linkml 1.5.8__py3-none-any.whl → 1.6.0__py3-none-any.whl

linkml/generators/owlgen.py

@@ -1,39 +1,41 @@
-"""Generate OWL ontology corresponding to information model
-
-model classes are translated to OWL classes, slots to OWL properties.
-"""
+"""Generate OWL ontology representation of a LinkML schema."""
 import logging
 import os
+from collections import defaultdict
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from enum import Enum, unique
-from typing import Optional, TextIO, Union
+from typing import List, Mapping, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 import click
+from linkml_runtime import SchemaView
 from linkml_runtime.linkml_model.meta import (
+    AnonymousClassExpression,
+    AnonymousSlotExpression,
+    AnonymousTypeExpression,
     ClassDefinition,
     ClassDefinitionName,
     Definition,
-    Element,
-    ElementName,
     EnumDefinition,
     EnumDefinitionName,
-    SchemaDefinition,
     SlotDefinition,
     SlotDefinitionName,
     TypeDefinition,
     TypeDefinitionName,
 )
 from linkml_runtime.utils.formatutils import camelcase, underscore
-from rdflib import OWL, RDF, BNode, Graph, Literal, URIRef
+from linkml_runtime.utils.introspection import package_schemaview
+from rdflib import OWL, RDF, XSD, BNode, Graph, Literal, URIRef
 from rdflib.collection import Collection
-from rdflib.namespace import DCTERMS, RDFS, SKOS
+from rdflib.namespace import RDFS, SKOS
 from rdflib.plugin import Parser as rdflib_Parser
 from rdflib.plugin import plugins as rdflib_plugins
 
-from linkml import METAMODEL_NAMESPACE, METAMODEL_NAMESPACE_NAME
+from linkml import METAMODEL_NAMESPACE_NAME
 from linkml._version import __version__
 from linkml.utils.generator import Generator, shared_arguments
 
+OWL_TYPE = URIRef  ## RDFS.Literal or OWL.Thing
+
 
 @unique
 class MetadataProfile(Enum):
@@ -44,6 +46,21 @@ class MetadataProfile(Enum):
 
     linkml = "linkml"
     rdfs = "rdfs"
+    ols = "ols"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def list():
+        return list(map(lambda c: c.value, MetadataProfile))
+
+
+@unique
+class OWLProfile(Enum):
+    """
+    An enumeration of OWL Profiles
+    """
+
+    dl = "dl"
+    full = "full"
 
     @staticmethod
     def list():
@@ -61,12 +78,16 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
 
     `OWL Generator Docs <https://linkml.io/linkml/generators/owl>`_
 
-    Attributes:
-        type_objects    if True, represent TypeDefinitions as objects; if False, as literals
-        metaclasses     if True, include OWL representations of ClassDefinition, SlotDefinition, etc. Introduces punning
-    """
+    .
+
+    - LinkML ClassDefinitions are translated to OWL Classes
+    - LinkML SlotDefinitions are translated to OWL Properties
+    - LinkML Enumerations are translated to OWL Classes
+    - LinkML TypeDefinitions are translated to OWL Datatypes
 
-    schema: Union[str, TextIO, SchemaDefinition] = None
+    The translation aims to be as faithful as possible. But note that OWL is open-world,
+    whereas LinkML is closed-world
+    """
 
     # ClassVars
     generatorname = os.path.basename(__file__)
@@ -75,148 +96,168 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
         x.name for x in rdflib_plugins(None, rdflib_Parser) if "/" not in str(x.name)
     ]
     file_extension = "owl"
-    visits_are_sorted = True
-    uses_schemaloader = True
-    requires_metamodel = True
+    uses_schemaloader = False
+
+    ontology_uri_suffix: str = None
+    """Suffix to add to the schema name to create the ontology URI, e.g. .owl.ttl"""
 
     # ObjectVars
     metadata_profile: MetadataProfile = None
-    ontology_uri_suffix: str = None
+    """Deprecated - use metadata_profiles."""
+
+    metadata_profiles: List[MetadataProfile] = field(default_factory=lambda: [])
+    """By default, use the linkml metadata profile,
+    this allows for overrides."""
+
     metaclasses: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: True)
+    """if True, include OWL representations of ClassDefinition, SlotDefinition, etc. Introduces punning"""
+
     add_ols_annotations: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: True)
     graph: Optional[Graph] = None
+    """Mutable graph that is being built up during OWL generation."""
+
     top_value_uri: Optional[URIRef] = None
+    """If metaclasses=True, then this property is used to connect object shadows to literals"""
+
     type_objects: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: True)
-    assert_equivalent_classes: bool = False
+    """if True, represents types as classes (and thus all slots are object properties);
+    typed object classes effectively shadow the main xsd literal types.
+    The purpose of this is to allow a uniform ObjectProperty representation for all slots,
+    without having to commit to being either Data or Object property (OWL-DL does not
+    allow a property to be both."""
+
+    assert_equivalent_classes: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: False)
+    """If True, assert equivalence between definition_uris and class_uris"""
+
+    use_native_uris: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: True)
+    """If True, use the definition_uris, otherwise use class_uris."""
+
+    mixins_as_expressions: bool = None
+    """EXPERIMENTAL: If True, use OWL existential restrictions to represent mixins"""
+
+    slot_is_literal_map: Mapping[str, Set[bool]] = field(default_factory=lambda: defaultdict(set))
+    """DEPRECATED: use node_owltypes"""
+
+    node_owltypes: Mapping[Union[BNode, URIRef], Set[OWL_TYPE]] = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: defaultdict(set)
+    )
+    """rdfs:Datatype, owl:Thing"""
+
+    simplify: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: True)
+    """Reduce complex expressions to simpler forms"""
+
+    target_profile: OWLProfile = field(default_factory=lambda: OWLProfile.dl)
+    """Target OWL profile. Currently the only distinction is between DL and Full"""
 
-    def visit_schema(self, output: Optional[str] = None, **_):
-        owl_id = self.schema.id
+    metamodel_schemaview: SchemaView = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: package_schemaview("linkml_runtime.linkml_model.meta")
+    )
+
+    def as_graph(self) -> Graph:
+        """
+        Generate an rdflib Graph from the schema
+
+        :return:
+        """
+        sv = self.schemaview
+        schema = sv.schema
+        owl_id = schema.id
         if self.ontology_uri_suffix:
             owl_id = f"{owl_id}{self.ontology_uri_suffix}"
+        mergeimports = self.mergeimports
         base = URIRef(owl_id)
-        self.graph = Graph(identifier=base)
+        graph = Graph(identifier=base)
+        self.graph = graph
         for prefix in self.metamodel.schema.emit_prefixes:
             self.graph.bind(prefix, self.metamodel.namespaces[prefix])
-        for pfx in self.schema.prefixes.values():
+        for pfx in schema.prefixes.values():
             self.graph.namespace_manager.bind(pfx.prefix_prefix, URIRef(pfx.prefix_reference))
-
-        self.graph.add((base, RDF.type, OWL.Ontology))
-        self._add_element_properties(base, self.schema)
-
-        if self.metaclasses:
-            # add the model types; these will be instantiated under each individual visitor node
-            for name in [
-                "class_definition",
-                "type_definition",
-                "slot_definition",
-                "subset_definition",
-            ]:
-                self._add_metamodel_class(name)
-
-        # add value placeholder
-        if self.type_objects:
-            # TODO: additional axioms, e.g. String subClassOf hasValue some string
-            self.top_value_uri = self.metamodel.namespaces[METAMODEL_NAMESPACE_NAME]["topValue"]
-            self.graph.add((self.top_value_uri, RDF.type, OWL.DatatypeProperty))
-            self.graph.add((self.top_value_uri, RDFS.label, Literal("value")))
-
-    def end_schema(self, output: Optional[str] = None, **_) -> None:
+        graph.add((base, RDF.type, OWL.Ontology))
+
+        for cls in sv.all_classes(imports=mergeimports).values():
+            self.add_class(cls)
+            for a in cls.attributes.values():
+                self.add_slot(a, attribute=True)
+        for slot in sv.all_slots(imports=mergeimports, attributes=False).values():
+            self.add_slot(slot, attribute=False)
+        for typ in sv.all_types(imports=mergeimports).values():
+            self.add_type(typ)
+        for enm in sv.all_enums(imports=mergeimports).values():
+            self.add_enum(enm)
+
+        self.add_metadata(schema, base)
+        return graph
+
+    def serialize(self, **kwargs) -> str:
+        self.as_graph()
         data = self.graph.serialize(
             format="turtle" if self.format in ["owl", "ttl"] else self.format
-        ).decode()
-        if output:
-            with open(output, "w", encoding="UTF-8") as outf:
-                outf.write(data)
-        else:
-            print(data)
+        )
+        return data
 
     def add_metadata(self, e: Definition, uri: URIRef) -> None:
         """
-        Add generic annotation properties
+        Add generic annotation properties.
 
         :param e: schema element
         :param uri: URI representation of schema element
         :return:
         """
-        metadata_profile = self.metadata_profile
-        # TODO: use metamodel annotations to drive this rather than hardcoding
-        if e.aliases is not None:
-            for s in e.aliases:
-                self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.altLabel, Literal(s)))
-        if e.title is not None:
-            self.graph.add((uri, DCTERMS.title, Literal(e.title)))
-        if e.description is not None:
-            if metadata_profile is None or metadata_profile == MetadataProfile.linkml:
-                prop = SKOS.definition
-            elif metadata_profile == MetadataProfile.rdfs:
-                prop = RDFS.comment
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(f"Cannot handle metadata profile: {metadata_profile}")
-            self.graph.add((uri, prop, Literal(e.description)))
-        if e.mappings is not None:
-            for m in e.mappings:
-                m_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(m)
-                if m_uri is not None:
-                    self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.exactMatch, m_uri))
-                else:
-                    logging.warning(f"No URI for {m}")
-        if e.exact_mappings is not None:
-            for m in e.exact_mappings:
-                m_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(m)
-                if m_uri is not None:
-                    self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.exactMatch, m_uri))
-                else:
-                    logging.warning(f"No URI for {m}")
-        if e.close_mappings is not None:
-            for m in e.close_mappings:
-                m_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(m)
-                if m_uri is not None:
-                    self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.closeMatch, m_uri))
-                else:
-                    logging.warning(f"No URI for {m}")
-        if e.narrow_mappings is not None:
-            for m in e.narrow_mappings:
-                m_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(m)
-                if m_uri is not None:
-                    self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.narrowMatch, m_uri))
-                else:
-                    logging.warning(f"No URI for {m}")
-        if e.broad_mappings is not None:
-            for m in e.broad_mappings:
-                m_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(m)
-                if m_uri is not None:
-                    self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.broadMatch, m_uri))
-                else:
-                    logging.warning(f"No URI for {m}")
-        if e.related_mappings is not None:
-            for m in e.related_mappings:
-                m_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(m)
-                if m_uri is not None:
-                    self.graph.add((uri, SKOS.relatedMatch, m_uri))
+
+        msv = self.metamodel_schemaview
+        this_sv = self.schemaview
+        sn_mappings = msv.slot_name_mappings()
+
+        for metaslot_name, metaslot_value in vars(e).items():
+            if not metaslot_value:
+                continue
+            metaslot_name = sn_mappings.get(metaslot_name).name
+            metaslot = msv.induced_slot(metaslot_name, e.class_name)
+            metaslot_curie = msv.get_uri(metaslot, native=False, expand=False)
+            if metaslot_curie.startswith("linkml:"):
+                # only mapped properties
+                continue
+            metaslot_uri = URIRef(msv.get_uri(metaslot, native=False, expand=True))
+            if metaslot_name == "description" and self.has_profile(MetadataProfile.rdfs):
+                metaslot_uri = RDFS.comment
+            metaslot_range = metaslot.range
+            if not isinstance(metaslot_value, list):
+                metaslot_value = [metaslot_value]
+            for v in metaslot_value:
+                if metaslot_range in msv.all_types():
+                    if metaslot_range == "uri":
+                        obj = URIRef(v)
+                    elif metaslot_range == "uriorcurie":
+                        obj = URIRef(this_sv.expand_curie(v))
+                    else:
+                        obj = Literal(v)
+                elif metaslot_range in msv.all_subsets():
+                    obj = Literal(v)  # TODO
+                elif metaslot_range in msv.all_classes():
+                    continue
+                    # if isinstance(v, str):
+                    #    obj = URIRef(msv.expand_curie(v))
+                    # else:
+                    #    logging.debug(f"Skipping {uri} {metaslot_uri} => {v}")
                 else:
-                    logging.warning(f"No URI for {m}")
+                    obj = Literal(v)
+                self.graph.add((uri, metaslot_uri, obj))
+
         for k, v in e.annotations.items():
-            if ":" in k:
-                k_curie = k
-                try:
-                    k_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(k_curie)
-                except ValueError:
-                    try:
-                        k_uri = self.metamodel.namespaces.uri_for(k_curie)
-                    except ValueError as me:
-                        logging.info("Ignoring namespace error: " + str(me))
-                finally:
-                    if k_uri is not None:
-                        self.graph.add((uri, k_uri, Literal(v.value)))
-            # use default schema prefix
+            if ":" not in k:
+                default_prefix = this_sv.schema.default_prefix
+                if default_prefix in this_sv.schema.prefixes:
+                    default_prefix = this_sv.schema.prefixes[default_prefix].prefix_reference
+                k = default_prefix + k
+                k_uri = this_sv.expand_curie(k)
             else:
-                try:
-                    k_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(underscore(k))
-                    self.graph.add((uri, k_uri, Literal(v.value)))
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logging.info("Ignoring annotation error: " + str(e))
+                k_uri = this_sv.expand_curie(k)
+                if k_uri == k:
+                    k_uri = None
+            if k_uri:
+                self.graph.add((uri, URIRef(k_uri), Literal(v.value)))
 
