lionagi 0.5.5__py3-none-any.whl → 0.6.1__py3-none-any.whl

lionagi/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2386 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2023 - 2024, HaiyangLi <quantocean.li at gmail dot com>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+import copy as _copy
+import functools
+import json
+import logging
+import re
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time as t_
+import uuid
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from abc import ABC
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from functools import lru_cache, partial
+from inspect import isclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Self,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, model_validator
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefinedType
+
+from .settings import Settings
+
+R = TypeVar("R")
+T = TypeVar("T")
+B = TypeVar("B", bound=BaseModel)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "UndefinedType",
+    "KeysDict",
+    "HashableModel",
+    "Params",
+    "DataClass",
+    "UNDEFINED",
+    "copy",
+    "is_same_dtype",
+    "get_file_classes",
+    "get_class_file_registry",
+    "get_class_objects",
+    "is_coro_func",
+    "custom_error_handler",
+    "to_list",
+    "lcall",
+    "alcall",
+    "bcall",
+    "create_path",
+    "time",
+    "fuzzy_parse_json",
+    "fix_json_string",
+    "ToListParams",
+    "LCallParams",
+    "ALCallParams",
+    "BCallParams",
+    "CreatePathParams",
+    "get_bins",
+    "EventStatus",
+    "logger",
+    "throttle",
+    "max_concurrent",
+    "force_async",
+    "to_num",
+    "breakdown_pydantic_annotation",
+    "run_package_manager_command",
+)
+
+
+# --- General Global Utilities Types ---
+
+
+class UndefinedType:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.undefined = True
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        # Ensure UNDEFINED is universal
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> Literal["UNDEFINED"]:
+        return "UNDEFINED"
+
+    __slots__ = ["undefined"]
+
+
+class KeysDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """TypedDict for keys dictionary."""
+
+    key: Any  # Represents any key-type pair
+
+
+class HashableModel(BaseModel):
+
+    def to_dict(self, **kwargs) -> dict:
+        """provides interface, specific methods need to be implemented in subclass kwargs for pydantic model_dump"""
+        return {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in self.model_dump(**kwargs).items()
+            if v is not UNDEFINED
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: dict, **kwargs) -> Self:
+        """provides interface, specific methods need to be implemented in subclass kwargs for pydantic model_validate"""
+        return cls.model_validate(data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        # Convert kwargs to a hashable format by serializing unhashable types
+        return hash_dict(self.to_dict())
+
+
+def hash_dict(data) -> int:
+    hashable_items = []
+    if isinstance(data, BaseModel):
+        data = data.model_dump()
+    for k, v in data.items():
+        if isinstance(v, (list, dict)):
+            # Convert unhashable types to JSON string for hashing
+            v = json.dumps(v, sort_keys=True)
+        elif not isinstance(v, (str, int, float, bool, type(None))):
+            # Convert other unhashable types to string representation
+            v = str(v)
+        hashable_items.append((k, v))
+    return hash(frozenset(hashable_items))
+
+
+class Params(BaseModel):
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.model_fields.keys()
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This method should be implemented in a subclass"
+        )
+
+
+class DataClass(ABC):
+    pass
+
+
+# --- Create a global UNDEFINED object ---
+UNDEFINED = UndefinedType()
+
+
+# --- General Global Utilities Functions ---
+
+
+def time(
+    *,
+    tz: timezone = Settings.Config.TIMEZONE,
+    type_: Literal["timestamp", "datetime", "iso", "custom"] = "timestamp",
+    sep: str | None = "T",
+    timespec: str | None = "auto",
+    custom_format: str | None = None,
+    custom_sep: str | None = None,
+) -> float | str | datetime:
+    """
+    Get current time in various formats.
+
+    Args:
+        tz: Timezone for the time (default: utc).
+        type_: Type of time to return (default: "timestamp").
+            Options: "timestamp", "datetime", "iso", "custom".
+        sep: Separator for ISO format (default: "T").
+        timespec: Timespec for ISO format (default: "auto").
+        custom_format: Custom strftime format string for
+            type_="custom".
+        custom_sep: Custom separator for type_="custom",
+            replaces "-", ":", ".".
+
+    Returns:
+        Current time in the specified format.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If an invalid type_ is provided or if custom_format
+            is not provided when type_="custom".
+    """
+    now = datetime.now(tz=tz)
+
+    if type_ == "iso":
+        return now.isoformat(sep=sep, timespec=timespec)
+    elif type_ == "timestamp":
+        return now.timestamp()
+    elif type_ == "datetime":
+        return now
+    elif type_ == "custom":
+        if not custom_format:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "custom_format must be provided when type_='custom'"
+            )
+        formatted_time = now.strftime(custom_format)
+        if custom_sep is not None:
+            for old_sep in ("-", ":", "."):
+                formatted_time = formatted_time.replace(old_sep, custom_sep)
+        return formatted_time
+
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"Invalid value <{type_}> for `type_`, must be"
+        " one of 'timestamp', 'datetime', 'iso', or 'custom'."
+    )
+
+
+def copy(obj: T, /, *, deep: bool = True, num: int = 1) -> T | list[T]:
+    if num < 1:
+        raise ValueError("Number of copies must be at least 1")
+
+    copy_func = _copy.deepcopy if deep else _copy.copy
+    return [copy_func(obj) for _ in range(num)] if num > 1 else copy_func(obj)
+
+
+def is_same_dtype(
+    input_: list[T] | dict[Any, T],
+    dtype: type | None = None,
+    return_dtype: bool = False,
+) -> bool | tuple[bool, type | None]:
+    if not input_:
+        # If empty, trivially true. dtype is None since no elements exist.
+        return (True, None) if return_dtype else True
+
+    if isinstance(input_, Mapping):
+        # For dictionaries, use values
+        values_iter = iter(input_.values())
+        first_val = next(values_iter, None)
+        if dtype is None:
+            dtype = type(first_val) if first_val is not None else None
+        # Check the first element
+        result = (dtype is None or isinstance(first_val, dtype)) and all(
+            isinstance(v, dtype) for v in values_iter
+        )
+    else:
+        # For lists (or list-like), directly access the first element
+        first_val = input_[0]
+        if dtype is None:
+            dtype = type(first_val) if first_val is not None else None
+        # Check all elements including the first
+        result = all(isinstance(e, dtype) for e in input_)
+
+    return (result, dtype) if return_dtype else result
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def is_coro_func(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    return asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func)
+
+
+async def custom_error_handler(
+    error: Exception, error_map: dict[type, Callable[[Exception], None]]
+) -> None:
+    if type(error) in error_map:
+        if is_coro_func(error_map[type(error)]):
+            return await error_map[type(error)](error)
+        return error_map[type(error)](error)
+    logging.error(f"Unhandled error: {error}")
+    raise error
+
+
+@overload
+def to_list(
+    input_: None | UndefinedType | PydanticUndefinedType,
+    /,
+) -> list: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def to_list(
+    input_: str | bytes | bytearray,
+    /,
+    use_values: bool = False,
+) -> list[str | bytes | bytearray]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def to_list(
+    input_: Mapping,
+    /,
+    use_values: bool = False,
+) -> list[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def to_list(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    flatten: bool = False,
+    dropna: bool = False,
+    unique: bool = False,
+    use_values: bool = False,
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False,
+) -> list: ...
+
+
+def to_list(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    flatten: bool = False,
+    dropna: bool = False,
+    unique: bool = False,
+    use_values: bool = False,
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False,
+) -> list:
+    """Convert input to a list with optional transformations.
+
+    Transforms various input types into a list with configurable processing
+    options for flattening, filtering, and value extraction.
+
+    Args:
+        input_: Value to convert to list.
+        flatten: If True, recursively flatten nested iterables.
+        dropna: If True, remove None and undefined values.
+        unique: If True, remove duplicates (requires flatten=True).
+        use_values: If True, extract values from enums/mappings.
+        flatten_tuple_items: If True, include tuples in flattening.
+        flatten_set_items: If True, include sets in flattening.
+
+    Returns:
+        list: Processed list based on input and specified options.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If unique=True is used without flatten=True.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> to_list([1, [2, 3], 4], flatten=True)
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> to_list([1, None, 2], dropna=True)
+        [1, 2]
+    """
+
+    def _process_list(
+        lst: list[Any],
+        flatten: bool,
+        dropna: bool,
+    ) -> list[Any]:
+        """Process list according to flatten and dropna options.
+
+        Args:
+            lst: Input list to process.
+            flatten: Whether to flatten nested iterables.
+            dropna: Whether to remove None/undefined values.
+
+        Returns:
+            list: Processed list based on specified options.
+        """
+        result = []
+        skip_types = (str, bytes, bytearray, Mapping, BaseModel, Enum)
+
+        if not flatten_tuple_set:
+            skip_types += (tuple, set, frozenset)
+
+        for item in lst:
+            if dropna and (
+                item is None
+                or isinstance(item, (UndefinedType, PydanticUndefinedType))
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            is_iterable = isinstance(item, Iterable)
+            should_skip = isinstance(item, skip_types)
+
+            if is_iterable and not should_skip:
+                item_list = list(item)
+                if flatten:
+                    result.extend(
+                        _process_list(
+                            item_list, flatten=flatten, dropna=dropna
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    result.append(
+                        _process_list(
+                            item_list, flatten=flatten, dropna=dropna
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                result.append(item)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _to_list_type(input_: Any, use_values: bool) -> list[Any]:
+        """Convert input to initial list based on type.
+
+        Args:
+            input_: Value to convert to list.
+            use_values: Whether to extract values from containers.
+
+        Returns:
+            list: Initial list conversion of input.
+        """
+        if input_ is None or isinstance(
+            input_, (UndefinedType, PydanticUndefinedType)
+        ):
+            return []
+
+        if isinstance(input_, list):
+            return input_
+
+        if isinstance(input_, type) and issubclass(input_, Enum):
+            members = input_.__members__.values()
+            return (
+                [member.value for member in members]
+                if use_values
+                else list(members)
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(input_, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+            return list(input_) if use_values else [input_]
+
+        if isinstance(input_, Mapping):
+            return (
+                list(input_.values())
+                if use_values and hasattr(input_, "values")
+                else [input_]
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(input_, BaseModel):
+            return [input_]
+
+        if isinstance(input_, Iterable) and not isinstance(
+            input_, (str, bytes, bytearray)
+        ):
+            return list(input_)
+
+        return [input_]
+
+    if unique and not flatten:
+        raise ValueError("unique=True requires flatten=True")
+
+    initial_list = _to_list_type(input_, use_values=use_values)
+    processed = _process_list(initial_list, flatten=flatten, dropna=dropna)
+
+    if unique:
+        seen = set()
+        out = []
+        try:
+            return [x for x in processed if not (x in seen or seen.add(x))]
+        except TypeError:
+            for i in processed:
+                hash_value = None
+                try:
+                    hash_value = hash(i)
+                except TypeError:
+                    if isinstance(i, (BaseModel, Mapping)):
+                        hash_value = hash_dict(i)
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Unhashable type encountered in list unique value processing."
+                        )
+                if hash_value not in seen:
+                    seen.add(hash_value)
+                    out.append(i)
+            return out
+
+    return processed
+
+
+class ToListParams(Params):
+    flatten: bool = False
+    dropna: bool = False
+    unique: bool = False
+    use_values: bool = False
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False
+
+    def __call__(self, input_: Any):
+        return to_list(
+            input_,
+            flatten=self.flatten,
+            dropna=self.dropna,
+            unique=self.unique,
+            use_values=self.use_values,
+            flatten_tuple_set=self.flatten_tuple_set,
+        )
+
+
+def lcall(
+    input_: Iterable[T] | T,
+    func: Callable[[T], R] | Iterable[Callable[[T], R]],
+    /,
+    *args: Any,
+    sanitize_input: bool = False,
+    unique_input: bool = False,
+    flatten: bool = False,
+    dropna: bool = False,
+    unique_output: bool = False,
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False,
+    use_input_values: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> list[R]:
+    """Apply function to each element in input list with optional processing.
+
+    Maps a function over input elements and processes results. Can sanitize input
+    and output using various filtering options.
+
+    Args:
+        input_: Single item or iterable to process.
+        func: Function to apply or single-item iterable containing function.
+        *args: Additional positional arguments passed to func.
+        sanitize_input: If True, sanitize input using to_list.
+        unique_input: If True with sanitize_input, remove input duplicates.
+        flatten: If True, flatten output nested structures.
+        dropna: If True, remove None values from output.
+        unique_output: If True with flatten/dropna, remove output duplicates.
+        flatten_tuple_set: If True, flatten tuples and sets.
+        **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to func.
+
+    Returns:
+        list: Results of applying func to each input element.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If func is not callable or unique_output used incorrectly.
+        TypeError: If func or input processing fails.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> lcall([1, 2, 3], str)
+        ['1', '2', '3']
+        >>> lcall([1, [2, 3]], str, flatten=True)
+        ['1', '2', '3']
+    """
+    # Validate and extract callable function
+    if not callable(func):
+        try:
+            func_list = list(func)
+            if len(func_list) != 1 or not callable(func_list[0]):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "func must contain exactly one callable function."
+                )
+            func = func_list[0]
+        except TypeError as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "func must be callable or iterable with one callable."
+            ) from e
+
+    # Process input based on sanitization flag
+    if sanitize_input:
+        input_ = to_list(
+            input_,
+            flatten=True,
+            dropna=True,
+            unique=unique_input,
+            flatten_tuple_set=flatten_tuple_set,
+            use_values=use_input_values,
+        )
+    else:
+        if not isinstance(input_, list):
+            try:
+                input_ = list(input_)
+            except TypeError:
+                input_ = [input_]
+
+    # Validate output processing options
+    if unique_output and not (flatten or dropna):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "unique_output requires flatten or dropna for post-processing."
+        )
+
+    # Process elements and collect results
+    out = []
+    append = out.append
+
+    for item in input_:
+        try:
+            result = func(item, *args, **kwargs)
+            append(result)
+        except InterruptedError:
+            return out
+        except Exception:
+            raise
+
+    # Apply output processing if requested
+    if flatten or dropna:
+        out = to_list(
+            out,
+            flatten=flatten,
+            dropna=dropna,
+            unique=unique_output,
+            flatten_tuple_set=flatten_tuple_set,
+        )
+
+    return out
+
+
+class CallParams(Params):
+    """params class for high order function with additional handling of lower order function parameters, can take arbitrary number of args and kwargs, args need to be in agrs=, kwargs can be passed as is"""
+
+    args: list = []
+    kwargs: dict = {}
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    def _validate_data(cls, data: dict):
+        _d = {}
+        for k in list(data.keys()):
+            if k in cls.keys():
+                _d[k] = data.pop(k)
+        _d.setdefault("args", [])
+        _d.setdefault("kwargs", {})
+        _d["kwargs"].update(data)
+        return _d
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This method should be implemented in a subclass"
+        )
+
+
+class LCallParams(CallParams):
+    func: Any = None
+    sanitize_input: bool = False
+    unique_input: bool = False
+    flatten: bool = False
+    dropna: bool = False
+    unique_output: bool = False
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False
+
+    def __call__(self, input_: Any, func=None):
+        if self.func is None and func is None:
+            raise ValueError("a sync func must be provided")
+        return lcall(
+            input_,
+            func or self.func,
+            *self.args,
+            sanitize_input=self.sanitize_input,
+            unique_input=self.unique_input,
+            flatten=self.flatten,
+            dropna=self.dropna,
+            unique_output=self.unique_output,
+            flatten_tuple_set=self.flatten_tuple_set,
+            **self.kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+async def alcall(
+    input_: list[Any],
+    func: Callable[..., T],
+    /,
+    *,
+    sanitize_input: bool = False,
+    unique_input: bool = False,
+    num_retries: int = 0,
+    initial_delay: float = 0,
+    retry_delay: float = 0,
+    backoff_factor: float = 1,
+    retry_default: Any = UNDEFINED,
+    retry_timeout: float | None = None,
+    retry_timing: bool = False,
+    max_concurrent: int | None = None,
+    throttle_period: float | None = None,
+    flatten: bool = False,
+    dropna: bool = False,
+    unique_output: bool = False,
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> list[T] | list[tuple[T, float]]:
+    """
+    Asynchronously apply a function to each element of a list, with optional input sanitization,
+    retries, timeout, and output processing.
