kumoai 2.14.0.dev202512141732__py3-none-any.whl → 2.15.0.dev202601131732__py3-none-any.whl

kumoai/experimental/rfm/graph.py

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import contextlib
+import copy
 import io
 import warnings
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from itertools import chain
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
 
 import pandas as pd
 from kumoapi.graph import ColumnKey, ColumnKeyGroup, GraphDefinition
@@ -13,9 +18,10 @@ from kumoapi.typing import Stype
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from kumoai import in_notebook, in_snowflake_notebook
-from kumoai.experimental.rfm.base import DataBackend, Table
+from kumoai.experimental.rfm.base import ColumnSpec, DataBackend, Table
 from kumoai.graph import Edge
 from kumoai.mixin import CastMixin
+from kumoai.utils import display
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import graphviz
@@ -25,8 +31,8 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 @dataclass
 class SqliteConnectionConfig(CastMixin):
-    uri: Union[str, Path]
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    uri: str | Path
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
 
 
 class Graph:
@@ -86,27 +92,35 @@ class Graph:
     def __init__(
         self,
         tables: Sequence[Table],
-        edges: Optional[Sequence[Edge]] = None,
+        edges: Sequence[Edge] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
 
-        self._tables: Dict[str, Table] = {}
-        self._edges: List[Edge] = []
+        self._tables: dict[str, Table] = {}
+        self._edges: list[Edge] = []
 
         for table in tables:
             self.add_table(table)
 
-        for table in tables:
+        for table in tables:  # Use links from source metadata:
+            if not any(column.is_source for column in table.columns):
+                continue
             for fkey in table._source_foreign_key_dict.values():
-                if fkey.name not in table or fkey.dst_table not in self:
+                if fkey.name not in table:
+                    continue
+                if not table[fkey.name].is_source:
+                    continue
+                dst_table_names = [
+                    table.name for table in self.tables.values()
+                    if table.source_name == fkey.dst_table
+                ]
+                if len(dst_table_names) != 1:
                     continue
-                if self[fkey.dst_table].primary_key is None:
-                    self[fkey.dst_table].primary_key = fkey.primary_key
-                elif self[fkey.dst_table]._primary_key != fkey.primary_key:
-                    raise ValueError(f"Found duplicate primary key definition "
-                                     f"'{self[fkey.dst_table]._primary_key}' "
-                                     f"and '{fkey.primary_key}' in table "
-                                     f"'{fkey.dst_table}'.")
-                self.link(table.name, fkey.name, fkey.dst_table)
+                dst_table = self[dst_table_names[0]]
+                if dst_table._primary_key != fkey.primary_key:
+                    continue
+                if not dst_table[fkey.primary_key].is_source:
+                    continue
+                self.link(table.name, fkey.name, dst_table.name)
 
         for edge in (edges or []):
             _edge = Edge._cast(edge)
@@ -117,8 +131,8 @@ class Graph:
     @classmethod
     def from_data(
         cls,
-        df_dict: Dict[str, pd.DataFrame],
-        edges: Optional[Sequence[Edge]] = None,
+        df_dict: dict[str, pd.DataFrame],
+        edges: Sequence[Edge] | None = None,
         infer_metadata: bool = True,
         verbose: bool = True,
     ) -> Self:
@@ -156,15 +170,17 @@ class Graph:
             verbose: Whether to print verbose output.
         """
         from kumoai.experimental.rfm.backend.local import LocalTable
-        tables = [LocalTable(df, name) for name, df in df_dict.items()]
 
-        graph = cls(tables, edges=edges or [])
+        graph = cls(
+            tables=[LocalTable(df, name) for name, df in df_dict.items()],
+            edges=edges or [],
+        )
 
         if infer_metadata:
-            graph.infer_metadata(False)
+            graph.infer_metadata(verbose=False)
 
             if edges is None:
-                graph.infer_links(False)
+                graph.infer_links(verbose=False)
 
         if verbose:
             graph.print_metadata()
@@ -180,10 +196,10 @@ class Graph:
             SqliteConnectionConfig,
             str,
             Path,
-            Dict[str, Any],
+            dict[str, Any],
         ],
-        table_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        edges: Optional[Sequence[Edge]] = None,
+        tables: Sequence[str | dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
+        edges: Sequence[Edge] | None = None,
         infer_metadata: bool = True,
         verbose: bool = True,
     ) -> Self:
@@ -199,17 +215,25 @@ class Graph:
             >>> # Create a graph from a SQLite database:
             >>> graph = rfm.Graph.from_sqlite('data.db')
 