-    def visit_class(self, cls: ClassDefinition) -> bool:
+    def add_class(self, cls: ClassDefinition) -> bool:
         """
         Each ClassDefinition is represented as an OWL class
 
@@ -228,8 +269,8 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
         """
         # To understand how the RDF-level operations here related to the OWL
         # representation, consult https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/
+        sv = self.schemaview
         cls_uri = self._class_uri(cls.name)
-        self.add_mappings(cls)
         self.add_metadata(cls, cls_uri)
         # add declaration
         self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
@@ -239,24 +280,20 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
                 (
                     cls_uri,
                     RDF.type,
-                    self.metamodel.namespaces[METAMODEL_NAMESPACE_NAME][
-                        camelcase("class definition")
-                    ],
+                    ClassDefinition.class_class_uri,
                 )
             )
-        self._add_element_properties(cls_uri, cls)
+        # self._add_element_properties(cls_uri, cls)
 
         # Parent classes
         if cls.is_a:
             self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._class_uri(cls.is_a)))
-        if cls.mixin:
-            self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, METAMODEL_NAMESPACE.mixin))
         for mixin in sorted(cls.mixins):
-            self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._class_uri(mixin)))
-        if cls.name in self.synopsis.applytorefs:
-            for appl in sorted(self.synopsis.applytorefs[cls.name].classrefs):
-                self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._class_uri(appl)))
-        if self.add_ols_annotations:
+            parent = self._class_uri(mixin)
+            if self.mixins_as_expressions:
+                parent = self._some_values_from(self._metaslot_uri("mixin"), parent)
+            self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, parent))
+        if self.has_profile(MetadataProfile.ols):
             # Add annotations for browser hints. See https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/docs/installation-guide
             if cls.is_a is None:
                 if len(cls.mixins) == 0:
@@ -269,125 +306,269 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
                         )
                     )
 
-        if cls.class_uri and self.assert_equivalent_classes:
-            eq_class_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(cls.class_uri)
-            if str(eq_class_uri) != cls.definition_uri:
-                self.graph.add((cls_uri, OWL.equivalentClass, eq_class_uri))
-                self.graph.remove((cls_uri, SKOS.exactMatch, eq_class_uri))
-
-        # If defining slots, we generate an equivalentClass entry
-        # equ_node = BNode()
-        # self.graph.add((cls_uri, OWL.equivalentClass, equ_node))
-        # self.graph.add((equ_node, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
-        #
-        # elts = []
-        # if cls.is_a:
-        #     elts.append(self._class_uri(cls.is_a))
-        # if cls.mixin:
-        #     self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, META_NS.mixin))
-        # for mixin in cls.mixins:
-        #     self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._class_uri(mixin)))
-        # if cls.name in self.synopsis.applytorefs:
-        #     for appl in self.synopsis.applytorefs[cls.name].classrefs:
-        #         self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._class_uri(appl)))
-        #
-        # for slotname in cls.defining_slots:
-        #     restr_node = BNode()
-        #     slot = self.schema.slots[slotname]
-        #
-        #     self.graph.add((restr_node, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-        #     self.graph.add((restr_node, OWL.onProperty, self._prop_uri(slotname)))
-        #     self._add_cardinality(restr_node, slot)
-        #     # TODO: fix this
-        #     # self.graph.add((restr_node, OWL.someValuesFrom, self._build_range(slot)))
-        #     elts.append(restr_node)
-        #
-        # coll_bnode = BNode()
-        # Collection(self.graph, coll_bnode, elts)
-        # self.graph.add((equ_node, OWL.intersectionOf, coll_bnode))
-
-        # TODO: see whether unions belong
-        # if cls.union_of:
-        #     union_node = BNode()
-        #     Collection(self.graph, union_coll, [self.class_uri(union_node) for union_node in cls.union_of])
-        #     self.graph.add((union_node, OWL.unionOf, union_coll))
-        #     self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, union_node))
-
-        for sn in sorted(self.own_slot_names(cls)):
-            # Defining_slots are covered above
-            slot = self.schema.slots[sn]
-            slot_node = BNode()
-            self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, slot_node))
-
-            if self._range_is_datatype(slot):
-                cardinality_on = OWL.onDataRange
+        if cls.class_uri:
+            mapped_uri = sv.get_uri(cls, expand=True, native=not self.use_native_uris)
+            if cls_uri != mapped_uri:
+                p = OWL.equivalentClass if self.assert_equivalent_classes else SKOS.exactMatch
+                self.graph.add((URIRef(cls_uri), p, URIRef(mapped_uri)))
+        superclass_expr = self.transform_class_expression(cls)
+        if superclass_expr:
+            ixn_listnodes = []
+            if isinstance(superclass_expr, BNode):
+                ixn_listnodes = list(self.graph.objects(superclass_expr, OWL.intersectionOf))
+            if self.simplify and ixn_listnodes:
+                # simplify
+                if len(ixn_listnodes) > 1:
+                    raise AssertionError
+                for x in Collection(self.graph, ixn_listnodes[0]):
+                    self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, x))
+                self._remove_list(ixn_listnodes[0])
+                self.graph.remove((superclass_expr, OWL.intersectionOf, ixn_listnodes[0]))
             else:
-                cardinality_on = OWL.onClass
-            slot_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(slot.slot_uri)
-            if slot_uri == "rdf:type":
-                logging.warning(
-                    "rdflib may have issues serializing rdf:type with turtle serializer"
+                self.graph.add((cls_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, superclass_expr))
+
+    def transform_class_expression(
+        self, cls: Union[ClassDefinition, AnonymousClassExpression]
+    ) -> BNode:
+        graph = self.graph
+        sv = self.schemaview
+        if isinstance(cls, ClassDefinition):
+            own_slots = list(cls.slot_usage.values()) + list(cls.attributes.values())
+        else:
+            own_slots = []
+        own_slots.extend(cls.slot_conditions.values())
+        # sort by name
+        own_slots.sort(key=lambda x: x.name)
+        owl_exprs = []
+        if cls.any_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._union_of([self.transform_class_expression(x) for x in cls.any_of])
+            )
+        if cls.exactly_one_of:
+            sub_exprs = [self.transform_class_expression(x) for x in cls.exactly_one_of]
+            if isinstance(cls, ClassDefinition):
+                cls_uri = self._class_uri(cls.name)
+                listnode = BNode()
+                Collection(graph, listnode, sub_exprs)
+                graph.add((cls_uri, OWL.disjointUnionOf, listnode))
+            else:
+                sub_sub_exprs = []
+                for i, x in enumerate(sub_exprs):
+                    rest = sub_exprs[0:i] + sub_exprs[i + 1 :]
+                    neg_expr = self._complement_of_union_of(rest)
+                    sub_sub_exprs.append(self._intersection_of([x, neg_expr]))
+                sub_exprs.append(self._union_of(sub_sub_exprs))
+        if cls.all_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._intersection_of([self.transform_class_expression(x) for x in cls.all_of])
+            )
+        if cls.none_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._complement_of_union_of(
+                    [self.transform_class_expression(x) for x in cls.any_of]
                 )
-            if slot.required:
-                if slot.multivalued:
-                    #  intersectionOf(restriction(slot only type) restriction(slot some type)
-                    restr1 = BNode()
-                    self.graph.add((restr1, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-                    self.graph.add((restr1, OWL.allValuesFrom, self._range_uri(slot)))
-                    self.graph.add((restr1, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
-
-                    restr2 = BNode()
-                    self.graph.add((restr2, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-                    self.graph.add((restr2, OWL.someValuesFrom, self._range_uri(slot)))
-                    self.graph.add((restr2, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
-
-                    coll_bnode = BNode()
-                    Collection(self.graph, coll_bnode, [restr1, restr2])
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.intersectionOf, coll_bnode))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
+            )
+        for slot in own_slots:
+            x = self.transform_class_slot_expression(cls, slot, slot)
+            if not x:
+                range = sv.schema.default_range
+                if range:
+                    if range in sv.all_types():
+                        x = self._type_uri(range)
+                    elif range in sv.all_enums():
+                        x = self._enum_uri(range)
+                    elif range in sv.all_classes():
+                        x = self._enum_uri(range)
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(f"Unknown range {range}")
+                        # x = self._class_uri(range)
                 else:
-                    #    restriction(slot exactly 1 type)
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.qualifiedCardinality, Literal(1)))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, cardinality_on, self._range_uri(slot)))
+                    x = OWL.Thing
+            slot_uri = self._prop_uri(slot)
+            if slot.name in sv.all_slots():
+                top_slot = sv.get_slot(slot.name)
             else:
-                if slot.multivalued:
-                    #    restriction(slot only type)
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.allValuesFrom, self._range_uri(slot)))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
-                else:
-                    #    intersectionOf(restriction(slot only type) restriction(slot max 1 type))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, cardinality_on, self._range_uri(slot)))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.maxQualifiedCardinality, Literal(1)))
-                    self.graph.add((slot_node, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
-
-        return True
-
-    def visit_slot(self, slot_name: str, slot: SlotDefinition) -> None:
-        """Add a slot definition per slot
-
-        Note: visit_slot may be called multiple times for the same slot_uri, as the same slot_uri can be used:
-        * when the schema declares `attributes`
-        * when `slot_usage` induces additional slots
+                top_slot = slot
+            avf = BNode()
+            graph.add((avf, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
+            graph.add((avf, OWL.allValuesFrom, x))
+            graph.add((avf, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
+            owl_exprs.append(avf)
+            min_card_expr = BNode()
+            owl_exprs.append(min_card_expr)
+            min_card = 1 if slot.required or top_slot.required else 0
+            graph.add((min_card_expr, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
+            graph.add((min_card_expr, OWL.minCardinality, Literal(min_card)))
+            graph.add((min_card_expr, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
+            if not slot.multivalued and not top_slot.multivalued:
+                max_card_expr = BNode()
+                owl_exprs.append(max_card_expr)
+                graph.add((max_card_expr, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
+                graph.add((max_card_expr, OWL.maxCardinality, Literal(1)))
+                graph.add((max_card_expr, OWL.onProperty, slot_uri))
+        return self._intersection_of(owl_exprs)
+
+    def transform_class_slot_expression(
+        self,
+        cls: Optional[Union[ClassDefinition, AnonymousClassExpression]],
+        slot: Union[SlotDefinition, AnonymousSlotExpression],
+        main_slot: SlotDefinition = None,
+    ) -> Union[BNode, URIRef]:
+        """
+        Take a ClassExpression and SlotExpression combination and transform to a node.
 
-        @param slot_name:
-        @param slot:
-        @return:
+        :param cls:
+        :param slot:
+        :param main_slot:
+        :return:
         """
+        sv = self.schemaview
+        if main_slot is None:
+            if not isinstance(slot, SlotDefinition):
+                raise ValueError(f"Must pass main slot for {slot}")
+            main_slot = slot
+
+        owl_exprs = []
+
+        if slot.any_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._union_of(
+                    [self.transform_class_slot_expression(cls, x, main_slot) for x in slot.any_of]
+                )
+            )
+        if slot.all_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._intersection_of(
+                    [self.transform_class_slot_expression(cls, x, main_slot) for x in slot.all_of]
+                )
+            )
+        if slot.none_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._complement_of_union_of(
+                    [self.transform_class_slot_expression(cls, x, main_slot) for x in slot.none_of]
+                )
+            )
+        if slot.exactly_one_of:
+            owl_exprs.append(
+                self._exactly_one_of(
+                    [
+                        self.transform_class_slot_expression(cls, x, main_slot)
+                        for x in slot.exactly_one_of
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+        range = slot.range
+        # if not range and not owl_exprs:
+        #    range = sv.schema.default_range
+        owl_types = set()
+        if range:
+            if range in sv.all_types(imports=True):
+                self.slot_is_literal_map[main_slot.name].add(True)
+                owl_types.add(RDFS.Literal)
+                typ = sv.get_type(range)
+                if self.type_objects:
+                    # TODO
+                    owl_exprs.append(self._type_uri(typ.name))
+                else:
+                    owl_exprs.append(self._type_uri(typ.name))
+            elif range in self.schema.enums:
+                # TODO: enums fill this in
+                owl_exprs.append(self._enum_uri(EnumDefinitionName(range)))
+            else:
+                owl_types.add(OWL.Thing)
+                self.slot_is_literal_map[main_slot.name].add(False)
+                owl_exprs.append(self._class_uri(ClassDefinitionName(range)))
+        constraints_exprs, constraints_owltypes = self.add_constraints(slot)
+        owl_types.update(constraints_owltypes)
+        owl_exprs.extend(constraints_exprs)
+        # constraints = {
+        #     XSD.minInclusive: slot.minimum_value,
+        #     XSD.maxInclusive: slot.maximum_value,
+        #     XSD.pattern: slot.pattern,  # TODO: map between ECMAScript and XSD regular expressions
+        # }
+        # for constraint_prop, constraint_val in constraints.items():
+        #     if constraint_val is not None:
+        #         owl_types.add(RDFS.Literal)
+        #         dr = BNode()
+        #         graph.add((dr, RDF.type, RDFS.Datatype))
+        #         if isinstance(constraint_val, float):
+        #             graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.float))
+        #         elif isinstance(constraint_val, int):
+        #             graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.integer))
+        #         else:
+        #             graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.string))
+        #         listnode = BNode()
+        #         x = BNode()
+        #         Collection(graph, listnode, [x])
+        #         graph.add((dr, OWL.withRestrictions, listnode))
+        #         graph.add((x, constraint_prop, Literal(constraint_val)))
+        #         owl_exprs.append(dr)
+        # constraints = {k: v for k, v in constraints.items() if v is not None}
+        # if False and constraints:
+        #     owl_types.add(RDFS.Literal)
+        #     dr = BNode()
+        #     listnode = BNode()
+        #     graph.add((dr, RDF.type, RDFS.Datatype))
+        #     # TODO: allow for mixing of constraints
+        #     #if isinstance(v, int):
+        #     #    dt = XSD.integer
+        #     #elif isinstance(v, float):
+        #     #    dt = XSD.decimal
+        #     #else:
+        #     #    logging.warning(f"Unknown datatype for {v}")
+        #     #    dt = XSD.integer
+        #     graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.integer))
+        #     graph.add((dr, OWL.withRestrictions, listnode))
+        #     dr_exprs = []
+        #     for prop, val in constraints.items():
+        #         x = BNode()
+        #         graph.add((x, prop, Literal(val)))
+        #         dr_exprs.append(x)
+        #     Collection(graph, listnode, dr_exprs)
+        #     owl_exprs.append(dr)
+        this_expr = self._intersection_of(owl_exprs, owl_types=owl_types)
+        self.node_owltypes[this_expr].update(self._get_owltypes(owl_types, owl_exprs))
+        return this_expr
+
+    def add_constraints(
+        self,
+        element: Union[
+            SlotDefinition, AnonymousSlotExpression, TypeDefinition, AnonymousTypeExpression
+        ],
+    ) -> Tuple[List[BNode], Set[OWL_TYPE]]:
+        owl_types = set()
+        owl_exprs = []
+        graph = self.graph
+        constraints = {
+            XSD.minInclusive: element.minimum_value,
+            XSD.maxInclusive: element.maximum_value,
+            XSD.pattern: element.pattern,  # TODO: map between ECMAScript and XSD regular expressions
+        }
+        for constraint_prop, constraint_val in constraints.items():
+            if constraint_val is not None:
+                owl_types.add(RDFS.Literal)
+                dr = BNode()
+                graph.add((dr, RDF.type, RDFS.Datatype))
+                if isinstance(constraint_val, float):
+                    graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.float))
+                elif isinstance(constraint_val, int):
+                    graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.integer))
+                else:
+                    graph.add((dr, OWL.onDatatype, XSD.string))
+                listnode = BNode()
+                x = BNode()
+                Collection(graph, listnode, [x])
+                graph.add((dr, OWL.withRestrictions, listnode))
+                graph.add((x, constraint_prop, Literal(constraint_val)))
+                owl_exprs.append(dr)
+        return owl_exprs, owl_types
+
+    def add_slot(self, slot: SlotDefinition, attribute=False) -> None:
         # determine if this is a slot that has been induced by slot_usage; if so
         # the meaning of the slot is context-specific and should not be used for
         # global properties
-        if slot.alias is not None and slot.alias != slot.name and slot.alias in self.schema.slots:
-            logging.debug(
-                f"SKIPPING slot induced by slot_usage: {slot.alias} // {slot.name} // {slot}"
-            )
-            return
 
-        slot_uri = self._prop_uri(slot.name)
-        # logging.error(f'SLOT_URI={slot_uri}')
+        slot_uri = self._prop_uri(slot)
 
         # Slots may be modeled as Object or Datatype Properties
         # if type_objects is True, then ALL slots are ObjectProperties
@@ -398,53 +579,54 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
                 (
                     slot_uri,
                     RDF.type,
-                    self.metamodel.namespaces[METAMODEL_NAMESPACE_NAME][
-                        camelcase("slot definition")
-                    ],
+                    SlotDefinition.class_class_uri,
                 )
             )
 
