linq-python 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

linq/_response.py

@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import inspect
+import logging
+import datetime
+import functools
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Union,
+    Generic,
+    TypeVar,
+    Callable,
+    Iterator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Awaitable, ParamSpec, override, get_origin
+
+import anyio
+import httpx
+import pydantic
+
+from ._types import NoneType
+from ._utils import is_given, extract_type_arg, is_annotated_type, is_type_alias_type, extract_type_var_from_base
+from ._models import BaseModel, is_basemodel
+from ._constants import RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER, OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER
+from ._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream, is_stream_class_type, extract_stream_chunk_type
+from ._exceptions import LinqApiv3Error, APIResponseValidationError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._models import FinalRequestOptions
+    from ._base_client import BaseClient
+
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+R = TypeVar("R")
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_APIResponseT = TypeVar("_APIResponseT", bound="APIResponse[Any]")
+_AsyncAPIResponseT = TypeVar("_AsyncAPIResponseT", bound="AsyncAPIResponse[Any]")
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BaseAPIResponse(Generic[R]):
+    _cast_to: type[R]
+    _client: BaseClient[Any, Any]
+    _parsed_by_type: dict[type[Any], Any]
+    _is_sse_stream: bool
+    _stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None
+    _options: FinalRequestOptions
+
+    http_response: httpx.Response
+
+    retries_taken: int
+    """The number of retries made. If no retries happened this will be `0`"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw: httpx.Response,
+        cast_to: type[R],
+        client: BaseClient[Any, Any],
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._cast_to = cast_to
+        self._client = client
+        self._parsed_by_type = {}
+        self._is_sse_stream = stream
+        self._stream_cls = stream_cls
+        self._options = options
+        self.http_response = raw
+        self.retries_taken = retries_taken
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> httpx.Headers:
+        return self.http_response.headers
+
+    @property
+    def http_request(self) -> httpx.Request:
+        """Returns the httpx Request instance associated with the current response."""
+        return self.http_response.request
+
+    @property
+    def status_code(self) -> int:
+        return self.http_response.status_code
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> httpx.URL:
+        """Returns the URL for which the request was made."""
+        return self.http_response.url
+
+    @property
+    def method(self) -> str:
+        return self.http_request.method
+
+    @property
+    def http_version(self) -> str:
+        return self.http_response.http_version
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self) -> datetime.timedelta:
+        """The time taken for the complete request/response cycle to complete."""
+        return self.http_response.elapsed
+
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether or not the response body has been closed.
+
+        If this is False then there is response data that has not been read yet.
+        You must either fully consume the response body or call `.close()`
+        before discarding the response to prevent resource leaks.
+        """
+        return self.http_response.is_closed
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.status_code} {self.http_response.reason_phrase}] type={self._cast_to}>"
+        )
+
+    def _parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        cast_to = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+
+        # unwrap `TypeAlias('Name', T)` -> `T`
+        if is_type_alias_type(cast_to):
+            cast_to = cast_to.__value__  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+
+        # unwrap `Annotated[T, ...]` -> `T`
+        if cast_to and is_annotated_type(cast_to):
+            cast_to = extract_type_arg(cast_to, 0)
+
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if self._is_sse_stream:
+            if to:
+                if not is_stream_class_type(to):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Expected custom parse type to be a subclass of {Stream} or {AsyncStream}")
+
+                return cast(
+                    _T,
+                    to(
+                        cast_to=extract_stream_chunk_type(
+                            to,
+                            failure_message="Expected custom stream type to be passed with a type argument, e.g. Stream[ChunkType]",
+                        ),
+                        response=self.http_response,
+                        client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                        options=self._options,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            if self._stream_cls:
+                return cast(
+                    R,
+                    self._stream_cls(
+                        cast_to=extract_stream_chunk_type(self._stream_cls),
+                        response=self.http_response,
+                        client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                        options=self._options,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            stream_cls = cast("type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None", self._client._default_stream_cls)
+            if stream_cls is None:
+                raise MissingStreamClassError()
+
+            return cast(
+                R,
+                stream_cls(
+                    cast_to=cast_to,
+                    response=self.http_response,
+                    client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                    options=self._options,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to is NoneType:
+            return cast(R, None)
+
+        response = self.http_response
+        if cast_to == str:
+            return cast(R, response.text)
+
+        if cast_to == bytes:
+            return cast(R, response.content)
+
+        if cast_to == int:
+            return cast(R, int(response.text))
+
+        if cast_to == float:
+            return cast(R, float(response.text))
+
+        if cast_to == bool:
+            return cast(R, response.text.lower() == "true")
+
+        if origin == APIResponse:
+            raise RuntimeError("Unexpected state - cast_to is `APIResponse`")
+
+        if inspect.isclass(origin) and issubclass(origin, httpx.Response):
+            # Because of the invariance of our ResponseT TypeVar, users can subclass httpx.Response
+            # and pass that class to our request functions. We cannot change the variance to be either
+            # covariant or contravariant as that makes our usage of ResponseT illegal. We could construct
+            # the response class ourselves but that is something that should be supported directly in httpx
+            # as it would be easy to incorrectly construct the Response object due to the multitude of arguments.
+            if cast_to != httpx.Response:
+                raise ValueError(f"Subclasses of httpx.Response cannot be passed to `cast_to`")
+            return cast(R, response)
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(
+                origin  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+            )
+            and not issubclass(origin, BaseModel)
+            and issubclass(origin, pydantic.BaseModel)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("Pydantic models must subclass our base model type, e.g. `from linq import BaseModel`")
+
+        if (
+            cast_to is not object
+            and not origin is list
+            and not origin is dict
+            and not origin is Union
+            and not issubclass(origin, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Unsupported type, expected {cast_to} to be a subclass of {BaseModel}, {dict}, {list}, {Union}, {NoneType}, {str} or {httpx.Response}."
+            )
+
+        # split is required to handle cases where additional information is included
+        # in the response, e.g. application/json; charset=utf-8
+        content_type, *_ = response.headers.get("content-type", "*").split(";")
+        if not content_type.endswith("json"):
+            if is_basemodel(cast_to):
+                try:
+                    data = response.json()
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    log.debug("Could not read JSON from response data due to %s - %s", type(exc), exc)
+                else:
+                    return self._client._process_response_data(
+                        data=data,
+                        cast_to=cast_to,  # type: ignore
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+
+            if self._client._strict_response_validation:
+                raise APIResponseValidationError(
+                    response=response,
+                    message=f"Expected Content-Type response header to be `application/json` but received `{content_type}` instead.",
+                    body=response.text,
+                )
+
+            # If the API responds with content that isn't JSON then we just return
+            # the (decoded) text without performing any parsing so that you can still
+            # handle the response however you need to.
+            return response.text  # type: ignore
+
+        data = response.json()
+
+        return self._client._process_response_data(
+            data=data,
+            cast_to=cast_to,  # type: ignore
+            response=response,
+        )
+
+
+class APIResponse(BaseAPIResponse[R]):
+    @overload
+    def parse(self, *, to: type[_T]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def parse(self) -> R: ...
+
+    def parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        """Returns the rich python representation of this response's data.
+
+        For lower-level control, see `.read()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`.
+
+        You can customise the type that the response is parsed into through
+        the `to` argument, e.g.
+
+        ```py
+        from linq import BaseModel
+
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            foo: str
+
+
+        obj = response.parse(to=MyModel)
+        print(obj.foo)
+        ```
+
+        We support parsing:
+          - `BaseModel`
+          - `dict`
+          - `list`
+          - `Union`
+          - `str`
+          - `int`
+          - `float`
+          - `httpx.Response`
+        """
+        cache_key = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+        cached = self._parsed_by_type.get(cache_key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        if not self._is_sse_stream:
+            self.read()
+
+        parsed = self._parse(to=to)
+        if is_given(self._options.post_parser):
+            parsed = self._options.post_parser(parsed)
+
+        self._parsed_by_type[cache_key] = parsed
+        return parsed
+
+    def read(self) -> bytes:
+        """Read and return the binary response content."""
+        try:
+            return self.http_response.read()
+        except httpx.StreamConsumed as exc:
+            # The default error raised by httpx isn't very
+            # helpful in our case so we re-raise it with
+            # a different error message.