+            >>> # Fine-grained control over table specification:
+            >>> graph = rfm.Graph.from_sqlite('data.db', tables=[
+            ...     'USERS',
+            ...     dict(name='ORDERS', source_name='ORDERS_SNAPSHOT'),
+            ...     dict(name='ITEMS', primary_key='ITEM_ID'),
+            ... ])
+
         Args:
             connection: An open connection from
                 :meth:`~kumoai.experimental.rfm.backend.sqlite.connect` or the
                 path to the database file.
-            table_names: Set of table names to include. If ``None``, will add
-                all tables present in the database.
+            tables: Set of table names or :class:`SQLiteTable` keyword
+                arguments to include. If ``None``, will add all tables present
+                in the database.
             edges: An optional list of :class:`~kumoai.graph.Edge` objects to
                 add to the graph. If not provided, edges will be automatically
                 inferred from the data in case ``infer_metadata=True``.
-            infer_metadata: Whether to infer metadata for all tables in the
-                graph.
+            infer_metadata: Whether to infer missing metadata for all tables in
+                the graph.
             verbose: Whether to print verbose output.
         """
         from kumoai.experimental.rfm.backend.sqlite import (
@@ -226,24 +250,33 @@ class Graph:
             internal_connection = True
         assert isinstance(connection, Connection)
 
-        if table_names is None:
+        if tables is None:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 cursor.execute("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
                                "WHERE type='table'")
-                table_names = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]
+                tables = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]
 
-        tables = [SQLiteTable(connection, name) for name in table_names]
-
-        graph = cls(tables, edges=edges or [])
+        table_kwargs: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for table in tables:
+            kwargs = dict(name=table) if isinstance(table, str) else table
+            table_kwargs.append(kwargs)
+
+        graph = cls(
+            tables=[
+                SQLiteTable(connection=connection, **kwargs)
+                for kwargs in table_kwargs
+            ],
+            edges=edges or [],
+        )
 
         if internal_connection:
             graph._connection = connection  # type: ignore
 
         if infer_metadata:
-            graph.infer_metadata(False)
+            graph.infer_metadata(verbose=False)
 
             if edges is None:
-                graph.infer_links(False)
+                graph.infer_links(verbose=False)
 
         if verbose:
             graph.print_metadata()
@@ -254,11 +287,11 @@ class Graph:
     @classmethod
     def from_snowflake(
         cls,
-        connection: Union['SnowflakeConnection', Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
-        database: Optional[str] = None,
-        schema: Optional[str] = None,
-        table_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        edges: Optional[Sequence[Edge]] = None,
+        connection: Union['SnowflakeConnection', dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        tables: Sequence[str | dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
+        database: str | None = None,
+        schema: str | None = None,
+        edges: Sequence[Edge] | None = None,
         infer_metadata: bool = True,
         verbose: bool = True,
     ) -> Self:
@@ -275,6 +308,13 @@ class Graph:
             >>> # Create a graph directly in a Snowflake notebook:
             >>> graph = rfm.Graph.from_snowflake(schema='my_schema')
 
+            >>> # Fine-grained control over table specification:
+            >>> graph = rfm.Graph.from_snowflake(tables=[
+            ...     'USERS',
+            ...     dict(name='ORDERS', source_name='ORDERS_SNAPSHOT'),
+            ...     dict(name='ITEMS', schema='OTHER_SCHEMA'),
+            ... ], database='DEFAULT_DB', schema='DEFAULT_SCHEMA')
+
         Args:
             connection: An open connection from
                 :meth:`~kumoai.experimental.rfm.backend.snow.connect` or the
@@ -282,10 +322,11 @@ class Graph:
                 connection. If ``None``, will re-use an active session in case
                 it exists, or create a new connection from credentials stored
                 in environment variables.
+            tables: Set of table names or :class:`SnowTable` keyword arguments
+                to include. If ``None``, will add all tables present in the
+                current database and schema.
             database: The database.
             schema: The schema.
-            table_names: Set of table names to include. If ``None``, will add
-                all tables present in the database.
             edges: An optional list of :class:`~kumoai.graph.Edge` objects to
                 add to the graph. If not provided, edges will be automatically
                 inferred from the data in case ``infer_metadata=True``.
@@ -303,37 +344,50 @@ class Graph:
             connection = connect(**(connection or {}))
         assert isinstance(connection, Connection)
 
-        if table_names is None:
+        if database is None or schema is None:
+            with connection.cursor() as cursor:
+                cursor.execute("SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE(), CURRENT_SCHEMA()")
+                result = cursor.fetchone()
+                database = database or result[0]
+                assert database is not None
+                schema = schema or result[1]
+
+        if tables is None:
+            if schema is None:
+                raise ValueError("No current 'schema' set. Please specify the "
+                                 "Snowflake schema manually")
+
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                if database is None and schema is None:
-                    cursor.execute("SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE(), "
-                                   "CURRENT_SCHEMA()")
-                    result = cursor.fetchone()
-                    database = database or result[0]
-                    schema = schema or result[1]
                 cursor.execute(f"""
                 SELECT TABLE_NAME
                 FROM {database}.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
                 WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = '{schema}'
                 """)
-                table_names = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]
-
-        tables = [
-            SnowTable(
-                connection,
-                name=table_name,
-                database=database,
-                schema=schema,
-            ) for table_name in table_names
-        ]
+                tables = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]
 
-        graph = cls(tables, edges=edges or [])
+        table_kwargs: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for table in tables:
+            if isinstance(table, str):
+                kwargs = dict(name=table, database=database, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                kwargs = copy.copy(table)
+                kwargs.setdefault('database', database)
+                kwargs.setdefault('schema', schema)
+            table_kwargs.append(kwargs)
+
+        graph = cls(
+            tables=[
+                SnowTable(connection=connection, **kwargs)
+                for kwargs in table_kwargs
+            ],
+            edges=edges or [],
+        )
 
         if infer_metadata:
-            graph.infer_metadata(False)
+            graph.infer_metadata(verbose=False)
 
             if edges is None:
-                graph.infer_links(False)
+                graph.infer_links(verbose=False)
 
         if verbose:
             graph.print_metadata()
@@ -345,7 +399,7 @@ class Graph:
     def from_snowflake_semantic_view(
         cls,
         semantic_view_name: str,
-        connection: Union['SnowflakeConnection', Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        connection: Union['SnowflakeConnection', dict[str, Any], None] = None,
         verbose: bool = True,
     ) -> Self:
         import yaml
@@ -363,35 +417,150 @@ class Graph:
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(f"SELECT SYSTEM$READ_YAML_FROM_SEMANTIC_VIEW("
                            f"'{semantic_view_name}')")
-            view = yaml.safe_load(cursor.fetchone()[0])
+            cfg = yaml.safe_load(cursor.fetchone()[0])
 
         graph = cls(tables=[])
 
-        for table_desc in view['tables']:
-            primary_key: Optional[str] = None
-            if ('primary_key' in table_desc  # NOTE No composite keys yet.
-                    and len(table_desc['primary_key']['columns']) == 1):
-                primary_key = table_desc['primary_key']['columns'][0]
+        msgs = []
+        table_names = {table_cfg['name'] for table_cfg in cfg['tables']}
+        for table_cfg in cfg['tables']:
+            table_name = table_cfg['name']
+            source_table_name = table_cfg['base_table']['table']
+            database = table_cfg['base_table']['database']
+            schema = table_cfg['base_table']['schema']
+
+            primary_key: str | None = None
+            if 'primary_key' in table_cfg:
+                primary_key_cfg = table_cfg['primary_key']
+                if len(primary_key_cfg['columns']) == 1:
+                    primary_key = primary_key_cfg['columns'][0]
+                elif len(primary_key_cfg['columns']) > 1:
+                    msgs.append(f"Failed to add primary key for table "
+                                f"'{table_name}' since composite primary keys "
+                                f"are not yet supported")
+
+            columns: list[ColumnSpec] = []
+            unsupported_columns: list[str] = []
+            for column_cfg in chain(
+                    table_cfg.get('dimensions', []),
+                    table_cfg.get('time_dimensions', []),
+                    table_cfg.get('facts', []),
+            ):
+                column_name = column_cfg['name']
+                column_expr = column_cfg.get('expr', None)
+                column_data_type = column_cfg.get('data_type', None)
+
+                if column_expr is None:
+                    columns.append(ColumnSpec(name=column_name))
+                    continue
+
+                column_expr = column_expr.replace(f'{table_name}.', '')
+
+                if column_expr == column_name:
+                    columns.append(ColumnSpec(name=column_name))
+                    continue
+
+                # Drop expressions that reference other tables (for now):
+                if any(f'{name}.' in column_expr for name in table_names):
+                    unsupported_columns.append(column_name)
+                    continue
+
+                column = ColumnSpec(
+                    name=column_name,
+                    expr=column_expr,
+                    dtype=SnowTable._to_dtype(column_data_type),
+                )
+                columns.append(column)
+
+            if len(unsupported_columns) == 1:
+                msgs.append(f"Failed to add column '{unsupported_columns[0]}' "
+                            f"of table '{table_name}' since its expression "
+                            f"references other tables")
+            elif len(unsupported_columns) > 1:
+                msgs.append(f"Failed to add columns '{unsupported_columns}' "
+                            f"of table '{table_name}' since their expressions "
+                            f"reference other tables")
 
             table = SnowTable(
                 connection,
-                name=table_desc['base_table']['table'],
-                database=table_desc['base_table']['database'],
-                schema=table_desc['base_table']['schema'],
+                name=table_name,
+                source_name=source_table_name,
+                database=database,
+                schema=schema,
+                columns=columns,
                 primary_key=primary_key,
             )
+
+            # TODO Add a way to register time columns without heuristic usage.
+            table.infer_time_column(verbose=False)
+
             graph.add_table(table)
 
-        # TODO Find a solution to register time columns!
+        for relation_cfg in cfg.get('relationships', []):
+            name = relation_cfg['name']
+            if len(relation_cfg['relationship_columns']) != 1:
+                msgs.append(f"Failed to add relationship '{name}' since "
+                            f"composite key references are not yet supported")
+                continue
 
-        for relations in view['relationships']:
-            if len(relations['relationship_columns']) != 1:
-                continue  # NOTE No composite keys yet.
-            graph.link(
-                src_table=relations['left_table'],
-                fkey=relations['relationship_columns'][0]['left_column'],
-                dst_table=relations['right_table'],
-            )
+            left_table = relation_cfg['left_table']
+            left_key = relation_cfg['relationship_columns'][0]['left_column']
+            right_table = relation_cfg['right_table']
+            right_key = relation_cfg['relationship_columns'][0]['right_column']
+
+            if graph[right_table]._primary_key != right_key:
+                # Semantic view error - this should never be triggered:
+                msgs.append(f"Failed to add relationship '{name}' since the "
+                            f"referenced key '{right_key}' of table "
+                            f"'{right_table}' is not a primary key")
+                continue
+
+            if graph[left_table]._primary_key == left_key:
+                msgs.append(f"Failed to add relationship '{name}' since the "
+                            f"referencing key '{left_key}' of table "
+                            f"'{left_table}' is a primary key")
+                continue
+
+            if left_key not in graph[left_table]:
+                graph[left_table].add_column(left_key)
+
+            graph.link(left_table, left_key, right_table)
+
+        graph.validate()
+
+        if verbose:
+            graph.print_metadata()
+            graph.print_links()
+
+        if len(msgs) > 0:
+            title = (f"Could not fully convert the semantic view definition "
+                     f"'{semantic_view_name}' into a graph:\n")
+            warnings.warn(title + '\n'.join(f'- {msg}' for msg in msgs))
+
+        return graph
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_relbench(
+        cls,
+        dataset: str,
+        verbose: bool = True,
+    ) -> Graph:
+        r"""Loads a `RelBench <https://relbench.stanford.edu>`_ dataset into a
+        :class:`Graph` instance.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            >>> # doctest: +SKIP
+            >>> import kumoai.experimental.rfm as rfm
+
+            >>> graph = rfm.Graph.from_relbench("f1")
+
+        Args:
+            dataset: The RelBench dataset name.
+            verbose: Whether to print verbose output.
+        """
+        from kumoai.experimental.rfm.relbench import from_relbench
+        graph = from_relbench(dataset, verbose=verbose)
 
         if verbose:
             graph.print_metadata()
@@ -425,7 +594,7 @@ class Graph:
         return self.tables[name]
 
     @property
-    def tables(self) -> Dict[str, Table]:
+    def tables(self) -> dict[str, Table]:
         r"""Returns the dictionary of table objects."""
         return self._tables
 
@@ -480,28 +649,28 @@ class Graph:
         r"""Returns a :class:`pandas.DataFrame` object containing metadata
         information about the tables in this graph.
 
-        The returned dataframe has columns ``name``, ``primary_key``,
-        ``time_column``, and ``end_time_column``, which provide an aggregate
-        view of the properties of the tables of this graph.
+        The returned dataframe has columns ``"Name"``, ``"Primary Key"``,
+        ``"Time Column"``, and ``"End Time Column"``, which provide an
+        aggregated view of the properties of the tables of this graph.
 
         Example:
             >>> # doctest: +SKIP
             >>> import kumoai.experimental.rfm as rfm
             >>> graph = rfm.Graph(tables=...).infer_metadata()
             >>> graph.metadata  # doctest: +SKIP
-                name   primary_key  time_column  end_time_column
-            0   users      user_id            -                -
+                Name   Primary Key  Time Column  End Time Column
+            0   users  user_id      -            -
         """
         tables = list(self.tables.values())
 
         return pd.DataFrame({
-            'name':
+            'Name':
             pd.Series(dtype=str, data=[t.name for t in tables]),
-            'primary_key':
+            'Primary Key':
             pd.Series(dtype=str, data=[t._primary_key or '-' for t in tables]),
-            'time_column':
+            'Time Column':
             pd.Series(dtype=str, data=[t._time_column or '-' for t in tables]),
-            'end_time_column':
+            'End Time Column':
             pd.Series(
                 dtype=str,
                 data=[t._end_time_column or '-' for t in tables],
@@ -510,24 +679,8 @@ class Graph:
 
     def print_metadata(self) -> None:
         r"""Prints the :meth:`~Graph.metadata` of the graph."""
-        if in_snowflake_notebook():
-            import streamlit as st
-            st.markdown("### 🗂️ Graph Metadata")
-            st.dataframe(self.metadata, hide_index=True)
-        elif in_notebook():
-            from IPython.display import Markdown, display
-            display(Markdown("### 🗂️ Graph Metadata"))
-            df = self.metadata
-            try:
-                if hasattr(df.style, 'hide'):
-                    display(df.style.hide(axis='index'))  # pandas=2
-                else:
-                    display(df.style.hide_index())  # pandas<1.3
-            except ImportError:
-                print(df.to_string(index=False))  # missing jinja2
-        else:
-            print("🗂️ Graph Metadata:")
-            print(self.metadata.to_string(index=False))
+        display.title("🗂️ Graph Metadata")
+        display.dataframe(self.metadata)
 
     def infer_metadata(self, verbose: bool = True) -> Self:
         r"""Infers metadata for all tables in the graph.
@@ -550,52 +703,33 @@ class Graph:
     # Edges ###################################################################
 
     @property
-    def edges(self) -> List[Edge]:
+    def edges(self) -> list[Edge]:
         r"""Returns the edges of the graph."""
         return self._edges
 
     def print_links(self) -> None:
         r"""Prints the :meth:`~Graph.edges` of the graph."""
-        edges = [(edge.dst_table, self[edge.dst_table]._primary_key,
-                  edge.src_table, edge.fkey) for edge in self.edges]
-        edges = sorted(edges)
-
-        if in_snowflake_notebook():
-            import streamlit as st
-            st.markdown("### 🕸️ Graph Links (FK ↔️ PK)")
-            if len(edges) > 0:
-                st.markdown('\n'.join([
-                    f"- `{edge[2]}.{edge[3]}` ↔️ `{edge[0]}.{edge[1]}`"
-                    for edge in edges
-                ]))
-            else:
-                st.markdown("*No links registered*")
-        elif in_notebook():
-            from IPython.display import Markdown, display
-            display(Markdown("### 🕸️ Graph Links (FK ↔️ PK)"))
-            if len(edges) > 0:
-                display(
-                    Markdown('\n'.join([
-                        f"- `{edge[2]}.{edge[3]}` ↔️ `{edge[0]}.{edge[1]}`"
-                        for edge in edges
-                    ])))
-            else:
-                display(Markdown("*No links registered*"))
+        edges = sorted([(
+            edge.dst_table,
+            self[edge.dst_table]._primary_key,
+            edge.src_table,
+            edge.fkey,
+        ) for edge in self.edges])
+
+        display.title("🕸️ Graph Links (FK ↔️ PK)")
+        if len(edges) > 0:
+            display.unordered_list(items=[
+                f"`{edge[2]}.{edge[3]}` ↔️ `{edge[0]}.{edge[1]}`"
+                for edge in edges
+            ])
         else:
-            print("🕸️ Graph Links (FK ↔️ PK):")
-            if len(edges) > 0:
-                print('\n'.join([
-                    f"• {edge[2]}.{edge[3]} ↔️ {edge[0]}.{edge[1]}"
-                    for edge in edges
-                ]))
-            else:
-                print("No links registered")
+            display.italic("No links registered")
 
     def link(
         self,
-        src_table: Union[str, Table],
+        src_table: str | Table,
         fkey: str,
-        dst_table: Union[str, Table],
+        dst_table: str | Table,
     ) -> Self:
         r"""Links two tables (``src_table`` and ``dst_table``) from the foreign
         key ``fkey`` in the source table to the primary key in the destination
@@ -656,9 +790,9 @@ class Graph:
 
     def unlink(
         self,
-        src_table: Union[str, Table],
+        src_table: str | Table,
         fkey: str,
-        dst_table: Union[str, Table],
+        dst_table: str | Table,
     ) -> Self:
         r"""Removes an :class:`~kumoai.graph.Edge` from the graph.
 
@@ -696,6 +830,30 @@ class Graph:
         """
         known_edges = {(edge.src_table, edge.fkey) for edge in self.edges}
 
+        for table in self.tables.values():  # Use links from source metadata:
+            if not any(column.is_source for column in table.columns):
+                continue
+            for fkey in table._source_foreign_key_dict.values():
+                if fkey.name not in table:
+                    continue
+                if not table[fkey.name].is_source:
+                    continue
+                if (table.name, fkey.name) in known_edges:
+                    continue
+                dst_table_names = [
+                    table.name for table in self.tables.values()
+                    if table.source_name == fkey.dst_table
+                ]
+                if len(dst_table_names) != 1:
+                    continue
+                dst_table = self[dst_table_names[0]]
+                if dst_table._primary_key != fkey.primary_key:
+                    continue
+                if not dst_table[fkey.primary_key].is_source:
+                    continue
+                self.link(table.name, fkey.name, dst_table.name)
+                known_edges.add((table.name, fkey.name))
+
         # A list of primary key candidates (+score) for every column:
         candidate_dict: dict[
             tuple[str, str],
@@ -795,13 +953,8 @@ class Graph:
                     if score < 5.0:
                         continue
 
-                    candidate_dict[(
-                        src_table.name,
-                        src_key.name,
-                    )].append((
-                        dst_table.name,
-                        score,
-                    ))
+                    candidate_dict[(src_table.name, src_key.name)].append(
+                        (dst_table.name, score))
 
         for (src_table_name, src_key_name), scores in candidate_dict.items():
             scores.sort(key=lambda x: x[-1], reverse=True)
@@ -860,24 +1013,26 @@ class Graph:
                                  f"either the primary key or the link before "
                                  f"before proceeding.")
 
-            # Check that fkey/pkey have valid and consistent data types:
-            assert src_key.dtype is not None
-            src_number = src_key.dtype.is_int() or src_key.dtype.is_float()
-            src_string = src_key.dtype.is_string()
-            assert dst_key.dtype is not None
-            dst_number = dst_key.dtype.is_int() or dst_key.dtype.is_float()
-            dst_string = dst_key.dtype.is_string()
-
-            if not src_number and not src_string:
-                raise ValueError(f"{edge} is invalid as foreign key must be a "
-                                 f"number or string (got '{src_key.dtype}'")
-
-            if src_number != dst_number or src_string != dst_string:
-                raise ValueError(f"{edge} is invalid as foreign key "
-                                 f"'{fkey}' and primary key '{dst_key.name}' "
-                                 f"have incompatible data types (got "
-                                 f"fkey.dtype '{src_key.dtype}' and "
-                                 f"pkey.dtype '{dst_key.dtype}')")
+            if self.backend == DataBackend.LOCAL:
+                # Check that fkey/pkey have valid and consistent data types:
+                assert src_key.dtype is not None
+                src_number = src_key.dtype.is_int() or src_key.dtype.is_float()
+                src_string = src_key.dtype.is_string()
+                assert dst_key.dtype is not None
+                dst_number = dst_key.dtype.is_int() or dst_key.dtype.is_float()
+                dst_string = dst_key.dtype.is_string()
+
+                if not src_number and not src_string:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"{edge} is invalid as foreign key must be a number "
+                        f"or string (got '{src_key.dtype}'")
+
+                if src_number != dst_number or src_string != dst_string:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"{edge} is invalid as foreign key '{fkey}' and "
+                        f"primary key '{dst_key.name}' have incompatible data "
+                        f"types (got foreign key data type '{src_key.dtype}' "
+                        f"and primary key data type '{dst_key.dtype}')")
 
         return self
 
@@ -885,7 +1040,7 @@ class Graph:
 
     def visualize(
         self,
-        path: Optional[Union[str, io.BytesIO]] = None,
+        path: str | io.BytesIO | None = None,
         show_columns: bool = True,
     ) -> 'graphviz.Graph':
         r"""Visualizes the tables and edges in this graph using the
@@ -924,19 +1079,19 @@ class Graph:
                                "them as described at "
                                "https://graphviz.org/download/.")
 
-        format: Optional[str] = None
+        format: str | None = None
         if isinstance(path, str):
             format = path.split('.')[-1]
         elif isinstance(path, io.BytesIO):
             format = 'svg'
         graph = graphviz.Graph(format=format)
 
-        def left_align(keys: List[str]) -> str:
+        def left_align(keys: list[str]) -> str:
             if len(keys) == 0:
                 return ""
             return '\\l'.join(keys) + '\\l'
 
-        fkeys_dict: Dict[str, List[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+        fkeys_dict: dict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
         for src_table_name, fkey_name, _ in self.edges:
             fkeys_dict[src_table_name].append(fkey_name)
 
@@ -1032,8 +1187,8 @@ class Graph:
     # Helpers #################################################################
 
     def _to_api_graph_definition(self) -> GraphDefinition:
-        tables: Dict[str, TableDefinition] = {}
-        col_groups: List[ColumnKeyGroup] = []
+        tables: dict[str, TableDefinition] = {}
+        col_groups: list[ColumnKeyGroup] = []
         for table_name, table in self.tables.items():
             tables[table_name] = table._to_api_table_definition()
             if table.primary_key is None: