ltbams 0.9.9__py3-none-any.whl → 1.0.2__py3-none-any.whl

ams/core/matprocessor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+"""
+Module for system matrix make.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from andes.thirdparty.npfunc import safe_div
+from andes.shared import tqdm, tqdm_nb
+from andes.utils.misc import elapsed, is_notebook
+
+from ams.opt import Param
+from ams.shared import pd, sps
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class MParam(Param):
+    """
+    Class for matrix parameters built from the system.
+
+    MParam is designed to be a subclass of RParam for routine parameters
+    management.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str, optional
+        Name of this parameter. If not provided, `name` will be set
+        to the attribute name.
+    tex_name : str, optional
+        LaTeX-formatted parameter name. If not provided, `tex_name`
+        will be assigned the same as `name`.
+    info : str, optional
+        A description of this parameter
+    unit : str, optional
+        Unit of the parameter.
+    v : np.ndarray, optional
+        Matrix value of the parameter.
+    owner : object, optional
+        Owner of the MParam, usually the MatProcessor instance.
+    sparse : bool, optional
+        If True, the matrix is stored in sparse format.
+    col_names : list, optional
+        Column names of the matrix.
+    row_names : list, optional
+        Row names of the matrix.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 name: Optional[str] = None,
+                 tex_name: Optional[str] = None,
+                 info: Optional[str] = None,
+                 unit: Optional[str] = None,
+                 v: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+                 owner: Optional[object] = None,
+                 sparse: Optional[bool] = False,
+                 col_names: Optional[list] = None,
+                 row_names: Optional[list] = None,
+                 ):
+        self.name = name
+        self.tex_name = tex_name if (tex_name is not None) else name
+        self.info = info
+        self.unit = unit
+        self._v = v
+        self.sparse = sparse
+        self.owner = owner
+        self.col_names = col_names
+        self.row_names = row_names
+
+    def export_csv(self, path=None):
+        """
+        Export the matrix to a CSV file.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        path : str, optional
+            Path to the output CSV file.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        str
+            The path of the exported csv file
+        """
+
+        if path is None:
+            if self.owner.system.files.fullname is None:
+                logger.info("Input file name not detacted. Using `Untitled`.")
+                file_name = f'Untitled_{self.name}'
+            else:
+                file_name = os.path.splitext(self.owner.system.files.fullname)[0]
+                file_name += f'_{self.name}'
+            path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), file_name + '.csv')
+        else:
+            file_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0]
+
+        pd.DataFrame(data=self.v, columns=self.col_names, index=self.row_names).to_csv(path)
+
+        return file_name + '.csv'
+
+    @property
+    def v(self):
+        """
+        Return the value of the parameter.
+        """
+        # NOTE: scipy.sparse matrix will return 2D array
+        # so we squeeze it here if only one row
+        if isinstance(self._v, (sps.csr_matrix, sps.lil_matrix, sps.csc_matrix)):
+            out = self._v.toarray()
+            if out.shape[0] == 1:
+                return np.squeeze(out)
+            else:
+                return out
+        return self._v
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        """
+        Return the shape of the parameter.
+        """
+        return self.v.shape
+
+    @property
+    def n(self):
+        """
+        Return the szie of the parameter.
+        """
+        return len(self.v)
+
+    @property
+    def class_name(self):
+        """
+        Return the class name
+        """
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+
+class MatProcessor:
+    """
+    Class for matrices processing in AMS system.
+    The connectivity matrices `Cft`, `Cg`, `Cl`, and `Csh` ***have taken*** the
+    devices connectivity into account.
+
+    The MParams' row names and col names are assigned in `System.setup()`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, system):
+        self.system = system
+        self.initialized = False
+        self.pbar = None
+
+        self.Cft = MParam(name='Cft', tex_name=r'C_{ft}',
+                          info='Line connectivity matrix',
+                          v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+        self.CftT = MParam(name='CftT', tex_name=r'C_{ft}^{T}',
+                           info='Line connectivity matrix transpose',
+                           v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+        self.Cg = MParam(name='Cg', tex_name=r'C_g',
+                         info='Generator connectivity matrix',
+                         v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+        self.Cl = MParam(name='Cl', tex_name=r'Cl',
+                         info='Load connectivity matrix',
+                         v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+        self.Csh = MParam(name='Csh', tex_name=r'C_{sh}',
+                          info='Shunt connectivity matrix',
+                          v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+
+        self.Bbus = MParam(name='Bbus', tex_name=r'B_{bus}',
+                           info='Bus admittance matrix',
+                           v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+        self.Bf = MParam(name='Bf', tex_name=r'B_{f}',
+                         info='Bf matrix',
+                         v=None, sparse=True, owner=self)
+        self.Pbusinj = MParam(name='Pbusinj', tex_name=r'P_{bus}^{inj}',
+                              info='Bus power injection vector',
+                              v=None, sparse=False, owner=self)
+        self.Pfinj = MParam(name='Pfinj', tex_name=r'P_{f}^{inj}',
+                            info='Line power injection vector',
+                            v=None, sparse=False, owner=self)
+
+        self.PTDF = MParam(name='PTDF', tex_name=r'P_{TDF}',
+                           info='Power transfer distribution factor',
+                           v=None, sparse=False, owner=self)
+        self.LODF = MParam(name='LODF', tex_name=r'O_{TDF}',
+                           info='Line outage distribution factor',
+                           v=None, sparse=False, owner=self)
+
+    def build(self, force=False):
+        """
+        Build the system matrices.
+        It build connectivity matrices first: Cg, Cl, Csh, Cft, and CftT.
+        Then build bus matrices: Bf, Bbus, Pfinj, and Pbusinj.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        force : bool, optional
+            If True, force to rebuild the matrices. Default is False.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Generator online status is NOT considered in its connectivity matrix.
+        The same applies for load, line, and shunt.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        initialized : bool
+            True if the matrices are built successfully.
+        """
+        if not force and self.initialized:
+            logger.debug("System matrices are already built.")
+            return self.initialized
+
+        t_mat, _ = elapsed()
+        logger.warning("Building system matrices")
+        # --- connectivity matrices ---
+        _ = self.build_cg()
+        _ = self.build_cl()
+        _ = self.build_csh()
+        _ = self.build_cft()
+
+        # --- bus matrices ---
+        _ = self.build_bf()
+        _ = self.build_bbus()
+        _ = self.build_pfinj()
+        _ = self.build_pbusinj()
+        _, s_mat = elapsed(t_mat)
+
+        logger.debug(f" -> System matrices built in {s_mat}")
+        self.initialized = True
+        return self.initialized
+
+    @property
+    def class_name(self):
+        """
+        Return the class name
+        """
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    @property
+    def n(self):
+        """
+        To fit the RParam style.
+        """
+        return 2
+
+    def build_cg(self):
+        """
+        Build generator connectivity matrix Cg, and store it in the MParam `Cg`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Cg : scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
+            Generator connectivity matrix.
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        # common variables
+        nb = system.Bus.n
+        ng = system.StaticGen.n
+
+        # bus indices: idx -> uid
+        idx_gen = system.StaticGen.get_all_idxes()
+        u_gen = system.StaticGen.get(src='u', attr='v', idx=idx_gen)
+        on_gen = np.flatnonzero(u_gen)  # uid of online generators
+        on_gen_idx = [idx_gen[i] for i in on_gen]  # idx of online generators
+        on_gen_bus = system.StaticGen.get(src='bus', attr='v', idx=on_gen_idx)
+
+        row = np.array([system.Bus.idx2uid(x) for x in on_gen_bus])
+        col = np.array([idx_gen.index(x) for x in on_gen_idx])
+        self.Cg._v = sps.csr_matrix((np.ones(len(on_gen_idx)), (row, col)), (nb, ng))
+        return self.Cg._v
+
+    def build_cl(self):
+        """
+        Build load connectivity matrix Cl, and store it in the MParam `Cl`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Cl : scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
+            Load connectivity matrix.
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        # common variables
+        nb = system.Bus.n
+        npq = system.PQ.n
+
+        # load indices: idx -> uid
+        idx_load = system.PQ.idx.v
+        u_load = system.PQ.get(src='u', attr='v', idx=idx_load)
+        on_load = np.flatnonzero(u_load)
+        on_load_idx = [idx_load[i] for i in on_load]
+        on_load_bus = system.PQ.get(src='bus', attr='v', idx=on_load_idx)
+
+        row = np.array([system.Bus.idx2uid(x) for x in on_load_bus])
+        col = np.array([system.PQ.idx2uid(x) for x in on_load_idx])
+        self.Cl._v = sps.csr_matrix((np.ones(len(on_load_idx)), (row, col)), (nb, npq))
+        return self.Cl._v
+
+    def build_csh(self):
+        """
+        Build shunt connectivity matrix Csh, and store it in the MParam `Csh`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Csh : spmatrix
+            Shunt connectivity matrix.
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        # common variables
+        nb = system.Bus.n
+        nsh = system.Shunt.n
+
+        # shunt indices: idx -> uid
+        idx_shunt = system.Shunt.idx.v
+        u_shunt = system.Shunt.get(src='u', attr='v', idx=idx_shunt)
+        on_shunt = np.flatnonzero(u_shunt)
+        on_shunt_idx = [idx_shunt[i] for i in on_shunt]
+        on_shunt_bus = system.Shunt.get(src='bus', attr='v', idx=on_shunt_idx)
+
+        row = np.array([system.Bus.idx2uid(x) for x in on_shunt_bus])
+        col = np.array([system.Shunt.idx2uid(x) for x in on_shunt_idx])
+        self.Csh._v = sps.csr_matrix((np.ones(len(on_shunt_idx)), (row, col)), (nb, nsh))
+        return self.Csh._v
+
+    def build_cft(self):
+        """
+        Build line connectivity matrix Cft and its transpose CftT.
+        The Cft and CftT are stored in the MParam `Cft` and `CftT`, respectively.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Cft : scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
+            Line connectivity matrix.
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        # common variables
+        nb = system.Bus.n
+        nl = system.Line.n
+
+        # line indices: idx -> uid
+        idx_line = system.Line.idx.v
+        u_line = system.Line.get(src='u', attr='v', idx=idx_line)
+        on_line = np.flatnonzero(u_line)
+        on_line_idx = [idx_line[i] for i in on_line]
+        on_line_bus1 = system.Line.get(src='bus1', attr='v', idx=on_line_idx)
+        on_line_bus2 = system.Line.get(src='bus2', attr='v', idx=on_line_idx)
+
+        data_line = np.ones(2*len(on_line_idx))
+        data_line[len(on_line_idx):] = -1
+        row_line = np.array([system.Bus.idx2uid(x) for x in on_line_bus1 + on_line_bus2])
+        col_line = np.array([system.Line.idx2uid(x) for x in on_line_idx + on_line_idx])
+        self.Cft._v = sps.csr_matrix((data_line, (row_line, col_line)), (nb, nl))
+        self.CftT._v = self.Cft._v.T
+        return self.Cft._v
+
+    def build_bf(self):
+        """
+        Build DC Bf matrix and store it in the MParam `Bf`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Bf : scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
+            Bf matrix.
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        # common variables
+        nb = system.Bus.n
+        nl = system.Line.n
+
+        # line parameters
+        idx_line = system.Line.idx.v
+        b = self._calc_b()
+
+        # build Bf such that Bf * Va is the vector of real branch powers injected
+        # at each branch's "from" bus
+        f = system.Bus.idx2uid(system.Line.get(src='bus1', attr='v', idx=idx_line))
+        t = system.Bus.idx2uid(system.Line.get(src='bus2', attr='v', idx=idx_line))
+        ir = np.r_[range(nl), range(nl)]  # double set of row indices
+        self.Bf._v = sps.csr_matrix((np.r_[b, -b], (ir, np.r_[f, t])), (nl, nb))
+        return self.Bf._v
+
+    def build_bbus(self):
+        """
+        Build Bdc matrix and store it in the MParam `Bbus`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Bdc : scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
+            DC bus admittance matrix.
+        """
+        self.Bbus._v = self.Cft._v * self.Bf._v
+        return self.Bbus._v
+
+    def build_pfinj(self):
+        """
+        Build DC Pfinj vector and store it in the MParam `Pfinj`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Pfinj : np.ndarray
+            Line power injection vector.
+        """
+        idx_line = self.system.Line.idx.v
+        b = self._calc_b()
+        phi = self.system.Line.get(src='phi', attr='v', idx=idx_line)
+        self.Pfinj._v = b * (-phi)
+        return self.Pfinj._v
+
+    def build_pbusinj(self):
+        """
+        Build DC Pbusinj vector and store it in the MParam `Pbusinj`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Pbusinj : np.ndarray
+            Bus power injection vector.
+        """
+        self.Pbusinj._v = self.Cft._v * self.Pfinj._v
+        return self.Pbusinj._v
+
+    def _calc_b(self):
+        """
+        Calculate DC series susceptance for each line.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        b : np.ndarray
+            Series susceptance for each line.
+        """
+        system = self.system
+        nl = system.Line.n
+
+        # line parameters
+        idx_line = system.Line.idx.v
+        x = system.Line.get(src='x', attr='v', idx=idx_line)
+        u_line = system.Line.get(src='u', attr='v', idx=idx_line)
+        b = u_line / x  # series susceptance
+
+        # in DC, tap is assumed to be 1
+        tap0 = system.Line.get(src='tap', attr='v', idx=idx_line)
+        tap = np.ones(nl)
+        i = np.flatnonzero(tap0)
+        tap[i] = tap0[i]  # assign non-zero tap ratios
+        b = b / tap  # adjusted series susceptance
+
+        return b
+
+    def build_ptdf(self, line=None, no_store=False,
+                   incremental=False, step=1000, no_tqdm=False,
+                   permc_spec=None, use_umfpack=True):
+        """
+        Build the Power Transfer Distribution Factor (PTDF) matrix and optionally store it in `MParam.PTDF`.
+
+        PTDF[m, n] represents the increased line flow on line `m` for a 1 p.u. power injection at bus `n`.
+        It is similar to the Generation Shift Factor (GSF).
+
+        Note: There may be minor discrepancies between PTDF-based line flow and DCOPF-calculated line flow.
+
+        For large cases, use `incremental=True` to calculate the sparse PTDF in chunks, which will be stored
+        as a `scipy.sparse.lil_matrix`. In this mode, the PTDF is calculated in chunks, and a progress bar
+        will be shown unless `no_tqdm=True`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        line : int, str, list, optional
+            Line indices for which the PTDF is calculated. If specified, the PTDF will not be stored in `MParam`.
+        no_store : bool, optional
+            If False, store the PTDF in `MatProcessor.PTDF._v`. Default is False.
+        incremental : bool, optional
+            If True, calculate the sparse PTDF in chunks to save memory. Default is False.
+        step : int, optional
+            Step size for incremental calculation. Default is 1000.
+        no_tqdm : bool, optional
+            If True, disable the progress bar. Default is False.
+        permc_spec : str, optional
+            Column permutation strategy for sparsity preservation. Default is 'COLAMD'.
+        use_umfpack : bool, optional
+            If True, use UMFPACK as the solver. Effective only when (`incremental=True`)
+            & (`line` contains a single line or `step` is 1). Default is True.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        line: int, str, list, optional
+            Lines index for which the PTDF is calculated. It takes both single
+            or multiple line indices. Note that if `line` is given, the PTDF will
+            not be stored in the MParam.
+        no_store : bool, optional
+            If False, the PTDF will be stored into `MatProcessor.PTDF._v`.
+        incremental : bool, optional
+            If True, the sparse PTDF will be calculated in chunks to save memory.
+        step : int, optional
+            Step for incremental calculation.
+        no_tqdm : bool, optional
+            If True, the progress bar will be disabled.
+        permc_spec : str, optional
+            How to permute the columns of the matrix for sparsity preservation. (default: 'COLAMD')
+        use_umfpack : bool, optional
+            If True, use UMFPACK as the solver. (default: True)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PTDF : np.ndarray or scipy.sparse.lil_matrix
+            Power transfer distribution factor.
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        [1] PowerWorld Documentation, Power Transfer Distribution Factors, [Online]
+
+        Available:
+
+        https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/MainDocumentation_HTML/Power_Transfer_Distribution_Factors.htm
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        # use first slack bus as reference slack bus
+        slack = system.Slack.bus.v[0]
+        noslack = [system.Bus.idx2uid(bus) for bus in system.Bus.idx.v if bus != slack]
+
+        # use first bus for voltage angle reference
+        noref_idx = system.Bus.idx.v[1:]
+        noref = system.Bus.idx2uid(noref_idx)
+
+        if line is None:
+            luid = system.Line.idx2uid(system.Line.idx.v)
+        elif isinstance(line, (int, str)):
+            try:
+                luid = [system.Line.idx2uid(line)]
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(f"Line {line} not found.")
+        elif isinstance(line, list):
+            luid = system.Line.idx2uid(line)
+
+        # build other matrices if not built
+        if not self.initialized:
+            logger.debug("System matrices are not built. Building now.")
+            self.build()
+
+        nbus = system.Bus.n
+        nline = len(luid)
+
+        Bbus = self.Bbus._v
+        Bf = self.Bf._v
+
+        if incremental:
+            # initialize progress bar
+            if is_notebook():
+                self.pbar = tqdm_nb(total=100, unit='%', file=sys.stdout,
+                                    disable=no_tqdm)
+            else:
+                self.pbar = tqdm(total=100, unit='%', ncols=80, ascii=True,
+                                 file=sys.stdout, disable=no_tqdm)
+
+            self.pbar.update(0)
+            last_pc = 0
+
+            H = sps.lil_matrix((nline, system.Bus.n))
+
+            # NOTE: for PTDF, we are building rows by rows
+            for start in range(0, nline, step):
+                end = min(start + step, nline)
+                sol = sps.linalg.spsolve(A=Bbus[np.ix_(noslack, noref)].T,
+                                         b=Bf[np.ix_(luid[start:end], noref)].T,
+                                         permc_spec=permc_spec,
+                                         use_umfpack=use_umfpack).T
+                H[start:end, noslack] = sol
+
+                # show progress in percentage
+                perc = np.round(min((end / nline) * 100, 100), 2)
+
+                perc_diff = perc - last_pc
+                if perc_diff >= 1:
+                    self.pbar.update(perc_diff)
+                    last_pc = perc
+
+            # finish progress bar
+            self.pbar.update(100 - last_pc)
+            # removed `pbar` so that System object can be serialized
+            self.pbar.close()
+            self.pbar = None
+        else:
+            H = np.zeros((nline, nbus))
+            H[:, noslack] = np.linalg.solve(Bbus.todense()[np.ix_(noslack, noref)].T,
+                                            Bf.todense()[np.ix_(luid, noref)].T).T
+
+        # reshape results into 1D array if only one line
+        if isinstance(line, (int, str)):
+            H = H[0, :]
+
+        if (not no_store) & (line is None):
+            self.PTDF._v = H
+
+        return H
+
+    def build_lodf(self, line=None, no_store=False,
+                   incremental=False, step=1000, no_tqdm=False):
+        """
+        Build the Line Outage Distribution Factor matrix and store it in the
+        MParam `LODF`.
+
+        `LODF[m, n]` means the increased line flow on line `m` when there is
+        1 p.u. line flow decrease on line `n` due to line `n` outage.
+        It is also referred to as Branch Outage Distribution Factor (BODF).
+
+        It requires DC PTDF and Cft.
+
+        For large cases where memory is a concern, use `incremental=True` to
+        calculate the sparse LODF in chunks in the format of scipy.sparse.lil_matrix.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        line: int, str, list, optional
+            Lines index for which the LODF is calculated. It takes both single
+            or multiple line indices. Note that if `line` is given, the LODF will
+            not be stored in the MParam.
+        no_store : bool, optional
+            If False, the LODF will be stored into `MatProcessor.LODF._v`.
+        incremental : bool, optional
+            If True, the sparse LODF will be calculated in chunks to save memory.
+        step : int, optional
+            Step for incremental calculation.
+        no_tqdm : bool, optional
+            If True, the progress bar will be disabled.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        LODF : np.ndarray, scipy.sparse.lil_matrix
+            Line outage distribution factor.
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        [1] PowerWorld Documentation, Line Outage Distribution Factors, [Online]
+
+        Available:
+
+        https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/MainDocumentation_HTML/Line_Outage_Distribution_Factors_LODFs.htm
+        """
+        system = self.system
+
+        if line is None:
+            luid = system.Line.idx2uid(system.Line.idx.v)
+        elif isinstance(line, (int, str)):
+            try:
+                luid = [system.Line.idx2uid(line)]
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(f"Line {line} not found.")
