,sha256=rMrgN1Qtw572a0ftY97OOj4otq8ldlLrcOi-bcE-org,8554
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mergeron/core/ftc_merger_investigations_data.py,sha256=qGAjjXEyqwS1PKKxvJGsSkr0sfI--4oyLss9I1qCNR4,28247
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mergeron/gen/enforcement_stats.py,sha256=4YQYOeU3dqrOLejhK4chGZMO9ZoID9ZiJZ1V95eSboQ,27370
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mergeron/gen/upp_tests.py,sha256=yzEwWK1bVfjtBYMwXnL5uEWWRiR0_9y0wmjNMB-O3rU,12589
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mergeron/py.typed,sha256=frcCV1k9oG9oKj3dpUqdJg1PxRT2RSN_XKdLCPjaYaY,2
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mergeron-2024.739105.
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mergeron-2024.739105.
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mergeron-2024.739105.
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mergeron-2024.739105.6.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=gHfPJS6SIzuxHtXPqZ50433g0oFtiRXCBJ48KQhnvB8,14006
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mergeron-2024.739105.6.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=sP946D7jFCHeNz5Iq4fL4Lu-PrWrFsgfLXbbkciIZwg,88
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mergeron-2024.739105.6.dist-info/RECORD,,
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