-        slots_with_same_uri = [
-            s.name
-            for s in self.schema.slots.values()
-            if slot_uri == self._prop_uri(s.name) and not s.usage_slot_name
-        ]
-        if len(slots_with_same_uri) > 1:
-            logging.error(
-                f"Multiple slots with URI: {slot_uri}: {slots_with_same_uri}; consider giving each a unique slot_uri"
-            )
-            return
+        if attribute:
+            n = 0
+            for c in self.schemaview.all_classes().values():
+                for a in c.attributes.values():
+                    att_uri = self.schemaview.get_uri(a, native=False, expand=True)
+                    if slot_uri == URIRef(att_uri):
+                        n += 1
+            if n > 1:
+                logging.warning(f"Ambiguous attribute: {slot.name} {slot_uri}")
+                return
 
-        self.add_mappings(slot)
         self.add_metadata(slot, slot_uri)
-        self._add_element_properties(slot_uri, slot)
 
-        self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDFS.range, self._range_uri(slot)))
+        if attribute:
+            return
+
+        range_expr = self.transform_class_slot_expression(None, slot)
+        if range_expr:
+            self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDFS.range, range_expr))
         if slot.domain:
             self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDFS.domain, self._class_uri(slot.domain)))
         if slot.inverse:
             self.graph.add((slot_uri, OWL.inverseOf, self._prop_uri(slot.inverse)))
-        if slot.symmetric:
-            self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDF.type, OWL.SymmetricProperty))
+        characteristics = {
+            "symmetric": OWL.SymmetricProperty,
+            "asymmetric": OWL.AsymmetricProperty,
+            "transitive": OWL.TransitiveProperty,
+            "reflexive": OWL.ReflexiveProperty,
+            "irreflexive": OWL.IrreflexiveProperty,
+        }
+        for metaslot, uri in characteristics.items():
+            if getattr(slot, metaslot, False):
+                self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDF.type, uri))
 
-        # Parent slots. Note that is_a and mixin both map to subPropertyOf,
-        # and are not distinguishable
-        # TODO: consider annotating axiom to indicate if this is is-a or mixin
         if slot.is_a:
             self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDFS.subPropertyOf, self._prop_uri(slot.is_a)))
         for mixin in slot.mixins:
             self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDFS.subPropertyOf, self._prop_uri(mixin)))
-        if slot.name in self.synopsis.applytorefs:
-            for appl in self.synopsis.applytorefs[slot.name].slotrefs:
-                self.graph.add((slot_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._prop_uri(appl)))
 
-    def visit_type(self, typ: TypeDefinition) -> None:
+    def add_type(self, typ: TypeDefinition) -> None:
         type_uri = self._type_uri(typ.name)
-        if not self.type_objects:
-            return False
         if typ.from_schema == "https://w3id.org/linkml/types":
             return
-        self.graph.add((type_uri, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
+
         if self.metaclasses:
             self.graph.add(
                 (
@@ -455,18 +637,43 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
                     ],
                 )
             )
-        self._add_element_properties(type_uri, typ)
-        if typ.typeof:
-            self.graph.add((type_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._type_uri(typ.typeof)))
+        # self._add_element_properties(type_uri, typ)
+        if self.type_objects:
+            self.graph.add((type_uri, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
+            if typ.typeof:
+                self.graph.add((type_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._type_uri(typ.typeof)))
+            else:
+                if not self.top_value_uri:
+                    self.top_value_uri = self.metamodel.namespaces[METAMODEL_NAMESPACE_NAME][
+                        "topValue"
+                    ]
+                    self.graph.add((self.top_value_uri, RDF.type, OWL.DatatypeProperty))
+                    self.graph.add((self.top_value_uri, RDFS.label, Literal("value")))
+                restr = BNode()
+                self.graph.add((restr, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
+                self.graph.add((restr, OWL.qualifiedCardinality, Literal(1)))
+                self.graph.add((restr, OWL.onProperty, self.top_value_uri))
+                self.graph.add((restr, OWL.onDataRange, self._type_uri(typ.name)))
+                self.graph.add((type_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, restr))
         else:
-            restr = BNode()
-            self.graph.add((restr, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
-            self.graph.add((restr, OWL.qualifiedCardinality, Literal(1)))
-            self.graph.add((restr, OWL.onProperty, self.top_value_uri))
-            self.graph.add((restr, OWL.onDataRange, self.namespaces.uri_for(typ.uri)))
-            self.graph.add((type_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, restr))
-
-    def visit_enum(self, e: EnumDefinition) -> None:
+            self.graph.add((type_uri, RDF.type, RDFS.Datatype))
+            eq_conjunctions = []
+            if typ.typeof and type_uri != self._type_uri(typ.typeof):
+                # self.graph.add((type_uri, OWL.equivalentClass, self._type_uri(typ.typeof)))
+                eq_conjunctions.append(self._type_uri(typ.typeof))
+                # self.graph.add((type_uri, RDFS.subClassOf, self._type_uri(typ.typeof)))
+            if typ.uri and type_uri != URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(typ.uri)):
+                eq_conjunctions.append(URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(typ.uri)))
+                # self.graph.add(
+                #    (type_uri, OWL.equivalentClass, URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(typ.uri)))
+                # )
+            constraints_exprs, _ = self.add_constraints(typ)
+            eq_conjunctions.extend(constraints_exprs)
+            ixn = self._intersection_of(eq_conjunctions)
+            if ixn:
+                self.graph.add((type_uri, OWL.equivalentClass, ixn))
+
+    def add_enum(self, e: EnumDefinition) -> None:
         g = self.graph
         enum_uri = self._enum_uri(e.name)
         g.add((enum_uri, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
@@ -480,15 +687,12 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
                     ],
                 )
             )
-        self._add_element_properties(enum_uri, e)
         pv_uris = []
         for pv in e.permissible_values.values():
             if pv.meaning:
-                pv_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(pv.meaning)
+                pv_uri = URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(pv.meaning))
             else:
                 pv_uri = enum_uri + "#" + pv.text.replace(" ", "+")
-                # pv_uri = self.namespaces.uri_for(downcase(pv.text))
-                # pv_uri = None
             pv_uris.append(pv_uri)
             if pv_uri:
                 g.add((pv_uri, RDF.type, OWL.Class))
@@ -500,71 +704,120 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
                         pv_uri,
                     )
                 )
-                self._add_element_properties(pv_uri, pv)
+                # self._add_element_properties(pv_uri, pv)
                 if self.metaclasses:
                     g.add((pv_uri, RDF.type, enum_uri))
         if all([pv is not None for pv in pv_uris]):
-            union_bnode = BNode()
-            Collection(self.graph, union_bnode, pv_uris)
-            self.graph.add((enum_uri, OWL.unionOf, union_bnode))
-
-    def _add_element_properties(self, uri: URIRef, el: Element) -> None:
-        metamodel = self.metamodel
-        for k, v in el.__dict__.items():
-            if k in metamodel.schema.slots:
-                defining_slot = self.metamodel.schema.slots[k]
-                if v is not None and (
-                    "owl" in defining_slot.in_subset or "OwlProfile" in defining_slot.in_subset
-                ):
-                    if isinstance(v, list):
-                        ve = v
-                    elif isinstance(v, dict):
-                        ve = v.values()
-                    else:
-                        ve = [v]
-                    for e in ve:
-                        if isinstance(
-                            e,
-                            (
-                                ClassDefinition,
-                                SlotDefinition,
-                                TypeDefinition,
-                                EnumDefinition,
-                            ),
-                        ):
-                            return
-                        if k == "name" and isinstance(el, SlotDefinition) and el.alias is not None:
-                            prop_uri = RDFS.label
-                            e = el.alias
-                        else:
-                            prop_uri = URIRef(
-                                self.metamodel.namespaces.uri_for(defining_slot.slot_uri)
-                            )
-                        object = self._as_rdf_element(e, defining_slot)
-                        if object is not None:
-                            self.graph.add((uri, prop_uri, object))
-
-    def _as_rdf_element(
-        self, element: Union[ElementName, Element], parent_slot: SlotDefinition
-    ) -> Optional[Union[URIRef, Literal]]:
-        if parent_slot.range in self.metamodel.schema.types:
-            return Literal(element)
-        elif parent_slot.range in self.metamodel.schema.enums:
-            return Literal(element)
-        elif parent_slot.range in self.metamodel.schema.classes:
-            if parent_slot.inlined:
-                element_name = element.name
-            else:
-                element_name = element
-            if element_name in self.metamodel.schema.classes:
-                return self._class_uri(element_name)
-            elif element_name in self.metamodel.schema.types:
-                return self._type_uri(element_name)
-            elif element_name in self.metamodel.schema.enums:
-                return self._enum_uri(element_name)
-        else:
-            logging.warning(f"Unknown range {parent_slot.range}")
+            self._union_of(pv_uris, node=enum_uri)
+
+    def has_profile(self, profile: MetadataProfile, default=False) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if a metadata profile is active.
+
+        :param profile: profile to check
+        :param default: True if the configured profiles include the specified profile
+        :return:
+        """
+        if default and not self.metadata_profile and not self.metadata_profiles:
+            return True
+        return profile in self.metadata_profiles or profile == self.metadata_profile
+
+    def _get_owltypes(
+        self, current: Set[OWL_TYPE], exprs: List[Union[BNode, URIRef]]
+    ) -> Set[OWL_TYPE]:
+        """
+        Gets the OWL types of specified expressions plus current owl types.
+
+        :param current:
+        :param exprs:
+        :return:
+        """
+        owltypes = set()
+        for x in exprs:
+            x_owltypes = self.node_owltypes.get(x, None)
+            if x_owltypes:
+                owltypes.update(x_owltypes)
+        owltypes.update(current)
+        if len(owltypes) > 1:
+            logging.warning(f"Multiple owl types {owltypes}")
+            # if self.target_profile == OWLProfile.dl:
+        return owltypes
+
+    def _remove_list(self, listnode: BNode) -> None:
+        graph = self.graph
+        triples = list(graph.triples((listnode, None, None)))
+        while triples:
+            t = triples.pop(0)
+            subj, pred, obj = t
+            if pred not in [RDF.first, RDF.rest]:
+                continue
+            graph.remove(t)
+            if isinstance(obj, BNode):
+                triples.extend(graph.triples((obj, None, None)))
+
+    def _some_values_from(self, property: URIRef, filler: Union[URIRef, BNode]) -> BNode:
+        node = BNode()
+        self.graph.add((node, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
+        self.graph.add((node, OWL.onProperty, property))
+        self.graph.add((node, OWL.someValuesFrom, filler))
+        return node
+
+    def _complement_of_union_of(
+        self, exprs: List[Union[BNode, URIRef]], **kwargs
+    ) -> Optional[Union[BNode, URIRef]]:
+        if not exprs:
+            raise ValueError("Must pass at least one")
+        neg_expr = BNode()
+        self.graph.add((neg_expr, OWL.complementOf, self._union_of(exprs)), **kwargs)
+        return neg_expr
+
+    def _intersection_of(
+        self, exprs: List[Union[BNode, URIRef]], **kwargs
+    ) -> Optional[Union[BNode, URIRef]]:
+        return self._boolean_expression(exprs, OWL.intersectionOf, **kwargs)
+
+    def _union_of(
+        self, exprs: List[Union[BNode, URIRef]], **kwargs
+    ) -> Optional[Union[BNode, URIRef]]:
+        return self._boolean_expression(exprs, OWL.unionOf, **kwargs)
+
+    def _exactly_one_of(self, exprs: List[Union[BNode, URIRef]]) -> Optional[Union[BNode, URIRef]]:
+        if not exprs:
+            raise ValueError("Must pass at least one")
+        if len(exprs) == 1:
+            return exprs[0]
+        sub_exprs = []
+        for i, x in enumerate(exprs):
+            rest = exprs[0:i] + exprs[i + 1 :]
+            neg_expr = self._complement_of_union_of(rest)
+            sub_exprs.append(self._intersection_of([x, neg_expr]))
+        return self._union_of(sub_exprs)
+
+    def _boolean_expression(
+        self,
+        exprs: List[Union[BNode, URIRef]],
+        predicate: URIRef,
+        node: Optional[URIRef] = None,
+        owl_types: Set[OWL_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[BNode, URIRef]]:
+        graph = self.graph
+        if len(exprs) == 0:
             return None
+        elif len(exprs) == 1:
+            return exprs[0]
+        else:
+            if node is None:
+                node = BNode()
+            listnode = BNode()
+            Collection(graph, listnode, exprs)
+            graph.add((node, predicate, listnode))
+            if owl_types is None:
+                owl_types = set()
+            owl_types = owl_types.union(self._get_owltypes(set(), exprs))
+            if len(owl_types) == 1:
+                if RDFS.Literal in owl_types:
+                    graph.add((node, RDF.type, RDFS.Datatype))
+            return node
 
     def _range_is_datatype(self, slot: SlotDefinition) -> bool:
         if self.type_objects:
@@ -585,26 +838,53 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
         else:
             return self._class_uri(ClassDefinitionName(slot.range))
 