+        elif isinstance(line, list):
+            luid = system.Line.idx2uid(line)
+
+        # NOTE: here we use nbranch to differentiate it with nline
+        nbranch = system.Line.n
+        nline = len(luid)
+
+        ptdf = self.PTDF._v
+        # build PTDF if not built
+        if self.PTDF._v is None:
+            ptdf = self.build_ptdf(no_store=True, incremental=incremental, step=step)
+        if incremental and isinstance(self.PTDF._v, np.ndarray):
+            ptdf = sps.lil_matrix(self.PTDF._v)
+
+        if incremental | (isinstance(ptdf, sps.spmatrix)):
+            # initialize progress bar
+            if is_notebook():
+                self.pbar = tqdm_nb(total=100, unit='%', file=sys.stdout,
+                                    disable=no_tqdm)
+            else:
+                self.pbar = tqdm(total=100, unit='%', ncols=80, ascii=True,
+                                 file=sys.stdout, disable=no_tqdm)
+
+            self.pbar.update(0)
+            last_pc = 0
+
+            LODF = sps.lil_matrix((nbranch, nline))
+
+            # NOTE: for LODF, we are doing it columns by columns
+            # reshape luid to list of list by step
+            luidp = [luid[i:i + step] for i in range(0, len(luid), step)]
+            for luidi in luidp:
+                H_chunk = ptdf @ self.Cft._v[:, luidi]
+                h_chunk = H_chunk.diagonal(-luidi[0])
+                rden = safe_div(np.ones(H_chunk.shape),
+                                np.tile(np.ones_like(h_chunk) - h_chunk, (nbranch, 1)))
+                H_chunk = H_chunk.multiply(rden).tolil()
+                # NOTE: use lil_matrix to set diagonal values as -1
+                rsid = sps.diags(H_chunk.diagonal(-luidi[0])) + sps.eye(H_chunk.shape[1])
+                if H_chunk.shape[0] > rsid.shape[0]:
+                    Rsid = sps.lil_matrix(H_chunk.shape)
+                    Rsid[luidi, :] = rsid
+                else:
+                    Rsid = rsid
+                H_chunk = H_chunk - Rsid
+                LODF[:, [luid.index(i) for i in luidi]] = H_chunk
+
+                # show progress in percentage
+                perc = np.round(min((luid.index(luidi[-1]) / nline) * 100, 100), 2)
+
+                perc_diff = perc - last_pc
+                if perc_diff >= 1:
+                    self.pbar.update(perc_diff)
+                    last_pc = perc
+
+            # finish progress bar
+            self.pbar.update(100 - last_pc)
+            # removed `pbar` so that System object can be serialized
+            self.pbar.close()
+            self.pbar = None
+        else:
+            H = ptdf @ self.Cft._v[:, luid]
+            h = np.diag(H, -luid[0])
+            LODF = safe_div(H,
+                            np.tile(np.ones_like(h) - h, (nbranch, 1)))
+            # # NOTE: reset the diagonal elements to -1
+            rsid = np.diag(np.diag(LODF, -luid[0])) + np.eye(nline, nline)
+            if LODF.shape[0] > rsid.shape[0]:
+                Rsid = np.zeros_like(LODF)
+                Rsid[luid, :] = rsid
+            else:
+                Rsid = rsid
+            LODF = LODF - Rsid
+
+        # reshape results into 1D array if only one line
+        if isinstance(line, (int, str)):
+            LODF = LODF[:, 0]
+
+        if (not no_store) & (line is None):
+            self.LODF._v = LODF
+        return LODF
+
+    def build_otdf(self, line=None):
+        """
+        Build the Outrage Transfer Distribution Factor (OTDF) matrix for line
+        k outage: :math:`OTDF_k = PTDF + LODF[:, k] @ PTDF[k, ]`.
+
+        OTDF_k[m, n] means the increased line flow on line `m` when there is
+        1 p.u. power injection at bus `n` when line `k` is outage.
+
+        Note that the OTDF is not stored in the MatProcessor.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        line : int, str, list, optional
+            Lines index for which the OTDF is calculated. It takes both single
+            or multiple line indices.
+            If not given, the first line is used by default.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        OTDF : np.ndarray, scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
+            Line outage distribution factor.
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        [1] PowerWorld Documentation, Line Outage Distribution Factors, [Online]
+
+        Available:
+
+        https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/MainDocumentation_HTML/Line_Outage_Distribution_Factors_LODFs.htm
+        """
+        if (self.PTDF._v is None) or (self.LODF._v is None):
+            raise ValueError("Internal PTDF and LODF are not available. Please build them first.")
+
+        ptdf = self.PTDF._v
+        lodf = self.LODF._v
+
+        if line is None:
+            luid = [0]
+        elif isinstance(line, (int, str)):
+            try:
+                luid = [self.system.Line.idx2uid(line)]
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(f"Line {line} not found.")
+        elif isinstance(line, list):
+            luid = self.system.Line.idx2uid(line)
+
+        otdf = ptdf + lodf[:, luid] @ ptdf[luid, :]
+        return otdf