llvmlite 0.44.0rc1__cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

llvmlite/tests/test_ir.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2986 @@
+"""
+IR Construction Tests
+"""
+
+import copy
+import itertools
+import pickle
+import re
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+
+from . import TestCase
+from llvmlite import ir
+from llvmlite import binding as llvm
+
+# FIXME: Remove me once typed pointers are no longer supported.
+from llvmlite import opaque_pointers_enabled
+
+
+int1 = ir.IntType(1)
+int8 = ir.IntType(8)
+int16 = ir.IntType(16)
+int32 = ir.IntType(32)
+int64 = ir.IntType(64)
+hlf = ir.HalfType()
+flt = ir.FloatType()
+dbl = ir.DoubleType()
+
+
+class TestBase(TestCase):
+    """
+    Utilities for IR tests.
+    """
+
+    def assertInText(self, pattern, text):
+        """
+        Assert *pattern* is in *text*, ignoring any whitespace differences
+        (including newlines).
+        """
+
+        def escape(c):
+            if not c.isalnum() and not c.isspace():
+                return '\\' + c
+            return c
+
+        pattern = ''.join(map(escape, pattern))
+        regex = re.sub(r'\s+', r'\\s*', pattern)
+        self.assertRegex(text, regex)
+
+    def assert_ir_line(self, line, mod):
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in str(mod).splitlines()]
+        self.assertIn(line, lines)
+
+    def assert_valid_ir(self, mod):
+        llvm.parse_assembly(str(mod))
+
+    def assert_pickle_correctly(self, irobject):
+        """Assert that the IR object pickles and unpickles correctly.
+        The IR string is equal and that their type is equal
+        """
+        newobject = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(irobject, protocol=-1))
+        self.assertIs(irobject.__class__, newobject.__class__)
+        self.assertEqual(str(irobject), str(newobject))
+        return newobject
+
+    def module(self):
+        return ir.Module()
+
+    def function(self, module=None, name='my_func'):
+        module = module or self.module()
+        fnty = ir.FunctionType(int32, (int32, int32, dbl,
+                                       ir.PointerType(int32)))
+        return ir.Function(module, fnty, name)
+
+    def block(self, func=None, name=''):
+        func = func or self.function()
+        return func.append_basic_block(name)
+
+    def descr(self, thing):
+        buf = []
+        thing.descr(buf)
+        return "".join(buf)
+
+    def _normalize_asm(self, asm):
+        asm = textwrap.dedent(asm)
+        # Normalize indent
+        asm = asm.replace("\n    ", "\n  ")
+        return asm
+
+    def check_descr_regex(self, descr, asm):
+        expected = self._normalize_asm(asm)
+        self.assertRegex(descr, expected)
+
+    def check_descr(self, descr, asm):
+        expected = self._normalize_asm(asm)
+        self.assertEqual(descr, expected)
+
+    def check_block(self, block, asm):
+        self.check_descr(self.descr(block), asm)
+
+    def check_block_regex(self, block, asm):
+        self.check_descr_regex(self.descr(block), asm)
+
+    def check_module_body(self, module, asm):
+        expected = self._normalize_asm(asm)
+        actual = module._stringify_body()
+        self.assertEqual(actual.strip(), expected.strip())
+
+    def check_metadata(self, module, asm):
+        """
+        Check module metadata against *asm*.
+        """
+        expected = self._normalize_asm(asm)
+        actual = module._stringify_metadata()
+        self.assertEqual(actual.strip(), expected.strip())
+
+    def check_func_body(self, func, asm):
+        expected = self._normalize_asm(asm)
+        actual = self.descr(func)
+        actual = actual.partition('{')[2].rpartition('}')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(actual.strip(), expected.strip())
+
+
+class TestFunction(TestBase):
+
+    # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+    proto = \
+        """i32 @"my_func"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2", double %".3", ptr %".4")""" \
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled else \
+        """i32 @"my_func"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2", double %".3", i32* %".4")"""
+
+    def test_declare(self):
+        # A simple declaration
+        func = self.function()
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm.strip(), "declare %s" % self.proto)
+
+    def test_declare_attributes(self):
+        # Now with function attributes
+        func = self.function()
+        func.attributes.add("optsize")
+        func.attributes.add("alwaysinline")
+        func.attributes.add("convergent")
+        func.attributes.alignstack = 16
+        tp_pers = ir.FunctionType(int8, (), var_arg=True)
+        pers = ir.Function(self.module(), tp_pers, '__gxx_personality_v0')
+        func.attributes.personality = pers
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(asm,
+                             ("declare %s alwaysinline convergent optsize "
+                              "alignstack(16) "
+                              "personality ptr @\"__gxx_personality_v0\"") %
+                             self.proto)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(asm,
+                             ("declare %s alwaysinline convergent optsize "
+                              "alignstack(16) personality "
+                              "i8 (...)* @\"__gxx_personality_v0\"") %
+                             self.proto)
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_attributes(self):
+        # Now with parameter attributes
+        func = self.function()
+        func.args[0].add_attribute("zeroext")
+        func.args[1].attributes.dereferenceable = 5
+        func.args[1].attributes.dereferenceable_or_null = 10
+        func.args[3].attributes.align = 4
+        func.args[3].add_attribute("nonnull")
+        func.return_value.add_attribute("noalias")
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(asm,
+                             """declare noalias i32 @"my_func"(i32 zeroext %".1", i32 dereferenceable(5) dereferenceable_or_null(10) %".2", double %".3", ptr nonnull align 4 %".4")"""  # noqa E501
+                             )
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(asm,
+                             """declare noalias i32 @"my_func"(i32 zeroext %".1", i32 dereferenceable(5) dereferenceable_or_null(10) %".2", double %".3", i32* nonnull align 4 %".4")"""  # noqa E501
+                             )
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_metadata(self):
+        # Now with function metadata
+        module = self.module()
+        func = self.function(module)
+        func.set_metadata('dbg', module.add_metadata([]))
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm,
+                         f'declare {self.proto} !dbg !0'
+                         )
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_section(self):
+        # Test function with section
+        func = self.function()
+        func.section = "a_section"
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm,
+                         f'declare {self.proto} section "a_section"'
+                         )
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_section_meta(self):
+        # Test function with section and metadata
+        module = self.module()
+        func = self.function(module)
+        func.section = "a_section"
+        func.set_metadata('dbg', module.add_metadata([]))
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm,
+                         f'declare {self.proto} section "a_section" !dbg !0'
+                         )
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_attr_meta(self):
+        # Test function with attributes and metadata
+        module = self.module()
+        func = self.function(module)
+        func.attributes.add("alwaysinline")
+        func.set_metadata('dbg', module.add_metadata([]))
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm,
+                         f'declare {self.proto} alwaysinline !dbg !0'
+                         )
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_attr_section(self):
+        # Test function with attributes and section
+        func = self.function()
+        func.attributes.add("optsize")
+        func.section = "a_section"
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm,
+                         f'declare {self.proto} optsize section "a_section"')
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_function_attr_section_meta(self):
+        # Test function with attributes, section and metadata
+        module = self.module()
+        func = self.function(module)
+        func.attributes.add("alwaysinline")
+        func.section = "a_section"
+        func.set_metadata('dbg', module.add_metadata([]))
+        asm = self.descr(func).strip()
+        self.assertEqual(asm,
+                         f'declare {self.proto} alwaysinline section "a_section" !dbg !0'  # noqa E501
+                         )
+        # Check pickling
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(func)
+
+    def test_define(self):
+        # A simple definition
+        func = self.function()
+        func.attributes.add("alwaysinline")
+        block = func.append_basic_block('my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        builder.ret_void()
+        asm = self.descr(func)
+        self.check_descr(asm, """\
+            define {proto} alwaysinline
+            {{
+            my_block:
+                ret void
+            }}
+            """.format(proto=self.proto))
+
+    def test_declare_intrinsics(self):
+        module = self.module()
+        pint8 = int8.as_pointer()
+
+        powi = module.declare_intrinsic('llvm.powi', [dbl])
+        memset = module.declare_intrinsic('llvm.memset', [pint8, int32])
+        memcpy = module.declare_intrinsic('llvm.memcpy', [pint8, pint8, int32])
+        assume = module.declare_intrinsic('llvm.assume')
+        self.check_descr(self.descr(powi).strip(), """\
+            declare double @"llvm.powi.f64"(double %".1", i32 %".2")""")
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_descr(self.descr(memset).strip(), """\
+                declare void @"llvm.memset.p0i8.i32"(ptr %".1", i8 %".2", i32 %".3", i1 %".4")""")  # noqa E501
+            self.check_descr(self.descr(memcpy).strip(), """\
+                declare void @"llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i32"(ptr %".1", ptr %".2", i32 %".3", i1 %".4")""")  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_descr(self.descr(memset).strip(), """\
+                declare void @"llvm.memset.p0i8.i32"(i8* %".1", i8 %".2", i32 %".3", i1 %".4")""")  # noqa E501
+            self.check_descr(self.descr(memcpy).strip(), """\
+                declare void @"llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i32"(i8* %".1", i8* %".2", i32 %".3", i1 %".4")""")  # noqa E501
+        self.check_descr(self.descr(assume).strip(), """\
+            declare void @"llvm.assume"(i1 %".1")""")
+
+    def test_redeclare_intrinsic(self):
+        module = self.module()
+        powi = module.declare_intrinsic('llvm.powi', [dbl])
+        powi2 = module.declare_intrinsic('llvm.powi', [dbl])
+        self.assertIs(powi, powi2)
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        fn = self.function()
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(fn)
+
+    def test_alwaysinline_noinline_disallowed(self):
+        module = self.module()
+        func = self.function(module)
+        func.attributes.add('alwaysinline')
+
+        msg = "Can't have alwaysinline and noinline"
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
+            func.attributes.add('noinline')
+
+    def test_noinline_alwaysinline_disallowed(self):
+        module = self.module()
+        func = self.function(module)
+        func.attributes.add('noinline')
+
+        msg = "Can't have alwaysinline and noinline"
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
+            func.attributes.add('alwaysinline')
+
+
+class TestIR(TestBase):
+
+    def test_unnamed_metadata(self):
+        # An unnamed metadata node
+        mod = self.module()
+        mod.add_metadata([int32(123), int8(42)])
+        self.assert_ir_line("!0 = !{ i32 123, i8 42 }", mod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_unnamed_metadata_2(self):
+        # Several unnamed metadata nodes
+        mod = self.module()
+        # First node has a literal metadata string
+        m0 = mod.add_metadata([int32(123), "kernel"])
+        # Second node refers to the first one
+        m1 = mod.add_metadata([int64(456), m0])
+        # Third node is the same as the second one
+        m2 = mod.add_metadata([int64(456), m0])
+        self.assertIs(m2, m1)
+        # Fourth node refers to the first three
+        mod.add_metadata([m0, m1, m2])
+        self.assert_ir_line('!0 = !{ i32 123, !"kernel" }', mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!1 = !{ i64 456, !0 }', mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!2 = !{ !0, !1, !1 }', mod)
+
+    def test_unnamed_metadata_3(self):
+        # Passing nested metadata as a sequence
+        mod = self.module()
+        mod.add_metadata([int32(123), [int32(456)], [int32(789)], [int32(456)]])
+        self.assert_ir_line('!0 = !{ i32 456 }', mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!1 = !{ i32 789 }', mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!2 = !{ i32 123, !0, !1, !0 }', mod)
+
+    def test_metadata_string(self):
+        # Escaping contents of a metadata string
+        mod = self.module()
+        mod.add_metadata(["\"\\$"])
+        self.assert_ir_line('!0 = !{ !"\\22\\5c$" }', mod)
+
+    def test_named_metadata(self):
+        # Add a named metadata node and add metadata values to it
+        mod = self.module()
+        m0 = mod.add_metadata([int32(123)])
+        m1 = mod.add_metadata([int64(456)])
+        nmd = mod.add_named_metadata("foo")
+        nmd.add(m0)
+        nmd.add(m1)
+        nmd.add(m0)
+        self.assert_ir_line("!foo = !{ !0, !1, !0 }", mod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+        # Check get_named_metadata()
+        self.assertIs(nmd, mod.get_named_metadata("foo"))
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            mod.get_named_metadata("bar")
+
+    def test_named_metadata_2(self):
+        # Add and set named metadata through a single add_named_metadata() call
+        mod = self.module()
+        m0 = mod.add_metadata([int32(123)])
+        mod.add_named_metadata("foo", m0)
+        mod.add_named_metadata("foo", [int64(456)])
+        mod.add_named_metadata("foo", ["kernel"])
+        mod.add_named_metadata("bar", [])
+        self.assert_ir_line("!foo = !{ !0, !1, !2 }", mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line("!0 = !{ i32 123 }", mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line("!1 = !{ i64 456 }", mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!2 = !{ !"kernel" }', mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line("!bar = !{ !3 }", mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!3 = !{  }', mod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_metadata_null(self):
+        # A null metadata (typed) value
+        mod = self.module()
+        mod.add_metadata([int32.as_pointer()(None)])
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assert_ir_line("!0 = !{ ptr null }", mod)
+        else:
+            self.assert_ir_line("!0 = !{ i32* null }", mod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+        # A null metadata (untyped) value
+        mod = self.module()
+        mod.add_metadata([None, int32(123)])
+        self.assert_ir_line("!0 = !{ null, i32 123 }", mod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_debug_info(self):
+        # Add real world-looking debug information to a module
+        # (with various value types)
+        mod = self.module()
+        di_file = mod.add_debug_info("DIFile", {
+            "filename": "foo",
+            "directory": "bar",
+        })
+        di_func_type = mod.add_debug_info("DISubroutineType", {
+            # None as `null`
+            "types": mod.add_metadata([None]),
+        })
+        di_compileunit = mod.add_debug_info("DICompileUnit", {
+            "language": ir.DIToken("DW_LANG_Python"),
+            "file": di_file,
+            "producer": "ARTIQ",
+            "runtimeVersion": 0,
+            "isOptimized": True,
+        }, is_distinct=True)
+        mod.add_debug_info("DISubprogram", {
+            "name": "my_func",
+            "file": di_file,
+            "line": 11,
+            "type": di_func_type,
+            "isLocal": False,
+            "unit": di_compileunit,
+        }, is_distinct=True)
+
+        # Check output
+        strmod = str(mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!0 = !DIFile(directory: "bar", filename: "foo")',
+                            strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!1 = !{ null }', strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!2 = !DISubroutineType(types: !1)', strmod)
+        # self.assert_ir_line('!4 = !{ !3 }', strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!3 = distinct !DICompileUnit(file: !0, '
+                            'isOptimized: true, language: DW_LANG_Python, '
+                            'producer: "ARTIQ", runtimeVersion: 0)',
+                            strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!4 = distinct !DISubprogram(file: !0, isLocal: '
+                            'false, line: 11, name: "my_func", type: !2, unit: '
+                            '!3)',
+                            strmod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_debug_info_2(self):
+        # Identical debug info nodes should be merged
+        mod = self.module()
+        di1 = mod.add_debug_info("DIFile",
+                                 {"filename": "foo",
+                                  "directory": "bar",
+                                  })
+        di2 = mod.add_debug_info("DIFile",
+                                 {"filename": "foo",
+                                  "directory": "bar",
+                                  })
+        di3 = mod.add_debug_info("DIFile",
+                                 {"filename": "bar",
+                                  "directory": "foo",
+                                  })
+        di4 = mod.add_debug_info("DIFile",
+                                 {"filename": "foo",
+                                  "directory": "bar",
+                                  }, is_distinct=True)
+        self.assertIs(di1, di2)
+        self.assertEqual(len({di1, di2, di3, di4}), 3)
+        # Check output
+        strmod = str(mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!0 = !DIFile(directory: "bar", filename: "foo")',
+                            strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!1 = !DIFile(directory: "foo", filename: "bar")',
+                            strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!2 = distinct !DIFile(directory: "bar", filename: '
+                            '"foo")', strmod)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_debug_info_gvar(self):
+        # This test defines a module with a global variable named 'gvar'.
+        # When the module is compiled and linked with a main function, gdb can
+        # be used to interpret and print the the value of 'gvar'.
+        mod = self.module()
+
+        gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, ir.FloatType(), 'gvar')
+        gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(ir.FloatType(), 42)
+
+        di_float = mod.add_debug_info("DIBasicType", {
+            "name": "float",
+            "size": 32,
+            "encoding": ir.DIToken("DW_ATE_float")
+        })
+        di_gvar = mod.add_debug_info("DIGlobalVariableExpression", {
+            "expr": mod.add_debug_info("DIExpression", {}),
+            "var": mod.add_debug_info("DIGlobalVariable", {
+                "name": gvar.name,
+                "type": di_float,
+                "isDefinition": True
+            }, is_distinct=True)
+        })
+        gvar.set_metadata('dbg', di_gvar)
+
+        # Check output
+        strmod = str(mod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!0 = !DIBasicType(encoding: DW_ATE_float, '
+                            'name: "float", size: 32)', strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!1 = !DIExpression()', strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!2 = distinct !DIGlobalVariable(isDefinition: '
+                            'true, name: "gvar", type: !0)', strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('!3 = !DIGlobalVariableExpression(expr: !1, '
+                            'var: !2)', strmod)
+        self.assert_ir_line('@"gvar" = global float 0x4045000000000000, '
+                            '!dbg !3', strmod)
+
+        # The remaining debug info is not part of the automated test, but
+        # can be used to produce an object file that can be loaded into a
+        # debugger to print the value of gvar. This can be done by printing the
+        # module then compiling it with clang and inspecting with gdb:
+        #
+        #     clang test_debug_info_gvar.ll -c
+        #     printf "file test_debug_info_gvar.o \n p gvar" | gdb
+        #
+        # Which should result in the output:
+        #
+        #     (gdb) $1 = 42
+
+        dver = [ir.IntType(32)(2), 'Dwarf Version', ir.IntType(32)(4)]
+        diver = [ir.IntType(32)(2), 'Debug Info Version', ir.IntType(32)(3)]
+        dver = mod.add_metadata(dver)
+        diver = mod.add_metadata(diver)
+        flags = mod.add_named_metadata('llvm.module.flags')
+        flags.add(dver)
+        flags.add(diver)
+
+        di_file = mod.add_debug_info("DIFile", {
+            "filename": "foo",
+            "directory": "bar",
+        })
+        di_cu = mod.add_debug_info("DICompileUnit", {
+            "language": ir.DIToken("DW_LANG_Python"),
+            "file": di_file,
+            'emissionKind': ir.DIToken('FullDebug'),
+            "globals": mod.add_metadata([di_gvar])
+        }, is_distinct=True)
+        mod.add_named_metadata('llvm.dbg.cu', di_cu)
+
+    def test_debug_info_unicode_string(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        mod.add_debug_info("DILocalVariable", {"name": "a∆"})
+        # Check output
+        strmod = str(mod)
+        # The unicode character is utf8 encoded with \XX format, where XX is hex
+        name = ''.join(map(lambda x: f"\\{x:02x}", "∆".encode()))
+        self.assert_ir_line(f'!0 = !DILocalVariable(name: "a{name}")', strmod)
+
+    def test_inline_assembly(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), []), 'foo')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(foo.append_basic_block(''))
+        asmty = ir.FunctionType(int32, [int32])
+        asm = ir.InlineAsm(asmty, "mov $1, $2", "=r,r", side_effect=True)
+        builder.call(asm, [int32(123)])
+        builder.ret_void()
+        pat = 'call i32 asm sideeffect "mov $1, $2", "=r,r" ( i32 123 )'
+        self.assertInText(pat, str(mod))
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_builder_asm(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), []), 'foo')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(foo.append_basic_block(''))
+        asmty = ir.FunctionType(int32, [int32])
+        builder.asm(asmty, "mov $1, $2", "=r,r", [int32(123)], side_effect=True)
+        builder.ret_void()
+        pat = 'call i32 asm sideeffect "mov $1, $2", "=r,r" ( i32 123 )'
+        self.assertInText(pat, str(mod))
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_builder_load_reg(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), []), 'foo')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(foo.append_basic_block(''))
+        builder.load_reg(ir.IntType(64), "rax")
+        builder.ret_void()
+        pat = 'call i64 asm "", "={rax}"'
+        self.assertInText(pat, str(mod))
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+    def test_builder_store_reg(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), []), 'foo')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(foo.append_basic_block(''))
+        builder.store_reg(int64(123), ir.IntType(64), "rax")
+        builder.ret_void()
+        pat = 'call void asm sideeffect "", "{rax}" ( i64 123 )'
+        self.assertInText(pat, str(mod))
+        self.assert_valid_ir(mod)
+
+
+class TestGlobalValues(TestBase):
+
+    def test_globals_access(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), []), 'foo')
+        ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), []), 'bar')
+        globdouble = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, ir.DoubleType(), 'globdouble')
+        self.assertEqual(mod.get_global('foo'), foo)
+        self.assertEqual(mod.get_global('globdouble'), globdouble)
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            mod.get_global('kkk')
+        # Globals should have a useful repr()
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(repr(globdouble),
+                             "<ir.GlobalVariable 'globdouble' of type 'ptr'>")
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                repr(globdouble),
+                "<ir.GlobalVariable 'globdouble' of type 'double*'>")
+
+    def test_functions_global_values_access(self):
+        """
+        Accessing functions and global values through Module.functions
+        and Module.global_values.
+        """
+        mod = self.module()
+        fty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [])
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, fty, 'foo')
+        bar = ir.Function(mod, fty, 'bar')
+        globdouble = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, ir.DoubleType(), 'globdouble')
+        self.assertEqual(set(mod.functions), set((foo, bar)))
+        self.assertEqual(set(mod.global_values), set((foo, bar, globdouble)))
+
+    def test_global_variables_ir(self):
+        """
+        IR serialization of global variables.
+        """
+        mod = self.module()
+        # the following have side effects and write to self.module()
+        a = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int8, 'a')  # noqa F841
+        b = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int8, 'b', addrspace=42)  # noqa F841
+        # Initialized global variable doesn't default to "external"
+        c = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'c')
+        c.initializer = int32(123)
+        d = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'd')
+        d.global_constant = True
+        # Non-external linkage implies default "undef" initializer
+        e = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'e')
+        e.linkage = "internal"
+        f = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'f', addrspace=456)
+        f.unnamed_addr = True
+        g = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'g')
+        g.linkage = "internal"
+        g.initializer = int32(123)
+        g.align = 16
+        h = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'h')
+        h.linkage = "internal"
+        h.initializer = int32(123)
+        h.section = "h_section"
+        i = ir.GlobalVariable(mod, int32, 'i')
+        i.linkage = "internal"
+        i.initializer = int32(456)
+        i.align = 8
+        i.section = "i_section"
+        self.check_module_body(mod, """\
+            @"a" = external global i8
+            @"b" = external addrspace(42) global i8
+            @"c" = global i32 123
+            @"d" = external constant i32
+            @"e" = internal global i32 undef
+            @"f" = external unnamed_addr addrspace(456) global i32
+            @"g" = internal global i32 123, align 16
+            @"h" = internal global i32 123, section "h_section"
+            @"i" = internal global i32 456, section "i_section", align 8
+            """)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        mod = self.module()
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(mod)
+
+
+class TestBlock(TestBase):
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        func = self.function()
+        block = ir.Block(parent=func, name='start')
+        self.assertIs(block.parent, func)
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+
+    def test_descr(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        self.assertEqual(self.descr(block), "my_block:\n")
+        block.instructions.extend(['a', 'b'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.descr(block), "my_block:\n  a\n  b\n")
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        c = builder.add(a, b, 'c')
+        d = builder.sub(a, b, 'd')
+        builder.mul(d, b, 'e')
+        f = ir.Instruction(block, a.type, 'sdiv', (c, b), 'f')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"d" = sub i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"e" = mul i32 %"d", %".2"
+            """)
+        block.replace(d, f)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"f" = sdiv i32 %"c", %".2"
+                %"e" = mul i32 %"f", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        """
+        Blocks should have a useful repr()
+        """
+        func = self.function()
+        block = ir.Block(parent=func, name='start')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(block), "<ir.Block 'start' of type 'label'>")
+
+
+class TestBuildInstructions(TestBase):
+    """
+    Test IR generation of LLVM instructions through the IRBuilder class.
+    """
+
+    maxDiff = 4000
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        inst = builder.add(a, b, 'res')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"res" = add i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+        # Instructions should have a useful repr()
+        self.assertEqual(repr(inst),
+                         "<ir.Instruction 'res' of type 'i32', opname 'add', "
+                         "operands (<ir.Argument '.1' of type i32>, "
+                         "<ir.Argument '.2' of type i32>)>")
+
+    def test_binops(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b, ff = builder.function.args[:3]
+        builder.add(a, b, 'c')
+        builder.fadd(a, b, 'd')
+        builder.sub(a, b, 'e')
+        builder.fsub(a, b, 'f')
+        builder.mul(a, b, 'g')
+        builder.fmul(a, b, 'h')
+        builder.udiv(a, b, 'i')
+        builder.sdiv(a, b, 'j')
+        builder.fdiv(a, b, 'k')
+        builder.urem(a, b, 'l')
+        builder.srem(a, b, 'm')
+        builder.frem(a, b, 'n')
+        builder.or_(a, b, 'o')
+        builder.and_(a, b, 'p')
+        builder.xor(a, b, 'q')
+        builder.shl(a, b, 'r')
+        builder.ashr(a, b, 's')
+        builder.lshr(a, b, 't')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            builder.add(a, ff)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                         "Operands must be the same type, got (i32, double)")
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"d" = fadd i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"e" = sub i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"f" = fsub i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"g" = mul i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"h" = fmul i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"i" = udiv i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"j" = sdiv i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"k" = fdiv i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"l" = urem i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"m" = srem i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"n" = frem i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"o" = or i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"p" = and i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"q" = xor i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"r" = shl i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"s" = ashr i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"t" = lshr i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_binop_flags(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        # As tuple
+        builder.add(a, b, 'c', flags=('nuw',))
+        # and as list
+        builder.sub(a, b, 'd', flags=['nuw', 'nsw'])
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add nuw i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"d" = sub nuw nsw i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_binop_fastmath_flags(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        # As tuple
+        builder.fadd(a, b, 'c', flags=('fast',))
+        # and as list
+        builder.fsub(a, b, 'd', flags=['ninf', 'nsz'])
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = fadd fast i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"d" = fsub ninf nsz i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_binops_with_overflow(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        builder.sadd_with_overflow(a, b, 'c')
+        builder.smul_with_overflow(a, b, 'd')
+        builder.ssub_with_overflow(a, b, 'e')
+        builder.uadd_with_overflow(a, b, 'f')
+        builder.umul_with_overflow(a, b, 'g')
+        builder.usub_with_overflow(a, b, 'h')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+my_block:
+    %"c" = call {i32, i1} @"llvm.sadd.with.overflow.i32"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+    %"d" = call {i32, i1} @"llvm.smul.with.overflow.i32"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+    %"e" = call {i32, i1} @"llvm.ssub.with.overflow.i32"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+    %"f" = call {i32, i1} @"llvm.uadd.with.overflow.i32"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+    %"g" = call {i32, i1} @"llvm.umul.with.overflow.i32"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+    %"h" = call {i32, i1} @"llvm.usub.with.overflow.i32"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+            """)
+
+    def test_unary_ops(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b, c = builder.function.args[:3]
+        builder.neg(a, 'd')
+        builder.not_(b, 'e')
+        builder.fneg(c, 'f')
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"d" = sub i32 0, %".1"
+                %"e" = xor i32 %".2", -1
+                %"f" = fneg double %".3"
+            """)
+
+    def test_replace_operand(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        undef1 = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), ir.Undefined)
+        undef2 = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), ir.Undefined)
+        c = builder.add(undef1, undef2, 'c')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add i32 undef, undef
+            """)
+        c.replace_usage(undef1, a)
+        c.replace_usage(undef2, b)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_integer_comparisons(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        builder.icmp_unsigned('==', a, b, 'c')
+        builder.icmp_unsigned('!=', a, b, 'd')
+        builder.icmp_unsigned('<', a, b, 'e')
+        builder.icmp_unsigned('<=', a, b, 'f')
+        builder.icmp_unsigned('>', a, b, 'g')
+        builder.icmp_unsigned('>=', a, b, 'h')
+        builder.icmp_signed('==', a, b, 'i')
+        builder.icmp_signed('!=', a, b, 'j')
+        builder.icmp_signed('<', a, b, 'k')
+        builder.icmp_signed('<=', a, b, 'l')
+        builder.icmp_signed('>', a, b, 'm')
+        builder.icmp_signed('>=', a, b, 'n')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            builder.icmp_signed('uno', a, b, 'zz')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            builder.icmp_signed('foo', a, b, 'zz')
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = icmp eq i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"d" = icmp ne i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"e" = icmp ult i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"f" = icmp ule i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"g" = icmp ugt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"h" = icmp uge i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"i" = icmp eq i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"j" = icmp ne i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"k" = icmp slt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"l" = icmp sle i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"m" = icmp sgt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"n" = icmp sge i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_float_comparisons(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('==', a, b, 'c')
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('!=', a, b, 'd')
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('<', a, b, 'e')
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('<=', a, b, 'f')
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('>', a, b, 'g')
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('>=', a, b, 'h')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('==', a, b, 'i')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('!=', a, b, 'j')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('<', a, b, 'k')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('<=', a, b, 'l')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('>', a, b, 'm')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('>=', a, b, 'n')
+        # fcmp_ordered and fcmp_unordered are the same for these cases
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('ord', a, b, 'u')
+        builder.fcmp_ordered('uno', a, b, 'v')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('ord', a, b, 'w')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('uno', a, b, 'x')
+        builder.fcmp_unordered('olt', a, b, 'y',
+                               flags=['nnan', 'ninf', 'nsz', 'arcp', 'fast'])
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = fcmp oeq i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"d" = fcmp one i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"e" = fcmp olt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"f" = fcmp ole i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"g" = fcmp ogt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"h" = fcmp oge i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"i" = fcmp ueq i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"j" = fcmp une i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"k" = fcmp ult i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"l" = fcmp ule i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"m" = fcmp ugt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"n" = fcmp uge i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"u" = fcmp ord i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"v" = fcmp uno i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"w" = fcmp ord i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"x" = fcmp uno i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"y" = fcmp nnan ninf nsz arcp fast olt i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+
+    def test_misc_ops(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        t = ir.Constant(int1, True)
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        builder.select(t, a, b, 'c', flags=('arcp', 'nnan'))
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        builder.unreachable()
+        self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = select arcp nnan i1 true, i32 %".1", i32 %".2"
+                unreachable
+            """)
+
+    def test_phi(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        bb2 = builder.function.append_basic_block('b2')
+        bb3 = builder.function.append_basic_block('b3')
+        phi = builder.phi(int32, 'my_phi', flags=('fast',))
+        phi.add_incoming(a, bb2)
+        phi.add_incoming(b, bb3)
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"my_phi" = phi fast i32 [%".1", %"b2"], [%".2", %"b3"]
+            """)
+
+    def test_mem_ops(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b, z = builder.function.args[:3]
+        c = builder.alloca(int32, name='c')
+        d = builder.alloca(int32, size=42, name='d')  # noqa F841
+        e = builder.alloca(dbl, size=a, name='e')
+        e.align = 8
+        self.assertEqual(e.type, ir.PointerType(dbl))
+        ee = builder.store(z, e)
+        self.assertEqual(ee.type, ir.VoidType())
+        f = builder.store(b, c)
+        self.assertEqual(f.type, ir.VoidType())
+        g = builder.load(c, 'g')
+        self.assertEqual(g.type, int32)
+        # With alignment
+        h = builder.store(b, c, align=1)
+        self.assertEqual(h.type, ir.VoidType())
+        i = builder.load(c, 'i', align=1)
+        self.assertEqual(i.type, int32)
+        # Atomics
+        j = builder.store_atomic(b, c, ordering="seq_cst", align=4)
+        self.assertEqual(j.type, ir.VoidType())
+        k = builder.load_atomic(c, ordering="seq_cst", align=4, name='k')
+        self.assertEqual(k.type, int32)
+        # Not pointer types
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            builder.store(b, a)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            builder.load(b)
+        # Mismatching pointer type
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+            builder.store(b, e)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                             "cannot store i32 to ptr: mismatching types")
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32
+                    %"d" = alloca i32, i32 42
+                    %"e" = alloca double, i32 %".1", align 8
+                    store double %".3", ptr %"e"
+                    store i32 %".2", ptr %"c"
+                    %"g" = load i32, ptr %"c"
+                    store i32 %".2", ptr %"c", align 1
+                    %"i" = load i32, ptr %"c", align 1
+                    store atomic i32 %".2", ptr %"c" seq_cst, align 4
+                    %"k" = load atomic i32, ptr %"c" seq_cst, align 4
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                             "cannot store i32 to double*: mismatching types")
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32
+                    %"d" = alloca i32, i32 42
+                    %"e" = alloca double, i32 %".1", align 8
+                    store double %".3", double* %"e"
+                    store i32 %".2", i32* %"c"
+                    %"g" = load i32, i32* %"c"
+                    store i32 %".2", i32* %"c", align 1
+                    %"i" = load i32, i32* %"c", align 1
+                    store atomic i32 %".2", i32* %"c" seq_cst, align 4
+                    %"k" = load atomic i32, i32* %"c" seq_cst, align 4
+                """)
+
+    def test_gep(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        c = builder.alloca(ir.PointerType(int32), name='c')
+        d = builder.gep(c, [ir.Constant(int32, 5), a], name='d')
+        self.assertEqual(d.type, ir.PointerType(int32))
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca ptr
+                    %"d" = getelementptr ptr, ptr %"c", i32 5, i32 %".1"
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32*
+                    %"d" = getelementptr i32*, i32** %"c", i32 5, i32 %".1"
+                """)
+        # XXX test with more complex types
+
+    def test_gep_castinstr(self):
+        # similar to:
+        # numba::runtime::nrtdynmod.py_define_nrt_meminfo_data()
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        int8ptr = int8.as_pointer()
+        ls = ir.LiteralStructType([int64, int8ptr, int8ptr, int8ptr, int64])
+        d = builder.bitcast(a, ls.as_pointer(), name='d')
+        e = builder.gep(d, [ir.Constant(int32, x) for x in [0, 3]], name='e')
+        self.assertEqual(e.type, ir.PointerType(int8ptr))
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"d" = bitcast i32 %".1" to ptr
+                    %"e" = getelementptr {i64, ptr, ptr, ptr, i64}, ptr %"d", i32 0, i32 3
+                """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"d" = bitcast i32 %".1" to {i64, i8*, i8*, i8*, i64}*
+                    %"e" = getelementptr {i64, i8*, i8*, i8*, i64}, {i64, i8*, i8*, i8*, i64}* %"d", i32 0, i32 3
+                """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_gep_castinstr_addrspace(self):
+        # similar to:
+        # numba::runtime::nrtdynmod.py_define_nrt_meminfo_data()
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        addrspace = 4
+        int8ptr = int8.as_pointer()
+        ls = ir.LiteralStructType([int64, int8ptr, int8ptr, int8ptr, int64])
+        d = builder.bitcast(a, ls.as_pointer(addrspace=addrspace), name='d')
+        e = builder.gep(d, [ir.Constant(int32, x) for x in [0, 3]], name='e')
+        self.assertEqual(e.type.addrspace, addrspace)
+        self.assertEqual(e.type, ir.PointerType(int8ptr, addrspace=addrspace))
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"d" = bitcast i32 %".1" to ptr addrspace(4)
+                    %"e" = getelementptr {i64, ptr, ptr, ptr, i64}, ptr addrspace(4) %"d", i32 0, i32 3
+                """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"d" = bitcast i32 %".1" to {i64, i8*, i8*, i8*, i64} addrspace(4)*
+                    %"e" = getelementptr {i64, i8*, i8*, i8*, i64}, {i64, i8*, i8*, i8*, i64} addrspace(4)* %"d", i32 0, i32 3
+                """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_gep_addrspace(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        addrspace = 4
+        c = builder.alloca(ir.PointerType(int32, addrspace=addrspace), name='c')
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c.type), 'ptr')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c.type), 'i32 addrspace(4)**')
+        self.assertEqual(c.type.pointee.addrspace, addrspace)
+        d = builder.gep(c, [ir.Constant(int32, 5), a], name='d')
+        self.assertEqual(d.type.addrspace, addrspace)
+        e = builder.gep(d, [ir.Constant(int32, 10)], name='e')
+        self.assertEqual(e.type.addrspace, addrspace)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca ptr addrspace(4)
+                    %"d" = getelementptr ptr addrspace(4), ptr %"c", i32 5, i32 %".1"
+                    %"e" = getelementptr i32, ptr addrspace(4) %"d", i32 10
+                """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32 addrspace(4)*
+                    %"d" = getelementptr i32 addrspace(4)*, i32 addrspace(4)** %"c", i32 5, i32 %".1"
+                    %"e" = getelementptr i32, i32 addrspace(4)* %"d", i32 10
+                """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_extract_insert_value(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        tp_inner = ir.LiteralStructType([int32, int1])
+        tp_outer = ir.LiteralStructType([int8, tp_inner])
+        c_inner = ir.Constant(tp_inner, (ir.Constant(int32, 4),
+                                         ir.Constant(int1, True)))
+        # Flat structure
+        c = builder.extract_value(c_inner, 0, name='c')  # noqa F841
+        d = builder.insert_value(c_inner, a, 0, name='d')  # noqa F841
+        e = builder.insert_value(d, ir.Constant(int1, False), 1, name='e')  # noqa F841 E501
+        self.assertEqual(d.type, tp_inner)
+        self.assertEqual(e.type, tp_inner)
+        # Nested structure
+        p_outer = builder.alloca(tp_outer, name='ptr')
+        j = builder.load(p_outer, name='j')
+        k = builder.extract_value(j, 0, name='k')
+        l = builder.extract_value(j, 1, name='l')
+        m = builder.extract_value(j, (1, 0), name='m')
+        n = builder.extract_value(j, (1, 1), name='n')
+        o = builder.insert_value(j, l, 1, name='o')
+        p = builder.insert_value(j, a, (1, 0), name='p')
+        self.assertEqual(k.type, int8)
+        self.assertEqual(l.type, tp_inner)
+        self.assertEqual(m.type, int32)
+        self.assertEqual(n.type, int1)
+        self.assertEqual(o.type, tp_outer)
+        self.assertEqual(p.type, tp_outer)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            # Not an aggregate
+            builder.extract_value(p_outer, 0)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            # Indexing too deep
+            builder.extract_value(c_inner, (0, 0))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            # Index out of structure bounds
+            builder.extract_value(c_inner, 5)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            # Not an aggregate
+            builder.insert_value(a, b, 0)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            # Replacement value has the wrong type
+            builder.insert_value(c_inner, a, 1)
+
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = extractvalue {i32, i1} {i32 4, i1 true}, 0
+                    %"d" = insertvalue {i32, i1} {i32 4, i1 true}, i32 %".1", 0
+                    %"e" = insertvalue {i32, i1} %"d", i1 false, 1
+                    %"ptr" = alloca {i8, {i32, i1}}
+                    %"j" = load {i8, {i32, i1}}, ptr %"ptr"
+                    %"k" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 0
+                    %"l" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 1
+                    %"m" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 1, 0
+                    %"n" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 1, 1
+                    %"o" = insertvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", {i32, i1} %"l", 1
+                    %"p" = insertvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", i32 %".1", 1, 0
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = extractvalue {i32, i1} {i32 4, i1 true}, 0
+                    %"d" = insertvalue {i32, i1} {i32 4, i1 true}, i32 %".1", 0
+                    %"e" = insertvalue {i32, i1} %"d", i1 false, 1
+                    %"ptr" = alloca {i8, {i32, i1}}
+                    %"j" = load {i8, {i32, i1}}, {i8, {i32, i1}}* %"ptr"
+                    %"k" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 0
+                    %"l" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 1
+                    %"m" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 1, 0
+                    %"n" = extractvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", 1, 1
+                    %"o" = insertvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", {i32, i1} %"l", 1
+                    %"p" = insertvalue {i8, {i32, i1}} %"j", i32 %".1", 1, 0
+                """)
+
+    def test_cast_ops(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b, fa, ptr = builder.function.args[:4]
+        c = builder.trunc(a, int8, name='c')
+        d = builder.zext(c, int32, name='d')  # noqa F841
+        e = builder.sext(c, int32, name='e')  # noqa F841
+        fb = builder.fptrunc(fa, flt, 'fb')
+        fc = builder.fpext(fb, dbl, 'fc')  # noqa F841
+        g = builder.fptoui(fa, int32, 'g')
+        h = builder.fptosi(fa, int8, 'h')
+        fd = builder.uitofp(g, flt, 'fd')  # noqa F841
+        fe = builder.sitofp(h, dbl, 'fe')  # noqa F841
+        i = builder.ptrtoint(ptr, int32, 'i')
+        j = builder.inttoptr(i, ir.PointerType(int8), 'j')  # noqa F841
+        k = builder.bitcast(a, flt, "k")  # noqa F841
+        self.assertFalse(block.is_terminated)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = trunc i32 %".1" to i8
+                    %"d" = zext i8 %"c" to i32
+                    %"e" = sext i8 %"c" to i32
+                    %"fb" = fptrunc double %".3" to float
+                    %"fc" = fpext float %"fb" to double
+                    %"g" = fptoui double %".3" to i32
+                    %"h" = fptosi double %".3" to i8
+                    %"fd" = uitofp i32 %"g" to float
+                    %"fe" = sitofp i8 %"h" to double
+                    %"i" = ptrtoint ptr %".4" to i32
+                    %"j" = inttoptr i32 %"i" to ptr
+                    %"k" = bitcast i32 %".1" to float
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = trunc i32 %".1" to i8
+                    %"d" = zext i8 %"c" to i32
+                    %"e" = sext i8 %"c" to i32
+                    %"fb" = fptrunc double %".3" to float
+                    %"fc" = fpext float %"fb" to double
+                    %"g" = fptoui double %".3" to i32
+                    %"h" = fptosi double %".3" to i8
+                    %"fd" = uitofp i32 %"g" to float
+                    %"fe" = sitofp i8 %"h" to double
+                    %"i" = ptrtoint i32* %".4" to i32
+                    %"j" = inttoptr i32 %"i" to i8*
+                    %"k" = bitcast i32 %".1" to float
+                """)
+
+    def test_atomicrmw(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        c = builder.alloca(int32, name='c')
+        d = builder.atomic_rmw('add', c, a, 'monotonic', 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(d.type, int32)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32
+                    %"d" = atomicrmw add ptr %"c", i32 %".1" monotonic
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32
+                    %"d" = atomicrmw add i32* %"c", i32 %".1" monotonic
+                """)
+
+    def test_branch(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        bb_target = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='target')
+        builder.branch(bb_target)
+        self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                br label %"target"
+            """)
+
+    def test_cbranch(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        bb_true = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='b_true')
+        bb_false = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='b_false')
+        builder.cbranch(ir.Constant(int1, False), bb_true, bb_false)
+        self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                br i1 false, label %"b_true", label %"b_false"
+            """)
+
+    def test_cbranch_weights(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        bb_true = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='b_true')
+        bb_false = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='b_false')
+        br = builder.cbranch(ir.Constant(int1, False), bb_true, bb_false)
+        br.set_weights([5, 42])
+        self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                br i1 false, label %"b_true", label %"b_false", !prof !0
+            """)
+        self.check_metadata(builder.module, """\
+            !0 = !{ !"branch_weights", i32 5, i32 42 }
+            """)
+
+    def test_branch_indirect(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        bb_1 = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='b_1')
+        bb_2 = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='b_2')
+        indirectbr = builder.branch_indirect(
+            ir.BlockAddress(builder.function, bb_1))
+        indirectbr.add_destination(bb_1)
+        indirectbr.add_destination(bb_2)
+        self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    indirectbr ptr blockaddress(@"my_func", %"b_1"), [label %"b_1", label %"b_2"]
+                """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    indirectbr i8* blockaddress(@"my_func", %"b_1"), [label %"b_1", label %"b_2"]
+                """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_returns(self):
+        def check(block, expected_ir):
+            self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+            self.check_block(block, expected_ir)
+
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        builder.ret_void()
+        check(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                ret void
+            """)
+
+        block = self.block(name='other_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        builder.ret(int32(5))
+        check(block, """\
+            other_block:
+                ret i32 5
+            """)
+
+        # With metadata
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        inst = builder.ret_void()
+        inst.set_metadata("dbg", block.module.add_metadata(()))
+        check(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                ret void, !dbg !0
+            """)
+
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        inst = builder.ret(int32(6))
+        inst.set_metadata("dbg", block.module.add_metadata(()))
+        check(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                ret i32 6, !dbg !0
+            """)
+
+    def test_switch(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        bb_onzero = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='onzero')
+        bb_onone = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='onone')
+        bb_ontwo = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='ontwo')
+        bb_else = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='otherwise')
+        sw = builder.switch(a, bb_else)
+        sw.add_case(ir.Constant(int32, 0), bb_onzero)
+        sw.add_case(ir.Constant(int32, 1), bb_onone)
+        # A plain Python value gets converted into the right IR constant
+        sw.add_case(2, bb_ontwo)
+        self.assertTrue(block.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                switch i32 %".1", label %"otherwise" [i32 0, label %"onzero" i32 1, label %"onone" i32 2, label %"ontwo"]
+            """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_call(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        tp_f = ir.FunctionType(flt, (int32, int32))
+        tp_g = ir.FunctionType(dbl, (int32,), var_arg=True)
+        tp_h = ir.FunctionType(hlf, (int32, int32))
+        f = ir.Function(builder.function.module, tp_f, 'f')
+        g = ir.Function(builder.function.module, tp_g, 'g')
+        h = ir.Function(builder.function.module, tp_h, 'h')
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_f')
+        builder.call(g, (b, a), 'res_g')
+        builder.call(h, (a, b), 'res_h')
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_f_fast', cconv='fastcc')
+        res_f_readonly = builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_f_readonly')
+        res_f_readonly.attributes.add('readonly')
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_fast', fastmath='fast')
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_nnan_ninf', fastmath=('nnan', 'ninf'))
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_noinline', attrs='noinline')
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_alwaysinline', attrs='alwaysinline')
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_noinline_ro', attrs=('noinline',
+                                                          'readonly'))
+        builder.call(f, (a, b), 'res_convergent', attrs='convergent')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+        my_block:
+            %"res_f" = call float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+            %"res_g" = call double (i32, ...) @"g"(i32 %".2", i32 %".1")
+            %"res_h" = call half @"h"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+            %"res_f_fast" = call fastcc float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+            %"res_f_readonly" = call float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2") readonly
+            %"res_fast" = call fast float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+            %"res_nnan_ninf" = call ninf nnan float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+            %"res_noinline" = call float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2") noinline
+            %"res_alwaysinline" = call float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2") alwaysinline
+            %"res_noinline_ro" = call float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2") noinline readonly
+            %"res_convergent" = call float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2") convergent
+        """) # noqa E501
+
+    def test_call_metadata(self):
+        """
+        Function calls with metadata arguments.
+        """
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        dbg_declare_ty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), [ir.MetaDataType()] * 3)
+        dbg_declare = ir.Function(
+            builder.module,
+            dbg_declare_ty,
+            'llvm.dbg.declare')
+        a = builder.alloca(int32, name="a")
+        b = builder.module.add_metadata(())
+        builder.call(dbg_declare, (a, b, b))
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"a" = alloca i32
+                    call void @"llvm.dbg.declare"(metadata ptr %"a", metadata !0, metadata !0)
+                """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"a" = alloca i32
+                    call void @"llvm.dbg.declare"(metadata i32* %"a", metadata !0, metadata !0)
+                """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_call_attributes(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        fun_ty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.VoidType(), (int32.as_pointer(), int32, int32.as_pointer()))
+        fun = ir.Function(builder.function.module, fun_ty, 'fun')
+        fun.args[0].add_attribute('sret')
+        retval = builder.alloca(int32, name='retval')
+        other = builder.alloca(int32, name='other')
+        builder.call(
+            fun,
+            (retval, ir.Constant(int32, 42), other),
+            arg_attrs={
+                0: ('sret', 'noalias'),
+                2: 'noalias'
+            }
+        )
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block_regex(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"retval" = alloca i32
+                %"other" = alloca i32
+                call void @"fun"\\(ptr noalias sret(\\(i32\\))? %"retval", i32 42, ptr noalias %"other"\\)
+            """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block_regex(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"retval" = alloca i32
+                %"other" = alloca i32
+                call void @"fun"\\(i32\\* noalias sret(\\(i32\\))? %"retval", i32 42, i32\\* noalias %"other"\\)
+            """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_call_tail(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        fun_ty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), ())
+        fun = ir.Function(builder.function.module, fun_ty, 'my_fun')
+
+        builder.call(fun, ())
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail=False)
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail=True)
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail='tail')
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail='notail')
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail='musttail')
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail=[])  # This is a falsy value
+        builder.call(fun, (), tail='not a marker')  # This is a truthy value
+
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+        my_block:
+            call void @"my_fun"()
+            call void @"my_fun"()
+            tail call void @"my_fun"()
+            tail call void @"my_fun"()
+            notail call void @"my_fun"()
+            musttail call void @"my_fun"()
+            call void @"my_fun"()
+            tail call void @"my_fun"()
+        """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_invalid_call_attributes(self):
+        block = self.block()
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        fun_ty = ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), ())
+        fun = ir.Function(builder.function.module, fun_ty, 'fun')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            # The function has no arguments, so this should fail.
+            builder.call(fun, (), arg_attrs={0: 'sret'})
+
+    def test_invoke(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        tp_f = ir.FunctionType(flt, (int32, int32))
+        f = ir.Function(builder.function.module, tp_f, 'f')
+        bb_normal = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='normal')
+        bb_unwind = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='unwind')
+        builder.invoke(f, (a, b), bb_normal, bb_unwind, 'res_f')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"res_f" = invoke float @"f"(i32 %".1", i32 %".2")
+                    to label %"normal" unwind label %"unwind"
+            """)
+
+    def test_invoke_attributes(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        fun_ty = ir.FunctionType(
+            ir.VoidType(), (int32.as_pointer(), int32, int32.as_pointer()))
+        fun = ir.Function(builder.function.module, fun_ty, 'fun')
+        fun.calling_convention = "fastcc"
+        fun.args[0].add_attribute('sret')
+        retval = builder.alloca(int32, name='retval')
+        other = builder.alloca(int32, name='other')
+        bb_normal = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='normal')
+        bb_unwind = builder.function.append_basic_block(name='unwind')
+        builder.invoke(
+            fun,
+            (retval, ir.Constant(int32, 42), other),
+            bb_normal,
+            bb_unwind,
+            cconv='fastcc',
+            fastmath='fast',
+            attrs='noinline',
+            arg_attrs={
+                0: ('sret', 'noalias'),
+                2: 'noalias'
+            }
+        )
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block_regex(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"retval" = alloca i32
+                %"other" = alloca i32
+                invoke fast fastcc void @"fun"\\(ptr noalias sret(\\(i32\\))? %"retval", i32 42, ptr noalias %"other"\\) noinline
+                    to label %"normal" unwind label %"unwind"
+            """)  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.check_block_regex(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"retval" = alloca i32
+                %"other" = alloca i32
+                invoke fast fastcc void @"fun"\\(i32\\* noalias sret(\\(i32\\))? %"retval", i32 42, i32\\* noalias %"other"\\) noinline
+                    to label %"normal" unwind label %"unwind"
+            """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_landingpad(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        lp = builder.landingpad(ir.LiteralStructType([int32,
+                                                      int8.as_pointer()]), 'lp')
+        int_typeinfo = ir.GlobalVariable(builder.function.module,
+                                         int8.as_pointer(), "_ZTIi")
+        int_typeinfo.global_constant = True
+        lp.add_clause(ir.CatchClause(int_typeinfo))
+        lp.add_clause(ir.FilterClause(ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(
+            int_typeinfo.type, 1), [int_typeinfo])))
+        builder.resume(lp)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"lp" = landingpad {i32, ptr}
+                        catch ptr @"_ZTIi"
+                        filter [1 x ptr] [ptr @"_ZTIi"]
+                    resume {i32, ptr} %"lp"
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"lp" = landingpad {i32, i8*}
+                        catch i8** @"_ZTIi"
+                        filter [1 x i8**] [i8** @"_ZTIi"]
+                    resume {i32, i8*} %"lp"
+                """)
+
+    def test_assume(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        c = builder.icmp_signed('>', a, b, name='c')
+        builder.assume(c)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = icmp sgt i32 %".1", %".2"
+                call void @"llvm.assume"(i1 %"c")
+            """)
+
+    def test_vector_ops(self):
+        block = self.block(name='insert_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        a.name = 'a'
+        b.name = 'b'
+
+        vecty = ir.VectorType(a.type, 2)
+        vec = ir.Constant(vecty, ir.Undefined)
+        idxty = ir.IntType(32)
+        vec = builder.insert_element(vec, a, idxty(0), name='vec1')
+        vec = builder.insert_element(vec, b, idxty(1), name='vec2')
+
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+insert_block:
+    %"vec1" = insertelement <2 x i32> <i32 undef, i32 undef>, i32 %"a", i32 0
+    %"vec2" = insertelement <2 x i32> %"vec1", i32 %"b", i32 1
+            """)
+
+        block = builder.append_basic_block("shuffle_block")
+        builder.branch(block)
+        builder.position_at_end(block)
+
+        mask = ir.Constant(vecty, [1, 0])
+        builder.shuffle_vector(vec, vec, mask, name='shuf')
+
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            shuffle_block:
+                %"shuf" = shufflevector <2 x i32> %"vec2", <2 x i32> %"vec2", <2 x i32> <i32 1, i32 0>
+            """)  # noqa E501
+
+        block = builder.append_basic_block("add_block")
+        builder.branch(block)
+        builder.position_at_end(block)
+
+        builder.add(vec, vec, name='sum')
+
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            add_block:
+                %"sum" = add <2 x i32> %"vec2", %"vec2"
+            """)
+
+        block = builder.append_basic_block("extract_block")
+        builder.branch(block)
+        builder.position_at_end(block)
+
+        c = builder.extract_element(vec, idxty(0), name='ex1')
+        d = builder.extract_element(vec, idxty(1), name='ex2')
+
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            extract_block:
+              %"ex1" = extractelement <2 x i32> %"vec2", i32 0
+              %"ex2" = extractelement <2 x i32> %"vec2", i32 1
+            """)
+
+        builder.ret(builder.add(c, d))
+        self.assert_valid_ir(builder.module)
+
+    def test_bitreverse(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int64, 5)
+        c = builder.bitreverse(a, name='c')
+        builder.ret(c)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = call i64 @"llvm.bitreverse.i64"(i64 5)
+                ret i64 %"c"
+            """)
+
+    def test_bitreverse_wrongtype(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.bitreverse(a, name='c')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected an integer type, got float",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_fence(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as raises:
+            builder.fence("monotonic", None)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Invalid fence ordering \"monotonic\"!",
+            str(raises.exception))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as raises:
+            builder.fence(None, "monotonic")
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Invalid fence ordering \"None\"!",
+            str(raises.exception))
+        builder.fence("acquire", None)
+        builder.fence("release", "singlethread")
+        builder.fence("acq_rel", "singlethread")
+        builder.fence("seq_cst")
+        builder.ret_void()
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                fence acquire
+                fence syncscope("singlethread") release
+                fence syncscope("singlethread") acq_rel
+                fence seq_cst
+                ret void
+            """)
+
+    def test_comment(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            builder.comment("so\nmany lines")
+        builder.comment("my comment")
+        builder.ret_void()
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                ; my comment
+                ret void
+            """)
+
+    def test_bswap(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int32, 5)
+        c = builder.bswap(a, name='c')
+        builder.ret(c)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = call i32 @"llvm.bswap.i32"(i32 5)
+                ret i32 %"c"
+            """)
+
+    def test_ctpop(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int16, 5)
+        c = builder.ctpop(a, name='c')
+        builder.ret(c)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = call i16 @"llvm.ctpop.i16"(i16 5)
+                ret i16 %"c"
+            """)
+
+    def test_ctlz(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int16, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(int1, 1)
+        c = builder.ctlz(a, b, name='c')
+        builder.ret(c)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = call i16 @"llvm.ctlz.i16"(i16 5, i1 1)
+                ret i16 %"c"
+            """)
+
+    def test_convert_to_fp16_f32(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5.0)
+        b = builder.convert_to_fp16(a, name='b')
+        builder.ret(b)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"b" = call i16 @"llvm.convert.to.fp16.f32"(float 0x4014000000000000)
+                ret i16 %"b"
+            """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_convert_to_fp16_f32_wrongtype(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int16, 5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.convert_to_fp16(a, name='b')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected a float type, got i16",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_convert_from_fp16_f32(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int16, 5)
+        b = builder.convert_from_fp16(a, name='b', to=flt)
+        builder.ret(b)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"b" = call float @"llvm.convert.from.fp16.f32"(i16 5)
+                ret float %"b"
+            """)
+
+    def test_convert_from_fp16_f32_notype(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5.5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.convert_from_fp16(a, name='b')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected a float return type",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_convert_from_fp16_f32_wrongtype(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5.5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.convert_from_fp16(a, name='b', to=flt)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected an i16 type, got float",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_convert_from_fp16_f32_wrongtype2(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5.5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.convert_from_fp16(a, name='b', to=int16)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected a float type, got i16",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_cttz(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int64, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(int1, 1)
+        c = builder.cttz(a, b, name='c')
+        builder.ret(c)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = call i64 @"llvm.cttz.i64"(i64 5, i1 1)
+                ret i64 %"c"
+            """)
+
+    def test_cttz_wrongflag(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int64, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(int32, 3)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.cttz(a, b, name='c')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected an i1 type, got i32",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_cttz_wrongtype(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(int1, 1)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.cttz(a, b, name='c')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected an integer type, got float",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_fma(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(flt, 1)
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 2)
+        fma = builder.fma(a, b, c, name='fma')
+        builder.ret(fma)
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"fma" = call float @"llvm.fma.f32"(float 0x4014000000000000, float 0x3ff0000000000000, float 0x4000000000000000)
+                ret float %"fma"
+            """)  # noqa E501
+
+    def test_fma_wrongtype(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(int32, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(int32, 1)
+        c = ir.Constant(int32, 2)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.fma(a, b, c, name='fma')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected an floating point type, got i32",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_fma_mixedtypes(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a = ir.Constant(flt, 5)
+        b = ir.Constant(dbl, 1)
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 2)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            builder.fma(a, b, c, name='fma')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected types to be the same, got float, double, float",
+            str(raises.exception))
+
+    def test_arg_attributes(self):
+        def gen_code(attr_name):
+            fnty = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [ir.IntType(32).as_pointer(),
+                                                    ir.IntType(32)])
+            module = ir.Module()
+
+            func = ir.Function(module, fnty, name="sum")
+
+            bb_entry = func.append_basic_block()
+            bb_loop = func.append_basic_block()
+            bb_exit = func.append_basic_block()
+
+            builder = ir.IRBuilder()
+            builder.position_at_end(bb_entry)
+
+            builder.branch(bb_loop)
+            builder.position_at_end(bb_loop)
+
+            index = builder.phi(ir.IntType(32))
+            index.add_incoming(ir.Constant(index.type, 0), bb_entry)
+            accum = builder.phi(ir.IntType(32))
+            accum.add_incoming(ir.Constant(accum.type, 0), bb_entry)
+
+            func.args[0].add_attribute(attr_name)
+            ptr = builder.gep(func.args[0], [index])
+            value = builder.load(ptr)
+
+            added = builder.add(accum, value)
+            accum.add_incoming(added, bb_loop)
+
+            indexp1 = builder.add(index, ir.Constant(index.type, 1))
+            index.add_incoming(indexp1, bb_loop)
+
+            cond = builder.icmp_unsigned('<', indexp1, func.args[1])
+            builder.cbranch(cond, bb_loop, bb_exit)
+
+            builder.position_at_end(bb_exit)
+            builder.ret(added)
+
+            return str(module)
+
+        for attr_name in (
+            'byref',
+            'byval',
+            'elementtype',
+            'immarg',
+            'inalloca',
+            'inreg',
+            'nest',
+            'noalias',
+            'nocapture',
+            'nofree',
+            'nonnull',
+            'noundef',
+            'preallocated',
+            'returned',
+            'signext',
+            'swiftasync',
+            'swifterror',
+            'swiftself',
+            'zeroext',
+        ):
+            # If this parses, we emitted the right byval attribute format
+            llvm.parse_assembly(gen_code(attr_name))
+        # sret doesn't fit this pattern and is tested in test_call_attributes
+
+
+class TestBuilderMisc(TestBase):
+    """
+    Test various other features of the IRBuilder class.
+    """
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        block = self.block(name='start')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        self.assertIs(builder.function, block.parent)
+        self.assertIsInstance(builder.function, ir.Function)
+        self.assertIs(builder.module, block.parent.module)
+        self.assertIsInstance(builder.module, ir.Module)
+
+    def test_goto_block(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        a, b = builder.function.args[:2]
+        builder.add(a, b, 'c')
+        bb_new = builder.append_basic_block(name='foo')
+        with builder.goto_block(bb_new):
+            builder.fadd(a, b, 'd')
+            with builder.goto_entry_block():
+                builder.sub(a, b, 'e')
+            builder.fsub(a, b, 'f')
+            builder.branch(bb_new)
+        builder.mul(a, b, 'g')
+        with builder.goto_block(bb_new):
+            builder.fmul(a, b, 'h')
+        self.check_block(block, """\
+            my_block:
+                %"c" = add i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"e" = sub i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"g" = mul i32 %".1", %".2"
+            """)
+        self.check_block(bb_new, """\
+            foo:
+                %"d" = fadd i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"f" = fsub i32 %".1", %".2"
+                %"h" = fmul i32 %".1", %".2"
+                br label %"foo"
+            """)
+
+    def test_if_then(self):
+        block = self.block(name='one')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        z = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+        a = builder.add(z, z, 'a')
+        with builder.if_then(a) as bbend:
+            builder.add(z, z, 'b')
+            # Block will be terminated implicitly
+        self.assertIs(builder.block, bbend)
+        c = builder.add(z, z, 'c')
+        with builder.if_then(c):
+            builder.add(z, z, 'd')
+            builder.branch(block)
+            # No implicit termination
+        self.check_func_body(builder.function, """\
+            one:
+                %"a" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"a", label %"one.if", label %"one.endif"
+            one.if:
+                %"b" = add i1 0, 0
+                br label %"one.endif"
+            one.endif:
+                %"c" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"c", label %"one.endif.if", label %"one.endif.endif"
+            one.endif.if:
+                %"d" = add i1 0, 0
+                br label %"one"
+            one.endif.endif:
+            """)
+
+    def test_if_then_nested(self):
+        # Implicit termination in a nested if/then
+        block = self.block(name='one')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        z = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+        a = builder.add(z, z, 'a')
+        with builder.if_then(a):
+            b = builder.add(z, z, 'b')
+            with builder.if_then(b):
+                builder.add(z, z, 'c')
+        builder.ret_void()
+        self.check_func_body(builder.function, """\
+            one:
+                %"a" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"a", label %"one.if", label %"one.endif"
+            one.if:
+                %"b" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"b", label %"one.if.if", label %"one.if.endif"
+            one.endif:
+                ret void
+            one.if.if:
+                %"c" = add i1 0, 0
+                br label %"one.if.endif"
+            one.if.endif:
+                br label %"one.endif"
+            """)
+
+    def test_if_then_long_label(self):
+        full_label = 'Long' * 20
+        block = self.block(name=full_label)
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        z = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+        a = builder.add(z, z, 'a')
+        with builder.if_then(a):
+            b = builder.add(z, z, 'b')
+            with builder.if_then(b):
+                builder.add(z, z, 'c')
+        builder.ret_void()
+        self.check_func_body(builder.function, """\
+            {full_label}:
+                %"a" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"a", label %"{label}.if", label %"{label}.endif"
+            {label}.if:
+                %"b" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"b", label %"{label}.if.if", label %"{label}.if.endif"
+            {label}.endif:
+                ret void
+            {label}.if.if:
+                %"c" = add i1 0, 0
+                br label %"{label}.if.endif"
+            {label}.if.endif:
+                br label %"{label}.endif"
+            """.format(full_label=full_label, label=full_label[:25] + '..'))
+
+    def test_if_then_likely(self):
+        def check(likely):
+            block = self.block(name='one')
+            builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+            z = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+            with builder.if_then(z, likely=likely):
+                pass
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                one:
+                    br i1 0, label %"one.if", label %"one.endif", !prof !0
+                """)
+            return builder
+        builder = check(True)
+        self.check_metadata(builder.module, """\
+            !0 = !{ !"branch_weights", i32 99, i32 1 }
+            """)
+        builder = check(False)
+        self.check_metadata(builder.module, """\
+            !0 = !{ !"branch_weights", i32 1, i32 99 }
+            """)
+
+    def test_if_else(self):
+        block = self.block(name='one')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        z = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+        a = builder.add(z, z, 'a')
+        with builder.if_else(a) as (then, otherwise):
+            with then:
+                builder.add(z, z, 'b')
+            with otherwise:
+                builder.add(z, z, 'c')
+            # Each block will be terminated implicitly
+        with builder.if_else(a) as (then, otherwise):
+            with then:
+                builder.branch(block)
+            with otherwise:
+                builder.ret_void()
+            # No implicit termination
+        self.check_func_body(builder.function, """\
+            one:
+                %"a" = add i1 0, 0
+                br i1 %"a", label %"one.if", label %"one.else"
+            one.if:
+                %"b" = add i1 0, 0
+                br label %"one.endif"
+            one.else:
+                %"c" = add i1 0, 0
+                br label %"one.endif"
+            one.endif:
+                br i1 %"a", label %"one.endif.if", label %"one.endif.else"
+            one.endif.if:
+                br label %"one"
+            one.endif.else:
+                ret void
+            one.endif.endif:
+            """)
+
+    def test_if_else_likely(self):
+        def check(likely):
+            block = self.block(name='one')
+            builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+            z = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+            with builder.if_else(z, likely=likely) as (then, otherwise):
+                with then:
+                    builder.branch(block)
+                with otherwise:
+                    builder.ret_void()
+            self.check_func_body(builder.function, """\
+                one:
+                    br i1 0, label %"one.if", label %"one.else", !prof !0
+                one.if:
+                    br label %"one"
+                one.else:
+                    ret void
+                one.endif:
+                """)
+            return builder
+        builder = check(True)
+        self.check_metadata(builder.module, """\
+            !0 = !{ !"branch_weights", i32 99, i32 1 }
+            """)
+        builder = check(False)
+        self.check_metadata(builder.module, """\
+            !0 = !{ !"branch_weights", i32 1, i32 99 }
+            """)
+
+    def test_positioning(self):
+        """
+        Test IRBuilder.position_{before,after,at_start,at_end}.
+        """
+        func = self.function()
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder()
+        z = ir.Constant(int32, 0)
+        bb_one = func.append_basic_block(name='one')
+        bb_two = func.append_basic_block(name='two')
+        bb_three = func.append_basic_block(name='three')
+        # .at_start(empty block)
+        builder.position_at_start(bb_one)
+        builder.add(z, z, 'a')
+        # .at_end(empty block)
+        builder.position_at_end(bb_two)
+        builder.add(z, z, 'm')
+        builder.add(z, z, 'n')
+        # .at_start(block)
+        builder.position_at_start(bb_two)
+        o = builder.add(z, z, 'o')
+        builder.add(z, z, 'p')
+        # .at_end(block)
+        builder.position_at_end(bb_one)
+        b = builder.add(z, z, 'b')
+        # .after(instr)
+        builder.position_after(o)
+        builder.add(z, z, 'q')
+        # .before(instr)
+        builder.position_before(b)
+        builder.add(z, z, 'c')
+        self.check_block(bb_one, """\
+            one:
+                %"a" = add i32 0, 0
+                %"c" = add i32 0, 0
+                %"b" = add i32 0, 0
+            """)
+        self.check_block(bb_two, """\
+            two:
+                %"o" = add i32 0, 0
+                %"q" = add i32 0, 0
+                %"p" = add i32 0, 0
+                %"m" = add i32 0, 0
+                %"n" = add i32 0, 0
+            """)
+        self.check_block(bb_three, """\
+            three:
+            """)
+
+    def test_instruction_removal(self):
+        func = self.function()
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder()
+        blk = func.append_basic_block(name='entry')
+        builder.position_at_end(blk)
+        k = ir.Constant(int32, 1234)
+        a = builder.add(k, k, 'a')
+        retvoid = builder.ret_void()
+        self.assertTrue(blk.is_terminated)
+        builder.remove(retvoid)
+        self.assertFalse(blk.is_terminated)
+        b = builder.mul(a, a, 'b')
+        c = builder.add(b, b, 'c')
+        builder.remove(c)
+        builder.ret_void()
+        self.assertTrue(blk.is_terminated)
+        self.check_block(blk, """\
+            entry:
+                %"a" = add i32 1234, 1234
+                %"b" = mul i32 %"a", %"a"
+                ret void
+        """)
+
+    def test_metadata(self):
+        block = self.block(name='my_block')
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+        builder.debug_metadata = builder.module.add_metadata([])
+        builder.alloca(ir.PointerType(int32), name='c')
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca ptr, !dbg !0
+                """)
+        else:
+            self.check_block(block, """\
+                my_block:
+                    %"c" = alloca i32*, !dbg !0
+                """)
+
+
+class TestTypes(TestBase):
+
+    def has_logical_equality(self, ty):
+        while isinstance(ty, ir.PointerType):
+            ty = ty.pointee
+        return not isinstance(ty, ir.LabelType)
+
+    def assorted_types(self):
+        """
+        A bunch of mutually unequal types
+        """
+        # Avoid polluting the namespace
+        context = ir.Context()
+        types = [
+            ir.LabelType(), ir.VoidType(),
+            ir.FunctionType(int1, (int8, int8)), ir.FunctionType(int1, (int8,)),
+            ir.FunctionType(int1, (int8,), var_arg=True),
+            ir.FunctionType(int8, (int8,)),
+            int1, int8, int32, flt, dbl,
+            ir.ArrayType(flt, 5), ir.ArrayType(dbl, 5), ir.ArrayType(dbl, 4),
+            ir.LiteralStructType((int1, int8)), ir.LiteralStructType((int8,
+                                                                      int1)),
+            context.get_identified_type("MyType1"),
+            context.get_identified_type("MyType2"),
+        ]
+        types += [ir.PointerType(tp) for tp in types
+                  if not isinstance(tp, (ir.VoidType, ir.LabelType))]
+
+        return types
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        types = self.assorted_types()
+        for ty in types:
+            newty = self.assert_pickle_correctly(ty)
+            if self.has_logical_equality(ty):
+                self.assertEqual(newty, ty)
+
+    def test_comparisons(self):
+        types = self.assorted_types()
+        for a, b in itertools.product(types, types):
+            if a is not b:
+                self.assertFalse(a == b, (a, b))
+                self.assertTrue(a != b, (a, b))
+        # We assume copy.copy() works fine here...
+        for tp in types:
+            other = copy.copy(tp)
+            if self.has_logical_equality(tp):
+                self.assertTrue(tp == other, (tp, other))
+                self.assertFalse(tp != other, (tp, other))
+            else:
+                self.assertFalse(tp == other, (tp, other))
+                self.assertTrue(tp != other, (tp, other))
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        """
+        Test the string representation of types.
+        """
+        self.assertEqual(str(int1), 'i1')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.IntType(29)), 'i29')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flt), 'float')
+        self.assertEqual(str(dbl), 'double')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.VoidType()), 'void')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.FunctionType(int1, ())), 'i1 ()')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.FunctionType(int1, (flt,))), 'i1 (float)')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.FunctionType(int1, (flt, dbl))),
+                         'i1 (float, double)')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.FunctionType(int1, (), var_arg=True)),
+                         'i1 (...)')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.FunctionType(int1, (flt,), var_arg=True)),
+                         'i1 (float, ...)')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.FunctionType(int1, (flt, dbl), var_arg=True)),
+                         'i1 (float, double, ...)')
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.PointerType(int32)), 'ptr')
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.PointerType(ir.PointerType(int32))), 'ptr')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.PointerType(int32)), 'i32*')
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.PointerType(ir.PointerType(int32))),
+                             'i32**')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.ArrayType(int1, 5)), '[5 x i1]')
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.ArrayType(ir.PointerType(int1), 5)),
+                             '[5 x ptr]')
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.PointerType(ir.ArrayType(int1, 5))), 'ptr')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.ArrayType(ir.PointerType(int1), 5)),
+                             '[5 x i1*]')
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.PointerType(ir.ArrayType(int1, 5))),
+                             '[5 x i1]*')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.LiteralStructType((int1,))), '{i1}')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.LiteralStructType((int1, flt))), '{i1, float}')
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.LiteralStructType((
+                ir.PointerType(int1), ir.LiteralStructType((int32, int8))))),
+                '{ptr, {i32, i8}}')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(ir.LiteralStructType((
+                ir.PointerType(int1), ir.LiteralStructType((int32, int8))))),
+                '{i1*, {i32, i8}}')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.LiteralStructType((int1,), packed=True)),
+                         '<{i1}>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ir.LiteralStructType((int1, flt), packed=True)),
+                         '<{i1, float}>')
+
+        # Avoid polluting the namespace
+        context = ir.Context()
+        mytype = context.get_identified_type("MyType")
+        self.assertEqual(str(mytype), "%\"MyType\"")
+        mytype1 = context.get_identified_type("MyType\\")
+        self.assertEqual(str(mytype1), "%\"MyType\\5c\"")
+        mytype2 = context.get_identified_type("MyType\"")
+        self.assertEqual(str(mytype2), "%\"MyType\\22\"")
+
+    def test_hash(self):
+        for typ in filter(self.has_logical_equality, self.assorted_types()):
+            self.assertEqual(hash(typ), hash(copy.copy(typ)))
+
+    def test_gep(self):
+        def check_constant(tp, i, expected):
+            actual = tp.gep(ir.Constant(int32, i))
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        def check_index_type(tp):
+            index = ir.Constant(dbl, 1.0)
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                tp.gep(index)
+
+        tp = ir.PointerType(dbl)
+        for i in range(5):
+            check_constant(tp, i, dbl)
+        check_index_type(tp)
+
+        tp = ir.ArrayType(int1, 3)
+        for i in range(3):
+            check_constant(tp, i, int1)
+        check_index_type(tp)
+
+        tp = ir.LiteralStructType((dbl, ir.LiteralStructType((int1, int8))))
+        check_constant(tp, 0, dbl)
+        check_constant(tp, 1, ir.LiteralStructType((int1, int8)))
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            tp.gep(ir.Constant(int32, 2))
+        check_index_type(tp)
+
+        context = ir.Context()
+        tp = ir.IdentifiedStructType(context, "MyType")
+        tp.set_body(dbl, ir.LiteralStructType((int1, int8)))
+        check_constant(tp, 0, dbl)
+        check_constant(tp, 1, ir.LiteralStructType((int1, int8)))
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            tp.gep(ir.Constant(int32, 2))
+        check_index_type(tp)
+
+    def test_abi_size(self):
+        td = llvm.create_target_data("e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128")
+
+        def check(tp, expected):
+            self.assertEqual(tp.get_abi_size(td), expected)
+        check(int8, 1)
+        check(int32, 4)
+        check(int64, 8)
+        check(ir.ArrayType(int8, 5), 5)
+        check(ir.ArrayType(int32, 5), 20)
+        check(ir.LiteralStructType((dbl, flt, flt)), 16)
+
+    def test_abi_alignment(self):
+        td = llvm.create_target_data("e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128")
+
+        def check(tp, expected):
+            self.assertIn(tp.get_abi_alignment(td), expected)
+        check(int8, (1, 2, 4))
+        check(int32, (4,))
+        check(int64, (8,))
+        check(ir.ArrayType(int8, 5), (1, 2, 4))
+        check(ir.ArrayType(int32, 5), (4,))
+        check(ir.LiteralStructType((dbl, flt, flt)), (8,))
+
+    def test_identified_struct(self):
+        context = ir.Context()
+        mytype = context.get_identified_type("MyType")
+        module = ir.Module(context=context)
+        self.assertTrue(mytype.is_opaque)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(module)
+        oldstr = str(module)
+        mytype.set_body(ir.IntType(32), ir.IntType(64), ir.FloatType())
+        self.assertFalse(mytype.is_opaque)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(module)
+        self.assertNotEqual(oldstr, str(module))
+
+    def test_identified_struct_packed(self):
+        td = llvm.create_target_data("e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128")
+        context = ir.Context()
+        mytype = context.get_identified_type("MyType", True)
+        module = ir.Module(context=context)
+        self.assertTrue(mytype.is_opaque)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(module)
+        oldstr = str(module)
+        mytype.set_body(ir.IntType(16), ir.IntType(64), ir.FloatType())
+        self.assertEqual(mytype.get_element_offset(td, 1, context), 2)
+        self.assertFalse(mytype.is_opaque)
+        self.assert_valid_ir(module)
+        self.assertNotEqual(oldstr, str(module))
+
+    def test_target_data_non_default_context(self):
+        context = ir.Context()
+        mytype = context.get_identified_type("MyType")
+        mytype.elements = [ir.IntType(32)]
+        td = llvm.create_target_data("e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128")
+        self.assertEqual(mytype.get_abi_size(td, context=context), 4)
+
+    def test_vector(self):
+        vecty = ir.VectorType(ir.IntType(32), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(str(vecty), "<8 x i32>")
+
+
+def c32(i):
+    return ir.Constant(int32, i)
+
+
+class TestConstant(TestBase):
+
+    def test_integers(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(int32, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i32 42')
+        c = ir.Constant(int1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 1')
+        c = ir.Constant(int1, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 0')
+        c = ir.Constant(int1, True)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 true')
+        c = ir.Constant(int1, False)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 false')
+        c = ir.Constant(int1, ir.Undefined)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 undef')
+        c = ir.Constant(int1, None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 0')
+
+    def test_reals(self):
+        # XXX Test NaNs and infs
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 1.5)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'float 0x3ff8000000000000')
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, -1.5)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'float 0xbff8000000000000')
+        c = ir.Constant(dbl, 1.5)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'double 0x3ff8000000000000')
+        c = ir.Constant(dbl, -1.5)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'double 0xbff8000000000000')
+        c = ir.Constant(dbl, ir.Undefined)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'double undef')
+        c = ir.Constant(dbl, None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'double 0.0')
+
+    def test_arrays(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int32, 3), (c32(5), c32(6), c32(4)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[3 x i32] [i32 5, i32 6, i32 4]')
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int32, 2), (c32(5), c32(ir.Undefined)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[2 x i32] [i32 5, i32 undef]')
+
+        c = ir.Constant.literal_array((c32(5), c32(6), c32(ir.Undefined)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[3 x i32] [i32 5, i32 6, i32 undef]')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raises:
+            ir.Constant.literal_array((c32(5), ir.Constant(flt, 1.5)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(raises.exception),
+                         "all elements must have the same type")
+
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int32, 2), ir.Undefined)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[2 x i32] undef')
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int32, 2), None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[2 x i32] zeroinitializer')
+        # Raw array syntax
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int8, 11), bytearray(b"foobar_123\x80"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), r'[11 x i8] c"foobar_123\80"')
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int8, 4), bytearray(b"\x00\x01\x04\xff"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), r'[4 x i8] c"\00\01\04\ff"')
+        # Recursive instantiation of inner constants
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int32, 3), (5, ir.Undefined, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[3 x i32] [i32 5, i32 undef, i32 6]')
+        # Invalid number of args
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(int32, 3), (5, 6))
+
+    def test_vector(self):
+        vecty = ir.VectorType(ir.IntType(32), 8)
+        vals = [1, 2, 4, 3, 8, 6, 9, 7]
+        vec = ir.Constant(vecty, vals)
+        vec_repr = "<8 x i32> <{}>".format(
+            ', '.join(map('i32 {}'.format, vals)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(vec), vec_repr)
+
+    def test_non_nullable_int(self):
+        constant = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), None).constant
+        self.assertEqual(constant, 0)
+
+    def test_structs(self):
+        st1 = ir.LiteralStructType((flt, int1))
+        st2 = ir.LiteralStructType((int32, st1))
+        c = ir.Constant(st1, (ir.Constant(ir.FloatType(), 1.5),
+                              ir.Constant(int1, True)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                         '{float, i1} {float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 true}')
+        c = ir.Constant.literal_struct((ir.Constant(ir.FloatType(), 1.5),
+                                        ir.Constant(int1, True)))
+        self.assertEqual(c.type, st1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                         '{float, i1} {float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 true}')
+        c = ir.Constant.literal_struct((ir.Constant(ir.FloatType(), 1.5),
+                                        ir.Constant(int1, ir.Undefined)))
+        self.assertEqual(c.type, st1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                         '{float, i1} {float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 undef}')
+        c = ir.Constant(st1, ir.Undefined)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '{float, i1} undef')
+        c = ir.Constant(st1, None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '{float, i1} zeroinitializer')
+        # Recursive instantiation of inner constants
+        c1 = ir.Constant(st1, (1.5, True))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c1),
+                         '{float, i1} {float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 true}')
+        c2 = ir.Constant(st2, (42, c1))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c2), ('{i32, {float, i1}} {i32 42, {float, i1} '
+                                   '{float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 true}}'))
+        c3 = ir.Constant(st2, (42, (1.5, True)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c3), str(c2))
+        # Invalid number of args
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ir.Constant(st2, (4, 5, 6))
+
+    def test_undefined_literal_struct_pickling(self):
+        i8 = ir.IntType(8)
+        st = ir.Constant(ir.LiteralStructType([i8, i8]), ir.Undefined)
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(st)
+
+    def test_type_instantiaton(self):
+        """
+        Instantiating a type should create a constant.
+        """
+        c = int8(42)
+        self.assertIsInstance(c, ir.Constant)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i8 42')
+        c = int1(True)
+        self.assertIsInstance(c, ir.Constant)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'i1 true')
+        # Arrays
+        at = ir.ArrayType(int32, 3)
+        c = at([c32(4), c32(5), c32(6)])
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[3 x i32] [i32 4, i32 5, i32 6]')
+        c = at([4, 5, 6])
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[3 x i32] [i32 4, i32 5, i32 6]')
+        c = at(None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), '[3 x i32] zeroinitializer')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            at([4, 5, 6, 7])
+        # Structs
+        st1 = ir.LiteralStructType((flt, int1))
+        st2 = ir.LiteralStructType((int32, st1))
+        c = st1((1.5, True))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), ('{float, i1} {float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 '
+                                  'true}'))
+        c = st2((42, (1.5, True)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), ('{i32, {float, i1}} {i32 42, {float, i1} '
+                                  '{float 0x3ff8000000000000, i1 true}}'))
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        """
+        Constants should have a useful repr().
+        """
+        c = int32(42)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c), "<ir.Constant type='i32' value=42>")
+
+    def test_encoding_problem(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), 256),
+                        bytearray(range(256)))
+        m = self.module()
+        gv = ir.GlobalVariable(m, c.type, "myconstant")
+        gv.global_constant = True
+        gv.initializer = c
+        # With utf-8, the following will cause:
+        # UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe0 in position
+        # 136: invalid continuation byte
+        parsed = llvm.parse_assembly(str(m))
+        # Make sure the encoding does not modify the IR
+        reparsed = llvm.parse_assembly(str(parsed))
+        self.assertEqual(str(parsed), str(reparsed))
+
+    def test_gep(self):
+        m = self.module()
+        tp = ir.LiteralStructType((flt, int1))
+        gv = ir.GlobalVariable(m, tp, "myconstant")
+        c = gv.gep([ir.Constant(int32, x) for x in (0, 1)])
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                             'getelementptr ({float, i1}, ptr @"myconstant", i32 0, i32 1)')  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                             'getelementptr ({float, i1}, {float, i1}* @"myconstant", i32 0, i32 1)')  # noqa E501
+        self.assertEqual(c.type, ir.PointerType(int1))
+
+        const = ir.Constant(tp, None)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            const.gep([ir.Constant(int32, 0)])
+
+        const_ptr = ir.Constant(tp.as_pointer(), None)
+        c2 = const_ptr.gep([ir.Constant(int32, 0)])
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c2),
+                             'getelementptr ({float, i1}, ptr null, i32 0)')  # noqa E501
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c2),
+                             'getelementptr ({float, i1}, {float, i1}* null, i32 0)')  # noqa E501
+        self.assertEqual(c.type, ir.PointerType(int1))
+
+    def test_gep_addrspace_globalvar(self):
+        m = self.module()
+        tp = ir.LiteralStructType((flt, int1))
+        addrspace = 4
+
+        gv = ir.GlobalVariable(m, tp, "myconstant", addrspace=addrspace)
+        self.assertEqual(gv.addrspace, addrspace)
+        c = gv.gep([ir.Constant(int32, x) for x in (0, 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(c.type.addrspace, addrspace)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                             ('getelementptr ({float, i1}, ptr '
+                              'addrspace(4) @"myconstant", i32 0, i32 1)'))
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c),
+                             ('getelementptr ({float, i1}, {float, i1} '
+                              'addrspace(4)* @"myconstant", i32 0, i32 1)'))
+        self.assertEqual(c.type, ir.PointerType(int1, addrspace=addrspace))
+
+    def test_trunc(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(int64, 1).trunc(int32)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'trunc (i64 1 to i32)')
+
+    def test_zext(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(int32, 1).zext(int64)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'zext (i32 1 to i64)')
+
+    def test_sext(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(int32, -1).sext(int64)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'sext (i32 -1 to i64)')
+
+    def test_fptrunc(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 1).fptrunc(hlf)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'fptrunc (float 0x3ff0000000000000 to half)')
+
+    def test_fpext(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 1).fpext(dbl)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'fpext (float 0x3ff0000000000000 to double)')
+
+    def test_bitcast(self):
+        m = self.module()
+        gv = ir.GlobalVariable(m, int32, "myconstant")
+        c = gv.bitcast(int64.as_pointer())
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'bitcast (ptr @"myconstant" to ptr)')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'bitcast (i32* @"myconstant" to i64*)')
+
+    def test_fptoui(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 1).fptoui(int32)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'fptoui (float 0x3ff0000000000000 to i32)')
+
+    def test_uitofp(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(int32, 1).uitofp(flt)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'uitofp (i32 1 to float)')
+
+    def test_fptosi(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(flt, 1).fptosi(int32)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'fptosi (float 0x3ff0000000000000 to i32)')
+
+    def test_sitofp(self):
+        c = ir.Constant(int32, 1).sitofp(flt)
+        self.assertEqual(str(c), 'sitofp (i32 1 to float)')
+
+    def test_ptrtoint_1(self):
+        ptr = ir.Constant(int64.as_pointer(), None)
+        one = ir.Constant(int32, 1)
+        c = ptr.ptrtoint(int32)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, one.ptrtoint, int64)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ptr.ptrtoint, flt)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'ptrtoint (ptr null to i32)')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'ptrtoint (i64* null to i32)')
+
+    def test_ptrtoint_2(self):
+        m = self.module()
+        gv = ir.GlobalVariable(m, int32, "myconstant")
+        c = gv.ptrtoint(int64)
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'ptrtoint (ptr @"myconstant" to i64)')
+
+            self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                TypeError,
+                r"can only ptrtoint\(\) to integer type, not 'ptr'",
+                gv.ptrtoint,
+                int64.as_pointer())
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'ptrtoint (i32* @"myconstant" to i64)')
+
+            self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                TypeError,
+                r"can only ptrtoint\(\) to integer type, not 'i64\*'",
+                gv.ptrtoint,
+                int64.as_pointer())
+
+        c2 = ir.Constant(int32, 0)
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r"can only call ptrtoint\(\) on pointer type, not 'i32'",
+            c2.ptrtoint,
+            int64)
+
+    def test_inttoptr(self):
+        one = ir.Constant(int32, 1)
+        pi = ir.Constant(flt, 3.14)
+        c = one.inttoptr(int64.as_pointer())
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, one.inttoptr, int64)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pi.inttoptr, int64.as_pointer())
+        # FIXME: Remove `else' once TP are no longer supported.
+        if opaque_pointers_enabled:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'inttoptr (i32 1 to ptr)')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(str(c), 'inttoptr (i32 1 to i64*)')
+
+    def test_neg(self):
+        one = ir.Constant(int32, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(one.neg()), 'sub (i32 0, i32 1)')
+
+    def test_not(self):
+        one = ir.Constant(int32, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(one.not_()), 'xor (i32 1, i32 -1)')
+
+    def test_fneg(self):
+        one = ir.Constant(flt, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(one.fneg()), 'fneg (float 0x3ff0000000000000)')
+
+    def test_int_binops(self):
+        one = ir.Constant(int32, 1)
+        two = ir.Constant(int32, 2)
+
+        oracle = {one.shl:  'shl',  one.lshr: 'lshr', one.ashr: 'ashr',
+                  one.add:  'add',  one.sub:  'sub',  one.mul:  'mul',
+                  one.udiv: 'udiv', one.sdiv: 'sdiv', one.urem: 'urem',
+                  one.srem: 'srem', one.or_:  'or',   one.and_: 'and',
+                  one.xor:  'xor'}
+        for fn, irop in oracle.items():
+            self.assertEqual(str(fn(two)), irop + ' (i32 1, i32 2)')
+
+        # unsigned integer compare
+        oracle = {'==': 'eq', '!=': 'ne', '>':
+                  'ugt', '>=': 'uge', '<': 'ult', '<=': 'ule'}
+        for cop, cond in oracle.items():
+            actual = str(one.icmp_unsigned(cop, two))
+            expected = 'icmp ' + cond + ' (i32 1, i32 2)'
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        # signed integer compare
+        oracle = {'==': 'eq', '!=': 'ne',
+                  '>': 'sgt', '>=': 'sge', '<': 'slt', '<=': 'sle'}
+        for cop, cond in oracle.items():
+            actual = str(one.icmp_signed(cop, two))
+            expected = 'icmp ' + cond + ' (i32 1, i32 2)'
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_flt_binops(self):
+        one = ir.Constant(flt, 1)
+        two = ir.Constant(flt, 2)
+
+        oracle = {one.fadd: 'fadd', one.fsub: 'fsub', one.fmul:  'fmul',
+                  one.fdiv: 'fdiv', one.frem: 'frem'}
+        for fn, irop in oracle.items():
+            actual = str(fn(two))
+            expected = irop + (' (float 0x3ff0000000000000,'
+                               ' float 0x4000000000000000)')
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        # ordered float compare
+        oracle = {'==': 'oeq', '!=': 'one', '>': 'ogt', '>=': 'oge',
+                  '<': 'olt', '<=': 'ole'}
+        for cop, cond in oracle.items():
+            actual = str(one.fcmp_ordered(cop, two))
+            expected = 'fcmp ' + cond + (' (float 0x3ff0000000000000,'
+                                         ' float 0x4000000000000000)')
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        # unordered float compare
+        oracle = {'==': 'ueq', '!=': 'une', '>': 'ugt', '>=': 'uge',
+                  '<': 'ult', '<=': 'ule'}
+        for cop, cond in oracle.items():
+            actual = str(one.fcmp_unordered(cop, two))
+            expected = 'fcmp ' + cond + (' (float 0x3ff0000000000000,'
+                                         ' float 0x4000000000000000)')
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+class TestTransforms(TestBase):
+    def test_call_transform(self):
+        mod = ir.Module()
+        foo = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), ()), "foo")
+        bar = ir.Function(mod, ir.FunctionType(ir.VoidType(), ()), "bar")
+        builder = ir.IRBuilder()
+        builder.position_at_end(foo.append_basic_block())
+        call = builder.call(foo, ())
+        self.assertEqual(call.callee, foo)
+        modified = ir.replace_all_calls(mod, foo, bar)
+        self.assertIn(call, modified)
+        self.assertNotEqual(call.callee, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(call.callee, bar)
+
+
+class TestSingleton(TestBase):
+    def test_undefined(self):
+        self.assertIs(ir.Undefined, ir.values._Undefined())
+        self.assertIs(ir.Undefined, copy.copy(ir.Undefined))
+        self.assertIs(ir.Undefined, copy.deepcopy(ir.Undefined))
+        self.assert_pickle_correctly(ir.Undefined)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()