+
+    Args:
+        input_ (list[Any]): The list of inputs to process.
+        func (Callable[..., T]): The function to apply (async or sync).
+        sanitize_input (bool): If True, input is flattened, dropna applied, and made unique if unique_input.
+        unique_input (bool): If True and sanitize_input is True, input is made unique.
+        num_retries (int): Number of retry attempts on exception.
+        initial_delay (float): Initial delay before starting executions.
+        retry_delay (float): Delay between retries.
+        backoff_factor (float): Multiplier for delay after each retry.
+        retry_default (Any): Default value if all retries fail.
+        retry_timeout (float | None): Timeout for each function call.
+        retry_timing (bool): If True, return (result, duration) tuples.
+        max_concurrent (int | None): Maximum number of concurrent operations.
+        throttle_period (float | None): Delay after each completed operation.
+        flatten (bool): Flatten the final result if True.
+        dropna (bool): Remove None values from the final result if True.
+        unique_output (bool): Deduplicate the output if True.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to func.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[T] or list[tuple[T, float]]: The processed results, or results with timing if retry_timing is True.
+
+    Raises:
+        asyncio.TimeoutError: If a call times out and no default is provided.
+        Exception: If retries are exhausted and no default is provided.
+    """
+
+    # Validate func is a single callable
+    if not callable(func):
+        # If func is not callable, maybe it's an iterable. Extract one callable if possible.
+        try:
+            func_list = list(func)  # Convert iterable to list
+        except TypeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "func must be callable or an iterable containing one callable."
+            )
+
+        # Ensure exactly one callable is present
+        if len(func_list) != 1 or not callable(func_list[0]):
+            raise ValueError("Only one callable function is allowed.")
+
+        func = func_list[0]
+
+    # Process input if requested
+    if sanitize_input:
+        input_ = to_list(
+            input_,
+            flatten=True,
+            dropna=True,
+            unique=unique_input,
+            flatten_tuple_set=flatten_tuple_set,
+        )
+    else:
+        if not isinstance(input_, list):
+            # Attempt to iterate
+            if isinstance(input_, BaseModel):
+                # Pydantic model, convert to list
+                input_ = [input_]
+            else:
+                try:
+                    iter(input_)
+                    # It's iterable (tuple), convert to list of its contents
+                    input_ = list(input_)
+                except TypeError:
+                    # Not iterable, just wrap in a list
+                    input_ = [input_]
+
+    # Optional initial delay before processing
+    if initial_delay:
+        await asyncio.sleep(initial_delay)
+
+    semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_concurrent) if max_concurrent else None
+    throttle_delay = throttle_period or 0
+    coro_func = is_coro_func(func)
+
+    async def call_func(item: Any) -> T:
+        if coro_func:
+            # Async function
+            if retry_timeout is not None:
+                return await asyncio.wait_for(
+                    func(item, **kwargs), timeout=retry_timeout
+                )
+            else:
+                return await func(item, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            # Sync function
+            if retry_timeout is not None:
+                return await asyncio.wait_for(
+                    asyncio.to_thread(func, item, **kwargs),
+                    timeout=retry_timeout,
+                )
+            else:
+                return func(item, **kwargs)
+
+    async def execute_task(i: Any, index: int) -> Any:
+        start_time = asyncio.get_running_loop().time()
+        attempts = 0
+        current_delay = retry_delay
+        while True:
+            try:
+                result = await call_func(i)
+                if retry_timing:
+                    end_time = asyncio.get_running_loop().time()
+                    return index, result, end_time - start_time
+                else:
+                    return index, result
+            except asyncio.CancelledError as e:
+                raise e
+
+            except Exception:
+                attempts += 1
+                if attempts <= num_retries:
+                    if current_delay:
+                        await asyncio.sleep(current_delay)
+                        current_delay *= backoff_factor
+                    # Retry loop continues
+                else:
+                    # Exhausted retries
+                    if retry_default is not UNDEFINED:
+                        # Return default if provided
+                        if retry_timing:
+                            end_time = asyncio.get_running_loop().time()
+                            duration = end_time - (start_time or end_time)
+                            return index, retry_default, duration
+                        else:
+                            return index, retry_default
+                    # No default, re-raise
+                    raise
+
+    async def task_wrapper(item: Any, idx: int) -> Any:
+        if semaphore:
+            async with semaphore:
+                return await execute_task(item, idx)
+        else:
+            return await execute_task(item, idx)
+
+    # Create tasks
+    tasks = [task_wrapper(item, idx) for idx, item in enumerate(input_)]
+
+    # Collect results as they complete
+    results = []
+    for coro in asyncio.as_completed(tasks):
+        res = await coro
+        results.append(res)
+        if throttle_delay:
+            await asyncio.sleep(throttle_delay)
+
+    # Sort by original index
+    results.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+    if retry_timing:
+        # (index, result, duration)
+        filtered = [
+            (r[1], r[2]) for r in results if not dropna or r[1] is not None
+        ]
+        return filtered
+    else:
+        # (index, result)
+        output_list = [r[1] for r in results]
+        return to_list(
+            output_list,
+            flatten=flatten,
+            dropna=dropna,
+            unique=unique_output,
+            flatten_tuple_set=flatten_tuple_set,
+        )
+
+
+class ALCallParams(CallParams):
+    func: Any = None
+    sanitize_input: bool = False
+    unique_input: bool = False
+    num_retries: int = 0
+    initial_delay: float = 0
+    retry_delay: float = 0
+    backoff_factor: float = 1
+    retry_default: Any = UNDEFINED
+    retry_timeout: float | None = None
+    retry_timing: bool = False
+    max_concurrent: int | None = None
+    throttle_period: float | None = None
+    flatten: bool = False
+    dropna: bool = False
+    unique_output: bool = False
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False
+
+    async def __call__(self, input_: Any, func=None):
+        if self.func is None and func is None:
+            raise ValueError("a sync/async func must be provided")
+        return await alcall(
+            input_,
+            func or self.func,
+            *self.args,
+            sanitize_input=self.sanitize_input,
+            unique_input=self.unique_input,
+            num_retries=self.num_retries,
+            initial_delay=self.initial_delay,
+            retry_delay=self.retry_delay,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            retry_default=self.retry_default,
+            retry_timeout=self.retry_timeout,
+            retry_timing=self.retry_timing,
+            max_concurrent=self.max_concurrent,
+            throttle_period=self.throttle_period,
+            flatten=self.flatten,
+            dropna=self.dropna,
+            unique_output=self.unique_output,
+            flatten_tuple_set=self.flatten_tuple_set,
+            **self.kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+async def bcall(
+    input_: Any,
+    func: Callable[..., T],
+    /,
+    batch_size: int,
+    *,
+    sanitize_input: bool = False,
+    unique_input: bool = False,
+    num_retries: int = 0,
+    initial_delay: float = 0,
+    retry_delay: float = 0,
+    backoff_factor: float = 1,
+    retry_default: Any = UNDEFINED,
+    retry_timeout: float | None = None,
+    retry_timing: bool = False,
+    max_concurrent: int | None = None,
+    throttle_period: float | None = None,
+    flatten: bool = False,
+    dropna: bool = False,
+    unique_output: bool = False,
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AsyncGenerator[list[T | tuple[T, float]], None]:
