matrix-synapse 1.143.0rc2__cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1834 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
+# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Mapping
+
+import attr
+from canonicaljson import encode_canonical_json
+from signedjson.key import VerifyKey, decode_verify_key_bytes
+from signedjson.sign import SignatureVerifyException, verify_signed_json
+from unpaddedbase64 import decode_base64
+
+from twisted.internet import defer
+
+from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes
+from synapse.api.errors import CodeMessageException, Codes, NotFoundError, SynapseError
+from synapse.handlers.device import DeviceWriterHandler
+from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
+from synapse.logging.opentracing import log_kv, set_tag, tag_args, trace
+from synapse.types import (
+    JsonDict,
+    JsonMapping,
+    ScheduledTask,
+    TaskStatus,
+    UserID,
+    get_domain_from_id,
+    get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key,
+)
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, concurrently_execute
+from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder
+from synapse.util.retryutils import (
+    NotRetryingDestination,
+    filter_destinations_by_retry_limiter,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+ONE_TIME_KEY_UPLOAD = "one_time_key_upload_lock"
+
+
+class E2eKeysHandler:
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.config = hs.config
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.federation = hs.get_federation_client()
+        self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
+        self._appservice_handler = hs.get_application_service_handler()
+        self.is_mine = hs.is_mine
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self._worker_lock_handler = hs.get_worker_locks_handler()
+        self._task_scheduler = hs.get_task_scheduler()
+
+        federation_registry = hs.get_federation_registry()
+
+        # Only the first writer in the list should handle EDUs for signing key
+        # updates, so that we can use an in-memory linearizer instead of worker locks.
+        edu_writer = hs.config.worker.writers.device_lists[0]
+        if hs.get_instance_name() == edu_writer:
+            edu_updater = SigningKeyEduUpdater(hs)
+
+            # Only register this edu handler on master as it requires writing
+            # device updates to the db
+            federation_registry.register_edu_handler(
+                EduTypes.SIGNING_KEY_UPDATE,
+                edu_updater.incoming_signing_key_update,
+            )
+            # also handle the unstable version
+            # FIXME: remove this when enough servers have upgraded
+            federation_registry.register_edu_handler(
+                EduTypes.UNSTABLE_SIGNING_KEY_UPDATE,
+                edu_updater.incoming_signing_key_update,
+            )
+        else:
+            federation_registry.register_instances_for_edu(
+                EduTypes.SIGNING_KEY_UPDATE,
+                [edu_writer],
+            )
+            federation_registry.register_instances_for_edu(
+                EduTypes.UNSTABLE_SIGNING_KEY_UPDATE,
+                [edu_writer],
+            )
+
+        # doesn't really work as part of the generic query API, because the
+        # query request requires an object POST, but we abuse the
+        # "query handler" interface.
+        federation_registry.register_query_handler(
+            "client_keys", self.on_federation_query_client_keys
+        )
+
+        # Limit the number of in-flight requests from a single device.
+        self._query_devices_linearizer = Linearizer(
+            name="query_devices", max_count=10, clock=hs.get_clock()
+        )
+
+        self._query_appservices_for_otks = (
+            hs.config.experimental.msc3983_appservice_otk_claims
+        )
+        self._query_appservices_for_keys = (
+            hs.config.experimental.msc3984_appservice_key_query
+        )
+
+        self._task_scheduler.register_action(
+            self._delete_old_one_time_keys_task, "delete_old_otks"
+        )
+
+    @trace
+    @cancellable
+    async def query_devices(
+        self,
+        query_body: JsonDict,
+        timeout: int,
+        from_user_id: str,
+        from_device_id: str | None,
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Handle a device key query from a client
+
+        {
+            "device_keys": {
+                "<user_id>": ["<device_id>"]
+            }
+        }
+        ->
+        {
+            "device_keys": {
+                "<user_id>": {
+                    "<device_id>": {
+                        ...
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Args:
+            from_user_id: the user making the query.  This is used when
+                adding cross-signing signatures to limit what signatures users
+                can see.
+            from_device_id: the device making the query. This is used to limit
+                the number of in-flight queries at a time.
+        """
+        async with self._query_devices_linearizer.queue((from_user_id, from_device_id)):
+
+            async def filter_device_key_query(
+                query: dict[str, list[str]],
+            ) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+                if not self.config.experimental.msc4263_limit_key_queries_to_users_who_share_rooms:
+                    # Only ignore invalid user IDs, which is the same behaviour as if
+                    # the user existed but had no keys.
+                    return {
+                        user_id: v
+                        for user_id, v in query.items()
+                        if UserID.is_valid(user_id)
+                    }
+
+                # Strip invalid user IDs and user IDs the requesting user does not share rooms with.
+                valid_user_ids = [
+                    user_id for user_id in query.keys() if UserID.is_valid(user_id)
+                ]
+                allowed_user_ids = set(
+                    await self.store.do_users_share_a_room_joined_or_invited(
+                        from_user_id, valid_user_ids
+                    )
+                )
+                return {
+                    user_id: v
+                    for user_id, v in query.items()
+                    if user_id in allowed_user_ids
+                }
+
+            device_keys_query: dict[str, list[str]] = await filter_device_key_query(
+                query_body.get("device_keys", {})
+            )
+
+            # separate users by domain.
+            # make a map from domain to user_id to device_ids
+            local_query = {}
+            remote_queries = {}
+
+            for user_id, device_ids in device_keys_query.items():
+                # we use UserID.from_string to catch invalid user ids
+                if self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id)):
+                    local_query[user_id] = device_ids
+                else:
+                    remote_queries[user_id] = device_ids
+
+            set_tag("local_key_query", str(local_query))
+            set_tag("remote_key_query", str(remote_queries))
+
+            # First get local devices.
+            # A map of destination -> failure response.
+            failures: dict[str, JsonDict] = {}
+            results = {}
+            if local_query:
+                local_result = await self.query_local_devices(local_query)
+                for user_id, keys in local_result.items():
+                    if user_id in local_query:
+                        results[user_id] = keys
+
+            # Get cached cross-signing keys
+            cross_signing_keys = await self.get_cross_signing_keys_from_cache(
+                device_keys_query, from_user_id
+            )
+
+            # Now attempt to get any remote devices from our local cache.
+            # A map of destination -> user ID -> device IDs.
+            remote_queries_not_in_cache: dict[str, dict[str, Iterable[str]]] = {}
+            if remote_queries:
+                user_ids = set()
+                user_and_device_ids: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+                for user_id, device_ids in remote_queries.items():
+                    if device_ids:
+                        user_and_device_ids.extend(
+                            (user_id, device_id) for device_id in device_ids
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        user_ids.add(user_id)
+
+                (
+                    user_ids_not_in_cache,
+                    remote_results,
+                ) = await self.store.get_user_devices_from_cache(
+                    user_ids, user_and_device_ids
+                )
+
+                # Check that the homeserver still shares a room with all cached users.
+                # Note that this check may be slightly racy when a remote user leaves a
+                # room after we have fetched their cached device list. In the worst case
+                # we will do extra federation queries for devices that we had cached.
+                cached_users = set(remote_results.keys())
+                valid_cached_users = (
+                    await self.store.get_users_server_still_shares_room_with(
+                        remote_results.keys()
+                    )
+                )
+                invalid_cached_users = cached_users - valid_cached_users
+                if invalid_cached_users:
+                    # Fix up results. If we get here, it means there was either a bug in
+                    # device list tracking, or we hit the race mentioned above.
