mergeron 2024.738972.0__py3-none-any.whl → 2024.739079.9__py3-none-any.whl

mergeron/core/guidelines_boundary_functions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,981 @@
+import decimal
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Literal, TypedDict
+
+import numpy as np
+from mpmath import mp, mpf  # type: ignore
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+
+from .. import VERSION  # noqa: TID252
+
+__version__ = VERSION
+
+mp.prec = 80
+mp.trap_complex = True
+
+
+class ShareRatioBoundaryKeywords(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Keyword arguments for functions generating share ratio boundaries."""
+
+    recapture_form: Literal["inside-out", "proportional"]
+    prec: int
+    agg_method: Literal["arithmetic mean", "geometric mean", "distance"]
+    weighting: Literal["own-share", "cross-product-share", None]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """Output of a Guidelines boundary function."""
+
+    coordinates: NDArray[np.float64]
+    """Market-share pairs as Cartesian coordinates of points on the boundary."""
+
+    area: float
+    """Area under the boundary."""
+
+
+def dh_area(_dh_val: float = 0.01, /, *, prec: int = 9) -> float:
+    R"""
+    Area under the ΔHHI boundary.
+
+    When the given ΔHHI bound matches a Guidelines standard,
+    the area under the boundary is half the intrinsic clearance rate
+    for the ΔHHI safeharbor.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    To derive the knots, :math:`(s^0_1, s^1_1), (s^1_1, s^0_1)`
+    of the ΔHHI boundary, i.e., the points where it intersects
+    the merger-to-monopoly boundary, solve
+
+    .. math::
+
+        2 s1 s_2 &= ΔHHI\\
+        s_1 + s_2 &= 1
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _dh_val
+        Change in concentration.
+    prec
+        Specified precision in decimal places.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Area under ΔHHI boundary.
+
+    """
+
+    _dh_val = mpf(f"{_dh_val}")
+    _s_naught = (1 - mp.sqrt(1 - 2 * _dh_val)) / 2
+
+    return round(
+        float(_s_naught + (_dh_val / 2) * (mp.ln(1 - _s_naught) - mp.ln(_s_naught))),
+        prec,
+    )
+
+
+def hhi_delta_boundary(
+    _dh_val: float = 0.01, /, *, prec: int = 5
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Generate the list of share combination on the ΔHHI boundary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _dh_val:
+        Merging-firms' ΔHHI bound.
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding reported shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+
+    _dh_val = mpf(f"{_dh_val}")
+    _s_naught = 1 / 2 * (1 - mp.sqrt(1 - 2 * _dh_val))
+    _s_mid = mp.sqrt(_dh_val / 2)
+
+    _dh_step_sz = mp.power(10, -6)
+    _s_1 = np.array(mp.arange(_s_mid, _s_naught - mp.eps, -_dh_step_sz))
+    _s_2 = _dh_val / (2 * _s_1)
+
+    # Boundary points
+    _dh_half = np.vstack((
+        np.column_stack((_s_1, _s_2)),
+        np.array([(mpf("0.0"), mpf("1.0"))]),
+    ))
+    _dh_bdry_pts = np.vstack((np.flip(_dh_half, 0), np.flip(_dh_half[1:], 1)))
+
+    _s_1_pts, _s_2_pts = np.split(_dh_bdry_pts, 2, axis=1)
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.column_stack((
+            np.array(_s_1_pts, np.float64),
+            np.array(_s_2_pts, np.float64),
+        )),
+        dh_area(_dh_val, prec=prec),
+    )
+
+
+def hhi_pre_contrib_boundary(
+    _hhi_contrib: float = 0.03125, /, *, prec: int = 5
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations on the premerger HHI contribution boundary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _hhi_contrib:
+        Merging-firms' pre-merger HHI contribution bound.