-    def _class_uri(self, cn: ClassDefinitionName) -> URIRef:
-        c = self.schema.classes[cn]
-        return URIRef(c.definition_uri)
+    def _class_uri(self, cn: Union[str, ClassDefinitionName]) -> URIRef:
+        c = self.schemaview.get_class(cn)
+        return URIRef(self.schemaview.get_uri(c, expand=True, native=self.use_native_uris))
 
-    def _enum_uri(self, en: EnumDefinitionName) -> URIRef:
-        e = self.schema.enums[en]
+    def _enum_uri(self, en: Union[str, EnumDefinitionName]) -> URIRef:
+        sv = self.schemaview
+        e = sv.get_enum(en)
+        uri = e.enum_uri
+        if not uri:
+            uri = f"{sv.schema.default_prefix}:{camelcase(en)}"
         # TODO: allow control over URIs
-        return URIRef(e.definition_uri)
+        return URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(uri))
 
-    def _prop_uri(self, pn: SlotDefinitionName) -> URIRef:
-        p = self.schema.slots.get(pn, None)
-        if p is not None and p.slot_uri is not None:
-            return self.namespaces.uri_for(p.slot_uri)
+    def _prop_uri(self, pn: Union[SlotDefinition, SlotDefinitionName]) -> URIRef:
+        if isinstance(pn, SlotDefinition):
+            p = pn
         else:
-            logging.error(self.schema.slots)
-            raise Exception(f"No slot_uri for {pn} // {p}")
-
-    def _type_uri(self, tn: TypeDefinitionName) -> URIRef:
-        t = self.schema.types[tn]
-        return URIRef(t.definition_uri)
+            p = self.schemaview.get_slot(pn, attributes=True)
+        if not p:
+            raise ValueError(f"No such slot or attribute: {pn}")
+        try:
+            return URIRef(self.schemaview.get_uri(p, expand=True, native=self.use_native_uris))
+        except (KeyError, ValueError):
+            # TODO: fix this upstream in schemaview
+            default_prefix = self.schemaview.schema.default_prefix or ""
+            return URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(f"{default_prefix}:{underscore(p.name)}"))
+
+    def _type_uri(self, tn: TypeDefinitionName, native: bool = None) -> URIRef:
+        if native is None:
+            # never use native unless type shadowing with objects is enabled
+            native = self.type_objects
+        if native:
+            # UGLY HACK: Currently schemaview does not camelcase types
+            e = self.schemaview.get_element(tn, imports=True)
+            if e.from_schema is not None:
+                schema = next(
+                    sc for sc in self.schemaview.schema_map.values() if sc.id == e.from_schema
+                )
+                pfx = schema.default_prefix
+                if pfx == "linkml":
+                    return URIRef(self.schemaview.expand_curie(f"{pfx}:{camelcase(tn)}"))
+        t = self.schemaview.get_type(tn)
+        expanded = self.schemaview.get_uri(t, expand=True, native=native)
+        if expanded.startswith("xsd:"):
+            # TODO: fix upstream in schemaview; default_curi_maps is different on windows
+            return XSD[expanded[4:]]
+        return URIRef(expanded)
 
     def _add_metamodel_class(self, cname: str) -> None:
         metac = self.metamodel.schema.classes[cname]
@@ -613,30 +893,33 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
         # self._add_element_properties(metac_uri, metac)
 
     def slot_owl_type(self, slot: SlotDefinition) -> URIRef:
+        sv = self.schemaview
+        if slot.range is None:
+            range = self.schemaview.schema.default_range
+        else:
+            range = slot.range
         if self.type_objects:
             return OWL.ObjectProperty
-        elif slot.range in self.schema.classes:
+        is_literal_vals = self.slot_is_literal_map[slot.name]
+        if len(is_literal_vals) > 1:
+            logging.warning(f"Ambiguous type for: {slot.name}")
+        if range is None:
+            if not is_literal_vals:
+                logging.warning(f"Guessing type for {slot.name}")
+                return OWL.ObjectProperty
+            if (list(is_literal_vals))[0]:
+                return OWL.DatatypeProperty
+            else:
+                return OWL.ObjectProperty
+        elif range in sv.all_classes():
             return OWL.ObjectProperty
-        elif slot.range in self.schema.enums:
+        elif range in sv.all_enums():
             return OWL.ObjectProperty
-        elif slot.range in self.schema.types:
+        elif range in sv.all_types():
             return OWL.DatatypeProperty
         else:
             raise Exception(f"Unknown range: {slot.range}")
 
-    # @Deprecated
-    def is_slot_object_property(self, slot: SlotDefinition) -> bool:
-        if self.type_objects:
-            return True
-        elif slot.range in self.schema.classes:
-            return True
-        elif slot.range in self.schema.enums:
-            return True
-        elif slot.range in self.schema.types:
-            return False
-        else:
-            raise Exception(f"Unknown range: {slot.range}")
-
 
 @shared_arguments(OwlSchemaGenerator)
 @click.command()
@@ -650,13 +933,13 @@ class OwlSchemaGenerator(Generator):
 )
 @click.option(
     "--type-objects/--no-type-objects",
-    default=True,
+    default=False,
     show_default=True,
     help="If true, will model linkml types as objects, not literals",
 )
 @click.option(
     "--metaclasses/--no-metaclasses",
-    default=True,
+    default=False,
     show_default=True,
     help="If true, include linkml metamodel classes as metaclasses. Note this introduces punning in OWL-DL",
 )
@@ -695,11 +978,11 @@ def cli(yamlfile, metadata_profile: str, **kwargs):
     For more info, see: https://linkml.io/linkml/generators/owl
     """
     if metadata_profile is not None:
-        metadata_profile = MetadataProfile(metadata_profile)
+        metadata_profiles = [MetadataProfile(metadata_profile)]
     else:
-        metadata_profile = MetadataProfile.linkml
+        metadata_profiles = [MetadataProfile.linkml]
     print(
-        OwlSchemaGenerator(yamlfile, metadata_profile=metadata_profile, **kwargs).serialize(
+        OwlSchemaGenerator(yamlfile, metadata_profiles=metadata_profiles, **kwargs).serialize(
             **kwargs
         )
     )