+                    # TODO: In practice, this path is hit fairly often in existing
+                    #       deployments when clients query the keys of departed remote
+                    #       users. A background update to mark the appropriate device
+                    #       lists as unsubscribed is needed.
+                    #       https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13651
+                    # Note that this currently introduces a failure mode when clients
+                    # are trying to decrypt old messages from a remote user whose
+                    # homeserver is no longer available. We may want to consider falling
+                    # back to the cached data when we fail to retrieve a device list
+                    # over federation for such remote users.
+                    user_ids_not_in_cache.update(invalid_cached_users)
+                    for invalid_user_id in invalid_cached_users:
+                        remote_results.pop(invalid_user_id)
+
+                for user_id, devices in remote_results.items():
+                    user_devices = results.setdefault(user_id, {})
+                    for device_id, device in devices.items():
+                        keys = device.get("keys", None)
+                        device_display_name = device.get("device_display_name", None)
+                        if keys:
+                            result = dict(keys)
+                            unsigned = result.setdefault("unsigned", {})
+                            if device_display_name:
+                                unsigned["device_display_name"] = device_display_name
+                            user_devices[device_id] = result
+
+                # check for missing cross-signing keys.
+                for user_id in remote_queries.keys():
+                    cached_cross_master = user_id in cross_signing_keys["master_keys"]
+                    cached_cross_selfsigning = (
+                        user_id in cross_signing_keys["self_signing_keys"]
+                    )
+
+                    # check if we are missing only one of cross-signing master or
+                    # self-signing key, but the other one is cached.
+                    # as we need both, this will issue a federation request.
+                    # if we don't have any of the keys, either the user doesn't have
+                    # cross-signing set up, or the cached device list
+                    # is not (yet) updated.
+                    if cached_cross_master ^ cached_cross_selfsigning:
+                        user_ids_not_in_cache.add(user_id)
+
+                # add those users to the list to fetch over federation.
+                for user_id in user_ids_not_in_cache:
+                    domain = get_domain_from_id(user_id)
+                    r = remote_queries_not_in_cache.setdefault(domain, {})
+                    r[user_id] = remote_queries[user_id]
+
+            # Now fetch any devices that we don't have in our cache
+            # TODO It might make sense to propagate cancellations into the
+            #      deferreds which are querying remote homeservers.
+            logger.debug(
+                "%d destinations to query devices for", len(remote_queries_not_in_cache)
+            )
+
+            async def _query(destination: str) -> None:
+                queries = remote_queries_not_in_cache[destination]
+                return await self._query_devices_for_destination(
+                    results,
+                    cross_signing_keys,
+                    failures,
+                    destination,
+                    queries,
+                    timeout,
+                )
+
+            # Only try and fetch keys for destinations that are not marked as
+            # down.
+            unfiltered_destinations = remote_queries_not_in_cache.keys()
+            filtered_destinations = set(
+                await filter_destinations_by_retry_limiter(
+                    unfiltered_destinations,
+                    self.clock,
+                    self.store,
+                    # Let's give an arbitrary grace period for those hosts that are
+                    # only recently down
+                    retry_due_within_ms=60 * 1000,
+                )
+            )
+            failures.update(
+                (dest, _NOT_READY_FOR_RETRY_FAILURE)
+                for dest in (unfiltered_destinations - filtered_destinations)
+            )
+
+            await concurrently_execute(
+                _query,
+                filtered_destinations,
+                10,
+                delay_cancellation=True,
+            )
+
+            return {"device_keys": results, "failures": failures, **cross_signing_keys}
+
+    @trace
+    async def _query_devices_for_destination(
+        self,
+        results: JsonDict,
+        cross_signing_keys: JsonDict,
+        failures: dict[str, JsonDict],
+        destination: str,
+        destination_query: dict[str, Iterable[str]],
+        timeout: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """This is called when we are querying the device list of a user on
+        a remote homeserver and their device list is not in the device list
+        cache. If we share a room with this user and we're not querying for
+        specific user we will update the cache with their device list.
+
+        Args:
+            results: A map from user ID to their device keys, which gets
+                updated with the newly fetched keys.
+            cross_signing_keys: Map from user ID to their cross signing keys,
+                which gets updated with the newly fetched keys.
+            failures: Map of destinations to failures that have occurred while
+                attempting to fetch keys.
+            destination: The remote server to query
+            destination_query: The query dict of devices to query the remote
+                server for.
+            timeout: The timeout for remote HTTP requests.
+        """
+
+        # We first consider whether we wish to update the device list cache with
+        # the users device list. We want to track a user's devices when the
+        # authenticated user shares a room with the queried user and the query
+        # has not specified a particular device.
+        # If we update the cache for the queried user we remove them from further
+        # queries. We use the more efficient batched query_client_keys for all
+        # remaining users
+        user_ids_updated = []
+
+        # Perform a user device resync for each user only once and only as long as:
+        # - they have an empty device_list
+        # - they are in some rooms that this server can see
+        users_to_resync_devices = {
+            user_id
+            for (user_id, device_list) in destination_query.items()
+            if (not device_list) and (await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id))
+        }
+
+        logger.debug(
+            "%d users to resync devices for from destination %s",
+            len(users_to_resync_devices),
+            destination,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            user_resync_results = (
+                await self.device_handler.device_list_updater.multi_user_device_resync(
+                    list(users_to_resync_devices)
+                )
+            )
+            for user_id in users_to_resync_devices:
+                resync_results = user_resync_results[user_id]
+
+                if resync_results is None:
+                    # TODO: It's weird that we'll store a failure against a
+                    #       destination, yet continue processing users from that
+                    #       destination.
+                    #       We might want to consider changing this, but for now
+                    #       I'm leaving it as I found it.
+                    failures[destination] = _exception_to_failure(
+                        ValueError(f"Device resync failed for {user_id!r}")
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # Add the device keys to the results.
+                user_devices = resync_results["devices"]
+                user_results = results.setdefault(user_id, {})
+                for device in user_devices:
+                    user_results[device["device_id"]] = device["keys"]
+                user_ids_updated.append(user_id)
+
+                # Add any cross signing keys to the results.
+                master_key = resync_results.get("master_key")
+                self_signing_key = resync_results.get("self_signing_key")
+
+                if master_key:
+                    cross_signing_keys["master_keys"][user_id] = master_key
+
+                if self_signing_key:
+                    cross_signing_keys["self_signing_keys"][user_id] = self_signing_key
+        except Exception as e:
+            failures[destination] = _exception_to_failure(e)
+
+        if len(destination_query) == len(user_ids_updated):
+            # We've updated all the users in the query and we do not need to
+            # make any further remote calls.
+            return
+
+        # Remove all the users from the query which we have updated
+        for user_id in user_ids_updated:
+            destination_query.pop(user_id)
+
+        try:
+            remote_result = await self.federation.query_client_keys(
+                destination, {"device_keys": destination_query}, timeout=timeout
+            )
+
+            for user_id, keys in remote_result["device_keys"].items():
+                if user_id in destination_query:
+                    results[user_id] = keys
+
+            if "master_keys" in remote_result:
+                for user_id, key in remote_result["master_keys"].items():
+                    if user_id in destination_query:
+                        cross_signing_keys["master_keys"][user_id] = key
+
+            if "self_signing_keys" in remote_result:
+                for user_id, key in remote_result["self_signing_keys"].items():
+                    if user_id in destination_query:
+                        cross_signing_keys["self_signing_keys"][user_id] = key
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            failure = _exception_to_failure(e)
+            failures[destination] = failure
+            set_tag("error", True)
+            set_tag("reason", str(failure))
+
+        return
+
+    @cancellable
+    async def get_cross_signing_keys_from_cache(
+        self, query: Iterable[str], from_user_id: str | None
+    ) -> dict[str, dict[str, JsonMapping]]:
+        """Get cross-signing keys for users from the database
+
+        Args:
+            query: an iterable of user IDs.  A dict whose keys
+                are user IDs satisfies this, so the query format used for
+                query_devices can be used here.
+            from_user_id: the user making the query.  This is used when
+                adding cross-signing signatures to limit what signatures users
+                can see.
+
+        Returns:
+            A map from (master_keys|self_signing_keys|user_signing_keys) -> user_id -> key
+        """
+        master_keys = {}
+        self_signing_keys = {}
+        user_signing_keys = {}
+
+        user_ids = list(query)
+
+        keys = await self.store.get_e2e_cross_signing_keys_bulk(user_ids, from_user_id)
+
+        for user_id, user_info in keys.items():
+            if user_info is None:
+                continue
+            if "master" in user_info:
+                master_keys[user_id] = user_info["master"]
+            if "self_signing" in user_info:
+                self_signing_keys[user_id] = user_info["self_signing"]
+
+        # users can see other users' master and self-signing keys, but can
+        # only see their own user-signing keys
+        if from_user_id:
+            from_user_key = keys.get(from_user_id)
+            if from_user_key and "user_signing" in from_user_key:
+                user_signing_keys[from_user_id] = from_user_key["user_signing"]
+
+        return {
+            "master_keys": master_keys,
+            "self_signing_keys": self_signing_keys,
+            "user_signing_keys": user_signing_keys,
+        }
+
+    @trace
+    @cancellable
+    async def query_local_devices(
+        self,
+        query: Mapping[str, list[str] | None],
+        include_displaynames: bool = True,
+    ) -> dict[str, dict[str, dict]]:
+        """Get E2E device keys for local users
+
+        Args:
+            query: map from user_id to a list
+                 of devices to query (None for all devices)
+            include_displaynames: Whether to include device displaynames in the returned
+                device details.
+
+        Returns:
+            A map from user_id -> device_id -> device details
+        """
+        set_tag("local_query", str(query))
+        local_query: list[tuple[str, str | None]] = []
+
+        result_dict: dict[str, dict[str, dict]] = {}
+        for user_id, device_ids in query.items():
+            # we use UserID.from_string to catch invalid user ids
+            if not self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id)):
+                logger.warning("Request for keys for non-local user %s", user_id)
+                log_kv(
+                    {
+                        "message": "Requested a local key for a user which"
+                        " was not local to the homeserver",
+                        "user_id": user_id,
+                    }
+                )
+                set_tag("error", True)
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Not a user here")
+
+            if not device_ids:
+                local_query.append((user_id, None))
+            else:
+                for device_id in device_ids:
+                    local_query.append((user_id, device_id))
+
+            # make sure that each queried user appears in the result dict
+            result_dict[user_id] = {}
+
+        results = await self.store.get_e2e_device_keys_for_cs_api(
+            local_query, include_displaynames
+        )
+
+        # Check if the application services have any additional results.
+        if self._query_appservices_for_keys:
+            # Query the appservices for any keys.
+            appservice_results = await self._appservice_handler.query_keys(query)
+
+            # Merge results, overriding with what the appservice returned.
+            for user_id, devices in appservice_results.get("device_keys", {}).items():
+                # Copy the appservice device info over the homeserver device info, but
+                # don't completely overwrite it.
+                results.setdefault(user_id, {}).update(devices)
+
+            # TODO Handle cross-signing keys.
+
+        # Build the result structure
+        for user_id, device_keys in results.items():
+            for device_id, device_info in device_keys.items():
+                result_dict[user_id][device_id] = device_info
+
+        log_kv(results)
+        return result_dict
+
+    async def on_federation_query_client_keys(
+        self, query_body: dict[str, dict[str, list[str] | None]]
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Handle a device key query from a federated server:
+
+        Handles the path: GET /_matrix/federation/v1/users/keys/query
+
+        Args:
+            query_body: The body of the query request. Should contain a key
+                "device_keys" that map to a dictionary of user ID's -> list of
+                device IDs. If the list of device IDs is empty, all devices of
+                that user will be queried.
+
+        Returns:
+            A json dictionary containing the following:
+                - device_keys: A dictionary containing the requested device information.
+                - master_keys: An optional dictionary of user ID -> master cross-signing
+                   key info.
+                - self_signing_key: An optional dictionary of user ID -> self-signing
+                    key info.
+        """
+        device_keys_query: dict[str, list[str] | None] = query_body.get(
+            "device_keys", {}
+        )
+        if any(
+            not self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id))
+            for user_id in device_keys_query
+        ):
+            raise SynapseError(400, "User is not hosted on this homeserver")
+
+        res = await self.query_local_devices(
+            device_keys_query,
+            include_displaynames=(
+                self.config.federation.allow_device_name_lookup_over_federation
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # add in the cross-signing keys
+        cross_signing_keys = await self.get_cross_signing_keys_from_cache(
+            device_keys_query, None
+        )
+
+        return {"device_keys": res, **cross_signing_keys}
+
+    async def claim_local_one_time_keys(
+        self,
+        local_query: list[tuple[str, str, str, int]],
+        always_include_fallback_keys: bool,
+    ) -> Iterable[dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, JsonDict]]]]:
+        """Claim one time keys for local users.
+
+        1. Attempt to claim OTKs from the database.
+        2. Ask application services if they provide OTKs.
+        3. Attempt to fetch fallback keys from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            local_query: An iterable of tuples of (user ID, device ID, algorithm, number of keys).
+            always_include_fallback_keys: True to always include fallback keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterable of maps of user ID -> a map device ID -> a map of key ID -> JSON bytes.
+        """
+
+        # Cap the number of OTKs that can be claimed at once to avoid abuse.
+        local_query = [
+            (user_id, device_id, algorithm, min(count, 5))
+            for user_id, device_id, algorithm, count in local_query
+        ]
+
+        otk_results, not_found = await self.store.claim_e2e_one_time_keys(local_query)
+
+        # If the application services have not provided any keys via the C-S
+        # API, query it directly for one-time keys.
+        if self._query_appservices_for_otks:
+            # TODO Should this query for fallback keys of uploaded OTKs if
+            #      always_include_fallback_keys is True? The MSC is ambiguous.
+            (
+                appservice_results,
+                not_found,
+            ) = await self._appservice_handler.claim_e2e_one_time_keys(not_found)
+        else:
+            appservice_results = {}
+
+        # Calculate which user ID / device ID / algorithm tuples to get fallback
+        # keys for. This can be either only missing results *or* all results
+        # (which don't already have a fallback key).
+        if always_include_fallback_keys:
+            # Build the fallback query as any part of the original query where
+            # the appservice didn't respond with a fallback key.
+            fallback_query = []
+
+            # Iterate each item in the original query and search the results
+            # from the appservice for that user ID / device ID. If it is found,
+            # check if any of the keys match the requested algorithm & are a
+            # fallback key.
+            for user_id, device_id, algorithm, _count in local_query:
+                # Check if the appservice responded for this query.
+                as_result = appservice_results.get(user_id, {}).get(device_id, {})
+                found_otk = False
+                for key_id, key_json in as_result.items():
+                    if key_id.startswith(f"{algorithm}:"):
+                        # A OTK or fallback key was found for this query.
+                        found_otk = True
+                        # A fallback key was found for this query, no need to
+                        # query further.
+                        if key_json.get("fallback", False):
+                            break
+
+                else:
+                    # No fallback key was found from appservices, query for it.
+                    # Only mark the fallback key as used if no OTK was found
+                    # (from either the database or appservices).
+                    mark_as_used = not found_otk and not any(
+                        key_id.startswith(f"{algorithm}:")
+                        for key_id in otk_results.get(user_id, {})
+                        .get(device_id, {})
+                        .keys()
+                    )
+                    # Note that it doesn't make sense to request more than 1 fallback key
+                    # per (user_id, device_id, algorithm).
+                    fallback_query.append((user_id, device_id, algorithm, mark_as_used))
+
+        else:
+            # All fallback keys get marked as used.
+            fallback_query = [
+                # Note that it doesn't make sense to request more than 1 fallback key
+                # per (user_id, device_id, algorithm).
+                (user_id, device_id, algorithm, True)
+                for user_id, device_id, algorithm, count in not_found
+            ]
+
+        # For each user that does not have a one-time keys available, see if
+        # there is a fallback key.
+        fallback_results = await self.store.claim_e2e_fallback_keys(fallback_query)
+
+        # Return the results in order, each item from the input query should
+        # only appear once in the combined list.
+        return (otk_results, appservice_results, fallback_results)
+
+    @trace
+    async def claim_one_time_keys(
+        self,
+        query: dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, int]]],
+        user: UserID,
+        timeout: int | None,
+        always_include_fallback_keys: bool,
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """
+        Args:
+            query: A chain of maps from (user_id, device_id, algorithm) to the requested
+                number of keys to claim.
+            user: The user who is claiming these keys.
+            timeout: How long to wait for any federation key claim requests before
+                giving up.
+            always_include_fallback_keys: always include a fallback key for local users'
+                devices, even if we managed to claim a one-time-key.
+
+        Returns: a heterogeneous dict with two keys:
+            one_time_keys: chain of maps user ID -> device ID -> key ID -> key.
+            failures: map from remote destination to a JsonDict describing the error.
+        """
+        local_query: list[tuple[str, str, str, int]] = []
+        remote_queries: dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, int]]]] = {}
+
+        for user_id, one_time_keys in query.items():
+            # we use UserID.from_string to catch invalid user ids
+            if self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id)):
+                for device_id, algorithms in one_time_keys.items():
+                    for algorithm, count in algorithms.items():
+                        local_query.append((user_id, device_id, algorithm, count))
+            else:
+                domain = get_domain_from_id(user_id)
+                remote_queries.setdefault(domain, {})[user_id] = one_time_keys
+
+        set_tag("local_key_query", str(local_query))
+        set_tag("remote_key_query", str(remote_queries))
+
+        results = await self.claim_local_one_time_keys(
+            local_query, always_include_fallback_keys
+        )
+
+        # A map of user ID -> device ID -> key ID -> key.
+        json_result: dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, JsonDict]]] = {}
+        for result in results:
+            for user_id, device_keys in result.items():
+                for device_id, keys in device_keys.items():
+                    for key_id, key in keys.items():
+                        json_result.setdefault(user_id, {}).setdefault(
+                            device_id, {}
+                        ).update({key_id: key})
+
+        # Remote failures.
+        failures: dict[str, JsonDict] = {}
+
+        @trace
+        async def claim_client_keys(destination: str) -> None:
+            set_tag("destination", destination)
+            device_keys = remote_queries[destination]
+            try:
+                remote_result = await self.federation.claim_client_keys(
+                    user, destination, device_keys, timeout=timeout
+                )
+                for user_id, keys in remote_result["one_time_keys"].items():
+                    if user_id in device_keys:
+                        json_result[user_id] = keys
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                failure = _exception_to_failure(e)
+                failures[destination] = failure
+                set_tag("error", True)
+                set_tag("reason", str(failure))
+
+        await make_deferred_yieldable(
+            defer.gatherResults(
+                [
+                    run_in_background(claim_client_keys, destination)
+                    for destination in remote_queries
+                ],
+                consumeErrors=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Claimed one-time-keys: %s",
+            ",".join(
+                (
+                    "%s for %s:%s" % (key_id, user_id, device_id)
+                    for user_id, user_keys in json_result.items()
+                    for device_id, device_keys in user_keys.items()
+                    for key_id, _ in device_keys.items()
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+        log_kv({"one_time_keys": json_result, "failures": failures})
+        return {"one_time_keys": json_result, "failures": failures}
+
+    @tag_args
+    async def upload_keys_for_user(
+        self, user_id: str, device_id: str, keys: JsonDict
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """
+        Args:
+            user_id: user whose keys are being uploaded.
+            device_id: device whose keys are being uploaded.
+            keys: the body of a /keys/upload request.
+
+        Returns a dictionary with one field:
+            "one_time_keys": A mapping from algorithm to number of keys for that
+                algorithm, including those previously persisted.
+        """
+        time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        device_keys = keys.get("device_keys", None)
+        if device_keys:
+            log_kv(
+                {
+                    "message": "Updating device_keys for user.",
+                    "user_id": user_id,
+                    "device_id": device_id,
+                }
+            )
+            await self.upload_device_keys_for_user(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                device_id=device_id,
+                keys={"device_keys": device_keys},
+            )
+        else:
+            log_kv({"message": "Did not update device_keys", "reason": "not a dict"})
+
+        one_time_keys = keys.get("one_time_keys", None)
+        if one_time_keys:
+            log_kv(
+                {
+                    "message": "Updating one_time_keys for device.",
+                    "user_id": user_id,
+                    "device_id": device_id,
+                }
+            )
+            await self._upload_one_time_keys_for_user(
+                user_id, device_id, time_now, one_time_keys
+            )
+        else:
+            log_kv(
+                {"message": "Did not update one_time_keys", "reason": "no keys given"}
+            )
+
+        fallback_keys = keys.get("fallback_keys")
+        if fallback_keys:
+            log_kv(
+                {
+                    "message": "Updating fallback_keys for device.",
+                    "user_id": user_id,
+                    "device_id": device_id,
+                }
+            )
+            await self.store.set_e2e_fallback_keys(user_id, device_id, fallback_keys)
+        else:
+            log_kv(
+                {"message": "Did not update fallback_keys", "reason": "no keys given"}
+            )
+
+        result = await self.store.count_e2e_one_time_keys(user_id, device_id)
+
+        set_tag("one_time_key_counts", str(result))
+        return {"one_time_key_counts": result}
+
+    @tag_args
+    async def upload_device_keys_for_user(
+        self, user_id: str, device_id: str, keys: JsonDict
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            user_id: user whose keys are being uploaded.
+            device_id: device whose keys are being uploaded.
+            device_keys: the `device_keys` of an /keys/upload request.