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding reported shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+    _hhi_contrib = mpf(f"{_hhi_contrib}")
+    _s_mid = mp.sqrt(_hhi_contrib / 2)
+
+    _bdry_step_sz = mp.power(10, -prec)
+    # Range-limit is 0 less a step, which is -1 * step-size
+    _s_1 = np.array(mp.arange(_s_mid, -_bdry_step_sz, -_bdry_step_sz), np.float64)
+    _s_2 = np.sqrt(_hhi_contrib - _s_1**2).astype(np.float64)
+    _bdry_pts_mid = np.column_stack((_s_1, _s_2))
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.vstack((np.flip(_bdry_pts_mid, 0), np.flip(_bdry_pts_mid[1:], 1))),
+        round(float(mp.pi * _hhi_contrib / 4), prec),
+    )
+
+
+def combined_share_boundary(
+    _s_intcpt: float = 0.0625, /, *, prec: int = 10
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations on the merging-firms' combined share boundary.
+
+    Assumes symmetric merging-firm margins. The combined-share is
+    congruent to the post-merger HHI contribution boundary, as the
+    post-merger HHI bound is the square of the combined-share bound.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _s_intcpt:
+        Merging-firms' combined share.
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding reported shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+    _s_intcpt = mpf(f"{_s_intcpt}")
+    _s_mid = _s_intcpt / 2
+
+    _s1_pts = (0, _s_mid, _s_intcpt)
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.column_stack((
+            np.array(_s1_pts, np.float64),
+            np.array(_s1_pts[::-1], np.float64),
+        )),
+        round(float(_s_intcpt * _s_mid), prec),
+    )
+
+
+def hhi_post_contrib_boundary(
+    _hhi_contrib: float = 0.800, /, *, prec: int = 10
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations on the postmerger HHI contribution boundary.
+
+    The post-merger HHI contribution boundary is identical to the
+    combined-share boundary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _hhi_contrib:
+        Merging-firms' pre-merger HHI contribution bound.
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding reported shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+    return combined_share_boundary(np.sqrt(_hhi_contrib), prec=prec)
+
+
+def shrratio_boundary_wtd_avg(
+    _delta_star: float = 0.075,
+    _r_val: float = 0.85,
+    /,
+    *,
+    agg_method: Literal[
+        "arithmetic mean", "geometric mean", "distance"
+    ] = "arithmetic mean",
+    weighting: Literal["own-share", "cross-product-share", None] = "own-share",
+    recapture_form: Literal["inside-out", "proportional"] = "inside-out",
+    prec: int = 5,
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations on the share-weighted average diversion ratio boundary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _delta_star
+        Share ratio (:math:`\\overline{d} / \\overline{r}`)
+    _r_val
+        recapture ratio
+    agg_method
+        Whether "arithmetic mean", "geometric mean", or "distance".
+    weighting
+        Whether "own-share" or "cross-product-share"  (or None for simple, unweighted average).
+    recapture_form
+        Whether recapture-ratio is MNL-consistent ("inside-out") or has fixed
+        value for both merging firms ("proportional").
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding returned shares and area.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    An analytical expression for the share-weighted arithmetic mean boundary
+    is derived and plotted from y-intercept to the ray of symmetry as follows::
+
+        from sympy import plot as symplot, solve, symbols
+        s_1, s_2 = symbols("s_1 s_2", positive=True)
+
+        g_val, r_val, m_val = 0.06, 0.80, 0.30
+        delta_star = g_val / (r_val * m_val)
+
+        # recapture_form == "inside-out"
+        oswag = solve(
+            s_1 * s_2 / (1 - s_1)
+            + s_2 * s_1 / (1 - (r_val * s_2 + (1 - r_val) * s_1))
+            - (s_1 + s_2) * delta_star,
+            s_2
+        )[0]
+        symplot(
+            oswag,
+            (s_1, 0., d_hat / (1 + d_hat)),
+            ylabel=s_2
+        )
+
+        cpswag = solve(
+            s_2 * s_2 / (1 - s_1)
+            + s_1 * s_1 / (1 - (r_val * s_2 + (1 - r_val) * s_1))
+            - (s_1 + s_2) * delta_star,
+            s_2
+        )[1]
+        symplot(
+            cpwag,
+            (s_1, 0., d_hat / (1 + d_hat)),
+            ylabel=s_2
+        )
+
+        # recapture_form == "proportional"
+        oswag = solve(
+            s_1 * s_2 / (1 - s_1)
+            + s_2 * s_1 / (1 - s_2)
+            - (s_1 + s_2) * delta_star,
+             s_2
+        )[0]
+        symplot(
+            oswag,
+            (s_1, 0., d_hat / (1 + d_hat)),
+            ylabel=s_2
+        )
+
+        cpswag = solve(
+            s_2 * s_2 / (1 - s_1)
+            + s_1 * s_1 / (1 - s_2)
+            - (s_1 + s_2) * delta_star,
+             s_2
+        )[1]
+        symplot(
+            cpswag,
+            (s_1, 0.0, d_hat / (1 + d_hat)),
+            ylabel=s_2
+        )
+
+
+    """
+
+    _delta_star = mpf(f"{_delta_star}")
+    _s_mid = _delta_star / (1 + _delta_star)
+
+    # initial conditions
+    _gbdry_points = [(_s_mid, _s_mid)]
+    _s_1_pre, _s_2_pre = _s_mid, _s_mid
+    _s_2_oddval, _s_2_oddsum, _s_2_evnsum = True, 0, 0
+
+    # parameters for iteration
+    _gbd_step_sz = mp.power(10, -prec)
+    _theta = _gbd_step_sz * (10 if weighting == "cross-product-share" else 1)
+    for _s_1 in mp.arange(_s_mid - _gbd_step_sz, 0, -_gbd_step_sz):
+        # The wtd. avg. GUPPI is not always convex to the origin, so we
+        #   increment _s_2 after each iteration in which our algorithm
+        #   finds (s1, s2) on the boundary
+        _s_2 = _s_2_pre * (1 + _theta)
+
+        if (_s_1 + _s_2) > mpf("0.99875"):
+            # Loss of accuracy at 3-9s and up
+            break
+
+        while True:
+            _de_1 = _s_2 / (1 - _s_1)
+            _de_2 = (
+                _s_1 / (1 - lerp(_s_1, _s_2, _r_val))
+                if recapture_form == "inside-out"
+                else _s_1 / (1 - _s_2)
+            )
+
+            _r = (
+                mp.fdiv(
+                    _s_1 if weighting == "cross-product-share" else _s_2, _s_1 + _s_2
+                )
+                if weighting
+                else 0.5
+            )
+
+            match agg_method:
+                case "geometric":
+                    _delta_test = mp.expm1(lerp(mp.log1p(_de_1), mp.log1p(_de_2), _r))
+                case "distance":
+                    _delta_test = mp.sqrt(lerp(_de_1**2, _de_2**2, _r))
+                case _:
+                    _delta_test = lerp(_de_1, _de_2, _r)
+
+            _test_flag, _incr_decr = (
+                (_delta_test > _delta_star, -1)
+                if weighting == "cross-product-share"
+                else (_delta_test < _delta_star, 1)
+            )
+
+            if _test_flag:
+                _s_2 += _incr_decr * _gbd_step_sz
+            else:
+                break
+
+        # Build-up boundary points
+        _gbdry_points.append((_s_1, _s_2))
+
+        # Build up area terms
+        _s_2_oddsum += _s_2 if _s_2_oddval else 0
+        _s_2_evnsum += _s_2 if not _s_2_oddval else 0
+        _s_2_oddval = not _s_2_oddval
+
+        # Hold share points
+        _s_2_pre = _s_2
+        _s_1_pre = _s_1
+
+    if _s_2_oddval:
+        _s_2_evnsum -= _s_2_pre
+    else:
+        _s_2_oddsum -= _s_1_pre
+
+    _s_intcpt = _shrratio_boundary_intcpt(
+        _s_1_pre,
+        _delta_star,
+        _r_val,
+        recapture_form=recapture_form,
+        agg_method=agg_method,
+        weighting=weighting,
+    )
+
+    if weighting == "own-share":
+        _gbd_prtlarea = (
+            _gbd_step_sz * (4 * _s_2_oddsum + 2 * _s_2_evnsum + _s_mid + _s_2_pre) / 3
+        )
+        # Area under boundary
+        _gbdry_area_total = float(
+            2 * (_s_1_pre + _gbd_prtlarea)
+            - (mp.power(_s_mid, "2") + mp.power(_s_1_pre, "2"))
+        )
+
+    else:
+        _gbd_prtlarea = (
+            _gbd_step_sz * (4 * _s_2_oddsum + 2 * _s_2_evnsum + _s_mid + _s_intcpt) / 3
+        )
+        # Area under boundary
+        _gbdry_area_total = float(2 * _gbd_prtlarea - mp.power(_s_mid, "2"))
+
+    _gbdry_points = np.vstack((_gbdry_points, (mpf("0.0"), _s_intcpt))).astype(
+        np.float64
+    )
+
+    # Points defining boundary to point-of-symmetry
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.vstack((np.flip(_gbdry_points, 0), np.flip(_gbdry_points[1:], 1))),
+        round(float(_gbdry_area_total), prec),
+    )
+
+
+def shrratio_boundary_xact_avg(
+    _delta_star: float = 0.075,
+    _r_val: float = 0.85,
+    /,
+    *,
+    recapture_form: Literal["inside-out", "proportional"] = "inside-out",
+    prec: int = 5,
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations for the simple average GUPPI boundary with symmetric
+    merging-firm margins.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    An analytical expression for the exact average boundary is derived
+    and plotted from the y-intercept to the ray of symmetry as follows::
+
+        from sympy import latex, plot as symplot, solve, symbols
+
+        s_1, s_2 = symbols("s_1 s_2")
+
+        g_val, r_val, m_val = 0.06, 0.80, 0.30
+        d_hat = g_val / (r_val * m_val)
+
+        # recapture_form = "inside-out"
+        sag = solve(
+            (s_2 / (1 - s_1))
+            + (s_1 / (1 - (r_val * s_2 + (1 - r_val) * s_1)))
+            - 2 * d_hat,
+            s_2
+        )[0]
+        symplot(
+            sag,
+            (s_1, 0., d_hat / (1 + d_hat)),
+            ylabel=s_2
+        )
+
+        # recapture_form = "proportional"
+        sag = solve((s_2/(1 - s_1)) + (s_1/(1 - s_2)) - 2 * d_hat, s_2)[0]
+        symplot(
+            sag,
+            (s_1, 0., d_hat / (1 + d_hat)),
+            ylabel=s_2
+        )
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _delta_star
+        Share ratio (:math:`\\overline{d} / \\overline{r}`).
+    _r_val
+        Recapture ratio
+    recapture_form
+        Whether recapture-ratio is MNL-consistent ("inside-out") or has fixed
+        value for both merging firms ("proportional").
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding returned shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+
+    _delta_star = mpf(f"{_delta_star}")
+    _s_mid = _delta_star / (1 + _delta_star)
+    _gbd_step_sz = mp.power(10, -prec)
+
+    _gbdry_points_start = np.array([(_s_mid, _s_mid)])
+    _s_1 = np.array(mp.arange(_s_mid - _gbd_step_sz, 0, -_gbd_step_sz), np.float64)
+    if recapture_form == "inside-out":
+        _s_intcpt = mp.fdiv(
+            mp.fsub(
+                2 * _delta_star * _r_val + 1, mp.fabs(2 * _delta_star * _r_val - 1)
+            ),
+            2 * mpf(f"{_r_val}"),
+        )
+        _nr_t1 = 1 + 2 * _delta_star * _r_val * (1 - _s_1) - _s_1 * (1 - _r_val)
+
+        _nr_sqrt_mdr = 4 * _delta_star * _r_val
+        _nr_sqrt_mdr2 = _nr_sqrt_mdr * _r_val
+        _nr_sqrt_md2r2 = _nr_sqrt_mdr2 * _delta_star
+
+        _nr_sqrt_t1 = _nr_sqrt_md2r2 * (_s_1**2 - 2 * _s_1 + 1)
+        _nr_sqrt_t2 = _nr_sqrt_mdr2 * _s_1 * (_s_1 - 1)
+        _nr_sqrt_t3 = _nr_sqrt_mdr * (2 * _s_1 - _s_1**2 - 1)
+        _nr_sqrt_t4 = (_s_1**2) * (_r_val**2 - 6 * _r_val + 1)
+        _nr_sqrt_t5 = _s_1 * (6 * _r_val - 2) + 1
+
+        _nr_t2_mdr = _nr_sqrt_t1 + _nr_sqrt_t2 + _nr_sqrt_t3 + _nr_sqrt_t4 + _nr_sqrt_t5
+
+        # Alternative grouping of terms in np.sqrt
+        _nr_sqrt_s1sq = (_s_1**2) * (
+            _nr_sqrt_md2r2 + _nr_sqrt_mdr2 - _nr_sqrt_mdr + _r_val**2 - 6 * _r_val + 1
+        )
+        _nr_sqrt_s1 = _s_1 * (
+            -2 * _nr_sqrt_md2r2 - _nr_sqrt_mdr2 + 2 * _nr_sqrt_mdr + 6 * _r_val - 2
+        )
+        _nr_sqrt_nos1 = _nr_sqrt_md2r2 - _nr_sqrt_mdr + 1
+
+        _nr_t2_s1 = _nr_sqrt_s1sq + _nr_sqrt_s1 + _nr_sqrt_nos1
+
+        if not np.isclose(
+            np.einsum("i->", _nr_t2_mdr.astype(np.float64)),
+            np.einsum("i->", _nr_t2_s1.astype(np.float64)),
+            rtol=0,
+            atol=0.5 * prec,
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Calculation of sq. root term in exact average GUPPI"
+                f"with recapture spec, {f'"{recapture_form}"'} is incorrect."
+            )
+
+        _s_2 = (_nr_t1 - np.sqrt(_nr_t2_s1)) / (2 * _r_val)
+
+    else:
+        _s_intcpt = mp.fsub(_delta_star + 1 / 2, mp.fabs(_delta_star - 1 / 2))
+        _s_2 = (
+            (1 / 2)
+            + _delta_star
+            - _delta_star * _s_1
+            - np.sqrt(
+                ((_delta_star**2) - 1) * (_s_1**2)
+                + (-2 * (_delta_star**2) + _delta_star + 1) * _s_1
+                + (_delta_star**2)
+                - _delta_star
+                + (1 / 4)
+            )
+        )
+
+    _gbdry_points_inner = np.column_stack((_s_1, _s_2))
+    _gbdry_points_end = np.array([(mpf("0.0"), _s_intcpt)], np.float64)
+
+    _gbdry_points = np.vstack((
+        _gbdry_points_end,
+        np.flip(_gbdry_points_inner, 0),
+        _gbdry_points_start,
+        np.flip(_gbdry_points_inner, 1),
+        np.flip(_gbdry_points_end, 1),
+    )).astype(np.float64)
+    _s_2 = np.concatenate((np.array([_s_mid], np.float64), _s_2))
+
+    _gbdry_ends = [0, -1]
+    _gbdry_odds = np.array(range(1, len(_s_2), 2), np.int64)
+    _gbdry_evns = np.array(range(2, len(_s_2), 2), np.int64)
+
+    # Double the are under the curve, and subtract the double counted bit.
+    _gbdry_area_simpson = 2 * _gbd_step_sz * (
+        (4 / 3) * np.sum(_s_2.take(_gbdry_odds))
+        + (2 / 3) * np.sum(_s_2.take(_gbdry_evns))
+        + (1 / 3) * np.sum(_s_2.take(_gbdry_ends))
+    ) - np.power(_s_mid, 2)
+
+    _s_1_pts, _s_2_pts = np.split(_gbdry_points, 2, axis=1)
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.column_stack((np.array(_s_1_pts), np.array(_s_2_pts))),
+        round(float(_gbdry_area_simpson), prec),
+    )
+
+
+def shrratio_boundary_min(
+    _delta_star: float = 0.075,
+    _r_val: float = 0.85,
+    /,
+    *,
+    recapture_form: str = "inside-out",
+    prec: int = 10,
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations on the minimum GUPPI boundary, with symmetric
+    merging-firm margins.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    With symmetric merging-firm margins, the maximum GUPPI boundary is
+    defined by the diversion ratio from the smaller merging-firm to the
+    larger one, and is hence unaffected by the method of estimating the
+    diversion ratio for the larger firm.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _delta_star
+        Share ratio (:math:`\\overline{d} / \\overline{r}`).
+    _r_val
+        Recapture ratio.
+    recapture_form
+        Whether recapture-ratio is MNL-consistent ("inside-out") or has fixed
+        value for both merging firms ("proportional").
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding returned shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+
+    _delta_star = mpf(f"{_delta_star}")
+    _s_intcpt = mpf("1.00")
+    _s_mid = _delta_star / (1 + _delta_star)
+
+    if recapture_form == "inside-out":
+        # ## Plot envelope of GUPPI boundaries with r_k = r_bar if s_k = min(_s_1, _s_2)
+        # ## See (s_i, s_j) in equation~(44), or thereabouts, in paper
+        _smin_nr = _delta_star * (1 - _r_val)
+        _smax_nr = 1 - _delta_star * _r_val
+        _guppi_bdry_env_dr = _smin_nr + _smax_nr
+        _s1_pts = np.array(
+            (
+                0,
+                _smin_nr / _guppi_bdry_env_dr,
+                _s_mid,
+                _smax_nr / _guppi_bdry_env_dr,
+                _s_intcpt,
+            ),
+            np.float64,
+        )
+
+        _gbd_area = _s_mid + _s1_pts[1] * (1 - 2 * _s_mid)
+    else:
+        _s1_pts, _gbd_area = np.array((0, _s_mid, _s_intcpt), np.float64), _s_mid
+
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.column_stack((_s1_pts, _s1_pts[::-1])), round(float(_gbd_area), prec)
+    )
+
+
+def shrratio_boundary_max(
+    _delta_star: float = 0.075, _r_val: float = 0.85, /, *, prec: int = 10
+) -> GuidelinesBoundary:
+    """
+    Share combinations on the minimum GUPPI boundary with symmetric
+    merging-firm margins.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _delta_star
+        Share ratio (:math:`\\overline{d} / \\overline{r}`).
+    _r_val
+        Recapture ratio.
+    prec
+        Number of decimal places for rounding returned shares.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Array of share-pairs, area under boundary.
+
+    """
+
+    # _r_val is not needed for max boundary, but is specified for consistency
+    # of function call with other shrratio_mgnsym_boundary functions
+    del _r_val
+    _delta_star = mpf(f"{_delta_star}")
+    _s_intcpt = _delta_star
+    _s_mid = _delta_star / (1 + _delta_star)
+
+    _s1_pts = (0, _s_mid, _s_intcpt)
+
+    return GuidelinesBoundary(
+        np.column_stack((
+            np.array(_s1_pts, np.float64),
+            np.array(_s1_pts[::-1], np.float64),
+        )),
+        round(float(_s_intcpt * _s_mid), prec),  # simplified calculation
+    )
+
+
+def _shrratio_boundary_intcpt(
+    _s_2_pre: float,
+    _delta_star: mpf,
+    _r_val: mpf,
+    /,
+    *,
+    recapture_form: Literal["inside-out", "proportional"],
+    agg_method: Literal["arithmetic mean", "geometric mean", "distance"],
+    weighting: Literal["cross-product-share", "own-share", None],
+) -> float:
+    match weighting:
+        case "cross-product-share":
+            _s_intcpt: float = _delta_star
+        case "own-share":
+            _s_intcpt = mpf("1.0")
+        case None if agg_method == "distance":
+            _s_intcpt = _delta_star * mp.sqrt("2")
+        case None if agg_method == "arithmetic mean" and recapture_form == "inside-out":
+            _s_intcpt = mp.fdiv(
+                mp.fsub(
+                    2 * _delta_star * _r_val + 1, mp.fabs(2 * _delta_star * _r_val - 1)
+                ),
+                2 * mpf(f"{_r_val}"),
+            )
+        case None if agg_method == "arithmetic mean" and recapture_form == "proportional":
+            _s_intcpt = mp.fsub(_delta_star + 1 / 2, mp.fabs(_delta_star - 1 / 2))
+        case _:
+            _s_intcpt = _s_2_pre
+
+    return _s_intcpt
+
+
+def lerp(
+    _x1: int | float | mpf | NDArray[np.float64 | np.int64] = 3,
+    _x2: int | float | mpf | NDArray[np.float64 | np.int64] = 1,
+    _r: float | mpf = 0.25,
+    /,
+) -> float | mpf | NDArray[np.float64]:
+    """
+    From the function of the same name in the C++ standard [2]_
+
+    Constructs the weighted average, :math:`w_1 x_1 + w_2 x_2`, where
+    :math:`w_1 = 1 - r` and :math:`w_2 = r`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _x1, _x2
+        bounds :math:`x_1, x_2` to interpolate between.
+    _r
+        interpolation weight :math:`r` assigned to :math:`x_2`
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        The linear interpolation, or weighted average,
+        :math:`x_1 + r \\cdot (x_1 - x_2) \\equiv (1 - r) \\cdot x_1 + r \\cdot x_2`.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the interpolation weight is not in the interval, :math:`[0, 1]`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+
+    .. [2] C++ Reference, https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/lerp
+
+    """
+
+    if not 0 <= _r <= 1:
+        raise ValueError("Specified interpolation weight must lie in [0, 1].")
+    elif _r == 0:
+        return _x1
+    elif _r == 1:
+        return _x2
+    elif _r == 0.5:
+        return 1 / 2 * (_x1 + _x2)
+    else:
+        return _r * _x2 + (1 - _r) * _x1
+
+
+def round_cust(
+    _num: float = 0.060215,
+    /,
+    *,
+    frac: float = 0.005,
+    rounding_mode: str = "ROUND_HALF_UP",
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Custom rounding, to the nearest 0.5% by default.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    _num
+        Number to be rounded.
+    frac
+        Fraction to be rounded to.
+    rounding_mode
+        Rounding mode, as defined in the :code:`decimal` package.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        The given number, rounded as specified.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If rounding mode is not defined in the :code:`decimal` package.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Integer-round the quotient, :code:`(_num / frac)` using the specified
+    rounding mode. Return the product of the rounded quotient times
+    the specified precision, :code:`frac`.
+
+    """
+
+    if rounding_mode not in (
+        decimal.ROUND_05UP,
+        decimal.ROUND_CEILING,
+        decimal.ROUND_DOWN,
+        decimal.ROUND_FLOOR,
+        decimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN,
+        decimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
+        decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP,
+        decimal.ROUND_UP,
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Value, {f'"{rounding_mode}"'} is invalid for rounding_mode."
+            "Documentation for the, \"decimal\" built-in lists valid rounding modes."
+        )
+
+    _n, _f, _e = (decimal.Decimal(f"{_g}") for _g in [_num, frac, 1])
+
+    return float(_f * (_n / _f).quantize(_e, rounding=rounding_mode))
+
+
+def boundary_plot(*, mktshares_plot_flag: bool = True) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """Setup basic figure and axes for plots of safe harbor boundaries.
+
+    See, https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/text/pgf.html
+    """
+
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+    import matplotlib.axes as mpa
+    import matplotlib.patches as mpp
+    import matplotlib.ticker as mpt
+
+    mpl.use("pgf")
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as _plt  # noqa: ICN001
+
+    _plt.rcParams.update({
+        "pgf.rcfonts": False,
+        "pgf.texsystem": "lualatex",
+        "pgf.preamble": "\n".join([
+            R"\pdfvariable minorversion=7",
+            R"\usepackage{fontspec}",
+            R"\usepackage{luacode}",
+            R"\begin{luacode}",
+            R"local function embedfull(tfmdata)",
+            R'    tfmdata.embedding = "full"',
+            R"end",
+            R"",
+            R"luatexbase.add_to_callback("
+            R'  "luaotfload.patch_font", embedfull, "embedfull"'
+            R")",
+            R"\end{luacode}",
+            R"\usepackage{mathtools}",
+            R"\usepackage{unicode-math}",
+            R"\setmathfont[math-style=ISO]{STIX Two Math}",
+            R"\setmainfont{STIX Two Text}",
+            r"\setsansfont{Fira Sans Light}",
+            R"\setmonofont[Scale=MatchLowercase,]{Fira Mono}",
+            R"\defaultfontfeatures[\rmfamily]{",
+            R"  Ligatures={TeX, Common},",
+            R"  Numbers={Proportional, Lining},",
+            R"  }",
+            R"\defaultfontfeatures[\sffamily]{",
+            R"  Ligatures={TeX, Common},",
+            R"  Numbers={Monospaced, Lining},",
+            R"  LetterSpace=0.50,",
+            R"  }",
+            R"\usepackage[",
+            R"  activate={true, nocompatibility},",
+            R"  tracking=true,",
+            R"  ]{microtype}",
+        ]),
+    })
+
+    # Initialize a canvas with a single figure (set of axes)
+    _fig = _plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5), dpi=600)
+    _ax_out = _fig.add_subplot()
+
+    def _set_axis_def(
+        _ax1: mpa.Axes,
+        /,
+        *,
+        mktshares_plot_flag: bool = False,
+        mktshares_axlbls_flag: bool = False,
+    ) -> mpa.Axes:
+        # Set the width of axis gridlines, and tick marks:
+        # both axes, both major and minor ticks
+        # Frame, grid, and facecolor
+        for _spos0 in "left", "bottom":
+            _ax1.spines[_spos0].set_linewidth(0.5)
+            _ax1.spines[_spos0].set_zorder(5)
+        for _spos1 in "top", "right":
+            _ax1.spines[_spos1].set_linewidth(0.0)
+            _ax1.spines[_spos1].set_zorder(0)
+            _ax1.spines[_spos1].set_visible(False)
+        _ax1.set_facecolor("#E6E6E6")
+
+        _ax1.grid(linewidth=0.5, linestyle=":", color="grey", zorder=1)
+        _ax1.tick_params(axis="x", which="both", width=0.5)
+        _ax1.tick_params(axis="y", which="both", width=0.5)
+
+        # Tick marks skip, size, and rotation
+        # x-axis
+        _plt.setp(
+            _ax1.xaxis.get_majorticklabels(),
+            horizontalalignment="right",
+            fontsize=6,
+            rotation=45,
+        )
+        # y-axis
+        _plt.setp(
+            _ax1.yaxis.get_majorticklabels(), horizontalalignment="right", fontsize=6
+        )
+
+        if mktshares_plot_flag:
+            # Axis labels
+            if mktshares_axlbls_flag:
+                # x-axis
+                _ax1.set_xlabel("Firm 1 Market Share, $s_1$", fontsize=10)
+                _ax1.xaxis.set_label_coords(0.75, -0.1)
+                # y-axis
+                _ax1.set_ylabel("Firm 2 Market Share, $s_2$", fontsize=10)
+                _ax1.yaxis.set_label_coords(-0.1, 0.75)
+
+            # Plot the ray of symmetry
+            _ax1.plot(
+                [0, 1], [0, 1], linewidth=0.5, linestyle=":", color="grey", zorder=1
+            )
+
+            # Axis scale
+            _ax1.set_xlim(0, 1)
+            _ax1.set_ylim(0, 1)
+            _ax1.set_aspect(1.0)
+
+            # Truncate the axis frame to a triangle:
+            _ax1.add_patch(
+                mpp.Rectangle(
+                    xy=(1.0025, 0.00),
+                    width=1.1 * mp.sqrt(2),
+                    height=1.1 * mp.sqrt(2),
+                    angle=45,
+                    color="white",
+                    edgecolor=None,
+                    fill=True,
+                    clip_on=True,
+                    zorder=5,
+                )
+            )
+            # Feasible space is bounded by the other diagonal:
+            _ax1.plot(
+                [0, 1], [1, 0], linestyle="-", linewidth=0.5, color="black", zorder=1
+            )
+
+            # Axis Tick-mark locations
+            # One can supply an argument to mpt.AutoMinorLocator to
+            # specify a fixed number of minor intervals per major interval, e.g.:
+            # minorLocator = mpt.AutoMinorLocator(2)
+            # would lead to a single minor tick between major ticks.
+            _minorLocator = mpt.AutoMinorLocator(5)
+            _majorLocator = mpt.MultipleLocator(0.05)
+            for _axs in _ax1.xaxis, _ax1.yaxis:
+                if _axs == _ax1.xaxis:
+                    _majorticklabels_rot = 45
+                elif _axs == _ax1.yaxis:
+                    _majorticklabels_rot = 0
+                # x-axis
+                _axs.set_major_locator(_majorLocator)
+                _axs.set_minor_locator(_minorLocator)
+                # It"s always x when specifying the format
+                _axs.set_major_formatter(mpt.StrMethodFormatter("{x:>3.0%}"))
+
+            # Hide every other tick-label
+            for _axl in _ax1.get_xticklabels(), _ax1.get_yticklabels():
+                _plt.setp(_axl[::2], visible=False)
+
+        return _ax1
+
+    _ax_out = _set_axis_def(_ax_out, mktshares_plot_flag=mktshares_plot_flag)
+
+    return _plt, _fig, _ax_out, _set_axis_def