lightweaver 0.16.1__cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_24_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

lightweaver/wittmann.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1375 @@
+"""
+Simple EOS and background opacity package
+Coded in python by J. de la Cruz Rodriguez (ISP-SU 2017)
+"""
+import numpy as np
+try:
+    import xdrlib
+except ImportError:
+    import mda_xdrlib.xdrlib as xdrlib
+from numba import njit
+from .utils import get_data_path
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List, Optional, Iterable
+from numba.typed import List as NList
+from math import log, exp, floor, sqrt
+
+# Some definitions (from NIST)
+
+BK = 1.3806488E-16          # Boltzmann [erg K]
+EE = 4.80320441E-10         # Electron charge
+HH = 6.62606957E-27         # Planck [erg s]
+PI = 3.14159265358979323846 # PI number
+CC = 2.99792458E10          # Speed of light [cm/s]
+AMU = 1.660538921E-24       # Atomic mass unit
+EV = 1.602176565E-12        # Electron Volt to erg
+CM1_TO_EV = HH*CC/EV        # CM^-1 to eV
+ME = 9.10938188E-28         # mass of electron
+
+@dataclass
+class CgsConstants:
+    BK: float = BK                 # Boltzmann [erg K]
+    EE: float = EE                 # Electron charge
+    HH: float = HH                 # Planck [erg s]
+    PI: float = PI                 # PI number
+    CC: float = CC                 # Speed of light [cm/s]
+    AMU: float = AMU               # Atomic mass unit
+    EV: float = EV                 # Electron Volt to erg
+    CM1_TO_EV: float = CM1_TO_EV   # CM^-1 to eV
+    ME: float = ME                 # mass of electron
+cgs = CgsConstants()
+
+SahaFac =  ((2.0 * PI * ME * BK) / (HH*HH))**1.5
+
+# Default abundances
+
+defaultAbundances = 10.0**np.float64( [-0.04048,-1.07,-10.95,-10.89, -9.44, -3.48, -3.99,
+                    -3.11, -7.48, -3.95,  -5.71, -4.46, -5.57, -4.49, -6.59, -4.83,
+                    -6.54, -5.48, -6.82,  -5.68, -8.94, -7.05, -8.04, -6.37, -6.65,
+                    -4.50, -7.12, -5.79,  -7.83, -7.44, -9.16, -8.63, -9.67, -8.69,
+                    -9.41, -8.81, -9.44,  -9.14, -9.80, -9.54,-10.62,-10.12,-20.00,
+                    -10.20,-10.92,-10.35, -11.10,-10.18,-10.58,-10.04,-11.04, -9.80,
+                    -10.53, -9.81,-10.92,  -9.91,-10.82,-10.49,-11.33,-10.54,-20.00,
+                    -11.04,-11.53,-10.92, -11.94,-10.94,-11.78,-11.11,-12.04,-10.96,
+                    -11.28,-11.16,-11.91, -10.93,-11.77,-10.59,-10.69,-10.24,-11.03,
+                    -10.95,-11.14,-10.19, -11.33,-20.00,-20.00,-20.00,-20.00,-20.00,
+                    -20.00,-11.92,-20.00, -12.51,-20.00,-20.00,-20.00,-20.00,-20.00,
+                    -20.00,-20.00])
+
+
+aMass = np.float64([1.008,  4.003,  6.941,  9.012, 10.811, 12.011, 14.007, 15.999,
+                    18.998, 20.179, 22.990, 24.305, 26.982, 28.086, 30.974, 32.060,
+                    35.453, 39.948, 39.102, 40.080, 44.956, 47.900, 50.941, 51.996,
+                    54.938, 55.847, 58.933, 58.710, 63.546, 65.370, 69.720, 72.590,
+                    74.922, 78.960, 79.904, 83.800, 85.468, 87.620, 88.906, 91.220,
+                    92.906, 95.940, 98.906,101.070,102.905,106.400,107.868,112.400,
+                    114.820,118.690,121.750,127.600,126.905,131.300,132.905,137.340,
+                    138.906,140.120,140.908,144.240,146.000,150.400,151.960,157.250,
+                    158.925,162.500,164.930,167.260,168.934,170.040,174.970,178.490,
+                    180.948,183.850,186.200,190.200,192.200,195.090,196.967,200.590,
+                    204.370,207.190,208.981,210.000,210.000,222.000,223.000,226.025,
+                    227.000,232.038,230.040,238.029,237.048,242.000,242.000,245.000,
+                    248.000,252.000,253.000])
+
+# Energy of a 6 level H atom in erg and corresponding g-values
+
+hEnergy = np.float64((0.0, 82258.211, 97491.219, 102822.76, 105290.508, 109677.617)) * HH * CC
+hStatg = np.float64((2.0, 8.0, 18.0, 32.0, 50.0, 1.0))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def clip_single(x, a, b):
+    # NOTE(cmo): There seems to be a bug in numba where np.clip doesn't work on
+    # single numbers (non-array x) currently
+    if x < a:
+        return a
+    elif x > b:
+        return b
+    return x
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def clip_abs(x, a, b):
+    return np.copysign(clip_single(np.abs(x), a, b), x)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PfData: # Just a container for the PF
+    pf: NList[np.ndarray]
+    eion: NList[np.ndarray]
+    Tpf: np.ndarray
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            'pf': list(self.pf),
+            'eion': list(self.eion),
+            'Tpf': list(self.Tpf)
+            }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, s):
+        self.pf = NList(s['pf'])
+        self.eion = NList(s['eion'])
+        self.Tpf = s['Tpf']
+
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def nsaha(t, xne, u0, u1, eion):
+    # operates with t, xne and eion in EV
+    return 2.0 * SahaFac * (u1 / u0) * t**1.5 * np.exp(-eion * EV / (t * BK)) / xne
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def saha(theta, eion, u1, u2, pe):
+    # Operates with theta, eion in eV and pe
+    return u2*np.exp(2.302585093*(9.0804625434325867-theta*eion))/(u1*pe*theta**2.5)
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def init_pe_from_pg(hAbund, t, pg):
+    # Assume that only H is a electron donnor
+    nu = hAbund
+    saha = 10.0**( -0.4771+2.5*np.log10(t)-np.log10(pg)-(13.6*5040.0/t))
+    aaa = 1.0 + saha
+    bbb = -(nu-1.0) * saha
+    ccc = -saha*nu
+    ybh=(-bbb+np.sqrt(bbb*bbb-4.*aaa*ccc))/(2.*aaa)
+    pe=pg*ybh/(1.+ybh)
+
+    return pe
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def pe_from_pg_impl(t, pg, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                    verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+
+    dif = 1.1
+    pe = init_pe_from_pg(abunds[0], t, pg) # Init Pe assuming only H and increase it 10%
+    ope = pe
+    it = 0
+
+    while np.abs(dif) > prec and it < 250:
+        pe = (ope + pe)*0.5
+        ope = pe
+
+        pe, fe = pe_pg(t, pe, pg, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf)
+        dif = 2.0 * np.abs(pe-ope) / (pe+ope)
+        it += 1
+
+    if(verbose):
+        print("Wittmann: pe_from_pg: convergence Niter = ", (it-1))
+
+    return pe, fe
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def molecb(X):
+    Y = np.empty(2)
+    dy = np.empty(2)
+    Y[0]=-11.206998+X*(2.7942767+X*(7.9196803E-2-X*2.4790744E-2)) # H2
+    Y[1]=-12.533505+X*(4.9251644+X*(-5.6191273E-2+X*3.2687661E-3)) # H
+    dx=(-X*X)/5040.
+
+    dy[0]=dx*(2.7942767+X*(2*7.9196803e-2-X*3*2.4790744e-2))
+    dy[1]=dx*(4.9251644+X*(-2*5.6191273e-2-X*3*3.2687661e-3))
+
+    return Y, dy
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def partition_f(n, t, eion, pf, Tpf, only=0):
+    """
+    Computes the partition function of element "n" for a given temperature
+
+    input:
+            n: Atomic number of the atom -1 (H is 0).
+            t: Temperature in K.
+    Keywords:
+            only: (=int) only return this number first levels of the atom.
+                The default is to return all the levels
+
+
+    """
+    nn = pf[n].shape[0]
+
+    if only != 0:
+        nn = min(nn, only)
+
+    res = np.zeros(nn)
+
+    for ii in range(nn):
+        res[ii] = np.interp(t, Tpf, pf[n][ii])
+
+    return res
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def pe_pg(t, pe, pgas, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf, verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+    g1 = 0.0
+    theta = 5040.0/t
+
+
+    # Init some values
+    if(pe < 0.0):
+        pe = 1.e-15
+        g4 = 0.0
+        g5 = 0.0
+    else:
+        cmol, dcmol = molecb(theta)
+        cmol = np.clip(cmol, -30, 30)
+
+        g4 = pe * 10.0**cmol[0]
+        g5 = pe * 10.0**cmol[1]
+
+    #
+    # H first
+    #
+    u = partition_f(0, t, eion, pf, Tpf, only=3)
+    g2 = saha(theta, eion[0][0], u[0], u[1], pe)  # p(h+)/p(h)
+    g3 = saha(theta, 0.754, 1.0, u[0], pe)        # p(h)/p(h-)
+    g3 = 1.0 / clip_single(g3, 1.e-30, 1.0e30)
+
+    #
+    # Now count electrons contributed by the first
+    # two ionized stages of all contributing atoms
+    #
+    for ii in range(1, Ncontr):
+        alfai = abunds[ii] / abunds[0] # relative to H abundance
+        u = partition_f(ii, t, eion, pf, Tpf, only=3)
+
+        a = saha(theta, eion[ii][0], u[0], u[1], pe)
+        b = saha(theta, eion[ii][1], u[1], u[2], pe)
+
+        c = 1.+a*(1.+b)
+        g1 += alfai/c*a*(1.+2.*b)
+
+
+    # All the math...
+
+    a=1.+g2+g3
+    b=2.*(1.+g2/g5*g4)
+    c=g5
+    d=g2-g3
+    e=g2/g5*g4
+
+    a = clip_abs(a, 1.e-15, 1.e15);
+    d = clip_abs(d, 1.e-15, 1.e15);
+
+    c1=c*b*b+a*d*b-e*a*a
+    c2=2.0*a*e-d*b+a*b*g1
+    c3=-(e+b*g1)
+    f1=0.5*c2/c1
+    f1=-f1 + np.copysign(1.0,c1)* np.sqrt(f1*f1-c3/c1)
+    f5=(1.-a*f1)/b
+    f4=e*f5
+    f3=g3*f1
+    f2=g2*f1
+    fe = clip_single(f2-f3+f4+g1, 1.e-30, 1.e30)
+    phtot = pe/fe
+
+    # Refinement by Wittmann, not sure this is needed in
+    # double prec.
+
+    if(f5 <= 1.e-4):
+        diff = 1.0; const6=g5/pe*f1*f1; const7=f2-f3+g1; it = 0
+
+        while((diff > 1.e-5) and (it < 5)):
+            of5 = f5
+            f5=phtot*const6
+            f4=e*f5
+            fe=const7+f4
+            phtot=pe/fe
+            diff = 0.5 * np.abs(f5-of5) / (f5 + of5)
+            it += 1
+
+    # Recompute pe
+
+    abOthers = (1.0 - abunds[0]) / abunds[0]
+    pe = pgas / (1.+(f1+f2+f3+f4+f5+abOthers)/fe)
+
+    if(pe <= 0.0):
+        pe = 1.e-15
+
+    return pe, fe
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def pe_from_rho_impl(t, xna, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                     verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+    # xna: fraction of atoms
+    BKT = BK * t
+
+    # now estimate Pgas and iterate
+
+    if(t > 8000):
+        a = 0.5;
+    elif(t > 4000):
+        a = 0.1;
+    elif(t > 2000):
+        a = 0.01;
+    else:
+        a = 0.001;
+
+    xne = a * xna /(1.0 - a)
+    Pgas = (xna+xne)*BKT
+
+    # Iterate
+
+    it = 0
+    dif = 1.0
+
+    while (it < 250) and (np.abs(dif) > prec):
+        Pe, _ = pe_from_pg_impl(t, Pgas, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                                verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+        xna_guessed = (Pgas-Pe)/BKT
+        dif = np.abs(xna-xna_guessed)/xna
+
+        Pgas  *= xna/xna_guessed
+
+    return Pe#, Pgas
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def gasc(t, pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf, verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+
+    pp = np.zeros(Ncontr+6)
+
+    theta = 5040. / t
+    cmol, dmol = molecb(theta)
+
+    g4 = 10.0**cmol[0]; g5 = 10.0**cmol[1]
+
+    # First H
+    u = partition_f(0, t, eion, pf, Tpf)
+    g2 = saha(theta, eion[0][0], u[0], u[1], pe) # p(h+)/p(h)
+    g3 = 1.0 / saha(theta, 0.754, 1.0, u[0], pe) # p(h)/p(h-)
+    g1 = 0.0
+
+
+    # Other contributions
+    for ii in range(1, Ncontr):
+        alfai = abunds[ii] / abunds[0] # relative to H abundance
+        u = partition_f(ii, t, eion, pf, Tpf, only=3)
+
+        a = saha(theta, eion[ii][0], u[0], u[1], pe)
+        b = saha(theta, eion[ii][1], u[1], u[2], pe)
+
+        c=1.+a*(1.+b) # fraction of n0/ntot
+
+        pp[ii]=alfai/c # abund /ntot (partial pressure of neutral species ii)
+
+        # 1*n1 + 2*n2 + ... j*n_j so we count how many electrons
+        # come from each ionized species
+
+        g1 += pp[ii]*a*(1.+2.*b)
+
+
+    a=1.+g2+g3
+    e=g2/g5*g4
+    b=2.0*(1.0 + e)
+    c=g5
+    d=g2-g3
+    c1=c*b*b+a*d*b-e*a*a
+    c2=2.*a*e-d*b+a*b*g1
+    c3=-(e+b*g1)
+    f1=0.5*c2/c1
+    f1=-f1+ np.copysign(1.0,c1) * np.sqrt(f1*f1-c3/c1)
+    f5=(1.0-a*f1)/b
+
+    f4=e*f5
+    f3=g3*f1
+    f2=g2*f1
+    fe=f2-f3+f4+g1
+    phtot=pe/fe
+
+    # Refinement by Wittmann
+    if(f5 <= 1.e-5):
+        diff = 1.0; const6=g5/pe*f1*f1; const7=f2-f3+g1; it = 0
+
+        while (diff > 1.e-5) and (it < 5):
+            of5 = f5
+            f5=phtot*const6
+            f4=e*f5
+            fe=const7+f4
+            phtot=pe/fe
+            diff = 0.5 * abs(f5-of5) / (f5 + of5)
+            it += 1
+
+    abOthers = (1.0 - abunds[0]) / abunds[0]
+    pg=pe*(1.0+(f1+f2+f3+f4+f5+abOthers)/fe)
+
+    # Store the partial pressures of H too
+
+    pp[Ncontr+0] = f1    #  p(h)/p(h')
+    pp[Ncontr+1] = f2    #  p(h+)/p(h')
+    pp[Ncontr+2] = f5    #  p(h2)/p(h')
+    pp[Ncontr+3] = f3    #  p(h-)/p(h')
+    pp[Ncontr+4] = phtot #  p(h') (total hydrogen!)
+    pp[Ncontr+5] = fe #  p(h') (total hydrogen!)
+
+
+    return pg, pp
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def pg_from_pe_impl(t, pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                    verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+    pg, dum = gasc(t, pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                   verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+    return pg, dum[-1]
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def rho_from_pe_impl(temp, pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf, rhoFromH,
+                     verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+    pg, fe_out = pg_from_pe_impl(temp, pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                                 verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+    rho = pe * rhoFromH / (fe_out * temp)
+    return rho
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def pg_from_rho_impl(temp, rho, xna, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf, rhoFromH,
+                     verbose=False, prec=1e-5, Ncontr=28):
+    if temp > 8000:
+        a = 0.5;
+    elif temp > 4000:
+        a = 0.1;
+    elif temp > 2000:
+        a = 0.01;
+    else:
+        a = 0.001;
+
+    xne = a * xna /(1.0 - a)
+    pgas = (xna+xne)*BK*temp
+
+    Pe, _ = pe_from_pg_impl(temp, pgas, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                            verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+    irho = rho_from_pe_impl(temp, Pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf, rhoFromH,
+                            verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+
+    dif = 1.0
+    it = 0
+    while dif >= prec and it < 100:
+        Pe *= (1.0 + rho / irho)*0.5
+        irho = rho_from_pe_impl(temp, Pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf, rhoFromH,
+                                verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+        dif = np.abs((irho - rho) / (rho))
+        it += 1
+
+    pgas, _ = pg_from_pe_impl(temp, Pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                              verbose=verbose, prec=prec, Ncontr=Ncontr)
+
+    return pgas
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Boltzmann(t, u, glow, e_pot):
+    # Gives the ratio between the total population of a ionization stage and a given level
+    # The energy levels must be in Erg.
+    return (glow / u) * np.exp(-(e_pot) / (BK*t))
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def get_X_parts(iatom, t, pg, pe, abunds, eion, pf, Tpf,
+                divide_by_u=False, only=0):
+
+    # Precompute partial densities of atoms, electrons
+    # and partial density of iatom with the abundance
+
+    TBK = t * BK
+    xna = (pg-pe) / TBK
+    xne = pe / TBK
+    n_tot = xna * abunds[iatom] # / self.abtot = 1.0
+
+    # Partition function
+
+    u = partition_f(iatom, t, eion, pf, Tpf, only=only)
+    nLev = u.size
+    # Solve saha and get the partial density of each ionized stage
+
+    xpa = np.empty(nLev)
+    xpa[0] = 1.0
+
+    for ii in range(1, nLev):
+        xpa[ii] = nsaha(t, xne, u[ii-1], u[ii], eion[iatom][ii-1])
+
+    for ii in range(nLev-1, 0, -1):
+        xpa[0] = 1.0 + xpa[0]*xpa[ii]
+
+    xpa[0] = 1.0 / xpa[0]
+
+    for ii in range(1, nLev):
+        xpa[ii] *= xpa[ii-1]
+
+    # Now that we have the ratios between ionized stages, multiply by the partial
+    # density of iatom. Divide by the partition function if needed
+
+    if(divide_by_u):
+        xpa[:] *= n_tot / u[:]
+    else:
+        xpa *= n_tot
+
+    return xpa, u
+
+
+class Wittmann:
+    """
+    EOS described in Mihalas (1970) "Stellar atmospheres"
+    It considers in detail H, H+, H- and H2, no other molecules.
+
+    This particular implementation was taken from Wittmann's routines.
+    Partition functions from Kurucz.
+
+    Coded in python by J. de la Cruz Rodriguez (ISP-SU 2017)
+    Messed with by C. Osborne (University of Glasgow 2019-2020)
+
+    Don't blame Jaime for EOS bugs in Lightweaver!
+    **N.B. Everything in here is CGS.**
+
+    Dependencies: pf_Kurucz.input containing the partition function data.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, abund_init: Optional[Iterable[float]]=None,
+                 verbose: bool=False, prec: float=1.e-5,
+                 pf_file: str='pf_Kurucz.input'):
+
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.prec = prec
+        self.Ncontr = 28 # number of species contributing as electron donors (sorted)
+
+        self.abund = defaultAbundances.copy()
+        if abund_init is not None:
+        # Replace default abundances
+            Nabund = len(abund_init)
+            self.abund[0:Nabund] = abund_init
+            if(self.verbose):
+                print('Wittmann: replacing default abundances with user provided values')
+
+        self.abundTot = self.abund.sum()
+        self.abund /= self.abundTot
+        self.abundTot = 1.0
+        self.abOthers = self.abund[1::].sum() / self.abund[0]
+
+        self.aveMass = (self.abund * aMass).sum()
+
+        self.massPerH = self.aveMass / aMass[0] / self.abund[0]
+        self.rhoFromH = self.massPerH * aMass[0] * AMU / BK
+
+        self.aveMass *= AMU
+
+        # init arrays for later
+        self.alfai = np.zeros(self.Ncontr)
+        self.chi1  = np.zeros(self.Ncontr)
+        self.chi2  = np.zeros(self.Ncontr)
+        self.u0    = np.zeros(self.Ncontr)
+        self.u1    = np.zeros(self.Ncontr)
+        self.u2    = np.zeros(self.Ncontr)
+
+        # Init PF
+
+        DATA_PATH = get_data_path() + pf_file
+        self.init_pf_data(DATA_PATH, True)
+
+
+    def init_pf_data(self, ifile, to_EV=True):
+        #
+        # Reads Kurucz's partition functions and ionization potentials from a file
+        # Taken from RH (Uitenbroek 2001)
+        #
+        # NOTE(cmo): There is probably a case that could speed this up further
+        # by pickling the default set of arguments into a preprepared data
+        # structure, if desirable
+
+        ff = open(ifile,'rb')
+        f = ff.read()
+        ff.close()
+
+        data = xdrlib.Unpacker(f)
+        npf = data.unpack_uint()
+
+        nelem = 99
+
+        tpf = np.float64(data.unpack_farray(npf, data.unpack_double))
+        pf = NList()
+        eion = NList()
+
+        for ii in range(nelem):
+            pti = data.unpack_uint()
+            nstage = data.unpack_uint()
+
+            pfElement = np.array(data.unpack_farray(npf*nstage,
+                                                    data.unpack_double)
+                                ).reshape((nstage, npf))
+            pf.append(pfElement)
+            eionElement = np.array(data.unpack_farray(nstage,
+                                                      data.unpack_double)
+                                  ) * HH * CC
+            if to_EV:
+                eionElement /= EV
+            eion.append(eionElement)
+
+        self.pfData = PfData(pf, eion, tpf)
+
+
+    def pe_from_rho(self, t, rho):
+        # fraction of atoms
+        xna = rho / self.aveMass
+        return pe_from_rho_impl(t, xna, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                                self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf,
+                                verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                                Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+
+
+    def pe_from_pg(self, t, pg, get_fe = False):
+        pe, fe = pe_from_pg_impl(t, pg, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                                 self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf,
+                                 verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                                 Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+
+        if(get_fe):
+            return pe, fe
+        return pe
+
+
+    def pg_from_rho(self, temp, rho):
+        xna = rho / self.aveMass
+        return pg_from_rho_impl(temp, rho, xna, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                                self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf, self.rhoFromH,
+                                verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                                Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+
+    def pg_from_pe(self, t, pe, get_fe=False):
+        pe, fe = pg_from_pe_impl(t, pe, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                                 self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf,
+                                 verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                                 Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+        if get_fe:
+            return pe, fe
+        return pe
+
+
+    def rho_from_pe(self, temp, pe):
+        return rho_from_pe_impl(temp, pe, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                                self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf, self.rhoFromH,
+                                verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                                Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+
+
+    def rho_from_pg(self, temp, pg):
+        pe, fe_out = pe_from_pg_impl(temp, pg, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                                     self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf,
+                                     verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                                     Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+        rho = pe * self.rhoFromH / (fe_out * temp)
+        return rho
+
+
+    def get_H6_pops(self, t, pgas, pe):
+
+        # Solve ionization for H
+        n, u = self.get_X_parts(0, t, pgas, pe, divide_by_u=False, return_u=True)
+
+        # Define output array
+        res = np.empty(6)
+        res[-1] = n[1] # number of protons
+
+        ratios = np.empty(5)
+        # Solve level populations for the 5 first levels of H
+        for ii in range(5):
+            ratios[ii] = Boltzmann(t, u[0], hStatg[ii], hEnergy[ii])
+
+        # particle conservation (with 6 levels in H this line has no effect)
+        #ratios /= ratios.sum()
+        # Multiply the neutral H population by the ratios of level populations
+        res[0:5] = n[0] * ratios
+
+        return res
+
+
+    def get_X_parts(self, iatom, t, pg, pe,
+                    divide_by_u=False, only=0, return_u=False):
+
+        xpa, u = get_X_parts(iatom, t, pg, pe, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                             self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf,
+                             divide_by_u=divide_by_u, only=only)
+
+        if(return_u):
+            return xpa, u
+        return xpa
+
+
+    def get_background_partials(self, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=True):
+
+        n = np.empty(17)
+        tbk = t * BK
+
+        # --- He/He+/He++ ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(1, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[3] = xpa[0]
+        n[4] = xpa[1]
+        n[5] = xpa[2]
+
+        # --- C ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(5, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[6] = xpa[0]
+
+        # --- Al ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(12, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[7] = xpa[0]
+
+        # --- Si/Si+ ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(13, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[8] = xpa[0]
+        n[9] = xpa[1]
+
+        # --- Ca/Ca+ ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(19, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[10] = xpa[0]
+        n[11] = xpa[1]
+
+        # --- Mg/Mg+ ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(11, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[12] = xpa[0]
+        n[13] = xpa[1]
+
+        # --- Fe ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(25, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[14] = xpa[0]
+
+        # --- N ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(6, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[15] = xpa[0]
+
+        # --- O ---
+        xpa = self.get_X_parts(7, t, pg, pe, divide_by_u=divide_by_u)
+        n[16] = xpa[0]
+
+        # Get H- and other H densities
+        pfH = 0.5 if divide_by_u else 1.0
+
+        dum, pp = gasc(t, pe, self.abund, self.pfData.eion,
+                       self.pfData.pf, self.pfData.Tpf,
+                       verbose=self.verbose, prec=self.prec,
+                       Ncontr=self.Ncontr)
+        n[0] = pp[self.Ncontr+0]*pp[self.Ncontr+4] / tbk * pfH # H / pf[H]
+        n[1] = pp[self.Ncontr+1]*pp[self.Ncontr+4] / tbk       # H+/ 1.0
+        n[2] = pp[self.Ncontr+3]*pp[self.Ncontr+4] / tbk       # H-/ 1.0
+        return n
+
+    def cont_opacity(self, iT, Pgas, Pe, w):
+
+        # Some definitions
+        TK = iT * BK
+        TKEV = TK / EV
+        HTK = HH / TK
+        TLOG = np.log(iT)
+        xna = (Pgas-Pe) / TK
+        xne = Pe / TK
+
+        # Partial densities of background absorvers,
+        # divided by the partition functions
+        n = self.get_background_partials(iT, Pgas, Pe, divide_by_u=True)
+
+        # get background opacity
+        opac, scat = cop(iT, TKEV, TK, HTK, TLOG, xna, xne, w, *n)
+        return opac
+
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# All the following functions are used to compute background opacities.
+# The main call is done to function "cop", that calls all the other auxiliary
+# functions.
+#
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def SEATON(FREQ0, XSECT, POWER, A, FREQ):
+    return XSECT*(A+(1.-A)*(FREQ0/FREQ))* (FREQ0/FREQ)**(floor(2.*POWER+0.01)*0.5)
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Z4LOG=np.float64((0.,1.20412,1.90849,2.40824,2.79588,3.11261))
+A0 = np.float64((
+    5.53,5.49,5.46,5.43,5.40,5.25,5.00,4.69,4.48,4.16,3.85,
+    4.91,4.87,4.84,4.80,4.77,4.63,4.40,4.13,3.87,3.52,3.27,
+    4.29,4.25,4.22,4.18,4.15,4.02,3.80,3.57,3.27,2.98,2.70,
+    3.64,3.61,3.59,3.56,3.54,3.41,3.22,2.97,2.70,2.45,2.20,
+    3.00,2.98,2.97,2.95,2.94,2.81,2.65,2.44,2.21,2.01,1.81,
+    2.41,2.41,2.41,2.41,2.41,2.32,2.19,2.02,1.84,1.67,1.50,
+    1.87,1.89,1.91,1.93,1.95,1.90,1.80,1.68,1.52,1.41,1.30,
+    1.33,1.39,1.44,1.49,1.55,1.56,1.51,1.42,1.33,1.25,1.17,
+    0.90,0.95,1.00,1.08,1.17,1.30,1.32,1.30,1.20,1.15,1.11,
+    0.55,0.58,0.62,0.70,0.85,1.01,1.15,1.18,1.15,1.11,1.08,
+    0.33,0.36,0.39,0.46,0.59,0.76,0.97,1.09,1.13,1.10,1.08,
+    0.19,0.21,0.24,0.28,0.38,0.53,0.76,0.96,1.08,1.09,1.09)).reshape((12,11))
+
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def COULFF(TLOG, FREQLG, NZ):
+    GAMLOG=10.39638-TLOG/1.15129+Z4LOG[NZ-1]
+    IGAM=min(int(GAMLOG+7.),10)
+    if(IGAM<1): IGAM=1
+
+    #  HVKTLG=2*log10(HVKT) #
+
+    HVKTLG=(FREQLG-TLOG)/1.15129-20.63764
+    IHVKT=min(int(HVKTLG+9.),11)
+    if(IHVKT<1): IHVKT=1
+
+    P=GAMLOG-(IGAM-7);
+    Q=HVKTLG-(IHVKT-9);
+    return (1.-P)*((1.-Q)*A0[IHVKT-1,IGAM-1]+Q*A0[IHVKT, IGAM-1])+P*((1.-Q)*A0[IHVKT-1,IGAM]+Q*A0[IHVKT,IGAM])
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+A1 = np.float64((0.9916,1.105,1.101,1.101,1.102,1.0986))
+B1 = np.float64((2.719e3,-2.375e4,-9.863e3,-5.765e3,-3.909e3,-2.704e3))
+C1 = np.float64((-2.268e10,4.077e8,1.035e8,4.593e7,2.371e7,1.229e7))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def COULX(N, freq, Z):
+    n=(N+1.0)**2
+
+    if(freq>=(Z*Z*3.28805e15/n)):
+        FREQ1=freq*1.e-10
+        CLX=0.2815/FREQ1/FREQ1/FREQ1/n/n/(N+1.0)*Z*Z*Z*Z
+
+        if(N>=6):
+            return CLX
+
+        CLX*=(A1[N]+(B1[N]+C1[N]*(Z*Z/FREQ1))*(Z*Z/FREQ1))
+        return CLX
+
+    return 0.0
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HOP( XNE,  XH1,  XH2,  FREQ,  FREQLG, T,  TLOG,  TKEV,  STIM,  EHVKT):
+
+    CONT = np.empty(8)
+    BOLT = np.empty(8)
+
+    FREQ3=(FREQ*1.E-10)**3
+    CFREE=3.6919E-22/FREQ3
+
+    n1 = (np.arange(8)+1.0)**2
+    BOLT = np.exp(-13.595*(1.-1./n1)/TKEV)*2.*n1*XH1
+
+
+    FREET=XNE*CFREE*XH2/sqrt(T)
+    XR=XH1/13.595*TKEV
+    BOLTEX=exp(-13.427/TKEV)*XR
+    EXLIM=exp(-13.595/TKEV)*XR
+
+    for N in range(8):
+        CONT[N]=COULX(N,FREQ,1.0)
+
+    C=0.2815/FREQ3;
+    if(FREQ < 4.05933E13):
+        BOLTEX=EXLIM/EHVKT
+    H=(CONT[6]*BOLT[6]+CONT[7]*BOLT[7]+(BOLTEX-EXLIM)*C+
+       COULFF(TLOG,FREQLG,1)*FREET)*STIM
+
+
+    H += (CONT[0:6]*BOLT[0:6]).sum()*(1.-EHVKT)
+
+    return H
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HRAYOP(XH1,  FREQ):
+
+    WAVE=min(FREQ,2.463e15)
+    WAVE=2.997925e18/WAVE
+    WW=WAVE*WAVE
+    WW2 = WW*WW
+    SIG=(5.799e-13+1.422e-6/WW+2.784/(WW2))/(WW2)
+
+    return SIG*XH1*2.0
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def H2PLOP(XH1, XH2, FREQ, FREQLG, FREQ15, TKEV, STIM):
+
+  if(FREQ > 3.28805E15):
+      return 0.0
+
+  FR=-3.0233E3+(3.7797E2+(-1.82496E1+(3.9207E-1-3.1672E-3*FREQLG)*
+			  FREQLG)*FREQLG)*FREQLG
+  ES=-7.342E-3+(-2.409+(1.028+(-0.4230+(0.1224-0.01351*FREQ15)*
+			       FREQ15)*FREQ15)*FREQ15)*FREQ15
+  return exp(-ES/TKEV+FR)*2.*XH1*XH2*STIM
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HMINOP( XH1,  XHMIN,  FREQ,  T, TKEV,  XNE,  EHVKT):
+
+    FREQ1=FREQ*1.E-10
+    B=(1.3727E-15+4.3748/FREQ)/FREQ1
+    C=-2.5993E-7/FREQ1**2
+
+    if(FREQ <= 1.8259E14): HMINBF=0.
+    elif(FREQ >= 2.111E14): HMINBF=6.801E-10+(5.358E-3+(1.481E3+(-5.519E7+4.808E11/FREQ1)/FREQ1)/FREQ1)/FREQ1
+    else: HMINBF=3.695E-6+(-1.251E-1+1.052E3/FREQ1)/FREQ1
+
+    HMINFF=(B+C/T)*XH1*XNE*2.E-20
+
+
+    #
+    # We use the number density / partition function for H-.
+    # The partition function for H- is 1
+    #
+    if(T < 7730.): HMIN=XHMIN
+    else: HMIN=exp(0.7552/TKEV)/(2.*2.4148E15*T*sqrt(T))*XH1*XNE
+
+    H=HMINBF*(1-EHVKT)*HMIN*1.E-10
+    return H+HMINFF
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+G0 = np.float64((1.,3.,1.,9.,3.,3.,1.,9.,20.,3.))
+HEFREQ0 = np.float64((5.9452090e15,1.1528440e15,0.9803331e15,.8761076e15,
+		      0.8147100e15,0.4519048e15,0.4030971e15,.8321191e15,
+		      0.3660215e15,0.3627891e15))
+CHI0 = np.float64((0.,19.819,20.615,20.964,21.217,22.718,22.920,23.006,
+		   23.073,23.086))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HE1OP( XHE1,  XHE2,  XNE,  FREQ,  FREQLG, T,  TKEV,  TLOG,  EHVKT,  STIM):
+
+    TRANS = np.zeros(10)
+    BOLT=np.exp(-CHI0/TKEV)*G0*XHE1
+
+    FREET=XNE*1.E-10*XHE2*1.E-10/sqrt(T)*1.E-10
+    XRLOG=log(XHE1*(2./13.595)*TKEV)
+    BOLTEX=exp(-23.730/TKEV+XRLOG)
+    EXLIM=exp(-24.587/TKEV+XRLOG)
+    FREQ3=(FREQ*1.E-10)**3
+    CFREE=3.6919E8/FREQ3
+    C=2.815E-1/FREQ3
+
+    for NMIN in range(10):
+        if(HEFREQ0[NMIN] <= FREQ): break
+
+    dum = np.float64((33.32-2.*FREQLG, -390.026+(21.035-0.318*FREQLG)*FREQLG, 26.83-1.91*FREQLG, 61.21-2.9*FREQLG, 81.35-3.5*FREQLG, 12.69-1.54*FREQLG, 23.85-1.86*FREQLG, 49.30-2.60*FREQLG,85.20-3.69*FREQLG, 58.81-2.89*FREQLG ))
+
+    TRANS[NMIN::] = np.exp(dum[NMIN::])
+
+
+    EX = BOLTEX
+    if(FREQ < 2.055E14): EX=EXLIM/EHVKT
+
+    HE1=(EX-EXLIM)*C;
+    HE1 += (TRANS*BOLT).sum()
+
+    return (HE1+COULFF(TLOG,FREQLG,1)*FREET*CFREE)*STIM
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HE2OP(  XHE2,  XHE3,  XNE,  FREQ,  FREQLG, T,  TKEV,  TLOG,  EHVKT,  STIM):
+
+    #
+    #   REQUIRES FUNCTIONS COULX AND COULFF
+    #   FREQUENCIES ARE 4X HYDROGEN,CHI ARE FOR ION POT=54.403
+    #
+    CONT = np.empty(9)
+
+    N12 = (np.arange(9)+1.0)**2
+    BOLT=np.exp(-(54.403-54.403/N12)/TKEV)*2.*N12*XHE2
+
+    FREET=XNE*XHE3/sqrt(T)
+    XR=XHE2/13.595*TKEV
+    BOLTEX=exp(-53.859/TKEV)*XR
+    EXLIM=exp(-54.403/TKEV)*XR
+
+    for N in range(9): CONT[N]=COULX(N,FREQ,2.0)
+
+    FREQ3=(FREQ*1.E-5)**3
+    CFREE=3.6919E-07/FREQ3*4.0
+    C=2.815E14*2.0*2.0/FREQ3
+    EX=BOLTEX
+
+    if(FREQ < 1.31522E14): EX=EXLIM/EHVKT
+    HE2=(EX-EXLIM)*C
+
+    HE2 += (CONT*BOLT).sum()
+    HE2=(HE2+COULFF(TLOG,FREQLG,2)*CFREE*FREET)*STIM
+
+    if(HE2 >= 1.E-20): return HE2
+    else:              return 0.0
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HEMIOP( XHE1,  FREQ,  T,  XNE):
+    A= 3.397E-26+(-5.216E-11+7.039E05/FREQ)/FREQ;
+    B=-4.116E-22+( 1.067E-06+8.135E09/FREQ)/FREQ;
+    C= 5.081E-17+(-8.724E-03-5.659E12/FREQ)/FREQ;
+    return (A*T+B+C/T)*XNE*XHE1*1.E-20;
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HERAOP(XHE1, FREQ):
+    WW=(2.997925E+03/min(FREQ*1.E-15,5.15))**2
+    arg = 1.+(2.44E5+5.94E10/(WW-2.90E5))/WW
+    SIG=5.484E-14/WW/WW*arg*arg
+    return SIG*XHE1
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PEACH0 = np.float64((-42.474, -42.350, -42.109, -41.795, -41.467, -41.159, -40.883,#,/*  1500 */
+                     -41.808, -41.735, -41.582, -41.363, -41.115, -40.866, -40.631,#,/*  1550 */
+                     -41.273, -41.223, -41.114, -40.951, -40.755, -40.549, -40.347,#,/*  1621 */
+                     -45.583, -44.008, -42.957, -42.205, -41.639, -41.198, -40.841,#,/*  1622 */
+                     -44.324, -42.747, -41.694, -40.939, -40.370, -39.925, -39.566,#,/*  2513 */
+                     -50.969, -48.388, -46.630, -45.344, -44.355, -43.568, -42.924,#,/*  2514 */
+                     -50.633, -48.026, -46.220, -44.859, -43.803, -42.957, -42.264,#,/*  3756 */
+                     -53.028, -49.643, -47.367, -45.729, -44.491, -43.520, -42.736,#,/*  3757 */
+                     -51.785, -48.352, -46.050, -44.393, -43.140, -42.157, -41.363,#,/*  6549 */
+                     -52.285, -48.797, -46.453, -44.765, -43.486, -42.480, -41.668,#,/*  6550 */
+                     -52.028, -48.540, -46.196, -44.507, -43.227, -42.222, -41.408,#,/*  7234 */
+                     -52.384, -48.876, -46.513, -44.806, -43.509, -42.488, -41.660,#,/*  7235 */
+                     -52.363, -48.856, -46.493, -44.786, -43.489, -42.467, -41.639,#,/*  7291 */
+                     -54.704, -50.772, -48.107, -46.176, -44.707, -43.549, -42.611,#,/*  7292 */
+                     -54.359, -50.349, -47.643, -45.685, -44.198, -43.027, -42.418)).reshape((15,7))
+FREQMG = np.float64((1.9341452e15,1.8488510e15,1.1925797e15, 7.9804046e14,4.5772110e14,4.1440977e14,
+                     4.1113514e14))
+FLOG0 = np.float64((35.32123,35.19844,35.15334,34.71490,34.31318, 33.75728,33.65788,33.64994,33.43947))
+TLG0=np.float64((8.29405,8.51719,8.69951,8.85367, 8.98720,9.10498,9.21034))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Mg1OP(FREQ,  FREQLG,  T,  TLOG):
+    NT=min(6,int(floor(T/1000.))-3)
+    if(NT<1): NT=1
+
+    DT=(TLOG-TLG0[NT-1])/(TLG0[NT]-TLG0[NT-1])
+    for N in range(7):
+        if(FREQ > FREQMG[N]): break
+
+    D=(FREQLG-FLOG0[N])/(FLOG0[N+1]-FLOG0[N])
+    if(N > 1): N=2*N-1
+    D1=1.0-D
+    XWL1=PEACH0[N+1,NT-1]*D + PEACH0[N,NT-1]*D1
+    XWL2=PEACH0[N+1,NT  ]*D + PEACH0[N,NT  ]*D1
+
+    return exp(XWL1*(1.-DT)+XWL2*DT)
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def C1OP( FREQ,  TKEV):
+
+  # CROSS-SECTION TIMES THE PARTITION FUNCTION
+  C1240=5.*exp(-1.264/TKEV)
+  C1444=exp(-2.683/TKEV)
+  X1444=0.0
+  X1240=0.0
+  X1100=0.0
+
+  if(FREQ >= 2.7254E15): X1100=SEATON(2.7254E15,1.219E-17,2.0E0,3.317E0,FREQ)
+  if(FREQ >= 2.4196E15): X1240=SEATON(2.4196E15,1.030E-17,1.5E0,2.789E0,FREQ)
+  if(FREQ >= 2.0761E15): X1444=SEATON(2.0761E15,9.590E-18,1.5E0,3.501E0,FREQ)
+
+  return X1100*9.+X1240*C1240+X1444*C1444
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Al1OP(FREQ):
+    if(FREQ > 1.443E15): return 2.1E-17*((1.443E15/FREQ)**3)*6.0
+    else: return 0.0
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PEACH1 = np.float64(( 38.136,38.138,38.140,38.141,38.143,38.144,38.144,38.145,38.145,#/* 1200 */
+                      37.834,37.839,37.843,37.847,37.850,37.853,37.855,37.857,37.858,#/* 1400 */
+                      37.898,37.898,37.897,37.897,37.897,37.896,37.895,37.895,37.894,#/* 1519 */
+                      40.737,40.319,40.047,39.855,39.714,39.604,39.517,39.445,39.385,#/* 1520 */
+                      40.581,40.164,39.893,39.702,39.561,39.452,39.366,39.295,39.235,#/* 1676 */
+                      45.521,44.456,43.753,43.254,42.878,42.580,42.332,42.119,41.930,#/* 1677 */
+                      45.520,44.455,43.752,43.251,42.871,42.569,42.315,42.094,41.896,#/* 1978 */
+                      55.068,51.783,49.553,47.942,46.723,45.768,44.997,44.360,43.823,#/* 1979 */
+                      53.868,50.369,48.031,46.355,45.092,44.104,43.308,42.652,42.100,#/* 5379 */
+                      54.133,50.597,48.233,46.539,45.261,44.262,43.456,42.790,42.230,#/* 5380 */
+                      54.051,50.514,48.150,46.454,45.176,44.175,43.368,42.702,42.141,#/* 5624 */
+                      54.442,50.854,48.455,46.733,45.433,44.415,43.592,42.912,42.340,#/* 5625 */
+                      54.320,50.722,48.313,46.583,45.277,44.251,43.423,42.738,42.160,#/* 6260 */
+                      55.691,51.965,49.444,47.615,46.221,45.119,44.223,43.478,42.848,#/* 6261 */
+                      55.661,51.933,49.412,47.582,46.188,45.085,44.189,43.445,42.813,#/* 6349 */
+                      55.973,52.193,49.630,47.769,46.349,45.226,44.314,43.555,42.913,#/* 6350 */
+                      55.922,52.141,49.577,47.715,46.295,45.172,44.259,43.500,42.858,#/* 6491 */
+                      56.828,52.821,50.110,48.146,46.654,45.477,44.522,43.730,43.061,#/* 6492 */
+                      56.657,52.653,49.944,47.983,46.491,45.315,44.360,43.569,42.901)).reshape((19,9))
+FREQSI1 = np.float64((2.1413750e15,1.97231650e15,1.7879689e15,1.5152920e15,0.55723927e15,5.3295914e14,4.7886458e14,4.72164220e14,4.6185133e14))
+FLOG1 = np.float64((35.45438,35.30022,35.21799,35.11986,34.95438, 33.95402,33.90947,33.80244,33.78835,33.76626, 33.70518))
+TLG1 = np.float64((8.29405,8.51719,8.69951,8.85367,8.98720,9.10498,9.21034,9.30565,9.39266))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Si1OP(FREQ, FREQLG, T, TLOG):
+    NT=min(8,int(floor(T/1000.))-3)
+    if(NT<1): NT=1
+    DT=(TLOG-TLG1[NT-1])/(TLG1[NT]-TLG1[NT-1])
+
+    for N in range(9):
+        if(FREQ > FREQSI1[N]): break
+
+    D=(FREQLG-FLOG1[N])/(FLOG1[N+1]-FLOG1[N])
+
+    if(N>1): N=2*N-1
+    DD=1.-D
+    XWL1=PEACH1[N+1,NT-1]*D+PEACH1[N,NT-1]*DD
+    XWL2=PEACH1[N+1,NT  ]*D+PEACH1[N,NT  ]*DD
+
+    return exp(-(XWL1*(1.-DT)+XWL2*DT))*9.
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+G1 = np.float64((25.,35.,21.,15., 9.,35.,33.,21.,27.,49., 9.,21.,
+                27., 9., 9.,25.,33.,15.,35., 3., 5.,11.,15.,13.,
+                15., 9.,21.,15.,21.,25.,35., 9., 5.,45.,27.,21.,
+                 15.,21.,15.,25.,21.,35., 5.,15.,45.,35.,55.,25.))
+E1 = np.float64((500., 7500.,12500.,17500.,19000.,19500.,19500.,
+		21000.,22000.,23000.,23000.,24000.,24000.,24500.,
+		24500.,26000.,26500.,26500.,27000.,27500.,28500.,
+		29000.,29500.,29500.,29500.,30000.,31500.,31500.,
+		33500.,33500.,34000.,34500.,34500.,35000.,35500.,
+		37000.,37000.,37000.,38500.,40000.,40000.,41000.,
+		 41000.,43000.,43000.,43000.,43000.,44000.))
+WNO1 = np.float64((63500.,58500.,53500.,59500.,45000.,44500.,44500.,
+                  43000.,58000.,41000.,54000.,40000.,40000.,57500.,
+                  55500.,38000.,57500.,57500.,37000.,54500.,53500.,
+                  55000.,34500.,34500.,34500.,34000.,32500.,32500.,
+                  32500.,32500.,32000.,29500.,29500.,31000.,30500.,
+                  29000.,27000.,54000.,27500.,24000.,47000.,23000.,
+                   44000.,42000.,42000.,21000.,42000.,42000.))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Fe1OP(FREQ, HKT):
+    WAVENO=FREQ/2.99792458E10
+    if(WAVENO < 21000.): return 0.0
+    BOLT=G1*np.exp(-E1*2.99792458e10*HKT);
+    XXX=((WNO1+3000.-WAVENO)/WNO1/.1)
+
+
+    XSECT = np.zeros(48)
+    idx = np.where(WNO1 <WAVENO)[0]
+    XSECT[idx] = 3.e-18/(1.+XXX[idx]**4)
+
+    return (XSECT*BOLT).sum()
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def COOLOP(XC1,XMg1,XAl1,XSi1,XFe1,STIM,FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG,TKEV,HKT):
+    #     Si I, Mg I, Al I, C I, Fe I
+
+    return ( C1OP(FREQ,TKEV          )*XC1 +
+	     Mg1OP(FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG)*XMg1+
+	     Al1OP(FREQ              )*XAl1+
+	     Si1OP(FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG)*XSi1+
+             Fe1OP(FREQ,HKT          )*XFe1)*STIM
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def N1OP( FREQ,  TKEV):
+
+    # CROSS-SECTION TIMES PARTITION FUNCTION
+
+  C1130=6.*exp(-3.575/TKEV)
+  C1020=10.*exp(-2.384/TKEV)
+  X1130=0.
+  X1020=0.
+  X853=0.
+
+  if(FREQ >= 3.517915E15): X853 =SEATON(3.517915E15,1.142E-17,2.0E0,4.29E0,FREQ)
+  if(FREQ >= 2.941534E15): X1020=SEATON(2.941534E15,4.410E-18,1.5E0,3.85E0,FREQ)
+  if(FREQ >= 2.653317E15): X1130=SEATON(2.653317E15,4.200E-18,1.5E0,4.34E0,FREQ)
+
+  return X853*4.+X1020*C1020+X1130*C1130
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def O1OP( FREQ):
+    if(FREQ >= 3.28805E15): return 9.*SEATON(3.28805E15,2.94E-18,1.E0,2.66E0,FREQ)
+    else: return 0.0
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Mg2OP( FREQ,  TKEV):
+
+  #    CROSS-SECTION TIMES PARTITION FUNCTION
+
+  C1169=6.*exp(-4.43/TKEV)
+  X1169=0.0
+  X824=0.0
+
+  if(FREQ >= 3.635492E15): X824 =SEATON(3.635492E15,1.40E-19,4.E0,6.7E0,FREQ)
+  if(FREQ >= 2.564306E15): X1169=5.11E-19*(2.564306E15/FREQ)**3
+
+  return X824*2.+X1169*C1169
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PEACH2 = np.float64((-43.8941, -43.8941, -43.8941, -43.8941, -43.8941, -43.8941,#/*    500 */
+                     -42.2444, -42.2444, -42.2444, -42.2444, -42.2444, -42.2444,#/*    600 */
+                     -40.6054, -40.6054, -40.6054, -40.6054, -40.6054, -40.6054,#/*    759 */
+                     -54.2389, -52.2906, -50.8799, -49.8033, -48.9485, -48.2490,#/*    760 */
+                     -50.4108, -48.4892, -47.1090, -46.0672, -45.2510, -44.5933,#/*   1905 */
+                     -52.0936, -50.0741, -48.5999, -47.4676, -46.5649, -45.8246,#/*   1906 */
+                     -51.9548, -49.9371, -48.4647, -47.3340, -46.4333, -45.6947,#/*   1975 */
+                     -54.2407, -51.7319, -49.9178, -48.5395, -47.4529, -46.5709,#/*   1976 */
+                     -52.7355, -50.2218, -48.4059, -47.0267, -45.9402, -45.0592,#/*   3245 */
+                     -53.5387, -50.9189, -49.0200, -47.5750, -46.4341, -45.5082,#/*   3246 */
+                     -53.2417, -50.6234, -48.7252, -47.2810, -46.1410, -45.2153,#/*   3576 */
+                     -53.5097, -50.8535, -48.9263, -47.4586, -46.2994, -45.3581,#/*   3577 */
+                     -54.0561, -51.2365, -49.1980, -47.6497, -46.4302, -45.4414,#/*   3900 */
+                     -53.8469, -51.0256, -48.9860, -47.4368, -46.2162, -45.2266)).reshape((14,6))
+
+FREQSI2 = np.float64((4.9965417e15,3.9466738e15,1.5736321e15,1.5171539e15,9.2378947e14,8.3825004e14,7.6869872e14))
+FLOG2 = np.float64((36.32984,36.14752,35.91165,34.99216,34.95561,34.45941,34.36234,34.27572,34.20161))
+TLG2 = np.float64((9.21034,9.39266,9.54681,9.68034,9.79813,9.90349))
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Si2OP( FREQ,  FREQLG,  T,  TLOG):
+
+    NT=min(5,int(floor(T/2000.))-4)
+    if(NT<1): NT=1
+    DT=(TLOG-TLG2[NT-1])/(TLG2[NT]-TLG2[NT-1])
+
+    for N in range(7):
+        if(FREQ>FREQSI2[N]):
+            break
+
+    D=(FREQLG-FLOG2[N])/(FLOG2[N+1]-FLOG2[N])
+
+    if(N>1): N=2*N-2
+    if(N==13): N=12
+
+    D1=1.-D
+    XWL1=PEACH2[N+1,NT-1]*D+PEACH2[N,NT-1]*D1
+    XWL2=PEACH2[N+1,NT  ]*D+PEACH2[N,NT  ]*D1
+
+    return exp(XWL1*(1.-DT)+XWL2*DT)*6.
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def Ca2OP( FREQ,  TKEV):
+
+    C1218=10.*exp(-1.697/TKEV)
+    C1420=6.*exp(-3.142/TKEV)
+    X1044=0.; X1218=0.; X1420=0.
+
+    if(FREQ>=2.870454e15):
+        XXX=(2.870454e15/FREQ)**3
+        X1044=1.08e-19*XXX
+
+    if(FREQ>=2.460127e15): X1218=1.64e-17*sqrt(2.460127e15/FREQ)
+    if(FREQ>=2.110779e15): X1420=SEATON(2.110779e15,4.13e-18,3.,0.69, FREQ)
+
+    return X1044+X1218*C1218+X1420*C1420
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def LUKEOP( XN1,  XO1,  XMg2,  XSi2,  XCa2, STIM,  FREQ,  FREQLG,  T,  TLOG,  TKEV):
+
+    #    N I, O I, Si II, Mg II, Ca II
+
+    return ( N1OP(FREQ,TKEV          )*XN1 +
+	     O1OP(FREQ               )*XO1 +
+	     Mg2OP(FREQ,TKEV         )*XMg2+
+	     Si2OP(FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG)*XSi2+
+	     Ca2OP(FREQ,TKEV         )*XCa2)*STIM
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def HOTOP():
+    return 0.0 # dummy function, should fill this
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def ELECOP( XNE):
+    return 0.6653E-24*XNE
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def H2RAOP(  XH1,  FREQ,  T,  TKEV,  TLOG):
+
+
+  WW=(2.997925E18/min(FREQ,2.922E15))**2
+  WW2 = WW*WW
+
+  SIG=(8.14E-13+1.28e-6/WW+1.61e0/WW2)/WW2
+  ARG=4.477/TKEV-4.6628E1+(1.8031E-3+(-5.023E-7+(8.1424E-11-5.0501E-15*T)*T)*T)*T-1.5*TLOG
+  H1=XH1*2.0
+
+  if(ARG > -80.0): return exp(ARG)*H1*H1*SIG
+  else: return 0.0
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@njit(cache=True)
+def cop( T,  TKEV,  TK,  HKT,  TLOG, XNA,  XNE,  WLGRID, H1,  H2,  HMIN,  HE1,  HE2,
+	 HE3,  C1,  AL1,  SI1,  SI2, CA1,  CA2,  MG1,  MG2,  FE1, N1,  O1):
+
+    nW = len(WLGRID)
+    OPACITY = np.zeros(nW)
+    SCATTER = np.zeros(nW)
+
+    for iWL in range(nW):
+        FREQ=2.997925E18/WLGRID[iWL]
+        FREQLG=log(FREQ)
+        FREQ15=FREQ*1.E-15
+        EHVKT=exp(-FREQ*HKT)
+        STIM=1.0-EHVKT
+
+        ACOOL = 0.0; ALUKE = 0.0
+
+        AHYD = HOP(XNE,H1,H2,FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG,TKEV,STIM,EHVKT)
+        AH2P = H2PLOP(H1,H2,FREQ,FREQLG,FREQ15,TKEV,STIM)
+        AHMIN = HMINOP(H1,HMIN,FREQ,T,TKEV,XNE,EHVKT)
+        SIGH = HRAYOP(H1,FREQ)
+        AHE1 = HE1OP(HE1,HE2,XNE,FREQ,FREQLG,T,TKEV,TLOG,EHVKT,STIM)
+        AHE2 = HE2OP(HE2, HE3,XNE,FREQ,FREQLG,T, TKEV, TLOG, EHVKT,STIM)
+        AHEMIN = HEMIOP(HE1,FREQ,T,XNE)
+        SIGHE = HERAOP(HE1,FREQ)
+
+        if(T < 12000.):
+            ACOOL = COOLOP(C1 ,MG1, AL1,SI1, FE1,STIM,FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG,TKEV,HKT)
+        if(T < 30000.):
+            ALUKE = LUKEOP( N1, O1, MG2, SI2, CA2,STIM,FREQ,FREQLG,T,TLOG,TKEV)
+
+        AHOT = HOTOP()
+        SIGEL = ELECOP(XNE)
+        SIGH2 = H2RAOP(H1,FREQ,T,TKEV,TLOG)
+
+        A=AHYD+AHMIN+AH2P+AHE1+AHE2+AHEMIN+ACOOL+ALUKE+AHOT
+        B=SIGH+SIGHE+SIGEL+SIGH2
+
+        OPACITY[iWL]=A+B
+        SCATTER[iWL]=B
+
+    return OPACITY, SCATTER
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+