+
+        """
+        time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        device_keys = keys["device_keys"]
+        logger.info(
+            "Updating device_keys for device %r for user %s at %d",
+            device_id,
+            user_id,
+            time_now,
+        )
+        log_kv(
+            {
+                "message": "Updating device_keys for user.",
+                "user_id": user_id,
+                "device_id": device_id,
+            }
+        )
+        # TODO: Sign the JSON with the server key
+        changed = await self.store.set_e2e_device_keys(
+            user_id, device_id, time_now, device_keys
+        )
+        if changed:
+            # Only notify about device updates *if* the keys actually changed
+            await self.device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, [device_id])
+
+        # the device should have been registered already, but it may have been
+        # deleted due to a race with a DELETE request. Or we may be using an
+        # old access_token without an associated device_id. Either way, we
+        # need to double-check the device is registered to avoid ending up with
+        # keys without a corresponding device.
+        await self.device_handler.check_device_registered(user_id, device_id)
+
+    async def _upload_one_time_keys_for_user(
+        self, user_id: str, device_id: str, time_now: int, one_time_keys: JsonDict
+    ) -> None:
+        # We take out a lock so that we don't have to worry about a client
+        # sending duplicate requests.
+        lock_key = f"{user_id}_{device_id}"
+        async with self._worker_lock_handler.acquire_lock(
+            ONE_TIME_KEY_UPLOAD, lock_key
+        ):
+            logger.info(
+                "Adding one_time_keys %r for device %r for user %r at %d",
+                one_time_keys.keys(),
+                device_id,
+                user_id,
+                time_now,
+            )
+
+            # make a list of (alg, id, key) tuples
+            key_list = []
+            for key_id, key_obj in one_time_keys.items():
+                algorithm, key_id = key_id.split(":")
+                key_list.append((algorithm, key_id, key_obj))
+
+            # First we check if we have already persisted any of the keys.
+            existing_key_map = await self.store.get_e2e_one_time_keys(
+                user_id, device_id, [k_id for _, k_id, _ in key_list]
+            )
+
+            new_keys = []  # Keys that we need to insert. (alg, id, json) tuples.
+            for algorithm, key_id, key in key_list:
+                ex_json = existing_key_map.get((algorithm, key_id), None)
+                if ex_json:
+                    if not _one_time_keys_match(ex_json, key):
+                        raise SynapseError(
+                            400,
+                            (
+                                "One time key %s:%s already exists. "
+                                "Old key: %s; new key: %r"
+                            )
+                            % (algorithm, key_id, ex_json, key),
+                        )
+                else:
+                    new_keys.append(
+                        (algorithm, key_id, encode_canonical_json(key).decode("ascii"))
+                    )
+
+            log_kv({"message": "Inserting new one_time_keys.", "keys": new_keys})
+            await self.store.add_e2e_one_time_keys(
+                user_id, device_id, time_now, new_keys
+            )
+
+    async def upload_signing_keys_for_user(
+        self, user_id: str, keys: JsonDict
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Upload signing keys for cross-signing
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user uploading the keys
+            keys: the signing keys
+        """
+        # if a master key is uploaded, then check it.  Otherwise, load the
+        # stored master key, to check signatures on other keys
+        if "master_key" in keys:
+            master_key = keys["master_key"]
+
+            _check_cross_signing_key(master_key, user_id, "master")
+        else:
+            master_key = await self.store.get_e2e_cross_signing_key(user_id, "master")
+
+        # if there is no master key, then we can't do anything, because all the
+        # other cross-signing keys need to be signed by the master key
+        if not master_key:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "No master key available", Codes.MISSING_PARAM)
+
+        try:
+            master_key_id, master_verify_key = get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key(
+                master_key
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            if "master_key" in keys:
+                # the invalid key came from the request
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid master key", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+            else:
+                # the invalid key came from the database
+                logger.error("Invalid master key found for user %s", user_id)
+                raise SynapseError(500, "Invalid master key")
+
+        # for the other cross-signing keys, make sure that they have valid
+        # signatures from the master key
+        if "self_signing_key" in keys:
+            self_signing_key = keys["self_signing_key"]
+
+            _check_cross_signing_key(
+                self_signing_key, user_id, "self_signing", master_verify_key
+            )
+
+        if "user_signing_key" in keys:
+            user_signing_key = keys["user_signing_key"]
+
+            _check_cross_signing_key(
+                user_signing_key, user_id, "user_signing", master_verify_key
+            )
+
+        # if everything checks out, then store the keys and send notifications
+        deviceids = []
+        if "master_key" in keys:
+            await self.store.set_e2e_cross_signing_key(user_id, "master", master_key)
+            deviceids.append(master_verify_key.version)
+        if "self_signing_key" in keys:
+            await self.store.set_e2e_cross_signing_key(
+                user_id, "self_signing", self_signing_key
+            )
+            try:
+                deviceids.append(
+                    get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key(self_signing_key)[1].version
+                )
+            except ValueError:
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid self-signing key", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+        if "user_signing_key" in keys:
+            await self.store.set_e2e_cross_signing_key(
+                user_id, "user_signing", user_signing_key
+            )
+            # the signature stream matches the semantics that we want for
+            # user-signing key updates: only the user themselves is notified of
+            # their own user-signing key updates
+            await self.device_handler.notify_user_signature_update(user_id, [user_id])
+
+        # master key and self-signing key updates match the semantics of device
+        # list updates: all users who share an encrypted room are notified
+        if len(deviceids):
+            await self.device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, deviceids)
+
+        return {}
+
+    async def upload_signatures_for_device_keys(
+        self, user_id: str, signatures: JsonDict
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Upload device signatures for cross-signing
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user uploading the signatures
+            signatures: map of users to devices to signed keys. This is the submission
+            from the user; an exception will be raised if it is malformed.
+        Returns:
+            The response to be sent back to the client.  The response will have
+                a "failures" key, which will be a dict mapping users to devices
+                to errors for the signatures that failed.
+        Raises:
+            SynapseError: if the signatures dict is not valid.
+        """
+        failures = {}
+
+        # signatures to be stored.  Each item will be a SignatureListItem
+        signature_list = []
+
+        # split between checking signatures for own user and signatures for
+        # other users, since we verify them with different keys
+        self_signatures = signatures.get(user_id, {})
+        other_signatures = {k: v for k, v in signatures.items() if k != user_id}
+
+        self_signature_list, self_failures = await self._process_self_signatures(
+            user_id, self_signatures
+        )
+        signature_list.extend(self_signature_list)
+        failures.update(self_failures)
+
+        other_signature_list, other_failures = await self._process_other_signatures(
+            user_id, other_signatures
+        )
+        signature_list.extend(other_signature_list)
+        failures.update(other_failures)
+
+        # store the signature, and send the appropriate notifications for sync
+        logger.debug("upload signature failures: %r", failures)
+        await self.store.store_e2e_cross_signing_signatures(user_id, signature_list)
+
+        self_device_ids = [item.target_device_id for item in self_signature_list]
+        if self_device_ids:
+            await self.device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, self_device_ids)
+        signed_users = [item.target_user_id for item in other_signature_list]
+        if signed_users:
+            await self.device_handler.notify_user_signature_update(
+                user_id, signed_users
+            )
+
+        return {"failures": failures}
+
+    async def _process_self_signatures(
+        self, user_id: str, signatures: JsonDict
+    ) -> tuple[list["SignatureListItem"], dict[str, dict[str, dict]]]:
+        """Process uploaded signatures of the user's own keys.
+
+        Signatures of the user's own keys from this API come in two forms:
+        - signatures of the user's devices by the user's self-signing key,
+        - signatures of the user's master key by the user's devices.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user uploading the keys
+            signatures (dict[string, dict]): map of devices to signed keys
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of a list of signatures to store, and a map of users to
+            devices to failure reasons
+
+        Raises:
+            SynapseError: if the input is malformed
+        """
+        signature_list: list["SignatureListItem"] = []
+        failures: dict[str, dict[str, JsonDict]] = {}
+        if not signatures:
+            return signature_list, failures
+
+        if not isinstance(signatures, dict):
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid parameter", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+
+        try:
+            # get our self-signing key to verify the signatures
+            (
+                _,
+                self_signing_key_id,
+                self_signing_verify_key,
+            ) = await self._get_e2e_cross_signing_verify_key(user_id, "self_signing")
+
+            # get our master key, since we may have received a signature of it.
+            # We need to fetch it here so that we know what its key ID is, so
+            # that we can check if a signature that was sent is a signature of
+            # the master key or of a device
+            (
+                master_key,
+                _,
+                master_verify_key,
+            ) = await self._get_e2e_cross_signing_verify_key(user_id, "master")
+
+            # fetch our stored devices.  This is used to 1. verify
+            # signatures on the master key, and 2. to compare with what
+            # was sent if the device was signed
+            devices = await self.store.get_e2e_device_keys_for_cs_api([(user_id, None)])
+
+            if user_id not in devices:
+                raise NotFoundError("No device keys found")
+
+            devices = devices[user_id]
+        except SynapseError as e:
+            failure = _exception_to_failure(e)
+            failures[user_id] = dict.fromkeys(signatures.keys(), failure)
+            return signature_list, failures
+
+        for device_id, device in signatures.items():
+            # make sure submitted data is in the right form
+            if not isinstance(device, dict):
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid parameter", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+
+            try:
+                if "signatures" not in device or user_id not in device["signatures"]:
+                    # no signature was sent
+                    raise SynapseError(
+                        400, "Invalid signature", Codes.INVALID_SIGNATURE
+                    )
+
+                if device_id == master_verify_key.version:
+                    # The signature is of the master key. This needs to be
+                    # handled differently from signatures of normal devices.
+                    master_key_signature_list = self._check_master_key_signature(
+                        user_id, device_id, device, master_key, devices
+                    )
+                    signature_list.extend(master_key_signature_list)
+                    continue
+
+                # at this point, we have a device that should be signed
+                # by the self-signing key
+                if self_signing_key_id not in device["signatures"][user_id]:
+                    # no signature was sent
+                    raise SynapseError(
+                        400, "Invalid signature", Codes.INVALID_SIGNATURE
+                    )
+
+                try:
+                    stored_device = devices[device_id]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise NotFoundError("Unknown device")
+                if self_signing_key_id in stored_device.get("signatures", {}).get(
+                    user_id, {}
+                ):
+                    # we already have a signature on this device, so we
+                    # can skip it, since it should be exactly the same
+                    continue
+
+                _check_device_signature(
+                    user_id, self_signing_verify_key, device, stored_device
+                )
+
+                signature = device["signatures"][user_id][self_signing_key_id]
+                signature_list.append(
+                    SignatureListItem(
+                        self_signing_key_id, user_id, device_id, signature
+                    )
+                )
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                failures.setdefault(user_id, {})[device_id] = _exception_to_failure(e)
+
+        return signature_list, failures
+
+    def _check_master_key_signature(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        master_key_id: str,
+        signed_master_key: JsonDict,
+        stored_master_key: JsonMapping,
+        devices: dict[str, dict[str, JsonDict]],
+    ) -> list["SignatureListItem"]:
+        """Check signatures of a user's master key made by their devices.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user whose master key is being checked
+            master_key_id: the ID of the user's master key
+            signed_master_key: the user's signed master key that was uploaded
+            stored_master_key: our previously-stored copy of the user's master key
+            devices: the user's devices
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of signatures to store
+
+        Raises:
+            SynapseError: if a signature is invalid
+        """
+        # for each device that signed the master key, check the signature.
+        master_key_signature_list = []
+        sigs = signed_master_key["signatures"]
+        for signing_key_id, signature in sigs[user_id].items():
+            _, signing_device_id = signing_key_id.split(":", 1)
+            if (
+                signing_device_id not in devices
+                or signing_key_id not in devices[signing_device_id]["keys"]
+            ):
+                # signed by an unknown device, or the
+                # device does not have the key
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid signature", Codes.INVALID_SIGNATURE)
+
+            # get the key and check the signature
+            pubkey = devices[signing_device_id]["keys"][signing_key_id]
+            verify_key = decode_verify_key_bytes(signing_key_id, decode_base64(pubkey))
+            _check_device_signature(
+                user_id, verify_key, signed_master_key, stored_master_key
+            )
+
+            master_key_signature_list.append(
+                SignatureListItem(signing_key_id, user_id, master_key_id, signature)
+            )
+
+        return master_key_signature_list
+
+    async def _process_other_signatures(
+        self, user_id: str, signatures: dict[str, dict]
+    ) -> tuple[list["SignatureListItem"], dict[str, dict[str, dict]]]:
+        """Process uploaded signatures of other users' keys.  These will be the
+        target user's master keys, signed by the uploading user's user-signing
+        key.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user uploading the keys
+            signatures: map of users to devices to signed keys
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of signatures to store, and a map of users to devices to failure
+            reasons
+
+        Raises:
+            SynapseError: if the input is malformed
+        """
+        signature_list: list["SignatureListItem"] = []
+        failures: dict[str, dict[str, JsonDict]] = {}
+        if not signatures:
+            return signature_list, failures
+
+        try:
+            # get our user-signing key to verify the signatures
+            (
+                user_signing_key,
+                user_signing_key_id,
+                user_signing_verify_key,
+            ) = await self._get_e2e_cross_signing_verify_key(user_id, "user_signing")
+        except SynapseError as e:
+            failure = _exception_to_failure(e)
+            for user, devicemap in signatures.items():
+                failures[user] = dict.fromkeys(devicemap.keys(), failure)
+            return signature_list, failures
+
+        for target_user, devicemap in signatures.items():
+            # make sure submitted data is in the right form
+            if not isinstance(devicemap, dict):
+                raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid parameter", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+            for device in devicemap.values():
+                if not isinstance(device, dict):
+                    raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid parameter", Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+
+            device_id = None
+            try:
+                # get the target user's master key, to make sure it matches
+                # what was sent
+                (
+                    master_key,
+                    master_key_id,
+                    _,
+                ) = await self._get_e2e_cross_signing_verify_key(
+                    target_user, "master", user_id
+                )
+
+                # make sure that the target user's master key is the one that
+                # was signed (and no others)
+                device_id = master_key_id.split(":", 1)[1]
+                if device_id not in devicemap:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "upload signature: could not find signature for device %s",
+                        device_id,
+                    )
+                    # set device to None so that the failure gets
+                    # marked on all the signatures
+                    device_id = None
+                    raise NotFoundError("Unknown device")
+                key = devicemap[device_id]
+                other_devices = [k for k in devicemap.keys() if k != device_id]
+                if other_devices:
+                    # other devices were signed -- mark those as failures
+                    logger.debug("upload signature: too many devices specified")
+                    failure = _exception_to_failure(NotFoundError("Unknown device"))
+                    failures[target_user] = dict.fromkeys(other_devices, failure)
+
+                if user_signing_key_id in master_key.get("signatures", {}).get(
+                    user_id, {}
+                ):
+                    # we already have the signature, so we can skip it
+                    continue
+
+                _check_device_signature(
+                    user_id, user_signing_verify_key, key, master_key
+                )
+
+                signature = key["signatures"][user_id][user_signing_key_id]
+                signature_list.append(
+                    SignatureListItem(
+                        user_signing_key_id, target_user, device_id, signature
+                    )
+                )
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                failure = _exception_to_failure(e)
+                if device_id is None:
+                    failures[target_user] = dict.fromkeys(devicemap.keys(), failure)
+                else:
+                    failures.setdefault(target_user, {})[device_id] = failure
+
+        return signature_list, failures
+
+    async def _get_e2e_cross_signing_verify_key(
+        self, user_id: str, key_type: str, from_user_id: str | None = None
+    ) -> tuple[JsonMapping, str, VerifyKey]:
+        """Fetch locally or remotely query for a cross-signing public key.
+
+        First, attempt to fetch the cross-signing public key from storage.
+        If that fails, query the keys from the homeserver they belong to
+        and update our local copy.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user whose key should be fetched
+            key_type: the type of key to fetch
+            from_user_id: the user that we are fetching the keys for.
+                This affects what signatures are fetched.
+
+        Returns:
+            The raw key data, the key ID, and the signedjson verify key
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundError: if the key is not found
+            SynapseError: if `user_id` is invalid
+        """
+        user = UserID.from_string(user_id)
+        key = await self.store.get_e2e_cross_signing_key(
+            user_id, key_type, from_user_id
+        )
+
+        if key:
+            # We found a copy of this key in our database. Decode and return it
+            key_id, verify_key = get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key(key)
+            return key, key_id, verify_key
+
+        # If we couldn't find the key locally, and we're looking for keys of
+        # another user then attempt to fetch the missing key from the remote
+        # user's server.
+        #
+        # We may run into this in possible edge cases where a user tries to
+        # cross-sign a remote user, but does not share any rooms with them yet.
+        # Thus, we would not have their key list yet. We instead fetch the key,
+        # store it and notify clients of new, associated device IDs.
+        if self.is_mine(user) or key_type not in ["master", "self_signing"]:
+            # Note that master and self_signing keys are the only cross-signing keys we
+            # can request over federation
+            raise NotFoundError("No %s key found for %s" % (key_type, user_id))
+
+        cross_signing_keys = await self._retrieve_cross_signing_keys_for_remote_user(
+            user, key_type
+        )
+        if cross_signing_keys is None:
+            raise NotFoundError("No %s key found for %s" % (key_type, user_id))
+
+        return cross_signing_keys
+
+    async def _retrieve_cross_signing_keys_for_remote_user(
+        self,
+        user: UserID,
+        desired_key_type: str,
+    ) -> tuple[JsonMapping, str, VerifyKey] | None:
+        """Queries cross-signing keys for a remote user and saves them to the database
+
+        Only the key specified by `key_type` will be returned, while all retrieved keys
+        will be saved regardless
+
+        Args:
+            user: The user to query remote keys for
+            desired_key_type: The type of key to receive. One of "master", "self_signing"
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of the retrieved key content, the key's ID and the matching VerifyKey.
+            If the key cannot be retrieved, all values in the tuple will instead be None.
+        """
+        try:
+            remote_result = await self.federation.query_user_devices(
+                user.domain, user.to_string()
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Unable to query %s for cross-signing keys of user %s: %s %s",
+                user.domain,
+                user.to_string(),
+                type(e),
+                e,
+            )
+            return None
+
+        # Process each of the retrieved cross-signing keys
+        desired_key_data = None
+        retrieved_device_ids = []
+        for key_type in ["master", "self_signing"]:
+            key_content = remote_result.get(key_type + "_key")
+            if not key_content:
+                continue
+
+            # Ensure these keys belong to the correct user
+            if "user_id" not in key_content:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Invalid %s key retrieved, missing user_id field: %s",
+                    key_type,
+                    key_content,
+                )
+                continue
+            if user.to_string() != key_content["user_id"]:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Found %s key of user %s when querying for keys of user %s",
+                    key_type,
+                    key_content["user_id"],
+                    user.to_string(),
+                )
+                continue
+
+            # Validate the key contents
+            try:
+                # verify_key is a VerifyKey from signedjson, which uses
+                # .version to denote the portion of the key ID after the
+                # algorithm and colon, which is the device ID
+                key_id, verify_key = get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key(key_content)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Invalid %s key retrieved: %s - %s %s",
+                    key_type,
+                    key_content,
+                    type(e),
+                    e,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            # Note down the device ID attached to this key
+            retrieved_device_ids.append(verify_key.version)
+
+            # If this is the desired key type, save it and its ID/VerifyKey
+            if key_type == desired_key_type:
+                desired_key_data = key_content, key_id, verify_key
+
+            # At the same time, store this key in the db for subsequent queries
+            await self.store.set_e2e_cross_signing_key(
+                user.to_string(), key_type, key_content
+            )
+
+        # Notify clients that new devices for this user have been discovered
+        if retrieved_device_ids:
+            # XXX is this necessary?
+            await self.device_handler.notify_device_update(
+                user.to_string(), retrieved_device_ids
+            )
+
+        return desired_key_data
+
+    async def check_cross_signing_setup(self, user_id: str) -> tuple[bool, bool]:
+        """Checks if the user has cross-signing set up
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user to check
+
+        Returns: a 2-tuple of booleans
+            - whether the user has cross-signing set up, and
+            - whether the user's master cross-signing key may be replaced without UIA.
+        """
+        (
+            exists,
+            ts_replacable_without_uia_before,
+        ) = await self.store.get_master_cross_signing_key_updatable_before(user_id)
+
+        if ts_replacable_without_uia_before is None:
+            return exists, False
+        else:
+            return exists, self.clock.time_msec() < ts_replacable_without_uia_before
+
+    async def has_different_keys(self, user_id: str, body: JsonDict) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if a key provided in `body` differs from the same key stored in the DB. Returns
+        true on the first difference. If a key exists in `body` but does not exist in the DB,
+        returns True. If `body` has no keys, this always returns False.
+        Note by 'key' we mean Matrix key rather than JSON key.
+
+        The purpose of this function is to detect whether or not we need to apply UIA checks.
+        We must apply UIA checks if any key in the database is being overwritten. If a key is
+        being inserted for the first time, or if the key exactly matches what is in the database,
+        then no UIA check needs to be performed.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user who sent the `body`.
+            body: The JSON request body from POST /keys/device_signing/upload
+        Returns:
+            True if any key in `body` has a different value in the database.
+        """
+        # Ensure that each key provided in the request body exactly matches the one we have stored.
+        # The first time we see the DB having a different key to the matching request key, bail.
+        # Note: we do not care if the DB has a key which the request does not specify, as we only
+        # care about *replacements* or *insertions* (i.e UPSERT)
+        req_body_key_to_db_key = {
+            "master_key": "master",
+            "self_signing_key": "self_signing",
+            "user_signing_key": "user_signing",
+        }
+        for req_body_key, db_key in req_body_key_to_db_key.items():
+            if req_body_key in body:
+                existing_key = await self.store.get_e2e_cross_signing_key(
+                    user_id, db_key
+                )
+                if existing_key != body[req_body_key]:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    async def _delete_old_one_time_keys_task(
+        self, task: ScheduledTask
+    ) -> tuple[TaskStatus, JsonMapping | None, str | None]:
+        """Scheduler task to delete old one time keys.
+
+        Until Synapse 1.119, Synapse used to issue one-time-keys in a random order, leading to the possibility
+        that it could still have old OTKs that the client has dropped. This task is scheduled exactly once
+        by a database schema delta file, and it clears out old one-time-keys that look like they came from libolm.
+        """
+        last_user = task.result.get("from_user", "") if task.result else ""
+        while True:
+            # We process users in batches of 100
+            users, rowcount = await self.store.delete_old_otks_for_next_user_batch(
+                last_user, 100
+            )
+            if len(users) == 0:
+                # We're done!
+                return TaskStatus.COMPLETE, None, None
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "Deleted %i old one-time-keys for users '%s'..'%s'",
+                rowcount,
+                users[0],
+                users[-1],
+            )
+            last_user = users[-1]
+
+            # Store our progress
+            await self._task_scheduler.update_task(
+                task.id, result={"from_user": last_user}
+            )
+
+            # Sleep a little before doing the next user.
+            #
+            # matrix.org has about 15M users in the e2e_one_time_keys_json table
+            # (comprising 20M devices). We want this to take about a week, so we need
+            # to do about one batch of 100 users every 4 seconds.
+            await self.clock.sleep(4)
+
+
+def _check_cross_signing_key(
+    key: JsonDict, user_id: str, key_type: str, signing_key: VerifyKey | None = None
+) -> None:
+    """Check a cross-signing key uploaded by a user.  Performs some basic sanity
+    checking, and ensures that it is signed, if a signature is required.
+
+    Args:
+        key: the key data to verify
+        user_id: the user whose key is being checked
+        key_type: the type of key that the key should be
+        signing_key: the signing key that the key should be signed with.  If
+            omitted, signatures will not be checked.
+    """
+    if (
+        key.get("user_id") != user_id
+        or key_type not in key.get("usage", [])
+        or len(key.get("keys", {})) != 1
+    ):
+        raise SynapseError(400, ("Invalid %s key" % (key_type,)), Codes.INVALID_PARAM)
+
+    if signing_key:
+        try:
+            verify_signed_json(key, user_id, signing_key)
+        except SignatureVerifyException:
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400, ("Invalid signature on %s key" % key_type), Codes.INVALID_SIGNATURE
+            )
+
+
+def _check_device_signature(
+    user_id: str,
+    verify_key: VerifyKey,
+    signed_device: JsonDict,
+    stored_device: JsonMapping,
+) -> None:
+    """Check that a signature on a device or cross-signing key is correct and
+    matches the copy of the device/key that we have stored.  Throws an
+    exception if an error is detected.
+
+    Args:
+        user_id: the user ID whose signature is being checked
+        verify_key: the key to verify the device with
+        signed_device: the uploaded signed device data
+        stored_device: our previously stored copy of the device
+
+    Raises:
+        SynapseError: if the signature was invalid or the sent device is not the
+            same as the stored device
+
+    """
+
+    # make sure that the device submitted matches what we have stored
+    stripped_signed_device = {
+        k: v for k, v in signed_device.items() if k not in ["signatures", "unsigned"]
+    }
+    stripped_stored_device = {
+        k: v for k, v in stored_device.items() if k not in ["signatures", "unsigned"]
+    }
+    if stripped_signed_device != stripped_stored_device:
+        logger.debug(
+            "upload signatures: key does not match %s vs %s",
+            signed_device,
+            stored_device,
+        )
+        raise SynapseError(400, "Key does not match")
+
+    try:
+        verify_signed_json(signed_device, user_id, verify_key)
+    except SignatureVerifyException:
+        logger.debug("invalid signature on key")
+        raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid signature", Codes.INVALID_SIGNATURE)
+
+
+_NOT_READY_FOR_RETRY_FAILURE = {"status": 503, "message": "Not ready for retry"}
+
+
+def _exception_to_failure(e: Exception) -> JsonDict:
+    if isinstance(e, SynapseError):
+        return {"status": e.code, "errcode": e.errcode, "message": str(e)}
+
+    if isinstance(e, CodeMessageException):
+        return {"status": e.code, "message": str(e)}
+
+    if isinstance(e, NotRetryingDestination):
+        return _NOT_READY_FOR_RETRY_FAILURE
+
+    # include ConnectionRefused and other errors
+    #
+    # Note that some Exceptions (notably twisted's ResponseFailed etc) don't
+    # give a string for e.message, which json then fails to serialize.
+    return {"status": 503, "message": str(e)}
+
+
+def _one_time_keys_match(old_key_json: str, new_key: JsonDict) -> bool:
+    old_key = json_decoder.decode(old_key_json)
+
+    # if either is a string rather than an object, they must match exactly
+    if not isinstance(old_key, dict) or not isinstance(new_key, dict):
+        return old_key == new_key
+
+    # otherwise, we strip off the 'signatures' if any, because it's legitimate
+    # for different upload attempts to have different signatures.
+    old_key.pop("signatures", None)
+    new_key_copy = dict(new_key)
+    new_key_copy.pop("signatures", None)
+
+    return old_key == new_key_copy
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class SignatureListItem:
+    """An item in the signature list as used by upload_signatures_for_device_keys."""
+
+    signing_key_id: str
+    target_user_id: str
+    target_device_id: str
+    signature: JsonDict
+
+
+class SigningKeyEduUpdater:
+    """Handles incoming signing key updates from federation and updates the DB"""
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.federation = hs.get_federation_client()
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+
+        device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
+        assert isinstance(device_handler, DeviceWriterHandler)
+        self._device_handler = device_handler
+
+        self._remote_edu_linearizer = Linearizer(
+            name="remote_signing_key", clock=self.clock
+        )
+
+        # user_id -> list of updates waiting to be handled.
+        self._pending_updates: dict[str, list[tuple[JsonDict, JsonDict]]] = {}
+
+    async def incoming_signing_key_update(
+        self, origin: str, edu_content: JsonDict
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called on incoming signing key update from federation. Responsible for
+        parsing the EDU and adding to pending updates list.
+
+        Args:
+            origin: the server that sent the EDU
+            edu_content: the contents of the EDU
+        """
+
+        user_id = edu_content.pop("user_id")
+        master_key = edu_content.pop("master_key", None)
+        self_signing_key = edu_content.pop("self_signing_key", None)
+
+        if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
+            logger.warning("Got signing key update edu for %r from %r", user_id, origin)
+            return
+
+        room_ids = await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id)
+        if not room_ids:
+            # We don't share any rooms with this user. Ignore update, as we
+            # probably won't get any further updates.
+            return
+
+        self._pending_updates.setdefault(user_id, []).append(
+            (master_key, self_signing_key)
+        )
+
+        await self._handle_signing_key_updates(user_id)
+
+    async def _handle_signing_key_updates(self, user_id: str) -> None:
+        """Actually handle pending updates.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user whose updates we are processing
+        """
+
+        async with self._remote_edu_linearizer.queue(user_id):
+            pending_updates = self._pending_updates.pop(user_id, [])
+            if not pending_updates:
+                # This can happen since we batch updates
+                return
+
+            device_ids: list[str] = []
+
+            logger.info("pending updates: %r", pending_updates)
+
+            for master_key, self_signing_key in pending_updates:
+                new_device_ids = await self._device_handler.device_list_updater.process_cross_signing_key_update(
+                    user_id,
+                    master_key,
+                    self_signing_key,
+                )
+                device_ids = device_ids + new_device_ids
+
+            await self._device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, device_ids)