+            raise StreamAlreadyConsumed() from exc
+
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """Read and decode the response content into a string."""
+        self.read()
+        return self.http_response.text
+
+    def json(self) -> object:
+        """Read and decode the JSON response content."""
+        self.read()
+        return self.http_response.json()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        self.http_response.close()
+
+    def iter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the decoded response content.
+
+        This automatically handles gzip, deflate and brotli encoded responses.
+        """
+        for chunk in self.http_response.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    def iter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """A str-iterator over the decoded response content
+        that handles both gzip, deflate, etc but also detects the content's
+        string encoding.
+        """
+        for chunk in self.http_response.iter_text(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    def iter_lines(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Like `iter_text()` but will only yield chunks for each line"""
+        for chunk in self.http_response.iter_lines():
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class AsyncAPIResponse(BaseAPIResponse[R]):
+    @overload
+    async def parse(self, *, to: type[_T]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def parse(self) -> R: ...
+
+    async def parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        """Returns the rich python representation of this response's data.
+
+        For lower-level control, see `.read()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`.
+
+        You can customise the type that the response is parsed into through
+        the `to` argument, e.g.
+
+        ```py
+        from linq import BaseModel
+
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            foo: str
+
+
+        obj = response.parse(to=MyModel)
+        print(obj.foo)
+        ```
+
+        We support parsing:
+          - `BaseModel`
+          - `dict`
+          - `list`
+          - `Union`
+          - `str`
+          - `httpx.Response`
+        """
+        cache_key = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+        cached = self._parsed_by_type.get(cache_key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        if not self._is_sse_stream:
+            await self.read()
+
+        parsed = self._parse(to=to)
+        if is_given(self._options.post_parser):
+            parsed = self._options.post_parser(parsed)
+
+        self._parsed_by_type[cache_key] = parsed
+        return parsed
+
+    async def read(self) -> bytes:
+        """Read and return the binary response content."""
+        try:
+            return await self.http_response.aread()
+        except httpx.StreamConsumed as exc:
+            # the default error raised by httpx isn't very
+            # helpful in our case so we re-raise it with
+            # a different error message
+            raise StreamAlreadyConsumed() from exc
+
+    async def text(self) -> str:
+        """Read and decode the response content into a string."""
+        await self.read()
+        return self.http_response.text
+
+    async def json(self) -> object:
+        """Read and decode the JSON response content."""
+        await self.read()
+        return self.http_response.json()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        await self.http_response.aclose()
+
+    async def iter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the decoded response content.
+
+        This automatically handles gzip, deflate and brotli encoded responses.
+        """
+        async for chunk in self.http_response.aiter_bytes(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def iter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        """A str-iterator over the decoded response content
+        that handles both gzip, deflate, etc but also detects the content's
+        string encoding.
+        """
+        async for chunk in self.http_response.aiter_text(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def iter_lines(self) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        """Like `iter_text()` but will only yield chunks for each line"""
+        async for chunk in self.http_response.aiter_lines():
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes]):
+    """Subclass of APIResponse providing helpers for dealing with binary data.
+
+    Note: If you want to stream the response data instead of eagerly reading it
+    all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+    the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+    """
+
+    def write_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+
+        Note: if you want to stream the data to the file instead of writing
+        all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+        the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+        """
+        with open(file, mode="wb") as f:
+            for data in self.iter_bytes():
+                f.write(data)
+
+
+class AsyncBinaryAPIResponse(AsyncAPIResponse[bytes]):
+    """Subclass of APIResponse providing helpers for dealing with binary data.
+
+    Note: If you want to stream the response data instead of eagerly reading it
+    all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+    the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+    """
+
+    async def write_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+
+        Note: if you want to stream the data to the file instead of writing
+        all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+        the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+        """
+        path = anyio.Path(file)
+        async with await path.open(mode="wb") as f:
+            async for data in self.iter_bytes():
+                await f.write(data)
+
+
+class StreamedBinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes]):
+    def stream_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        *,
+        chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Streams the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+        """
+        with open(file, mode="wb") as f:
+            for data in self.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+                f.write(data)
+
+
+class AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse(AsyncAPIResponse[bytes]):
+    async def stream_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        *,
+        chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Streams the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+        """
+        path = anyio.Path(file)
+        async with await path.open(mode="wb") as f:
+            async for data in self.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+                await f.write(data)
+
+
+class MissingStreamClassError(TypeError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            "The `stream` argument was set to `True` but the `stream_cls` argument was not given. See `linq._streaming` for reference",
+        )
+
+
+class StreamAlreadyConsumed(LinqApiv3Error):
+    """
+    Attempted to read or stream content, but the content has already
+    been streamed.
+
+    This can happen if you use a method like `.iter_lines()` and then attempt
+    to read th entire response body afterwards, e.g.
+
+    ```py
+    response = await client.post(...)
+    async for line in response.iter_lines():
+        ...  # do something with `line`
+
+    content = await response.read()
+    # ^ error
+    ```
+
+    If you want this behaviour you'll need to either manually accumulate the response
+    content or call `await response.read()` before iterating over the stream.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = (
+            "Attempted to read or stream some content, but the content has "
+            "already been streamed. "
+            "This could be due to attempting to stream the response "
+            "content more than once."
+            "\n\n"
+            "You can fix this by manually accumulating the response content while streaming "
+            "or by calling `.read()` before starting to stream."
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class ResponseContextManager(Generic[_APIResponseT]):
+    """Context manager for ensuring that a request is not made
+    until it is entered and that the response will always be closed
+    when the context manager exits
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request_func: Callable[[], _APIResponseT]) -> None:
+        self._request_func = request_func
+        self.__response: _APIResponseT | None = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> _APIResponseT:
+        self.__response = self._request_func()
+        return self.__response
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__response is not None:
+            self.__response.close()
+
+
+class AsyncResponseContextManager(Generic[_AsyncAPIResponseT]):
+    """Context manager for ensuring that a request is not made
+    until it is entered and that the response will always be closed
+    when the context manager exits
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, api_request: Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT]) -> None:
+        self._api_request = api_request
+        self.__response: _AsyncAPIResponseT | None = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _AsyncAPIResponseT:
+        self.__response = await self._api_request
+        return self.__response
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__response is not None:
+            await self.__response.close()
+
+
+def to_streamed_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, ResponseContextManager[APIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support streaming and returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> ResponseContextManager[APIResponse[R]]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return ResponseContextManager(cast(Callable[[], APIResponse[R]], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, Awaitable[R]],
+) -> Callable[P, AsyncResponseContextManager[AsyncAPIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support streaming and returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> AsyncResponseContextManager[AsyncAPIResponse[R]]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return AsyncResponseContextManager(cast(Awaitable[AsyncAPIResponse[R]], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, object],
+    response_cls: type[_APIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, ResponseContextManager[_APIResponseT]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support streaming and returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> ResponseContextManager[_APIResponseT]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return ResponseContextManager(cast(Callable[[], _APIResponseT], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, Awaitable[object]],
+    response_cls: type[_AsyncAPIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, AsyncResponseContextManager[_AsyncAPIResponseT]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support streaming and returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> AsyncResponseContextManager[_AsyncAPIResponseT]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return AsyncResponseContextManager(cast(Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def to_raw_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, APIResponse[R]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> APIResponse[R]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(APIResponse[R], func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_raw_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[AsyncAPIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> AsyncAPIResponse[R]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(AsyncAPIResponse[R], await func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def to_custom_raw_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, object],
+    response_cls: type[_APIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, _APIResponseT]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> _APIResponseT:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(_APIResponseT, func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_custom_raw_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, Awaitable[object]],
+    response_cls: type[_AsyncAPIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT], func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def extract_response_type(typ: type[BaseAPIResponse[Any]]) -> type:
+    """Given a type like `APIResponse[T]`, returns the generic type variable `T`.
+
+    This also handles the case where a concrete subclass is given, e.g.
+    ```py
+    class MyResponse(APIResponse[bytes]):
+        ...
+
+    extract_response_type(MyResponse) -> bytes
+    ```
+    """
+    return extract_type_var_from_base(
+        typ,
+        generic_bases=cast("tuple[type, ...]", (BaseAPIResponse, APIResponse, AsyncAPIResponse)),
+        index=0,
+    )