libqasm 1.2.1__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

cqasm/v3x/semantic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3453 @@
+import functools
+import struct
+import cqasm.v3x.instruction
+import cqasm.v3x.primitives
+import cqasm.v3x.types
+import cqasm.v3x.values
+
+
+_typemap = {}
+
+
+def _cbor_read_intlike(cbor, offset, info):
+    """Parses the additional information and reads any additional bytes it
+    specifies the existence of, and returns the encoded integer. offset
+    should point to the byte immediately following the initial byte. Returns
+    the encoded integer and the offset immediately following the object."""
+
+    # Info less than 24 is a shorthand for the integer itself.
+    if info < 24:
+        return info, offset
+
+    # 24 is 8-bit following the info byte.
+    if info == 24:
+        return cbor[offset], offset + 1
+
+    # 25 is 16-bit following the info byte.
+    if info == 25:
+        val, = struct.unpack('>H', cbor[offset:offset+2])
+        return val, offset + 2
+
+    # 26 is 32-bit following the info byte.
+    if info == 26:
+        val, = struct.unpack('>I', cbor[offset:offset+4])
+        return val, offset + 4
+
+    # 27 is 64-bit following the info byte.
+    if info == 27:
+        val, = struct.unpack('>Q', cbor[offset:offset+8])
+        return val, offset + 8
+
+    # Info greater than or equal to 28 is illegal. Note that 31 is used for
+    # indefinite lengths, so this must be checked prior to calling this
+    # method.
+    raise ValueError("invalid CBOR: illegal additional info for integer or object length")
+
+
+def _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset):
+    """Converts the CBOR object starting at cbor[offset] to its Python
+    representation for as far as tree-gen supports CBOR. Returns this Python
+    representation and the offset immediately following the CBOR representation
+    thereof. Supported types:
+
+     - 0: unsigned integer (int)
+     - 1: negative integer (int)
+     - 2: byte string (bytes)
+     - 3: UTF-8 string (str)
+     - 4: array (list)
+     - 5: map (dict)
+     - 6: semantic tag (ignored)
+     - 7.20: false (bool)
+     - 7.21: true (bool)
+     - 7.22: null (NoneType)
+     - 7.27: double-precision float (float)
+
+    Both definite-length and indefinite-length notation is supported for sized
+    objects (strings, arrays, maps). A ValueError is thrown if the CBOR is
+    invalid or contains unsupported structures."""
+
+    # Read the initial byte.
+    initial = cbor[offset]
+    typ = initial >> 5
+    info = initial & 0x1F
+    offset += 1
+
+    # Handle unsigned integer (0) and negative integer (1).
+    if typ <= 1:
+        value, offset = _cbor_read_intlike(cbor, offset, info)
+        if typ == 1:
+            value = -1 - value
+        return value, offset
+
+    # Handle byte string (2) and UTF-8 string (3).
+    if typ <= 3:
+
+        # Gather components of the string in here.
+        if info == 31:
+
+            # Handle indefinite length strings. These consist of a
+            # break-terminated (0xFF) list of definite-length strings of the
+            # same type.
+            value = []
+            while True:
+                sub_initial = cbor[offset]; offset += 1
+                if sub_initial == 0xFF:
+                    break
+                sub_typ = sub_initial >> 5
+                sub_info = sub_initial & 0x1F
+                if sub_typ != typ:
+                    raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: illegal indefinite-length string component')
+
+                # Seek past definite-length string component. The size in
+                # bytes is encoded as an integer.
+                size, offset = _cbor_read_intlike(cbor, offset, sub_info)
+                value.append(cbor[offset:offset + size])
+                offset += size
+            value = b''.join(value)
+
+        else:
+
+            # Handle definite-length strings. The size in bytes is encoded as
+            # an integer.
+            size, offset = _cbor_read_intlike(cbor, offset, info)
+            value = cbor[offset:offset + size]
+            offset += size
+
+        if typ == 3:
+            value = value.decode('UTF-8')
+        return value, offset
+
+    # Handle array (4) and map (5).
+    if typ <= 5:
+
+        # Create result container.
+        container = [] if typ == 4 else {}
+
+        # Handle indefinite length arrays and maps.
+        if info == 31:
+
+            # Read objects/object pairs until we encounter a break.
+            while cbor[offset] != 0xFF:
+                if typ == 4:
+                    value, offset = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+                    container.append(value)
+                else:
+                    key, offset = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+                    if not isinstance(key, str):
+                        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: map key is not a UTF-8 string')
+                    value, offset = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+                    container[key] = value
+
+            # Seek past the break.
+            offset += 1
+
+        else:
+
+            # Handle definite-length arrays and maps. The amount of
+            # objects/object pairs is encoded as an integer.
+            size, offset = _cbor_read_intlike(cbor, offset, info)
+            for _ in range(size):
+                if typ == 4:
+                    value, offset = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+                    container.append(value)
+                else:
+                    key, offset = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+                    if not isinstance(key, str):
+                        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: map key is not a UTF-8 string')
+                    value, offset = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+                    container[key] = value
+
+        return container, offset
+
+    # Handle semantic tags.
+    if typ == 6:
+
+        # We don't use semantic tags for anything, but ignoring them is
+        # legal and reading past them is easy enough.
+        _, offset = _cbor_read_intlike(cbor, offset, info)
+        return _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, offset)
+
+    # Handle major type 7. Here, the type is defined by the additional info.
+    # Additional info 24 is reserved for having the type specified by the
+    # next byte, but all such values are unassigned.
+    if info == 20:
+        # false
+        return False, offset
+
+    if info == 21:
+        # true
+        return True, offset
+
+    if info == 22:
+        # null
+        return None, offset
+
+    if info == 23:
+        # Undefined value.
+        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: undefined value is not supported')
+
+    if info == 25:
+        # Half-precision float.
+        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: half-precision float is not supported')
+
+    if info == 26:
+        # Single-precision float.
+        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: single-precision float is not supported')
+
+    if info == 27:
+        # Double-precision float.
+        value, = struct.unpack('>d', cbor[offset:offset+8])
+        return value, offset + 8
+
+    if info == 31:
+        # Break value used for indefinite-length objects.
+        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: unexpected break')
+
+    raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: unknown type code')
+
+
+def _cbor_to_py(cbor):
+    """Converts the given CBOR object (bytes) to its Python representation for
+    as far as tree-gen supports CBOR. Supported types:
+
+     - 0: unsigned integer (int)
+     - 1: negative integer (int)
+     - 2: byte string (bytes)
+     - 3: UTF-8 string (str)
+     - 4: array (list)
+     - 5: map (dict)
+     - 6: semantic tag (ignored)
+     - 7.20: false (bool)
+     - 7.21: true (bool)
+     - 7.22: null (NoneType)
+     - 7.27: double-precision float (float)
+
+    Both definite-length and indefinite-length notation is supported for sized
+    objects (strings, arrays, maps). A ValueError is thrown if the CBOR is
+    invalid or contains unsupported structures."""
+
+    value, length = _sub_cbor_to_py(cbor, 0)
+    if length < len(cbor):
+        raise ValueError('invalid CBOR: garbage at the end')
+    return value
+
+
+class _Cbor(bytes):
+    """Marker class indicating that this bytes object represents CBOR."""
+    pass
+
+
+def _cbor_write_intlike(value, major=0):
+    """Converts the given integer to its minimal representation in CBOR. The
+    major code can be overridden to write lengths for strings, arrays, and
+    maps."""
+
+    # Negative integers use major code 1.
+    if value < 0:
+        major = 1
+        value = -1 - value
+    initial = major << 5
+
+    # Use the minimal representation.
+    if value < 24:
+        return struct.pack('>B', initial | value)
+    if value < 0x100:
+        return struct.pack('>BB', initial | 24, value)
+    if value < 0x10000:
+        return struct.pack('>BH', initial | 25, value)
+    if value < 0x100000000:
+        return struct.pack('>BI', initial | 26, value)
+    if value < 0x10000000000000000:
+        return struct.pack('>BQ', initial | 27, value)
+
+    raise ValueError('integer too large for CBOR (bigint not supported)')
+
+
+def _py_to_cbor(value, type_converter=None):
+    """Inverse of _cbor_to_py(). type_converter optionally specifies a function
+    that takes a value and either converts it to a primitive for serialization,
+    converts it to a _Cbor object manually, or raises a TypeError if no
+    conversion is known. If no type_converter is specified, a TypeError is
+    raised in all cases the type_converter would otherwise be called. The cbor
+    serialization is returned using a _Cbor object, which is just a marker class
+    behaving just like bytes."""
+    if isinstance(value, _Cbor):
+        return value
+
+    if isinstance(value, int):
+        return _Cbor(_cbor_write_intlike(value))
+
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return _Cbor(struct.pack('>Bd', 0xFB, value))
+
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        value = value.encode('UTF-8')
+        return _Cbor(_cbor_write_intlike(len(value), 3) + value)
+
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return _Cbor(_cbor_write_intlike(len(value), 2) + value)
+
+    if value is False:
+        return _Cbor(b'\xF4')
+
+    if value is True:
+        return _Cbor(b'\xF5')
+
+    if value is None:
+        return _Cbor(b'\xF6')
+
+    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        cbor = [_cbor_write_intlike(len(value), 4)]
+        for val in value:
+            cbor.append(_py_to_cbor(val, type_converter))
+        return _Cbor(b''.join(cbor))
+
+    if isinstance(value, dict):
+        cbor = [_cbor_write_intlike(len(value), 5)]
+        for key, val in sorted(value.items()):
+            if not isinstance(key, str):
+                raise TypeError('dict keys must be strings')
+            cbor.append(_py_to_cbor(key, type_converter))
+            cbor.append(_py_to_cbor(val, type_converter))
+        return _Cbor(b''.join(cbor))
+
+    if type_converter is not None:
+        return _py_to_cbor(type_converter(value))
+
+    raise TypeError('unsupported type for conversion to cbor: %r' % (value,))
+
+
+class NotWellFormed(ValueError):
+    """Exception class for well-formedness checks."""
+
+    def __init__(self, msg):
+        super().__init__('not well-formed: ' + str(msg))
+
+
+class Node(object):
+    """Base class for nodes."""
+
+    __slots__ = ['_annot']
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._annot = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Returns the annotation object with the specified key, or raises
+        KeyError if not found."""
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            raise TypeError('indexing a node with something other than an '
+                            'annotation key string')
+        return self._annot[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        """Assigns the annotation object with the specified key."""
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            raise TypeError('indexing a node with something other than an '
+                            'annotation key string')
+        self._annot[key] = val
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """Deletes the annotation object with the specified key."""
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            raise TypeError('indexing a node with something other than an '
+                            'annotation key string')
+        del self._annot[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        """Returns whether an annotation exists for the specified key."""
+        return key in self._annot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it. Note that this is overridden
+        by the actual node class implementations; this base function does very
+        little."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes. Note that this is
+        overridden by the actual node class implementations; this base function
+        always raises an exception."""
+        raise NotWellFormed('found node of abstract type ' + type(self).__name__)
+
+    def check_well_formed(self):
+        """Checks whether the tree starting at this node is well-formed. That
+        is:
+
+         - all One, Link, and Many edges have (at least) one entry;
+         - all the One entries internally stored by Any/Many have an entry;
+         - all Link and filled OptLink nodes link to a node that's reachable
+           from this node;
+         - the nodes referred to be One/Maybe only appear once in the tree
+           (except through links).
+
+        If it isn't well-formed, a NotWellFormed is thrown."""
+        self.check_complete()
+
+    def is_well_formed(self):
+        """Returns whether the tree starting at this node is well-formed. That
+        is:
+
+         - all One, Link, and Many edges have (at least) one entry;
+         - all the One entries internally stored by Any/Many have an entry;
+         - all Link and filled OptLink nodes link to a node that's reachable
+           from this node;
+         - the nodes referred to be One/Maybe only appear once in the tree
+           (except through links)."""
+        try:
+            self.check_well_formed()
+            return True
+        except NotWellFormed:
+            return False
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node. Note that this is overridden by
+        the actual node class implementations; this base function always raises
+        an exception."""
+        raise TypeError('can\'t copy node of abstract type ' + type(self).__name__)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. Note that this is overridden by
+        the actual node class implementations; this base function always raises
+        an exception."""
+        raise TypeError('can\'t clone node of abstract type ' + type(self).__name__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, cbor):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (either as bytes or as
+        its Python primitive representation) into a node of this type."""
+        if isinstance(cbor, bytes):
+            cbor = _cbor_to_py(cbor)
+        seq_to_ob = {}
+        links = []
+        root = cls._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        for link_setter, seq in links:
+            ob = seq_to_ob.get(seq, None)
+            if ob is None:
+                raise ValueError('found link to nonexistent object')
+            link_setter(ob)
+        return root
+
+    def serialize(self):
+        """Serializes this node into its cbor representation in the form of a
+        bytes object."""
+        id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        self.check_complete(id_map)
+        return _py_to_cbor(self._serialize(id_map))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        node_type = _typemap.get(cbor.get('@t'), None)
+        if node_type is None:
+            raise ValueError('unknown node type (@t): ' + str(cbor.get('@t')))
+        return node_type._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+
+
+@functools.total_ordering
+class _Multiple(object):
+    """Base class for the Any* and Many* edge helper classes. Inheriting
+    classes must set the class constant _T to the node type they are made
+    for."""
+
+    __slots__ = ['_l']
+
+    def __init__(self,  *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._l = list(*args, **kwargs)
+        for idx, val in enumerate(self._l):
+            if not isinstance(val, self._T):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'object {!r} at index {:d} is not an instance of {!r}'
+                    .format(val, idx, self._T))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '{}({!r})'.format(type(self).__name__, self._l)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        return self.__class__(map(lambda node: node.clone(), self._l))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._l)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        return self._l[idx]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, idx, val):
+        if not isinstance(val, self._T):
+            raise TypeError(
+                'object {!r} is not an instance of {!r}'
+                .format(val, idx, self._T))
+        self._l[idx] = val
+
+    def __delitem__(self, idx):
+        del self._l[idx]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._l)
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        return reversed(self._l)
+
+    def __contains__(self, val):
+        return val in self._l
+
+    def append(self, val):
+        if not isinstance(val, self._T):
+            raise TypeError(
+                'object {!r} is not an instance of {!r}'
+                .format(val, self._T))
+        self._l.append(val)
+
+    def extend(self, iterable):
+        for val in iterable:
+            self.append(val)
+
+    def insert(self, idx, val):
+        if not isinstance(val, self._T):
+            raise TypeError(
+                'object {!r} is not an instance of {!r}'
+                .format(val, self._T))
+        self._l.insert(idx, val)
+
+    def remote(self, val):
+        self._l.remove(val)
+
+    def pop(self, idx=-1):
+        return self._l.pop(idx)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._l.clear()
+
+    def idx(self, val, start=0, end=-1):
+        return self._l.idx(val, start, end)
+
+    def count(self, val):
+        return self._l.count(val)
+
+    def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False):
+        self._l.sort(key=key, reverse=reverse)
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        self._l.reverse()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self.__class__(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _Multiple):
+            return False
+        return self._l == other._l
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._l < other._l
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        self.extend(other)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        copy = self.copy()
+        copy += other
+        return copy
+
+    def __imul__(self, other):
+        self._l *= other
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        copy = self.copy()
+        copy *= other
+        return copy
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        copy = self.copy()
+        copy *= other
+        return copy
+
+
+class MultiNode(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Node objects."""
+
+    _T = Node
+
+
+def _cloned(obj):
+    """Attempts to clone the given object by calling its clone() method, if it
+    has one."""
+    if hasattr(obj, 'clone'):
+        return obj.clone()
+    return obj
+
+
+class Annotated(Node):
+    """Represents a node that carries annotation data."""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_annotations',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.annotations = annotations
+
+    @property
+    def annotations(self):
+        return self._attr_annotations
+
+    @annotations.setter
+    def annotations(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.annotations
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, MultiAnnotationData):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('annotations must be of type MultiAnnotationData')
+            val = MultiAnnotationData(val)
+        self._attr_annotations = val
+
+    @annotations.deleter
+    def annotations(self):
+        self._attr_annotations = MultiAnnotationData()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ == 'Gate':
+            return Gate._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'Variable':
+            return Variable._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'GateInstruction':
+            return GateInstruction._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'NonGateInstruction':
+            return NonGateInstruction._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'AsmDeclaration':
+            return AsmDeclaration._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        raise ValueError('unknown or unexpected type (@t) found in node serialization')
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Annotated'}
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiAnnotated(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Annotated objects."""
+
+    _T = Annotated
+
+
+_typemap['Annotated'] = Annotated
+
+class AnnotationData(Node):
+    """Represents an annotation."""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_interface',
+        '_attr_operation',
+        '_attr_operands',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        interface=None,
+        operation=None,
+        operands=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.interface = interface
+        self.operation = operation
+        self.operands = operands
+
+    @property
+    def interface(self):
+        """The interface this annotation is intended for. If a target doesn't
+        support an interface, it should silently ignore the annotation."""
+        return self._attr_interface
+
+    @interface.setter
+    def interface(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.interface
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('interface must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_interface = val
+
+    @interface.deleter
+    def interface(self):
+        self._attr_interface = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    @property
+    def operation(self):
+        """The operation within the interface that this annotation is intended
+        for. If a target supports the corresponding interface but not the
+        operation, it should throw an error."""
+        return self._attr_operation
+
+    @operation.setter
+    def operation(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.operation
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('operation must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_operation = val
+
+    @operation.deleter
+    def operation(self):
+        self._attr_operation = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    @property
+    def operands(self):
+        """Any operands attached to the annotation."""
+        return self._attr_operands
+
+    @operands.setter
+    def operands(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.operands
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.values.MultiNode):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('operands must be of type cqasm.v3x.values.MultiNode')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiNode(val)
+        self._attr_operands = val
+
+    @operands.deleter
+    def operands(self):
+        self._attr_operands = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiNode()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, AnnotationData):
+            return False
+        if self.interface != other.interface:
+            return False
+        if self.operation != other.operation:
+            return False
+        if self.operands != other.operands:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('AnnotationData(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('interface: ')
+        s.append(str(self.interface) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('operation: ')
+        s.append(str(self.operation) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('operands: ')
+        if not self.operands:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.operands:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_operands:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        for child in self._attr_operands:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return AnnotationData(
+            interface=self._attr_interface,
+            operation=self._attr_operation,
+            operands=self._attr_operands.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return AnnotationData(
+            interface=_cloned(self._attr_interface),
+            operation=_cloned(self._attr_operation),
+            operands=_cloned(self._attr_operands)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'AnnotationData':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected AnnotationData')
+
+        # Deserialize the interface field.
+        field = cbor.get('interface', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field interface')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_interface = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_interface = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the operation field.
+        field = cbor.get('operation', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field operation')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_operation = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_operation = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the operands field.
+        field = cbor.get('operands', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field operands')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field operands')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_operands = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiNode()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_operands.append(cqasm.v3x.values.Node._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the AnnotationData node.
+        node = AnnotationData(f_interface, f_operation, f_operands)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'AnnotationData'}
+
+        # Serialize the interface field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_interface, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['interface'] = self._attr_interface.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['interface'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_interface)
+
+        # Serialize the operation field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_operation, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['operation'] = self._attr_operation.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['operation'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_operation)
+
+        # Serialize the operands field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_operands:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['operands'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiAnnotationData(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple AnnotationData objects."""
+
+    _T = AnnotationData
+
+
+_typemap['AnnotationData'] = AnnotationData
+
+class Statement(Annotated):
+    __slots__ = []
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ == 'GateInstruction':
+            return GateInstruction._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'NonGateInstruction':
+            return NonGateInstruction._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'AsmDeclaration':
+            return AsmDeclaration._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        raise ValueError('unknown or unexpected type (@t) found in node serialization')
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Statement'}
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiStatement(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Statement objects."""
+
+    _T = Statement
+
+
+_typemap['Statement'] = Statement
+
+class Instruction(Statement):
+    __slots__ = []
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ == 'GateInstruction':
+            return GateInstruction._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'NonGateInstruction':
+            return NonGateInstruction._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        if typ == 'AsmDeclaration':
+            return AsmDeclaration._deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links)
+        raise ValueError('unknown or unexpected type (@t) found in node serialization')
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Instruction'}
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiInstruction(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Instruction objects."""
+
+    _T = Instruction
+
+
+_typemap['Instruction'] = Instruction
+
+class AsmDeclaration(Instruction):
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_backend_name',
+        '_attr_backend_code',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        backend_name=None,
+        backend_code=None,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+        self.backend_name = backend_name
+        self.backend_code = backend_code
+
+    @property
+    def backend_name(self):
+        return self._attr_backend_name
+
+    @backend_name.setter
+    def backend_name(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.backend_name
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('backend_name must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_backend_name = val
+
+    @backend_name.deleter
+    def backend_name(self):
+        self._attr_backend_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    @property
+    def backend_code(self):
+        return self._attr_backend_code
+
+    @backend_code.setter
+    def backend_code(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.backend_code
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('backend_code must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_backend_code = val
+
+    @backend_code.deleter
+    def backend_code(self):
+        self._attr_backend_code = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, AsmDeclaration):
+            return False
+        if self.backend_name != other.backend_name:
+            return False
+        if self.backend_code != other.backend_code:
+            return False
+        if self.annotations != other.annotations:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('AsmDeclaration(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('backend_name: ')
+        s.append(str(self.backend_name) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('backend_code: ')
+        s.append(str(self.backend_code) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('annotations: ')
+        if not self.annotations:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.annotations:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        for child in self._attr_annotations:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return AsmDeclaration(
+            backend_name=self._attr_backend_name,
+            backend_code=self._attr_backend_code,
+            annotations=self._attr_annotations.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return AsmDeclaration(
+            backend_name=_cloned(self._attr_backend_name),
+            backend_code=_cloned(self._attr_backend_code),
+            annotations=_cloned(self._attr_annotations)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'AsmDeclaration':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected AsmDeclaration')
+
+        # Deserialize the backend_name field.
+        field = cbor.get('backend_name', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field backend_name')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_backend_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_backend_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the backend_code field.
+        field = cbor.get('backend_code', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field backend_code')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_backend_code = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_backend_code = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the annotations field.
+        field = cbor.get('annotations', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field annotations')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field annotations')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_annotations = MultiAnnotationData()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_annotations.append(AnnotationData._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the AsmDeclaration node.
+        node = AsmDeclaration(f_backend_name, f_backend_code, f_annotations)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'AsmDeclaration'}
+
+        # Serialize the backend_name field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_backend_name, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['backend_name'] = self._attr_backend_name.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['backend_name'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_backend_name)
+
+        # Serialize the backend_code field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_backend_code, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['backend_code'] = self._attr_backend_code.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['backend_code'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_backend_code)
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiAsmDeclaration(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple AsmDeclaration objects."""
+
+    _T = AsmDeclaration
+
+
+_typemap['AsmDeclaration'] = AsmDeclaration
+
+class Block(Node):
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_statements',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statements=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.statements = statements
+
+    @property
+    def statements(self):
+        return self._attr_statements
+
+    @statements.setter
+    def statements(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.statements
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, MultiStatement):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('statements must be of type MultiStatement')
+            val = MultiStatement(val)
+        self._attr_statements = val
+
+    @statements.deleter
+    def statements(self):
+        self._attr_statements = MultiStatement()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, Block):
+            return False
+        if self.statements != other.statements:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('Block(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('statements: ')
+        if not self.statements:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.statements:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_statements:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        for child in self._attr_statements:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return Block(
+            statements=self._attr_statements.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return Block(
+            statements=_cloned(self._attr_statements)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'Block':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected Block')
+
+        # Deserialize the statements field.
+        field = cbor.get('statements', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field statements')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field statements')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_statements = MultiStatement()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_statements.append(Statement._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the Block node.
+        node = Block(f_statements)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Block'}
+
+        # Serialize the statements field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_statements:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['statements'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiBlock(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Block objects."""
+
+    _T = Block
+
+
+_typemap['Block'] = Block
+
+class Gate(Annotated):
+    """A gate can be a named gate or a composition of gate modifiers acting on a
+    gate. pow is the only gate modifier that has an operand."""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_name',
+        '_attr_gate',
+        '_attr_parameters',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name=None,
+        gate=None,
+        parameters=None,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+        self.name = name
+        self.gate = gate
+        self.parameters = parameters
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._attr_name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.name
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('name must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_name = val
+
+    @name.deleter
+    def name(self):
+        self._attr_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    @property
+    def gate(self):
+        return self._attr_gate
+
+    @gate.setter
+    def gate(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.gate
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, Gate):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('gate must be of type Gate')
+            val = Gate(val)
+        self._attr_gate = val
+
+    @gate.deleter
+    def gate(self):
+        self._attr_gate = None
+
+    @property
+    def parameters(self):
+        return self._attr_parameters
+
+    @parameters.setter
+    def parameters(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.parameters
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('parameters must be of type cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase(val)
+        self._attr_parameters = val
+
+    @parameters.deleter
+    def parameters(self):
+        self._attr_parameters = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, Gate):
+            return False
+        if self.name != other.name:
+            return False
+        if self.gate != other.gate:
+            return False
+        if self.parameters != other.parameters:
+            return False
+        if self.annotations != other.annotations:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('Gate(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('name: ')
+        s.append(str(self.name) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('gate: ')
+        if self.gate is None:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('<\n')
+            s.append(self.gate.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + '>\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('parameters: ')
+        if not self.parameters:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.parameters:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('annotations: ')
+        if not self.annotations:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.annotations:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        if self._attr_gate is not None:
+            self._attr_gate.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_parameters:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        if self._attr_gate is not None:
+            self._attr_gate.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_parameters:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_annotations:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return Gate(
+            name=self._attr_name,
+            gate=self._attr_gate,
+            parameters=self._attr_parameters.copy(),
+            annotations=self._attr_annotations.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return Gate(
+            name=_cloned(self._attr_name),
+            gate=_cloned(self._attr_gate),
+            parameters=_cloned(self._attr_parameters),
+            annotations=_cloned(self._attr_annotations)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'Gate':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected Gate')
+
+        # Deserialize the name field.
+        field = cbor.get('name', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field name')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the gate field.
+        field = cbor.get('gate', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field gate')
+        if field.get('@T') != '?':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field gate')
+        if field.get('@t', None) is None:
+            f_gate = None
+        else:
+            f_gate = Gate._deserialize(field, seq_to_ob, links)
+
+        # Deserialize the parameters field.
+        field = cbor.get('parameters', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field parameters')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field parameters')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_parameters = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_parameters.append(cqasm.v3x.values.ValueBase._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Deserialize the annotations field.
+        field = cbor.get('annotations', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field annotations')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field annotations')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_annotations = MultiAnnotationData()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_annotations.append(AnnotationData._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the Gate node.
+        node = Gate(f_name, f_gate, f_parameters, f_annotations)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Gate'}
+
+        # Serialize the name field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_name, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['name'] = self._attr_name.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['name'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_name)
+
+        # Serialize the gate field.
+        field = {'@T': '?'}
+        if self._attr_gate is None:
+            field['@t'] = None
+        else:
+            field.update(self._attr_gate._serialize(id_map))
+        cbor['gate'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the parameters field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_parameters:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['parameters'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiGate(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Gate objects."""
+
+    _T = Gate
+
+
+_typemap['Gate'] = Gate
+
+class GateInstruction(Instruction):
+    """A gate, or a composition of gate modifiers and a gate"""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_instruction_ref',
+        '_attr_gate',
+        '_attr_operands',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        instruction_ref=None,
+        gate=None,
+        operands=None,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+        self.instruction_ref = instruction_ref
+        self.gate = gate
+        self.operands = operands
+
+    @property
+    def instruction_ref(self):
+        return self._attr_instruction_ref
+
+    @instruction_ref.setter
+    def instruction_ref(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.instruction_ref
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('instruction_ref must be of type cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef(val)
+        self._attr_instruction_ref = val
+
+    @instruction_ref.deleter
+    def instruction_ref(self):
+        self._attr_instruction_ref = cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef()
+
+    @property
+    def gate(self):
+        return self._attr_gate
+
+    @gate.setter
+    def gate(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.gate
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, Gate):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('gate must be of type Gate')
+            val = Gate(val)
+        self._attr_gate = val
+
+    @gate.deleter
+    def gate(self):
+        self._attr_gate = None
+
+    @property
+    def operands(self):
+        return self._attr_operands
+
+    @operands.setter
+    def operands(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.operands
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('operands must be of type cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase(val)
+        self._attr_operands = val
+
+    @operands.deleter
+    def operands(self):
+        self._attr_operands = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, GateInstruction):
+            return False
+        if self.instruction_ref != other.instruction_ref:
+            return False
+        if self.gate != other.gate:
+            return False
+        if self.operands != other.operands:
+            return False
+        if self.annotations != other.annotations:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('GateInstruction(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('instruction_ref: ')
+        s.append(str(self.instruction_ref) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('gate: ')
+        if self.gate is None:
+            s.append('!MISSING\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('<\n')
+            s.append(self.gate.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + '>\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('operands: ')
+        if not self.operands:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.operands:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('annotations: ')
+        if not self.annotations:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.annotations:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        if self._attr_gate is not None:
+            self._attr_gate.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_operands:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        if self._attr_gate is None:
+            raise NotWellFormed('gate is required but not set')
+        if self._attr_gate is not None:
+            self._attr_gate.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_operands:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_annotations:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return GateInstruction(
+            instruction_ref=self._attr_instruction_ref,
+            gate=self._attr_gate,
+            operands=self._attr_operands.copy(),
+            annotations=self._attr_annotations.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return GateInstruction(
+            instruction_ref=_cloned(self._attr_instruction_ref),
+            gate=_cloned(self._attr_gate),
+            operands=_cloned(self._attr_operands),
+            annotations=_cloned(self._attr_annotations)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'GateInstruction':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected GateInstruction')
+
+        # Deserialize the instruction_ref field.
+        field = cbor.get('instruction_ref', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field instruction_ref')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_instruction_ref = cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_instruction_ref = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the gate field.
+        field = cbor.get('gate', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field gate')
+        if field.get('@T') != '1':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field gate')
+        if field.get('@t', None) is None:
+            f_gate = None
+        else:
+            f_gate = Gate._deserialize(field, seq_to_ob, links)
+
+        # Deserialize the operands field.
+        field = cbor.get('operands', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field operands')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field operands')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_operands = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_operands.append(cqasm.v3x.values.ValueBase._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Deserialize the annotations field.
+        field = cbor.get('annotations', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field annotations')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field annotations')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_annotations = MultiAnnotationData()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_annotations.append(AnnotationData._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the GateInstruction node.
+        node = GateInstruction(f_instruction_ref, f_gate, f_operands, f_annotations)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'GateInstruction'}
+
+        # Serialize the instruction_ref field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_instruction_ref, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['instruction_ref'] = self._attr_instruction_ref.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['instruction_ref'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef, self._attr_instruction_ref)
+
+        # Serialize the gate field.
+        field = {'@T': '1'}
+        if self._attr_gate is None:
+            field['@t'] = None
+        else:
+            field.update(self._attr_gate._serialize(id_map))
+        cbor['gate'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the operands field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_operands:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['operands'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiGateInstruction(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple GateInstruction objects."""
+
+    _T = GateInstruction
+
+
+_typemap['GateInstruction'] = GateInstruction
+
+class NonGateInstruction(Instruction):
+    """A non-gate instruction: init, measure, reset, barrier, wait..."""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_instruction_ref',
+        '_attr_name',
+        '_attr_operands',
+        '_attr_parameters',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        instruction_ref=None,
+        name=None,
+        operands=None,
+        parameters=None,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+        self.instruction_ref = instruction_ref
+        self.name = name
+        self.operands = operands
+        self.parameters = parameters
+
+    @property
+    def instruction_ref(self):
+        return self._attr_instruction_ref
+
+    @instruction_ref.setter
+    def instruction_ref(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.instruction_ref
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('instruction_ref must be of type cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef(val)
+        self._attr_instruction_ref = val
+
+    @instruction_ref.deleter
+    def instruction_ref(self):
+        self._attr_instruction_ref = cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef()
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._attr_name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.name
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('name must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_name = val
+
+    @name.deleter
+    def name(self):
+        self._attr_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    @property
+    def operands(self):
+        return self._attr_operands
+
+    @operands.setter
+    def operands(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.operands
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('operands must be of type cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase(val)
+        self._attr_operands = val
+
+    @operands.deleter
+    def operands(self):
+        self._attr_operands = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+
+    @property
+    def parameters(self):
+        return self._attr_parameters
+
+    @parameters.setter
+    def parameters(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.parameters
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('parameters must be of type cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase(val)
+        self._attr_parameters = val
+
+    @parameters.deleter
+    def parameters(self):
+        self._attr_parameters = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, NonGateInstruction):
+            return False
+        if self.instruction_ref != other.instruction_ref:
+            return False
+        if self.name != other.name:
+            return False
+        if self.operands != other.operands:
+            return False
+        if self.parameters != other.parameters:
+            return False
+        if self.annotations != other.annotations:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('NonGateInstruction(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('instruction_ref: ')
+        s.append(str(self.instruction_ref) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('name: ')
+        s.append(str(self.name) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('operands: ')
+        if not self.operands:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.operands:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('parameters: ')
+        if not self.parameters:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.parameters:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('annotations: ')
+        if not self.annotations:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.annotations:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_operands:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_parameters:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        for child in self._attr_operands:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_parameters:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_annotations:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return NonGateInstruction(
+            instruction_ref=self._attr_instruction_ref,
+            name=self._attr_name,
+            operands=self._attr_operands.copy(),
+            parameters=self._attr_parameters.copy(),
+            annotations=self._attr_annotations.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return NonGateInstruction(
+            instruction_ref=_cloned(self._attr_instruction_ref),
+            name=_cloned(self._attr_name),
+            operands=_cloned(self._attr_operands),
+            parameters=_cloned(self._attr_parameters),
+            annotations=_cloned(self._attr_annotations)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'NonGateInstruction':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected NonGateInstruction')
+
+        # Deserialize the instruction_ref field.
+        field = cbor.get('instruction_ref', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field instruction_ref')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_instruction_ref = cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_instruction_ref = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the name field.
+        field = cbor.get('name', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field name')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the operands field.
+        field = cbor.get('operands', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field operands')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field operands')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_operands = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_operands.append(cqasm.v3x.values.ValueBase._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Deserialize the parameters field.
+        field = cbor.get('parameters', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field parameters')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field parameters')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_parameters = cqasm.v3x.values.MultiValueBase()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_parameters.append(cqasm.v3x.values.ValueBase._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Deserialize the annotations field.
+        field = cbor.get('annotations', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field annotations')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field annotations')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_annotations = MultiAnnotationData()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_annotations.append(AnnotationData._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the NonGateInstruction node.
+        node = NonGateInstruction(f_instruction_ref, f_name, f_operands, f_parameters, f_annotations)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'NonGateInstruction'}
+
+        # Serialize the instruction_ref field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_instruction_ref, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['instruction_ref'] = self._attr_instruction_ref.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['instruction_ref'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.instruction.InstructionRef, self._attr_instruction_ref)
+
+        # Serialize the name field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_name, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['name'] = self._attr_name.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['name'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_name)
+
+        # Serialize the operands field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_operands:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['operands'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the parameters field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_parameters:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['parameters'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiNonGateInstruction(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple NonGateInstruction objects."""
+
+    _T = NonGateInstruction
+
+
+_typemap['NonGateInstruction'] = NonGateInstruction
+
+class Program(Node):
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_api_version',
+        '_attr_version',
+        '_attr_block',
+        '_attr_variables',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_version=None,
+        version=None,
+        block=None,
+        variables=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.api_version = api_version
+        self.version = version
+        self.block = block
+        self.variables = variables
+
+    @property
+    def api_version(self):
+        """API version. This may be greater than or equal to the file version.
+        This controls which fields of the tree are used, where such usage
+        depends on the version."""
+        return self._attr_api_version
+
+    @api_version.setter
+    def api_version(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.api_version
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('api_version must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version(val)
+        self._attr_api_version = val
+
+    @api_version.deleter
+    def api_version(self):
+        self._attr_api_version = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version()
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        """File version."""
+        return self._attr_version
+
+    @version.setter
+    def version(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.version
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, Version):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('version must be of type Version')
+            val = Version(val)
+        self._attr_version = val
+
+    @version.deleter
+    def version(self):
+        self._attr_version = None
+
+    @property
+    def block(self):
+        """Global scope block."""
+        return self._attr_block
+
+    @block.setter
+    def block(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.block
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, Block):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('block must be of type Block')
+            val = Block(val)
+        self._attr_block = val
+
+    @block.deleter
+    def block(self):
+        self._attr_block = None
+
+    @property
+    def variables(self):
+        """The list of variables."""
+        return self._attr_variables
+
+    @variables.setter
+    def variables(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.variables
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, MultiVariable):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('variables must be of type MultiVariable')
+            val = MultiVariable(val)
+        self._attr_variables = val
+
+    @variables.deleter
+    def variables(self):
+        self._attr_variables = MultiVariable()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, Program):
+            return False
+        if self.api_version != other.api_version:
+            return False
+        if self.version != other.version:
+            return False
+        if self.block != other.block:
+            return False
+        if self.variables != other.variables:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('Program(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('api_version: ')
+        s.append(str(self.api_version) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('version: ')
+        if self.version is None:
+            s.append('!MISSING\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('<\n')
+            s.append(self.version.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + '>\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('block: ')
+        if self.block is None:
+            s.append('!MISSING\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('<\n')
+            s.append(self.block.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + '>\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('variables: ')
+        if not self.variables:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.variables:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        if self._attr_version is not None:
+            self._attr_version.find_reachable(id_map)
+        if self._attr_block is not None:
+            self._attr_block.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_variables:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        if self._attr_version is None:
+            raise NotWellFormed('version is required but not set')
+        if self._attr_version is not None:
+            self._attr_version.check_complete(id_map)
+        if self._attr_block is None:
+            raise NotWellFormed('block is required but not set')
+        if self._attr_block is not None:
+            self._attr_block.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_variables:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return Program(
+            api_version=self._attr_api_version,
+            version=self._attr_version,
+            block=self._attr_block,
+            variables=self._attr_variables.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return Program(
+            api_version=_cloned(self._attr_api_version),
+            version=_cloned(self._attr_version),
+            block=_cloned(self._attr_block),
+            variables=_cloned(self._attr_variables)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'Program':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected Program')
+
+        # Deserialize the api_version field.
+        field = cbor.get('api_version', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field api_version')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_api_version = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_api_version = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the version field.
+        field = cbor.get('version', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field version')
+        if field.get('@T') != '1':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field version')
+        if field.get('@t', None) is None:
+            f_version = None
+        else:
+            f_version = Version._deserialize(field, seq_to_ob, links)
+
+        # Deserialize the block field.
+        field = cbor.get('block', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field block')
+        if field.get('@T') != '1':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field block')
+        if field.get('@t', None) is None:
+            f_block = None
+        else:
+            f_block = Block._deserialize(field, seq_to_ob, links)
+
+        # Deserialize the variables field.
+        field = cbor.get('variables', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field variables')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field variables')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_variables = MultiVariable()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_variables.append(Variable._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the Program node.
+        node = Program(f_api_version, f_version, f_block, f_variables)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Program'}
+
+        # Serialize the api_version field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_api_version, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['api_version'] = self._attr_api_version.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['api_version'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version, self._attr_api_version)
+
+        # Serialize the version field.
+        field = {'@T': '1'}
+        if self._attr_version is None:
+            field['@t'] = None
+        else:
+            field.update(self._attr_version._serialize(id_map))
+        cbor['version'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the block field.
+        field = {'@T': '1'}
+        if self._attr_block is None:
+            field['@t'] = None
+        else:
+            field.update(self._attr_block._serialize(id_map))
+        cbor['block'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the variables field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_variables:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['variables'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiProgram(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Program objects."""
+
+    _T = Program
+
+
+_typemap['Program'] = Program
+
+class Variable(Annotated):
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_name',
+        '_attr_typ',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name=None,
+        typ=None,
+        annotations=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(annotations=annotations)
+        self.name = name
+        self.typ = typ
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._attr_name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.name
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('name must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str(val)
+        self._attr_name = val
+
+    @name.deleter
+    def name(self):
+        self._attr_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str()
+
+    @property
+    def typ(self):
+        return self._attr_typ
+
+    @typ.setter
+    def typ(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.typ
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.types.TypeBase):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('typ must be of type cqasm.v3x.types.TypeBase')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.types.TypeBase(val)
+        self._attr_typ = val
+
+    @typ.deleter
+    def typ(self):
+        self._attr_typ = None
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, Variable):
+            return False
+        if self.name != other.name:
+            return False
+        if self.typ != other.typ:
+            return False
+        if self.annotations != other.annotations:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('Variable(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('name: ')
+        s.append(str(self.name) + '\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('typ: ')
+        if self.typ is None:
+            s.append('!MISSING\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('<\n')
+            s.append(self.typ.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + '>\n')
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('annotations: ')
+        if not self.annotations:
+            s.append('-\n')
+        else:
+            s.append('[\n')
+            for child in self.annotations:
+                s.append(child.dump(indent + 1, annotations, links) + '\n')
+            s.append('  '*indent + ']\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        if self._attr_typ is not None:
+            self._attr_typ.find_reachable(id_map)
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el.find_reachable(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+        if self._attr_typ is None:
+            raise NotWellFormed('typ is required but not set')
+        if self._attr_typ is not None:
+            self._attr_typ.check_complete(id_map)
+        for child in self._attr_annotations:
+            child.check_complete(id_map)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return Variable(
+            name=self._attr_name,
+            typ=self._attr_typ,
+            annotations=self._attr_annotations.copy()
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return Variable(
+            name=_cloned(self._attr_name),
+            typ=_cloned(self._attr_typ),
+            annotations=_cloned(self._attr_annotations)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'Variable':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected Variable')
+
+        # Deserialize the name field.
+        field = cbor.get('name', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field name')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_name = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, field)
+
+        # Deserialize the typ field.
+        field = cbor.get('typ', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field typ')
+        if field.get('@T') != '1':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field typ')
+        if field.get('@t', None) is None:
+            f_typ = None
+        else:
+            f_typ = cqasm.v3x.types.TypeBase._deserialize(field, seq_to_ob, links)
+
+        # Deserialize the annotations field.
+        field = cbor.get('annotations', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field annotations')
+        if field.get('@T') != '*':
+            raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for field annotations')
+        data = field.get('@d', None)
+        if not isinstance(data, list):
+            raise ValueError('missing serialization of Any/Many contents')
+        f_annotations = MultiAnnotationData()
+        for element in data:
+            if element.get('@T') != '1':
+                raise ValueError('unexpected edge type for Any/Many element')
+            f_annotations.append(AnnotationData._deserialize(element, seq_to_ob, links))
+
+        # Construct the Variable node.
+        node = Variable(f_name, f_typ, f_annotations)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Variable'}
+
+        # Serialize the name field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_name, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['name'] = self._attr_name.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['name'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Str, self._attr_name)
+
+        # Serialize the typ field.
+        field = {'@T': '1'}
+        if self._attr_typ is None:
+            field['@t'] = None
+        else:
+            field.update(self._attr_typ._serialize(id_map))
+        cbor['typ'] = field
+
+        # Serialize the annotations field.
+        field = {'@T': '*'}
+        lst = []
+        for el in self._attr_annotations:
+            el = el._serialize(id_map)
+            el['@T'] = '1'
+            lst.append(el)
+        field['@d'] = lst
+        cbor['annotations'] = field
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiVariable(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Variable objects."""
+
+    _T = Variable
+
+
+_typemap['Variable'] = Variable
+
+class Version(Node):
+    __slots__ = [
+        '_attr_items',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        items=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.items = items
+
+    @property
+    def items(self):
+        return self._attr_items
+
+    @items.setter
+    def items(self, val):
+        if val is None:
+            del self.items
+            return
+        if not isinstance(val, cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version):
+            # Try to "typecast" if this isn't an obvious mistake.
+            if isinstance(val, Node):
+                raise TypeError('items must be of type cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version')
+            val = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version(val)
+        self._attr_items = val
+
+    @items.deleter
+    def items(self):
+        self._attr_items = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Equality operator. Ignores annotations!"""
+        if not isinstance(other, Version):
+            return False
+        if self.items != other.items:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def dump(self, indent=0, annotations=None, links=1):
+        """Returns a debug representation of this tree as a multiline string.
+        indent is the number of double spaces prefixed before every line.
+        annotations, if specified, must be a set-like object containing the key
+        strings of the annotations that are to be printed. links specifies the
+        maximum link recursion depth."""
+        s = ['  '*indent]
+        s.append('Version(')
+        if annotations is None:
+            annotations = []
+        for key in annotations:
+            if key in self:
+                s.append(' # {}: {}'.format(key, self[key]))
+        s.append('\n')
+        indent += 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append('items: ')
+        s.append(str(self.items) + '\n')
+        indent -= 1
+        s.append('  '*indent)
+        s.append(')')
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    __str__ = dump
+    __repr__ = dump
+
+    def find_reachable(self, id_map=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary mapping Python id() values to stable sequence
+        numbers for all nodes in the tree rooted at this node. If id_map is
+        specified, found nodes are appended to it."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = {}
+        if id(self) in id_map:
+            raise NotWellFormed('node {!r} with id {} occurs more than once'.format(self, id(self)))
+        id_map[id(self)] = len(id_map)
+        return id_map
+
+    def check_complete(self, id_map=None):
+        """Raises NotWellFormed if the tree rooted at this node is not
+        well-formed. If id_map is specified, this tree is only a subtree in the
+        context of a larger tree, and id_map must be a dict mapping from Python
+        id() codes to tree indices for all reachable nodes."""
+        if id_map is None:
+            id_map = self.find_reachable()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Returns a shallow copy of this node."""
+        return Version(
+            items=self._attr_items
+        )
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Returns a deep copy of this node. This mimics the C++ interface,
+        deficiencies with links included; that is, links always point to the
+        original tree. If you're not cloning a subtree in a context where this
+        is the desired behavior, you may want to use the copy.deepcopy() from
+        the stdlib instead, which should copy links correctly."""
+        return Version(
+            items=_cloned(self._attr_items)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deserialize(cbor, seq_to_ob, links):
+        """Attempts to deserialize the given cbor object (in Python primitive
+        representation) into a node of this type. All (sub)nodes are added to
+        the seq_to_ob dict, indexed by their cbor sequence number. All links are
+        registered in the links list by means of a two-tuple of the setter
+        function for the link field and the sequence number of the target node.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cbor, dict):
+            raise TypeError('node description object must be a dict')
+        typ = cbor.get('@t', None)
+        if typ is None:
+            raise ValueError('type (@t) field is missing from node serialization')
+        if typ != 'Version':
+            raise ValueError('found node serialization for ' + typ + ', but expected Version')
+
+        # Deserialize the items field.
+        field = cbor.get('items', None)
+        if not isinstance(field, dict):
+            raise ValueError('missing or invalid serialization of field items')
+        if hasattr(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version, 'deserialize_cbor'):
+            f_items = cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version.deserialize_cbor(field)
+        else:
+            f_items = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version, field)
+
+        # Construct the Version node.
+        node = Version(f_items)
+
+        # Deserialize annotations.
+        for key, val in cbor.items():
+            if not (key.startswith('{') and key.endswith('}')):
+                continue
+            key = key[1:-1]
+            node[key] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.deserialize(key, val)
+
+        # Register node in sequence number lookup.
+        seq = cbor.get('@i', None)
+        if not isinstance(seq, int):
+            raise ValueError('sequence number field (@i) is not an integer or missing from node serialization')
+        if seq in seq_to_ob:
+            raise ValueError('duplicate sequence number %d' % seq)
+        seq_to_ob[seq] = node
+
+        return node
+
+    def _serialize(self, id_map):
+        """Serializes this node to the Python primitive representation of its
+        CBOR serialization. The tree that the node belongs to must be
+        well-formed. id_map must match Python id() calls for all nodes to unique
+        integers, to use for the sequence number representation of links."""
+        cbor = {'@i': id_map[id(self)], '@t': 'Version'}
+
+        # Serialize the items field.
+        if hasattr(self._attr_items, 'serialize_cbor'):
+            cbor['items'] = self._attr_items.serialize_cbor()
+        else:
+            cbor['items'] = cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(cqasm.v3x.primitives.Version, self._attr_items)
+
+        # Serialize annotations.
+        for key, val in self._annot.items():
+            cbor['{%s}' % key] = _py_to_cbor(cqasm.v3x.primitives.serialize(key, val))
+
+        return cbor
+
+
+class MultiVersion(_Multiple):
+    """Wrapper for an edge with multiple Version objects."""
+
+    _T = Version
+
+
+_typemap['Version'] = Version
+