+
+    input_ = to_list(input_, flatten=True, dropna=True)
+
+    for i in range(0, len(input_), batch_size):
+        batch = input_[i : i + batch_size]  # noqa: E203
+        yield await alcall(
+            batch,
+            func,
+            sanitize_input=sanitize_input,
+            unique_input=unique_input,
+            num_retries=num_retries,
+            initial_delay=initial_delay,
+            retry_delay=retry_delay,
+            backoff_factor=backoff_factor,
+            retry_default=retry_default,
+            retry_timeout=retry_timeout,
+            retry_timing=retry_timing,
+            max_concurrent=max_concurrent,
+            throttle_period=throttle_period,
+            flatten=flatten,
+            dropna=dropna,
+            unique_output=unique_output,
+            flatten_tuple_set=flatten_tuple_set,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class BCallParams(CallParams):
+    func: Any = None
+    batch_size: int
+    sanitize_input: bool = False
+    unique_input: bool = False
+    num_retries: int = 0
+    initial_delay: float = 0
+    retry_delay: float = 0
+    backoff_factor: float = 1
+    retry_default: Any = UNDEFINED
+    retry_timeout: float | None = None
+    retry_timing: bool = False
+    max_concurrent: int | None = None
+    throttle_period: float | None = None
+    flatten: bool = False
+    dropna: bool = False
+    unique_output: bool = False
+    flatten_tuple_set: bool = False
+
+    async def __call__(self, input_, func=None):
+        if self.func is None and func is None:
+            raise ValueError("a sync/async func must be provided")
+        return await bcall(
+            input_,
+            func or self.func,
+            *self.args,
+            batch_size=self.batch_size,
+            sanitize_input=self.sanitize_input,
+            unique_input=self.unique_input,
+            num_retries=self.num_retries,
+            initial_delay=self.initial_delay,
+            retry_delay=self.retry_delay,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            retry_default=self.retry_default,
+            retry_timeout=self.retry_timeout,
+            retry_timing=self.retry_timing,
+            max_concurrent=self.max_concurrent,
+            throttle_period=self.throttle_period,
+            flatten=self.flatten,
+            dropna=self.dropna,
+            unique_output=self.unique_output,
+            flatten_tuple_set=self.flatten_tuple_set,
+            **self.kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def create_path(
+    directory: Path | str,
+    filename: str,
+    extension: str = None,
+    timestamp: bool = False,
+    dir_exist_ok: bool = True,
+    file_exist_ok: bool = False,
+    time_prefix: bool = False,
+    timestamp_format: str | None = None,
+    random_hash_digits: int = 0,
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    Generate a new file path with optional timestamp and a random suffix.
+
+    Args:
+        directory: The directory where the file will be created.
+        filename: The base name of the file to create.
+        extension: The file extension, if not part of filename.
+        timestamp: If True, add a timestamp to the filename.
+        dir_exist_ok: If True, don't error if directory exists.
+        file_exist_ok: If True, allow overwriting existing files.
+        time_prefix: If True, timestamp is prefixed instead of suffixed.
+        timestamp_format: Custom format for timestamp (default: "%Y%m%d%H%M%S").
+        random_hash_digits: Number of hex digits for a random suffix.
+
+    Returns:
+        The full Path to the new or existing file.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If no extension or filename invalid.
+        FileExistsError: If file exists and file_exist_ok=False.
+    """
+    if "/" in filename or "\\" in filename:
+        raise ValueError("Filename cannot contain directory separators.")
+
+    directory = Path(directory)
+
+    # Extract name and extension from filename if present
+    if "." in filename:
+        name, ext = filename.rsplit(".", 1)
+    else:
+        name, ext = filename, extension
+
+    if not ext:
+        raise ValueError("No extension provided for filename.")
+
+    # Ensure extension has a single leading dot
+    ext = f".{ext.lstrip('.')}" if ext else ""
+
+    # Add timestamp if requested
+    if timestamp:
+        ts_str = datetime.now().strftime(timestamp_format or "%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
+        name = f"{ts_str}_{name}" if time_prefix else f"{name}_{ts_str}"
+
+    # Add random suffix if requested
+    if random_hash_digits > 0:
+        # Use UUID4 and truncate its hex for random suffix
+        random_suffix = uuid.uuid4().hex[:random_hash_digits]
+        name = f"{name}-{random_suffix}"
+
+    full_path = directory / f"{name}{ext}"
+
+    # Check if file or directory existence
+    full_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=dir_exist_ok)
+    if full_path.exists() and not file_exist_ok:
+        raise FileExistsError(
+            f"File {full_path} already exists and file_exist_ok is False."
+        )
+
+    return full_path
+
+
+class CreatePathParams(Params):
+    directory: Path | str
+    filename: str
+    extension: str = None
+    timestamp: bool = False
+    dir_exist_ok: bool = True
+    file_exist_ok: bool = False
+    time_prefix: bool = False
+    timestamp_format: str | None = None
+    random_hash_digits: int = 0
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, directory: Path | str = None, filename: str = None
+    ) -> Path:
+        return create_path(
+            directory or self.directory,
+            filename or self.filename,
+            extension=self.extension,
+            timestamp=self.timestamp,
+            dir_exist_ok=self.dir_exist_ok,
+            file_exist_ok=self.file_exist_ok,
+            time_prefix=self.time_prefix,
+            timestamp_format=self.timestamp_format,
+            random_hash_digits=self.random_hash_digits,
+        )
+
+
+# --- JSON and XML Conversion ---
+
+
+def to_xml(
+    obj: dict | list | str | int | float | bool | None,
+    root_name: str = "root",
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert a dictionary into an XML formatted string.
+
+    Rules:
+    - A dictionary key becomes an XML tag.
+    - If the dictionary value is:
+      - A primitive type (str, int, float, bool, None): it becomes the text content of the tag.
+      - A list: each element of the list will repeat the same tag.
+      - Another dictionary: it is recursively converted to nested XML.
+    - root_name sets the top-level XML element name.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The Python object to convert (typically a dictionary).
+        root_name: The name of the root XML element.
+
+    Returns:
+        A string representing the XML.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> to_xml({"a": 1, "b": {"c": "hello", "d": [10, 20]}}, root_name="data")
+        '<data><a>1</a><b><c>hello</c><d>10</d><d>20</d></b></data>'
+    """
+
+    def _convert(value: Any, tag_name: str) -> str:
+        # If value is a dict, recursively convert its keys
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            inner = "".join(_convert(v, k) for k, v in value.items())
+            return f"<{tag_name}>{inner}</{tag_name}>"
+        # If value is a list, repeat the same tag for each element
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            return "".join(_convert(item, tag_name) for item in value)
+        # If value is a primitive, convert to string and place inside tag
+        else:
+            text = "" if value is None else str(value)
+            # Escape special XML characters if needed (minimal)
+            text = (
+                text.replace("&", "&amp;")
+                .replace("<", "&lt;")
+                .replace(">", "&gt;")
+                .replace('"', "&quot;")
+                .replace("'", "&apos;")
+            )
+            return f"<{tag_name}>{text}</{tag_name}>"
+
+    # If top-level obj is not a dict, wrap it in one
+    if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+        obj = {root_name: obj}
+
+    inner_xml = "".join(_convert(v, k) for k, v in obj.items())
+    return f"<{root_name}>{inner_xml}</{root_name}>"
+
+
+def fuzzy_parse_json(
+    str_to_parse: str, /
+) -> dict[str, Any] | list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Attempt to parse a JSON string, trying a few minimal "fuzzy" fixes if needed.
+
+    Steps:
+    1. Parse directly with json.loads.
+    2. Replace single quotes with double quotes, normalize spacing, and try again.
+    3. Attempt to fix unmatched brackets using fix_json_string.
+    4. If all fail, raise ValueError.
+
+    Args:
+        str_to_parse: The JSON string to parse
+
+    Returns:
+        Parsed JSON (dict or list of dicts)
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the string cannot be parsed as valid JSON
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string
+    """
+    _check_valid_str(str_to_parse)
+
+    # 1. Direct attempt
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        return json.loads(str_to_parse)
+
+    # 2. Try cleaning: replace single quotes with double and normalize
+    cleaned = _clean_json_string(str_to_parse.replace("'", '"'))
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        return json.loads(cleaned)
+
+    # 3. Try fixing brackets
+    fixed = fix_json_string(cleaned)
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        return json.loads(fixed)
+
+    # If all attempts fail
+    raise ValueError("Invalid JSON string")
+
+
+def _check_valid_str(str_to_parse: str, /):
+    if not isinstance(str_to_parse, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    if not str_to_parse.strip():
+        raise ValueError("Input string is empty")
+
+
+def _clean_json_string(s: str) -> str:
+    """Basic normalization: replace unescaped single quotes, trim spaces, ensure keys are quoted."""
+    # Replace unescaped single quotes with double quotes
+    # '(?<!\\)'" means a single quote not preceded by a backslash
+    s = re.sub(r"(?<!\\)'", '"', s)
+    # Collapse multiple whitespaces
+    s = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", s)
+    # Ensure keys are quoted
+    # This attempts to find patterns like { key: value } and turn them into {"key": value}
+    s = re.sub(r'([{,])\s*([^"\s]+)\s*:', r'\1"\2":', s)
+    return s.strip()
+
+
+def fix_json_string(str_to_parse: str, /) -> str:
+    """Try to fix JSON string by ensuring brackets are matched properly."""
+    if not str_to_parse:
+        raise ValueError("Input string is empty")
+
+    brackets = {"{": "}", "[": "]"}
+    open_brackets = []
+    pos = 0
+    length = len(str_to_parse)
+
+    while pos < length:
+        char = str_to_parse[pos]
+
+        if char == "\\":
+            pos += 2  # Skip escaped chars
+            continue
+
+        if char == '"':
+            pos += 1
+            # skip string content
+            while pos < length:
+                if str_to_parse[pos] == "\\":
+                    pos += 2
+                    continue
+                if str_to_parse[pos] == '"':
+                    pos += 1
+                    break
+                pos += 1
+            continue
+
+        if char in brackets:
+            open_brackets.append(brackets[char])
+        elif char in brackets.values():
+            if not open_brackets:
+                # Extra closing bracket
+                # Better to raise error than guess
+                raise ValueError("Extra closing bracket found.")
+            if open_brackets[-1] != char:
+                # Mismatched bracket
+                raise ValueError("Mismatched brackets.")
+            open_brackets.pop()
+
+        pos += 1
+
+    # Add missing closing brackets if any
+    if open_brackets:
+        str_to_parse += "".join(reversed(open_brackets))
+
+    return str_to_parse
+
+
+class XMLParser:
+    def __init__(self, xml_string: str):
+        self.xml_string = xml_string.strip()
+        self.index = 0
+
+    def parse(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Parse the XML string and return the root element as a dictionary."""
+        return self._parse_element()
+
+    def _parse_element(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Parse a single XML element and its children."""
+        self._skip_whitespace()
+        if self.xml_string[self.index] != "<":
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected '<', found '{self.xml_string[self.index]}'"
+            )
+
+        tag, attributes = self._parse_opening_tag()
+        children: dict[str, str | list | dict] = {}
+        text = ""
+
+        while self.index < len(self.xml_string):
+            self._skip_whitespace()
+            if self.xml_string.startswith("</", self.index):
+                closing_tag = self._parse_closing_tag()
+                if closing_tag != tag:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Mismatched tags: '{tag}' and '{closing_tag}'"
+                    )
+                break
+            elif self.xml_string.startswith("<", self.index):
+                child = self._parse_element()
+                child_tag, child_data = next(iter(child.items()))
+                if child_tag in children:
+                    if not isinstance(children[child_tag], list):
+                        children[child_tag] = [children[child_tag]]
+                    children[child_tag].append(child_data)
+                else:
+                    children[child_tag] = child_data
+            else:
+                text += self._parse_text()
+
+        result: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if attributes:
+            result["@attributes"] = attributes
+        if children:
+            result.update(children)
+        elif text.strip():
+            result = text.strip()
+
+        return {tag: result}
+
+    def _parse_opening_tag(self) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
+        """Parse an opening XML tag and its attributes."""
+        match = re.match(
+            r'<(\w+)((?:\s+\w+="[^"]*")*)\s*/?>',
+            self.xml_string[self.index :],  # noqa
+        )
+        if not match:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid opening tag")
+        self.index += match.end()
+        tag = match.group(1)
+        attributes = dict(re.findall(r'(\w+)="([^"]*)"', match.group(2)))
+        return tag, attributes
+
+    def _parse_closing_tag(self) -> str:
+        """Parse a closing XML tag."""
+        match = re.match(r"</(\w+)>", self.xml_string[self.index :])  # noqa
+        if not match:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid closing tag")
+        self.index += match.end()
+        return match.group(1)
+
+    def _parse_text(self) -> str:
+        """Parse text content between XML tags."""
+        start = self.index
+        while (
+            self.index < len(self.xml_string)
+            and self.xml_string[self.index] != "<"
+        ):
+            self.index += 1
+        return self.xml_string[start : self.index]  # noqa
+
+    def _skip_whitespace(self) -> None:
+        """Skip any whitespace characters at the current parsing position."""
+        p_ = len(self.xml_string[self.index :])  # noqa
+        m_ = len(self.xml_string[self.index :].lstrip())  # noqa
+
+        self.index += p_ - m_
+
+
+def xml_to_dict(
+    xml_string: str,
+    /,
+    suppress=False,
+    remove_root: bool = True,
+    root_tag: str = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Parse an XML string into a nested dictionary structure.
+
+    This function converts an XML string into a dictionary where:
+    - Element tags become dictionary keys
+    - Text content is assigned directly to the tag key if there are no children
+    - Attributes are stored in a '@attributes' key
+    - Multiple child elements with the same tag are stored as lists
+
+    Args:
+        xml_string: The XML string to parse.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary representation of the XML structure.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the XML is malformed or parsing fails.
+    """
+    try:
+        a = XMLParser(xml_string).parse()
+        if remove_root and (root_tag or "root") in a:
+            a = a[root_tag or "root"]
+        return a
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not suppress:
+            raise e
+
+
+def dict_to_xml(data: dict, /, root_tag: str = "root") -> str:
+
+    root = ET.Element(root_tag)
+
+    def convert(dict_obj: dict, parent: Any) -> None:
+        for key, val in dict_obj.items():
+            if isinstance(val, dict):
+                element = ET.SubElement(parent, key)
+                convert(dict_obj=val, parent=element)
+            else:
+                element = ET.SubElement(parent, key)
+                element.text = str(object=val)
+
+    convert(dict_obj=data, parent=root)
+    return ET.tostring(root, encoding="unicode")
+
+
+def to_dict(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    use_model_dump: bool = True,
+    fuzzy_parse: bool = False,
+    suppress: bool = False,
+    str_type: Literal["json", "xml"] | None = "json",
+    parser: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+    recursive: bool = False,
+    max_recursive_depth: int = None,
+    recursive_python_only: bool = True,
+    use_enum_values: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Convert various input types to a dictionary, with optional recursive processing.
+
+    Args:
+        input_: The input to convert.
+        use_model_dump: Use model_dump() for Pydantic models if available.
+        fuzzy_parse: Use fuzzy parsing for string inputs.
+        suppress: Return empty dict on errors if True.
+        str_type: Input string type ("json" or "xml").
+        parser: Custom parser function for string inputs.
+        recursive: Enable recursive conversion of nested structures.
+        max_recursive_depth: Maximum recursion depth (default 5, max 10).
+        recursive_python_only: If False, attempts to convert custom types recursively.
+        use_enum_values: Use enum values instead of names.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments for parsing functions.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict[str, Any]: A dictionary derived from the input.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If parsing fails and suppress is False.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> to_dict({"a": 1, "b": [2, 3]})
+        {'a': 1, 'b': [2, 3]}
+        >>> to_dict('{"x": 10}', str_type="json")
+        {'x': 10}
+        >>> to_dict({"a": {"b": {"c": 1}}}, recursive=True, max_recursive_depth=2)
+        {'a': {'b': {'c': 1}}}
+    """
+
+    try:
+        if recursive:
+            input_ = recursive_to_dict(
+                input_,
+                use_model_dump=use_model_dump,
+                fuzzy_parse=fuzzy_parse,
+                str_type=str_type,
+                parser=parser,
+                max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+                recursive_custom_types=not recursive_python_only,
+                use_enum_values=use_enum_values,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        return _to_dict(
+            input_,
+            fuzzy_parse=fuzzy_parse,
+            parser=parser,
+            str_type=str_type,
+            use_model_dump=use_model_dump,
+            use_enum_values=use_enum_values,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        if suppress or input_ == "":
+            return {}
+        raise e
+
+
+def recursive_to_dict(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    max_recursive_depth: int = None,
+    recursive_custom_types: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Any:
+
+    if not isinstance(max_recursive_depth, int):
+        max_recursive_depth = 5
+    else:
+        if max_recursive_depth < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "max_recursive_depth must be a non-negative integer"
+            )
+        if max_recursive_depth == 0:
+            return input_
+        if max_recursive_depth > 10:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "max_recursive_depth must be less than or equal to 10"
+            )
+
+    return _recur_to_dict(
+        input_,
+        max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+        current_depth=0,
+        recursive_custom_types=recursive_custom_types,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _recur_to_dict(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    max_recursive_depth: int,
+    current_depth: int = 0,
+    recursive_custom_types: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Any:
+
+    if current_depth >= max_recursive_depth:
+        return input_
+
+    if isinstance(input_, str):
+        try:
+            # Attempt to parse the string
+            parsed = _to_dict(input_, **kwargs)
+            # Recursively process the parsed result
+            return _recur_to_dict(
+                parsed,
+                max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+                current_depth=current_depth + 1,
+                recursive_custom_types=recursive_custom_types,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            # Return the original string if parsing fails
+            return input_
+
+    elif isinstance(input_, dict):
+        # Recursively process dictionary values
+        return {
+            key: _recur_to_dict(
+                value,
+                max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+                current_depth=current_depth + 1,
+                recursive_custom_types=recursive_custom_types,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            for key, value in input_.items()
+        }
+
+    elif isinstance(input_, (list, tuple, set)):
+        # Recursively process list or tuple elements
+        processed = [
+            _recur_to_dict(
+                element,
+                max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+                current_depth=current_depth + 1,
+                recursive_custom_types=recursive_custom_types,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            for element in input_
+        ]
+        return type(input_)(processed)
+
+    elif isinstance(input_, type) and issubclass(input_, Enum):
+        try:
+            obj_dict = _to_dict(input_, **kwargs)
+            return _recur_to_dict(
+                obj_dict,
+                max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+                current_depth=current_depth + 1,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            return input_
+
+    elif recursive_custom_types:
+        # Process custom classes if enabled
+        try:
+            obj_dict = _to_dict(input_, **kwargs)
+            return _recur_to_dict(
+                obj_dict,
+                max_recursive_depth=max_recursive_depth,
+                current_depth=current_depth + 1,
+                recursive_custom_types=recursive_custom_types,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            return input_
+
+    else:
+        # Return the input as is for other data types
+        return input_
+
+
+def _enum_to_dict(input_, /, use_enum_values: bool = True):
+    dict_ = dict(input_.__members__).copy()
+    if use_enum_values:
+        return {key: value.value for key, value in dict_.items()}
+    return dict_
+
+
+def _str_to_dict(
+    input_: str,
+    /,
+    fuzzy_parse: bool = False,
+    str_type: Literal["json", "xml"] | None = "json",
+    parser: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+    remove_root: bool = False,
+    root_tag: str = "root",
+    **kwargs: Any,
+):
+    """
+    kwargs for parser
+    """
+    if not parser:
+        if str_type == "xml" and not parser:
+            parser = partial(
+                xml_to_dict, remove_root=remove_root, root_tag=root_tag
+            )
+
+        elif fuzzy_parse:
+            parser = fuzzy_parse_json
+        else:
+            parser = json.loads
+
+    return parser(input_, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _na_to_dict(input_: type[None] | UndefinedType | PydanticUndefinedType, /):
+    return {}
+
+
+def _model_to_dict(input_: Any, /, use_model_dump=True, **kwargs):
+    """
+    kwargs: built-in serialization methods kwargs
+    accepted built-in serialization methods:
+        - mdoel_dump
+        - to_dict
+        - to_json
+        - dict
+        - json
+    """
+
+    if use_model_dump and hasattr(input_, "model_dump"):
+        return input_.model_dump(**kwargs)
+
+    methods = (
+        "to_dict",
+        "to_json",
+        "json",
+        "dict",
+    )
+    for method in methods:
+        if hasattr(input_, method):
+            result = getattr(input_, method)(**kwargs)
+            return json.loads(result) if isinstance(result, str) else result
+
+    if hasattr(input_, "__dict__"):
+        return input_.__dict__
+
+    try:
+        return dict(input_)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unable to convert input to dictionary: {e}")
+
+
+def _set_to_dict(input_: set, /) -> dict:
+    return {v: v for v in input_}
+
+
+def _iterable_to_dict(input_: Iterable, /) -> dict:
+    return {idx: v for idx, v in enumerate(input_)}
+
+
+def _to_dict(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    fuzzy_parse: bool = False,
+    str_type: Literal["json", "xml"] | None = "json",
+    parser: Callable[[str], Any] | None = None,
+    remove_root: bool = False,
+    root_tag: str = "root",
+    use_model_dump: bool = True,
+    use_enum_values: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+
+    if isinstance(input_, set):
+        return _set_to_dict(input_)
+
+    if isinstance(input_, type) and issubclass(input_, Enum):
+        return _enum_to_dict(input_, use_enum_values=use_enum_values)
+
+    if isinstance(input_, Mapping):
+        return dict(input_)
+
+    if isinstance(input_, type(None) | UndefinedType | PydanticUndefinedType):
+        return _na_to_dict(input_)
+
+    if isinstance(input_, str):
+        return _str_to_dict(
+            input_,
+            fuzzy_parse=fuzzy_parse,
+            str_type=str_type,
+            parser=parser,
+            remove_root=remove_root,
+            root_tag=root_tag,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(input_, BaseModel) or not isinstance(input_, Sequence):
+        return _model_to_dict(input_, use_model_dump=use_model_dump, **kwargs)
+
+    if isinstance(input_, Iterable):
+        return _iterable_to_dict(input_)
+
+    return dict(input_)
+
+
+# Precompile the regex for extracting JSON code blocks
+_JSON_BLOCK_PATTERN = re.compile(r"```json\s*(.*?)\s*```", re.DOTALL)
+
+
+def to_json(
+    input_data: str | list[str], /, *, fuzzy_parse: bool = False
+) -> dict[str, Any] | list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Extract and parse JSON content from a string or markdown code blocks.
+
+    Attempts direct JSON parsing first. If that fails, looks for JSON content
+    within markdown code blocks denoted by ```json.
+
+    Args:
+        input_data (str | list[str]): The input string or list of strings to parse.
+        fuzzy_parse (bool): If True, attempts fuzzy JSON parsing on failed attempts.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict or list of dicts:
+            - If a single JSON object is found: returns a dict.
+            - If multiple JSON objects are found: returns a list of dicts.
+            - If no valid JSON found: returns an empty list.
+    """
+
+    # If input_data is a list, join into a single string
+    if isinstance(input_data, list):
+        input_str = "\n".join(input_data)
+    else:
+        input_str = input_data
+
+    # 1. Try direct parsing
+    try:
+        if fuzzy_parse:
+            return fuzzy_parse_json(input_str)
+        return json.loads(input_str)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+    # 2. Attempt extracting JSON blocks from markdown
+    matches = _JSON_BLOCK_PATTERN.findall(input_str)
+    if not matches:
+        return []
+
+    # If only one match, return single dict; if multiple, return list of dicts
+    if len(matches) == 1:
+        data_str = matches[0]
+        return (
+            fuzzy_parse_json(data_str) if fuzzy_parse else json.loads(data_str)
+        )
+
+    # Multiple matches
+    if fuzzy_parse:
+        return [fuzzy_parse_json(m) for m in matches]
+    else:
+        return [json.loads(m) for m in matches]
+
+
+def get_bins(input_: list[str], upper: int) -> list[list[int]]:
+    """Organizes indices of strings into bins based on a cumulative upper limit.
+
+    Args:
+        input_ (List[str]): The list of strings to be binned.
+        upper (int): The cumulative length upper limit for each bin.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[List[int]]: A list of bins, each bin is a list of indices from the input list.
+    """
+    current = 0
+    bins = []
+    current_bin = []
+    for idx, item in enumerate(input_):
+        if current + len(item) < upper:
+            current_bin.append(idx)
+            current += len(item)
+        else:
+            bins.append(current_bin)
+            current_bin = [idx]
+            current = len(item)
+    if current_bin:
+        bins.append(current_bin)
+    return bins
+
+
+class Throttle:
+    """
+    Provide a throttling mechanism for function calls.
+
+    When used as a decorator, it ensures that the decorated function can only
+    be called once per specified period. Subsequent calls within this period
+    are delayed to enforce this constraint.
+
+    Attributes:
+        period: The minimum time period (in seconds) between successive calls.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, period: float) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize a new instance of Throttle.
+
+        Args:
+            period: The minimum time period (in seconds) between
+                successive calls.
+        """
+        self.period = period
+        self.last_called = 0
+
+    def __call__(self, func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., T]:
+        """
+        Decorate a synchronous function with the throttling mechanism.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The synchronous function to be throttled.
+
+        Returns:
+            The throttled synchronous function.
+        """
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> Any:
+            elapsed = time() - self.last_called
+            if elapsed < self.period:
+                t_.sleep(self.period - elapsed)
+            self.last_called = time()
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def __call_async__(
+        self, func: Callable[..., Callable[..., T]]
+    ) -> Callable[..., Callable[..., T]]:
+        """
+        Decorate an asynchronous function with the throttling mechanism.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The asynchronous function to be throttled.
+
+        Returns:
+            The throttled asynchronous function.
+        """
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        async def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> Any:
+            elapsed = time() - self.last_called
+            if elapsed < self.period:
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.period - elapsed)
+            self.last_called = time()
+            return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+def force_async(fn: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., Callable[..., T]]:
+    """
+    Convert a synchronous function to an asynchronous function
+    using a thread pool.
+
+    Args:
+        fn: The synchronous function to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The asynchronous version of the function.
+    """
+    pool = ThreadPoolExecutor()
+
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        future = pool.submit(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+        return asyncio.wrap_future(future)  # Make it awaitable
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def throttle(
+    func: Callable[..., T], period: float
+) -> Callable[..., Callable[..., T]]:
+    """
+    Throttle function execution to limit the rate of calls.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to throttle.
+        period: The minimum time interval between consecutive calls.
+
+    Returns:
+        The throttled function.
+    """
+    if not is_coro_func(func):
+        func = force_async(func)
+    throttle_instance = Throttle(period)
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        await throttle_instance(func)(*args, **kwargs)
+        return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def max_concurrent(
+    func: Callable[..., T], limit: int
+) -> Callable[..., Callable[..., T]]:
+    """
+    Limit the concurrency of function execution using a semaphore.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to limit concurrency for.
+        limit: The maximum number of concurrent executions.
+
+    Returns:
+        The function wrapped with concurrency control.
+    """
+    if not is_coro_func(func):
+        func = force_async(func)
+    semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(limit)
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        async with semaphore:
+            return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+# Type definitions
+NUM_TYPE_LITERAL = Literal["int", "float", "complex"]
+NUM_TYPES = type[int] | type[float] | type[complex] | NUM_TYPE_LITERAL
+NumericType = TypeVar("NumericType", int, float, complex)
+
+# Type mapping
+TYPE_MAP = {"int": int, "float": float, "complex": complex}
+
+# Regex patterns for different numeric formats
+PATTERNS = {
+    "scientific": r"[-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d+[eE][-+]?\d+",
+    "complex_sci": r"[-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d+(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?[-+](?:\d*\.)?\d+(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?[jJ]",
+    "complex": r"[-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d+[-+](?:\d*\.)?\d+[jJ]",
+    "pure_imaginary": r"[-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d*[jJ]",
+    "percentage": r"[-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d+%",
+    "fraction": r"[-+]?\d+/\d+",
+    "decimal": r"[-+]?(?:\d*\.)?\d+",
+    "special": r"[-+]?(?:inf|infinity|nan)",
+}
+
+
+def to_num(
+    input_: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    upper_bound: int | float | None = None,
+    lower_bound: int | float | None = None,
+    num_type: NUM_TYPES = float,
+    precision: int | None = None,
+    num_count: int = 1,
+) -> int | float | complex | list[int | float | complex]:
+    """Convert input to numeric type(s) with validation and bounds checking.
+
+    Args:
+        input_value: The input to convert to number(s).
+        upper_bound: Maximum allowed value (inclusive).
+        lower_bound: Minimum allowed value (inclusive).
+        num_type: Target numeric type ('int', 'float', 'complex' or type objects).
+        precision: Number of decimal places for rounding (float only).
+        num_count: Number of numeric values to extract.
+
+    Returns:
+        Converted number(s). Single value if num_count=1, else list.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: For invalid input or out of bounds values.
+        TypeError: For invalid input types or invalid type conversions.
+    """
+    # Validate input
+    if isinstance(input_, (list, tuple)):
+        raise TypeError("Input cannot be a sequence")
+
+    # Handle boolean input
+    if isinstance(input_, bool):
+        return validate_num_type(num_type)(input_)
+
+    # Handle direct numeric input
+    if isinstance(input_, (int, float, complex, Decimal)):
+        inferred_type = type(input_)
+        if isinstance(input_, Decimal):
+            inferred_type = float
+        value = float(input_) if not isinstance(input_, complex) else input_
+        value = apply_bounds(value, upper_bound, lower_bound)
+        value = apply_precision(value, precision)
+        return convert_type(value, validate_num_type(num_type), inferred_type)
+
+    # Convert input to string and extract numbers
+    input_str = str(input_)
+    number_matches = extract_numbers(input_str)
+
+    if not number_matches:
+        raise ValueError(f"No valid numbers found in: {input_str}")
+
+    # Process numbers
+    results = []
+    target_type = validate_num_type(num_type)
+
+    number_matches = (
+        number_matches[:num_count]
+        if num_count < len(number_matches)
+        else number_matches
+    )
+
+    for type_and_value in number_matches:
+        try:
+            # Infer appropriate type
+            inferred_type = infer_type(type_and_value)
+
+            # Parse to numeric value
+            value = parse_number(type_and_value)
+
+            # Apply bounds if not complex
+            value = apply_bounds(value, upper_bound, lower_bound)
+
+            # Apply precision
+            value = apply_precision(value, precision)
+
+            # Convert to target type if different from inferred
+            value = convert_type(value, target_type, inferred_type)
+
+            results.append(value)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            if len(type_and_value) == 2:
+                raise type(e)(
+                    f"Error processing {type_and_value[1]}: {str(e)}"
+                )
+            raise type(e)(f"Error processing {type_and_value}: {str(e)}")
+
+    if results and num_count == 1:
+        return results[0]
+    return results
+
+
+def extract_numbers(text: str) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """Extract numeric values from text using ordered regex patterns.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The text to extract numbers from.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of tuples containing (pattern_type, matched_value).
+    """
+    combined_pattern = "|".join(PATTERNS.values())
+    matches = re.finditer(combined_pattern, text, re.IGNORECASE)
+    numbers = []
+
+    for match in matches:
+        value = match.group()
+        # Check which pattern matched
+        for pattern_name, pattern in PATTERNS.items():
+            if re.fullmatch(pattern, value, re.IGNORECASE):
+                numbers.append((pattern_name, value))
+                break
+
+    return numbers
+
+
+def validate_num_type(num_type: NUM_TYPES) -> type:
+    """Validate and normalize numeric type specification.
+
+    Args:
+        num_type: The numeric type to validate.
+
+    Returns:
+        The normalized Python type object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the type specification is invalid.
+    """
+    if isinstance(num_type, str):
+        if num_type not in TYPE_MAP:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid number type: {num_type}")
+        return TYPE_MAP[num_type]
+
+    if num_type not in (int, float, complex):
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid number type: {num_type}")
+    return num_type
+
+
+def infer_type(value: tuple[str, str]) -> type:
+    """Infer appropriate numeric type from value.
+
+    Args:
+        value: Tuple of (pattern_type, matched_value).
+
+    Returns:
+        The inferred Python type.
+    """
+    pattern_type, _ = value
+    if pattern_type in ("complex", "complex_sci", "pure_imaginary"):
+        return complex
+    return float
+
+
+def convert_special(value: str) -> float:
+    """Convert special float values (inf, -inf, nan).
+
+    Args:
+        value: The string value to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted float value.
+    """
+    value = value.lower()
+    if "infinity" in value or "inf" in value:
+        return float("-inf") if value.startswith("-") else float("inf")
+    return float("nan")
+
+
+def convert_percentage(value: str) -> float:
+    """Convert percentage string to float.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The percentage string to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted float value.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the percentage value is invalid.
+    """
+    try:
+        return float(value.rstrip("%")) / 100
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid percentage value: {value}") from e
+
+
+def convert_complex(value: str) -> complex:
+    """Convert complex number string to complex.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The complex number string to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted complex value.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the complex number is invalid.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Handle pure imaginary numbers
+        if value.endswith("j") or value.endswith("J"):
+            if value in ("j", "J"):
+                return complex(0, 1)
+            if value in ("+j", "+J"):
+                return complex(0, 1)
+            if value in ("-j", "-J"):
+                return complex(0, -1)
+            if "+" not in value and "-" not in value[1:]:
+                # Pure imaginary number
+                imag = float(value[:-1] or "1")
+                return complex(0, imag)
+
+        return complex(value.replace(" ", ""))
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid complex number: {value}") from e
+
+
+def convert_type(
+    value: float | complex,
+    target_type: type,
+    inferred_type: type,
+) -> int | float | complex:
+    """Convert value to target type if specified, otherwise use inferred type.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value to convert.
+        target_type: The requested target type.
+        inferred_type: The inferred type from the value.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted value.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the conversion is not possible.
+    """
+    try:
+        # If no specific type requested, use inferred type
+        if target_type is float and inferred_type is complex:
+            return value
+
+        # Handle explicit type conversions
+        if target_type is int and isinstance(value, complex):
+            raise TypeError("Cannot convert complex number to int")
+        return target_type(value)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Cannot convert {value} to {target_type.__name__}"
+        ) from e
+
+
+def apply_bounds(
+    value: float | complex,
+    upper_bound: float | None = None,
+    lower_bound: float | None = None,
+) -> float | complex:
+    """Apply bounds checking to numeric value.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value to check.
+        upper_bound: Maximum allowed value (inclusive).
+        lower_bound: Minimum allowed value (inclusive).
+
+    Returns:
+        The validated value.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the value is outside bounds.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, complex):
+        return value
+
+    if upper_bound is not None and value > upper_bound:
+        raise ValueError(f"Value {value} exceeds upper bound {upper_bound}")
+    if lower_bound is not None and value < lower_bound:
+        raise ValueError(f"Value {value} below lower bound {lower_bound}")
+    return value
+
+
+def apply_precision(
+    value: float | complex,
+    precision: int | None,
+) -> float | complex:
+    """Apply precision rounding to numeric value.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value to round.
+        precision: Number of decimal places.
+
+    Returns:
+        The rounded value.
+    """
+    if precision is None or isinstance(value, complex):
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return round(value, precision)
+    return value
+
+
+def parse_number(type_and_value: tuple[str, str]) -> float | complex:
+    """Parse string to numeric value based on pattern type.
+
+    Args:
+        type_and_value: Tuple of (pattern_type, matched_value).
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed numeric value.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If parsing fails.
+    """
+    num_type, value = type_and_value
+    value = value.strip()
+
+    try:
+        if num_type == "special":
+            return convert_special(value)
+
+        if num_type == "percentage":
+            return convert_percentage(value)
+
+        if num_type == "fraction":
+            if "/" not in value:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid fraction: {value}")
+            if value.count("/") > 1:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid fraction: {value}")
+            num, denom = value.split("/")
+            if not (num.strip("-").isdigit() and denom.isdigit()):
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid fraction: {value}")
+            denom_val = float(denom)
+            if denom_val == 0:
+                raise ValueError("Division by zero")
+            return float(num) / denom_val
+        if num_type in ("complex", "complex_sci", "pure_imaginary"):
+            return convert_complex(value)
+        if num_type == "scientific":
+            if "e" not in value.lower():
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid scientific notation: {value}")
+            parts = value.lower().split("e")
+            if len(parts) != 2:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid scientific notation: {value}")
+            if not (parts[1].lstrip("+-").isdigit()):
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid scientific notation: {value}")
+            return float(value)
+        if num_type == "decimal":
+            return float(value)
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown number type: {num_type}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Preserve the specific error type but wrap with more context
+        raise type(e)(f"Failed to parse {value} as {num_type}: {str(e)}")
+
+
+def breakdown_pydantic_annotation(
+    model: type[B], max_depth: int | None = None, current_depth: int = 0
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+
+    if not _is_pydantic_model(model):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a Pydantic model")
+
+    if max_depth is not None and current_depth >= max_depth:
+        raise RecursionError("Maximum recursion depth reached")
+
+    out: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for k, v in model.__annotations__.items():
+        origin = get_origin(v)
+        if _is_pydantic_model(v):
+            out[k] = breakdown_pydantic_annotation(
+                v, max_depth, current_depth + 1
+            )
+        elif origin is list:
+            args = get_args(v)
+            if args and _is_pydantic_model(args[0]):
+                out[k] = [
+                    breakdown_pydantic_annotation(
+                        args[0], max_depth, current_depth + 1
+                    )
+                ]
+            else:
+                out[k] = [args[0] if args else Any]
+        else:
+            out[k] = v
+
+    return out
+
+
+def _is_pydantic_model(x: Any) -> bool:
+    return isclass(x) and issubclass(x, BaseModel)
+
+
+def run_package_manager_command(
+    args: Sequence[str],
+) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[bytes]:
+    """Run a package manager command, using uv if available, otherwise falling back to pip."""
+    # Check if uv is available in PATH
+    uv_path = shutil.which("uv")
+
+    if uv_path:
+        # Use uv if available
+        try:
+            return subprocess.run(
+                [uv_path] + list(args),
+                check=True,
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            # If uv fails, fall back to pip
+            print("uv command failed, falling back to pip...")
+
+    # Fall back to pip
+    return subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "pip"] + list(args),
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )