je-editor 0.0.57__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.59__py3-none-any.whl

venv/Lib/site-packages/docutils/utils/math/latex2mathml.py

@@ -1,1430 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# :Id: $Id: latex2mathml.py 9029 2022-03-05 23:27:50Z milde $
-# :Copyright: © 2005 Jens Jørgen Mortensen [1]_
-#             © 2010, 2021 Günter Milde.
-#
-# :License: Released under the terms of the `2-Clause BSD license`_, in short:
-#
-#    Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
-#    are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
-#    notice and this notice are preserved.
-#    This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
-#
-# .. _2-Clause BSD license: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause
-#
-# .. [1] the original `rst2mathml.py` in `sandbox/jensj/latex_math`
-
-"""Convert LaTex maths code into presentational MathML.
-
-This module is provisional:
-the API is not settled and may change with any minor Docutils version.
-"""
-
-# Usage:
-#
-# >>> from latex2mathml import *
-
-import re
-import unicodedata
-
-from docutils.utils.math import tex2unichar, toplevel_code
-
-
-# Character data
-# --------------
-
-# LaTeX math macro to Unicode mappings.
-# Character categories.
-
-# identifiers -> <mi>
-
-letters = tex2unichar.mathalpha
-letters['hbar'] = '\u210F'  # compatibility mapping to ℏ (\hslash).
-# (ħ LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE is upright)
-
-# special case: Capital Greek letters: (upright in TeX style)
-greek_capitals = {
-    'Phi': '\u03a6', 'Xi': '\u039e', 'Sigma': '\u03a3',
-    'Psi': '\u03a8', 'Delta': '\u0394', 'Theta': '\u0398',
-    'Upsilon': '\u03d2', 'Pi': '\u03a0', 'Omega': '\u03a9',
-    'Gamma': '\u0393', 'Lambda': '\u039b'}
-
-# functions -> <mi>
-functions = {# functions with a space in the name
-             'liminf': 'lim\u202finf',
-             'limsup': 'lim\u202fsup',
-             'injlim': 'inj\u202flim',
-             'projlim': 'proj\u202flim',
-             # embellished function names (see handle_cmd() below)
-             'varlimsup': 'lim',
-             'varliminf': 'lim',
-             'varprojlim': 'lim',
-             'varinjlim': 'lim',
-             # custom function name
-             'operatorname': None,
-            }
-functions.update((name, name) for name in
-                 ('arccos', 'arcsin', 'arctan', 'arg',  'cos',
-                  'cosh',   'cot',    'coth',   'csc',  'deg',
-                  'det',    'dim',    'exp',    'gcd',  'hom',
-                  'ker',    'lg',     'ln',     'log',  'Pr',
-                  'sec',    'sin',    'sinh',   'tan',  'tanh'))
-# Function with limits: 'lim', 'sup', 'inf', 'max', 'min':
-# use <mo> to allow "movablelimits" attribute (see below).
-
-
-# math font selection -> <mi mathvariant=...> or <mstyle mathvariant=...>
-math_alphabets = {# 'cmdname': 'mathvariant value'  # package
-                  'boldsymbol': 'bold',
-                  'mathbf':     'bold',
-                  'mathit':     'italic',
-                  'mathtt':     'monospace',
-                  'mathrm':     'normal',
-                  'mathsf':     'sans-serif',
-                  'mathcal':    'script',
-                  'mathbfit':   'bold-italic',            # isomath
-                  'mathbb':     'double-struck',          # amssymb
-                  'mathfrak':   'fraktur',                # amssymb
-                  'mathsfit':   'sans-serif-italic',      # isomath
-                  'mathsfbfit': 'sans-serif-bold-italic', # isomath
-                  'mathscr':    'script',                 # mathrsfs
-                  # unsupported: bold-fraktur
-                  #              bold-script
-                  #              bold-sans-serif
-                 }
-
-# operator, fence, or separator -> <mo>
-
-
-stretchables = {# extensible delimiters allowed in left/right cmds
-                'backslash':   '\\',
-                'uparrow':     '\u2191', # ↑ UPWARDS ARROW
-                'downarrow':   '\u2193', # ↓ DOWNWARDS ARROW
-                'updownarrow': '\u2195', # ↕ UP DOWN ARROW
-                'Uparrow':     '\u21d1', # ⇑ UPWARDS DOUBLE ARROW
-                'Downarrow':   '\u21d3', # ⇓ DOWNWARDS DOUBLE ARROW
-                'Updownarrow': '\u21d5', # ⇕ UP DOWN DOUBLE ARROW
-                'lmoustache':  '\u23b0', # ⎰ … CURLY BRACKET SECTION
-                'rmoustache':  '\u23b1', # ⎱ … LEFT CURLY BRACKET SECTION
-                'arrowvert':   '\u23d0', # ⏐ VERTICAL LINE EXTENSION
-                'bracevert':   '\u23aa', # ⎪ CURLY BRACKET EXTENSION
-                'lvert':      '|',      # left  |
-                'lVert':      '\u2016', # left  ‖
-                'rvert':      '|',      # right |
-                'rVert':      '\u2016', # right ‖
-                'Arrowvert':  '\u2016', # ‖
-               }
-stretchables.update(tex2unichar.mathfence)
-stretchables.update(tex2unichar.mathopen)  # Braces
-stretchables.update(tex2unichar.mathclose) # Braces
-
-# >>> print(' '.join(sorted(set(stretchables.values()))))
-# [ \ ] { | } ‖ ↑ ↓ ↕ ⇑ ⇓ ⇕ ⌈ ⌉ ⌊ ⌋ ⌜ ⌝ ⌞ ⌟ ⎪ ⎰ ⎱ ⏐ ⟅ ⟆ ⟦ ⟧ ⟨ ⟩ ⟮ ⟯ ⦇ ⦈
-
-operators = {# negated symbols without pre-composed Unicode character
-             'nleqq':      '\u2266\u0338', # ≦̸
-             'ngeqq':      '\u2267\u0338', # ≧̸
-             'nleqslant':  '\u2a7d\u0338', # ⩽̸
-             'ngeqslant':  '\u2a7e\u0338', # ⩾̸
-             'ngtrless':   '\u2277\u0338', # txfonts
-             'nlessgtr':   '\u2276\u0338', # txfonts
-             'nsubseteqq': '\u2AC5\u0338', # ⫅̸
-             'nsupseteqq': '\u2AC6\u0338', # ⫆̸
-             # compatibility definitions:
-             'centerdot': '\u2B1D', # BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE | mathbin
-             'varnothing': '\u2300', # ⌀ DIAMETER SIGN | empty set
-             'varpropto': '\u221d', # ∝ PROPORTIONAL TO | sans serif
-             'triangle': '\u25B3', # WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE | mathord
-             'triangledown': '\u25BD', # WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE | mathord
-             # alias commands:
-             'dotsb': '\u22ef', # ⋯ with binary operators/relations
-             'dotsc': '\u2026', # … with commas
-             'dotsi': '\u22ef', # ⋯ with integrals
-             'dotsm': '\u22ef', # ⋯ multiplication dots
-             'dotso': '\u2026', # … other dots
-             # functions with movable limits (requires <mo>)
-             'lim': 'lim',
-             'sup': 'sup',
-             'inf': 'inf',
-             'max': 'max',
-             'min': 'min',
-            }
-operators.update(tex2unichar.mathbin)   # Binary symbols
-operators.update(tex2unichar.mathrel)   # Relation symbols, arrow symbols
-operators.update(tex2unichar.mathord)   # Miscellaneous symbols
-operators.update(tex2unichar.mathpunct) # Punctuation
-operators.update(tex2unichar.mathop)    # Variable-sized symbols
-operators.update(stretchables)
-
-
-# special cases
-
-thick_operators = {# style='font-weight: bold;'
-                   'thicksim':       '\u223C', # ∼
-                   'thickapprox':    '\u2248', # ≈
-                  }
-
-small_operators = {# mathsize='75%'
-                   'shortmid':       '\u2223', # ∣
-                   'shortparallel':  '\u2225', # ∥
-                   'nshortmid':      '\u2224', # ∤
-                   'nshortparallel': '\u2226', # ∦
-                   'smallfrown':     '\u2322', # ⌢ FROWN
-                   'smallsmile':     '\u2323', # ⌣ SMILE
-                   'smallint':       '\u222b', # ∫ INTEGRAL
-                  }
-
-# Operators and functions with limits above/below in display formulas
-# and in index position inline (movablelimits=True)
-movablelimits = ('bigcap', 'bigcup', 'bigodot', 'bigoplus', 'bigotimes',
-                 'bigsqcup', 'biguplus', 'bigvee', 'bigwedge',
-                 'coprod', 'intop', 'ointop', 'prod', 'sum',
-                 'lim', 'max', 'min', 'sup', 'inf')
-# Depending on settings, integrals may also be in this category.
-# (e.g. if "amsmath" is loaded with option "intlimits", see
-#  http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf)
-# movablelimits.extend(('fint', 'iiiint', 'iiint', 'iint', 'int', 'oiint',
-#                       'oint', 'ointctrclockwise', 'sqint',
-#                       'varointclockwise',))
-
-# horizontal space -> <mspace>
-
-spaces = {'qquad':         '2em',       # two \quad
-          'quad':          '1em',       # 18 mu
-          'thickspace':    '0.2778em',  # 5mu = 5/18em
-          'medspace':      '0.2222em',  # 4mu = 2/9em
-          'thinspace':     '0.1667em',  # 3mu = 1/6em
-          'negthinspace':  '-0.1667em', # -3mu = -1/6em
-          'negmedspace':   '-0.2222em', # -4mu = -2/9em
-          'negthickspace': '-0.2778em', # -5mu = -5/18em
-          ' ':             '0.25em',    # inter word space
-          ';':             '0.2778em',  # 5mu thickspace
-          ':':             '0.2222em',  # 4mu medspace
-          ',':             '0.1667em',  # 3mu thinspace
-          '!':             '-0.1667em', # negthinspace
-          }
-
-# accents -> <mover stretchy="false">
-accents = {# TeX:      (spacing, combining)
-           'acute':    ('´', '\u0301'),
-           'bar':      ('ˉ', '\u0304'),
-           'breve':    ('˘', '\u0306'),
-           'check':    ('ˇ', '\u030C'),
-           'dot':      ('˙', '\u0307'),
-           'ddot':     ('¨', '\u0308'),
-           'dddot':    ('⋯', '\u20DB'),
-           'grave':    ('`', '\u0300'),
-           'hat':      ('ˆ', '\u0302'),
-           'mathring': ('˚', '\u030A'),
-           'tilde':    ('˜', '\u0303'), # tilde ~ or small tilde ˜?
-           'vec':      ('→', '\u20d7'), # → too heavy, accents="false"
-           # TODO: ddddot
-           }
-
-# limits etc. -> <mover> or <munder>
-over = {# TeX:                  (char,     offset-correction/em)
-        'overbrace':            ('\u23DE', -0.2),  # DejaVu Math -0.6
-        'overleftarrow':        ('\u2190', -0.2),
-        'overleftrightarrow':   ('\u2194', -0.2),
-        'overline':             ('_',      -0.2),  # \u2012 does not stretch
-        'overrightarrow':       ('\u2192', -0.2),
-        'widehat':              ('^',      -0.5),
-        'widetilde':            ('~',      -0.3),
-        }
-under = {'underbrace':          ('\u23DF',  0.1),  # DejaVu Math -0.7
-         'underleftarrow':      ('\u2190', -0.2),
-         'underleftrightarrow': ('\u2194', -0.2),
-         'underline':           ('_',      -0.8),
-         'underrightarrow':     ('\u2192', -0.2),
-         }
-
-# Character translations
-# ----------------------
-# characters with preferred alternative in mathematical use
-# cf. https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter7.html#chars.anomalous
-anomalous_chars = {'-': '\u2212', # HYPHEN-MINUS -> MINUS SIGN
-                   ':': '\u2236', # COLON -> RATIO
-                   '~': '\u00a0', # NO-BREAK SPACE
-                   }
-
-# blackboard bold (Greek characters not working with "mathvariant" (Firefox 78)
-mathbb = {'Γ': '\u213E',    # ℾ
-          'Π': '\u213F',    # ℿ
-          'Σ': '\u2140',    # ⅀
-          'γ': '\u213D',    # ℽ
-          'π': '\u213C',    # ℼ
-          }
-
-# Matrix environments
-matrices = {# name:    fences
-            'matrix':  ('', ''),
-            'smallmatrix':  ('', ''), # smaller, see begin_environment()!
-            'pmatrix': ('(', ')'),
-            'bmatrix': ('[', ']'),
-            'Bmatrix': ('{', '}'),
-            'vmatrix': ('|', '|'),
-            'Vmatrix': ('\u2016', '\u2016'), # ‖
-            'cases':   ('{', ''),
-            }
-
-layout_styles = {
-    'displaystyle':      {'displaystyle': True,  'scriptlevel': 0},
-    'textstyle':         {'displaystyle': False, 'scriptlevel': 0},
-    'scriptstyle':       {'displaystyle': False, 'scriptlevel': 1},
-    'scriptscriptstyle': {'displaystyle': False, 'scriptlevel': 2},
-    }
-# See also https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#presm.scriptlevel
-
-fractions = {# name:   style_attrs, frac_attrs
-             'frac':   ({}, {}),
-             'cfrac':  ({'displaystyle': True,  'scriptlevel': 0,
-                         'CLASS': 'cfrac'}, {}), # in LaTeX with padding
-             'dfrac':  (layout_styles['displaystyle'], {}),
-             'tfrac':  (layout_styles['textstyle'], {}),
-             'binom':  ({}, {'linethickness': 0}),
-             'dbinom': (layout_styles['displaystyle'], {'linethickness': 0}),
-             'tbinom': (layout_styles['textstyle'], {'linethickness': 0}),
-             }
-
-delimiter_sizes = ['', '1.2em', '1.623em', '2.047em', '2.470em']
-bigdelimiters = {'left':  0,
-                 'right': 0,
-                 'bigl':  1,
-                 'bigr':  1,
-                 'Bigl':  2,
-                 'Bigr':  2,
-                 'biggl': 3,
-                 'biggr': 3,
-                 'Biggl': 4,
-                 'Biggr': 4,
-                 }
-
-
-# MathML element classes
-# ----------------------
-
-class math:
-    """Base class for MathML elements and root of MathML trees."""
-
-    nchildren = None
-    """Expected number of children or None"""
-    # cf. https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#id.3.1.3.2
-    parent = None
-    """Parent node in MathML DOM tree."""
-    _level = 0 # indentation level (static class variable)
-    xml_entities = { # for invalid and invisible characters
-                    ord('<'): '&lt;',
-                    ord('>'): '&gt;',
-                    ord('&'): '&amp;',
-                    0x2061:   '&ApplyFunction;',
-                   }
-    _boolstrings = {True: 'true', False: 'false'}
-    """String representation of boolean MathML attribute values."""
-
-    html_tagname = 'span'
-    """Tag name for HTML representation."""
-
-    def __init__(self, *children, **attributes):
-        """Set up node with `children` and `attributes`.
-
-        Attributes are downcased: Use CLASS to set "class" value.
-        >>> math(mn(3), CLASS='test')
-        math(mn(3), class='test')
-        >>> math(CLASS='test').toprettyxml()
-        '<math class="test">\n</math>'
-
-        """
-        self.children = []
-        self.extend(children)
-
-        self.attributes = {}
-        for key in attributes.keys():
-            # Use .lower() to allow argument `CLASS` for attribute `class`
-            # (Python keyword). MathML uses only lowercase attributes.
-            self.attributes[key.lower()] = attributes[key]
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        content = [repr(item) for item in getattr(self, 'children', [])]
-        if hasattr(self, 'data'):
-            content.append(repr(self.data))
-        if isinstance(self, MathSchema) and self.switch:
-            content.append('switch=True')
-        content += ["%s=%r"%(k, v) for k, v in self.attributes.items()
-                    if v is not None]
-
-        return self.__class__.__name__ + '(%s)' % ', '.join(content)
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.children)
-
-    # emulate dictionary-like access to attributes
-    # see `docutils.nodes.Element` for dict/list interface
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return self.attributes[key]
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, item):
-        self.attributes[key] = item
-
-    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self.attributes.get(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def full(self):
-        """Return boolean indicating whether children may be appended."""
-        return (self.nchildren is not None
-                and len(self) >= self.nchildren)
-
-    def append(self, child):
-        """Append child and return self or first non-full parent.
-
-        If self is full, go up the tree and return first non-full node or
-        `None`.
-        """
-        if self.full():
-            raise SyntaxError('Node %s already full!' % self)
-        self.children.append(child)
-        child.parent = self
-        if self.full():
-            return self.close()
-        return self
-
-    def extend(self, children):
-        for child in children:
-            self.append(child)
-        return self
-
-    def close(self):
-        """Close element and return first non-full parent or None."""
-        parent = self.parent
-        while parent is not None and parent.full():
-            parent = parent.parent
-        return parent
-
-    def toprettyxml(self):
-        """Return XML representation of self as string."""
-        return ''.join(self._xml())
-
-    def _xml(self, level=0):
-        return ([self.xml_starttag()]
-                + self._xml_body(level)
-                + ['</%s>' % self.__class__.__name__])
-
-    def xml_starttag(self):
-        attrs = ('%s="%s"' % (k, str(v).replace('True', 'true').replace('False', 'false'))
-                 for k, v in self.attributes.items()
-                 if v is not None)
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join((self.__class__.__name__, *attrs))
-
-    def _xml_body(self, level=0):
-        xml = []
-        for child in self.children:
-            xml.extend(['\n', '  ' * (level+1)])
-            xml.extend(child._xml(level+1))
-        xml.extend(['\n', '  ' * level])
-        return xml
-
-# >>> n2 = math(mn(2))
-# >>> n2
-# math(mn(2))
-# >>> n2.toprettyxml()
-# '<math>\n  <mn>2</mn>\n</math>'
-# >>> len(n2)
-# 1
-# >>> eq3 = math(id='eq3', display='block')
-# >>> eq3
-# math(display='block', id='eq3')
-# >>> eq3.toprettyxml()
-# '<math display="block" id="eq3">\n</math>'
-# >>> len(eq3)
-# 0
-# >>> math(CLASS='bold').xml_starttag()
-# '<math class="bold">'
-
-
-class mtable(math): pass
-
-
-# >>> mt = mtable(displaystyle=True)
-# >>> mt
-# mtable(displaystyle=True)
-# >>> math(mt).toprettyxml()
-# '<math>\n  <mtable displaystyle="true">\n  </mtable>\n</math>'
-
-class mrow(math):
-    """Group sub-expressions as a horizontal row."""
-
-    def close(self):
-        """Close element and return first non-full parent or None.
-
-        Remove <mrow>, if it is single child and the parent infers an mrow
-        or if it has only one child element.
-        """
-        parent = self.parent
-        if isinstance(parent, MathRowSchema) and parent.nchildren == 1:
-            parent.nchildren = len(parent.children)
-            parent.children = self.children
-            for child in self.children:
-                child.parent = parent
-            return parent.close()
-        if len(self) == 1:
-            try:
-                parent.children[parent.children.index(self)] = self.children[0]
-                self.children[0].parent = parent
-            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
-                return self.children[0]
-        return super().close()
-
-# >>> mrow(displaystyle=False)
-# mrow(displaystyle=False)
-
-
-# The elements <msqrt>, <mstyle>, <merror>, <mpadded>, <mphantom>, <menclose>,
-# <mtd>, <mscarry>, and <math> treat their contents as a single inferred mrow
-# formed from all their children.
-class MathRowSchema(math):
-    """Base class for elements treating content as a single inferred mrow."""
-
-
-class mtr(MathRowSchema): pass
-class mtd(MathRowSchema): pass
-
-
-class menclose(MathRowSchema):
-    nchildren = 1 # \boxed expects one argument or a group
-
-
-class mphantom(MathRowSchema):
-    nchildren = 1 # \phantom expects one argument or a group
-
-
-class msqrt(MathRowSchema):
-    nchildren = 1 # \sqrt expects one argument or a group
-
-
-class mstyle(MathRowSchema):
-    nchildren = 1 # \mathrm, ... expect one argument or a group
-
-
-class MathToken(math):
-    """Token Element: contains textual data instead of children.
-
-    Base class for mo, mi, and mn.
-    """
-    nchildren = 0
-
-    def __init__(self, data, **attributes):
-        self.data = data
-        super().__init__(**attributes)
-
-    def _xml_body(self, level=0):
-        return [str(self.data).translate(self.xml_entities)]
-
-
-class mtext(MathToken): pass
-class mi(MathToken): pass
-class mo(MathToken): pass
-class mn(MathToken): pass
-
-
-# >>> mo('<')
-# mo('<')
-# >>> mo('<')._xml()
-# ['<mo>', '&lt;', '</mo>']
-
-class MathSchema(math):
-    """Base class for schemata expecting 2 or more children.
-
-    The special attribute `switch` indicates that the last two child
-    elements are in reversed order and must be switched before XML-export.
-    """
-
-    nchildren = 2
-
-    def __init__(self, *children, **kwargs):
-        self.switch = kwargs.pop('switch', False)
-        math.__init__(self, *children, **kwargs)
-
-    def append(self, child):
-        current_node = super().append(child)
-        # normalize order if full
-        if self.switch and self.full():
-            self.children[-1], self.children[-2] = self.children[-2], self.children[-1]
-            self.switch = False
-        return current_node
-
-
-class msub(MathSchema): pass
-class msup(MathSchema): pass
-
-
-class msubsup(MathSchema):
-    nchildren = 3
-
-
-# >>> msub(mi('x'), mo('-'))
-# msub(mi('x'), mo('-'))
-# >>> msubsup(mi('base'), mi('sub'), mi('super'))
-# msubsup(mi('base'), mi('sub'), mi('super'))
-# >>> msubsup(mi('base'), mi('super'), mi('sub'), switch=True)
-# msubsup(mi('base'), mi('sub'), mi('super'))
-
-class munder(msub): pass
-class mover(msup): pass
-
-
-# >>> munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False)
-# munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False)
-# >>> mu = munder(mo('-'), accent=False, switch=True)
-# >>> mu
-# munder(mo('-'), switch=True, accent=False)
-# >>> mu.append(mi('lim'))
-# >>> mu
-# munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False)
-# >>> mu.append(mi('lim'))
-# Traceback (most recent call last):
-# SyntaxError: Node munder(mi('lim'), mo('-'), accent=False) already full!
-# >>> munder(mo('-'), mi('lim'), accent=False, switch=True).toprettyxml()
-# '<munder accent="false">\n  <mi>lim</mi>\n  <mo>-</mo>\n</munder>'
-
-class munderover(msubsup): pass
-
-
-class mroot(MathSchema):
-    nchildren = 2
-
-
-class mfrac(math):
-    nchildren = 2
-
-
-class mspace(math):
-    nchildren = 0
-
-
-# LaTeX to MathML translation
-# ---------------------------
-
-# auxiliary functions
-# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-def tex_cmdname(string):
-    """Return leading TeX command name and remainder of `string`.
-
-    >>> tex_cmdname('mymacro2') # up to first non-letter
-    ('mymacro', '2')
-    >>> tex_cmdname('name 2') # strip trailing whitespace
-    ('name', '2')
-    >>> tex_cmdname('_2') # single non-letter character
-    ('_', '2')
-
-    """
-    m = re.match(r'([a-zA-Z]+) *(.*)', string)
-    if m is None:
-        m = re.match(r'(.?)(.*)', string)
-    return m.group(1), m.group(2)
-
-
-# Test:
-#
-# >>> tex_cmdname('name_2') # first non-letter terminates
-# ('name', '_2')
-# >>> tex_cmdname(' next') # leading whitespace is returned
-# (' ', 'next')
-# >>> tex_cmdname('1 2') # whitespace after non-letter is kept
-# ('1', ' 2')
-# >>> tex_cmdname('') # empty string
-# ('', '')
-
-
-def tex_number(string):
-    """Return leading number literal and remainder of `string`.
-
-    >>> tex_number('123.4')
-    ('123.4', '')
-
-    """
-    m = re.match(r'([0-9.,]*[0-9]+)(.*)', string)
-    if m is None:
-        return '', string
-    return m.group(1), m.group(2)
-
-
-# Test:
-#
-# >>> tex_number(' 23.4b') # leading whitespace -> no number
-# ('', ' 23.4b')
-# >>> tex_number('23,400/2') # comma separator included
-# ('23,400', '/2')
-# >>> tex_number('23. 4/2') # trailing separator not included
-# ('23', '. 4/2')
-# >>> tex_number('4, 2') # trailing separator not included
-# ('4', ', 2')
-# >>> tex_number('1 000.4')
-# ('1', ' 000.4')
-
-
-def tex_token(string):
-    """Return first simple TeX token and remainder of `string`.
-
-    >>> tex_token('\\command{without argument}')
-    ('\\command', '{without argument}')
-    >>> tex_token('or first character')
-    ('o', 'r first character')
-
-    """
-    m = re.match(r"""((?P<cmd>\\[a-zA-Z]+)\s* # TeX command, skip whitespace
-                      |(?P<chcmd>\\.)          # one-character TeX command
-                      |(?P<ch>.?))            # first character (or empty)
-                     (?P<remainder>.*$)    # remaining part of string
-                 """, string, re.VERBOSE)
-    cmd, chcmd, ch, remainder = m.group('cmd', 'chcmd', 'ch', 'remainder')
-    return cmd or chcmd or ch, remainder
-
-# Test:
-#
-# >>> tex_token('{opening bracket of group}')
-# ('{', 'opening bracket of group}')
-# >>> tex_token('\\skip whitespace after macro name')
-# ('\\skip', 'whitespace after macro name')
-# >>> tex_token('. but not after single char')
-# ('.', ' but not after single char')
-# >>> tex_token('') # empty string.
-# ('', '')
-# >>> tex_token('\{escaped bracket')
-# ('\\{', 'escaped bracket')
-
-
-def tex_group(string):
-    """Return first TeX group or token and remainder of `string`.
-
-    >>> tex_group('{first group} returned without brackets')
-    ('first group', ' returned without brackets')
-
-    """
-    split_index = 0
-    nest_level = 0   # level of {{nested} groups}
-    escape = False   # the next character is escaped (\)
-
-    if not string.startswith('{'):
-        # special case: there is no group, return first token and remainder
-        return string[:1], string[1:]
-    for c in string:
-        split_index += 1
-        if escape:
-            escape = False
-        elif c == '\\':
-            escape = True
-        elif c == '{':
-            nest_level += 1
-        elif c == '}':
-            nest_level -= 1
-        if nest_level == 0:
-            break
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError('Group without closing bracket')
-    return string[1:split_index-1], string[split_index:]
-
-
-# >>> tex_group('{} empty group')
-# ('', ' empty group')
-# >>> tex_group('{group with {nested} group} ')
-# ('group with {nested} group', ' ')
-# >>> tex_group('{group with {nested group}} at the end')
-# ('group with {nested group}', ' at the end')
-# >>> tex_group('{{group} {with {{complex }nesting}} constructs}')
-# ('{group} {with {{complex }nesting}} constructs', '')
-# >>> tex_group('{group with \\{escaped\\} brackets}')
-# ('group with \\{escaped\\} brackets', '')
-# >>> tex_group('{group followed by closing bracket}} from outer group')
-# ('group followed by closing bracket', '} from outer group')
-# >>> tex_group('No group? Return first character.')
-# ('N', 'o group? Return first character.')
-# >>> tex_group(' {also whitespace}')
-# (' ', '{also whitespace}')
-
-
-def tex_token_or_group(string):
-    """Return first TeX group or token and remainder of `string`.
-
-    >>> tex_token_or_group('\\command{without argument}')
-    ('\\command', '{without argument}')
-    >>> tex_token_or_group('first character')
-    ('f', 'irst character')
-    >>> tex_token_or_group(' also whitespace')
-    (' ', 'also whitespace')
-    >>> tex_token_or_group('{first group} keep rest')
-    ('first group', ' keep rest')
-
-    """
-    arg, remainder = tex_token(string)
-    if arg == '{':
-        arg, remainder = tex_group(string.lstrip())
-    return arg, remainder
-
-# >>> tex_token_or_group('\{no group but left bracket')
-# ('\\{', 'no group but left bracket')
-
-
-def tex_optarg(string):
-    """Return optional argument and remainder.
-
-    >>> tex_optarg('[optional argument] returned without brackets')
-    ('optional argument', ' returned without brackets')
-    >>> tex_optarg('{empty string, if there is no optional arg}')
-    ('', '{empty string, if there is no optional arg}')
-
-    """
-    m = re.match(r"""\s*                            # leading whitespace
-                 \[(?P<optarg>(\\]|[^\[\]]|\\])*)\] # [group] without nested groups
-                 (?P<remainder>.*$)
-                 """, string, re.VERBOSE)
-    if m is None and not string.startswith('['):
-        return '', string
-    try:
-        return m.group('optarg'), m.group('remainder')
-    except AttributeError:
-        raise SyntaxError('Could not extract optional argument from %r' % string)
-
-# Test:
-# >>> tex_optarg(' [optional argument] after whitespace')
-# ('optional argument', ' after whitespace')
-# >>> tex_optarg('[missing right bracket')
-# Traceback (most recent call last):
-# SyntaxError: Could not extract optional argument from '[missing right bracket'
-# >>> tex_optarg('[group with [nested group]]')
-# Traceback (most recent call last):
-# SyntaxError: Could not extract optional argument from '[group with [nested group]]'
-
-
-def parse_latex_math(node, string):
-    """Append MathML conversion of `string` to `node` and return it.
-
-    >>> parse_latex_math(math(), r'\alpha')
-    math(mi('α'))
-    >>> parse_latex_math(mrow(), r'x_{n}')
-    mrow(msub(mi('x'), mi('n')))
-
-    """
-    # Normalize white-space:
-    string = ' '.join(string.split())
-    tree = node
-
-    while len(string) > 0:
-        # Take off first character:
-        c, string = string[0], string[1:]
-
-        if c == ' ':
-            continue  # whitespace is ignored in LaTeX math mode
-        if c == '\\': # start of a LaTeX macro
-            cmdname, string = tex_cmdname(string)
-            node, string = handle_cmd(cmdname, node, string)
-        elif c in "_^":
-            node = handle_script_or_limit(node, c)
-        elif c == '{':
-            new_node = mrow()
-            node.append(new_node)
-            node = new_node
-        elif c == '}':
-            node = node.close()
-        elif c == '&':
-            new_node = mtd()
-            node.close().append(new_node)
-            node = new_node
-        elif c.isalpha():
-            node = node.append(mi(c))
-        elif c.isdigit():
-            number, string = tex_number(string)
-            node = node.append(mn(c+number))
-        elif c in anomalous_chars:
-            # characters with a special meaning in LaTeX math mode
-            # fix spacing before "unary" minus.
-            attributes = {}
-            if c == '-' and node.children:
-                previous_node = node.children[-1]
-                if (getattr(previous_node, 'data', '-') in '([='
-                    or previous_node.get('class') == 'mathopen'):
-                    attributes['form'] = 'prefix'
-            node = node.append(mo(anomalous_chars[c], **attributes))
-        elif c in "/()[]|":
-            node = node.append(mo(c, stretchy=False))
-        elif c in "+*=<>,.!?`';@":
-            node = node.append(mo(c))
-        else:
-            raise SyntaxError('Unsupported character: "%s"' % c)
-    return tree
-
-# Test:
-
-# >>> print(parse_latex_math(math(), ''))
-# math()
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), ' \\sqrt{ \\alpha}')
-# math(msqrt(mi('α')))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '23.4x')
-# math(mn('23.4'), mi('x'))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\\sqrt 2 \\ne 3')
-# math(msqrt(mn('2')), mo('≠'), mn('3'))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\\sqrt{2 + 3} < 3')
-# math(msqrt(mn('2'), mo('+'), mn('3')), mo('<'), mn('3'))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\\sqrt[3]{2 + 3}')
-# math(mroot(mrow(mn('2'), mo('+'), mn('3')), mn('3')))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\max_x') # function takes limits
-# math(munder(mo('max', movablelimits=True), mi('x')))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), 'x^j_i') # ensure correct order: base, sub, sup
-# math(msubsup(mi('x'), mi('i'), mi('j')))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), '\int^j_i') # ensure correct order
-# math(msubsup(mo('∫'), mi('i'), mi('j')))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), 'x_{\\alpha}')
-# math(msub(mi('x'), mi('α')))
-# >>> parse_latex_math(math(), 'x_\\text{in}')
-# math(msub(mi('x'), mtext('in')))
-
-
-def handle_cmd(name, node, string): # noqa: C901 TODO make this less complex
-    """Process LaTeX command `name` followed by `string`.
-
-    Append result to `node`.
-    If needed, parse `string` for command argument.
-    Return new current node and remainder of `string`:
-
-    >>> handle_cmd('hbar', math(), r' \frac')
-    (math(mi('ℏ')), ' \\frac')
-    >>> handle_cmd('hspace', math(), r'{1ex} (x)')
-    (math(mspace(width='1ex')), ' (x)')
-
-    """
-
-    # Token elements
-    # ==============
-
-    # identifier  ->  <mi>
-
-    if name in letters:
-        new_node = mi(letters[name])
-        if name in greek_capitals:
-            # upright in "TeX style" but MathML sets them italic ("ISO style").
-            # CSS styling does not change the font style in Firefox 78.
-            # Use 'mathvariant="normal"'?
-            new_node['class'] = 'capital-greek'
-        node = node.append(new_node)
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in functions:
-        # use <mi> followed by invisible function applicator character
-        # (see https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#presm.mi)
-        if name == 'operatorname':
-            # custom function name, e.g. ``\operatorname{abs}(x)``
-            # TODO: \operatorname* -> with limits
-            arg, string = tex_token_or_group(string)
-            new_node = mi(arg, mathvariant='normal')
-        else:
-            new_node = mi(functions[name])
-        # embellished function names:
-        if name == 'varliminf':    # \underline\lim
-            new_node = munder(new_node, mo('_'))
-        elif name == 'varlimsup':  # \overline\lim
-            new_node = mover(new_node, mo('¯'), accent=False)
-        elif name == 'varprojlim': # \underleftarrow\lim
-            new_node = munder(new_node, mo('\u2190'))
-        elif name == 'varinjlim':  # \underrightarrow\lim
-            new_node = munder(new_node, mo('\u2192'))
-
-        node = node.append(new_node)
-        # add ApplyFunction when appropriate (not \sin^2(x), say)
-        # cf. https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter3.html#presm.mi
-        if string and string[0] not in ('^', '_'):
-            node = node.append(mo('\u2061')) # &ApplyFunction;
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in math_alphabets:
-        if name == 'boldsymbol':
-            attributes = {'class': 'boldsymbol'}
-        else:
-            attributes = {'mathvariant': math_alphabets[name]}
-        if name == 'mathscr':
-            attributes['class'] = 'mathscr'
-        # Check for single symbol (letter, name, or ⅀)
-        arg, remainder = tex_token_or_group(string)
-        if arg.startswith('\\'):
-            # convert single letters (so the isalpha() test below works).
-            # TODO: convert all LICRs in a group (\matrm{\mu\Omega})
-            arg = letters.get(arg[1:], arg)
-        if name == 'mathbb':
-            # mathvariant="double-struck" is ignored for Greek letters
-            # (tested in Firefox 78). Use literal Unicode characters.
-            arg = mathbb.get(arg, arg)
-        if arg.isalpha() or arg == '\u2140':
-            node = node.append(mi(arg, **attributes))
-            return node, remainder
-        # Wrap in <style>
-        style = mstyle(**attributes)
-        node.append(style)
-        return style, string
-
-    # operator, fence, or separator  ->  <mo>
-
-    if name == 'colon': # trailing punctuation, not binary relation
-        node = node.append(mo(':', form='postfix', lspace='0', rspace='0.28em'))
-        return node, string
-
-    if name == 'idotsint':
-        node = parse_latex_math(node, r'\int\dotsi\int')
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in thick_operators:
-        node = node.append(mo(thick_operators[name], style='font-weight: bold'))
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in small_operators:
-        node = node.append(mo(small_operators[name], mathsize='75%'))
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in operators:
-        attributes = {}
-        if name in movablelimits and string and string[0] in ' _^':
-            attributes['movablelimits'] = True
-        elif name in ('lvert', 'lVert'):
-            attributes['class'] = 'mathopen'
-        node = node.append(mo(operators[name], **attributes))
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in bigdelimiters:
-        delimiter_attributes = {}
-        size = delimiter_sizes[bigdelimiters[name]]
-        delimiter, string = tex_token_or_group(string)
-        if delimiter not in '()[]/|.':
-            try:
-                delimiter = stretchables[delimiter.lstrip('\\')]
-            except KeyError:
-                raise SyntaxError('Unsupported "\\%s" delimiter "%s"!'
-                                  % (name, delimiter))
-        if size:
-            delimiter_attributes['maxsize'] = size
-            delimiter_attributes['minsize'] = size
-            delimiter_attributes['symmetric'] = True
-        if name == 'left' or name.endswith('l'):
-            row = mrow()
-            node.append(row)
-            node = row
-        if delimiter != '.': # '.' stands for "empty delimiter"
-            node.append(mo(delimiter, **delimiter_attributes))
-        if name == 'right' or name.endswith('r'):
-            node = node.close()
-        return node, string
-
-    if name == 'not':
-        arg, string = tex_token(string)
-        if arg == '{':
-            return node, '{\\not ' + string
-        if arg.startswith('\\'): # LaTeX macro
-            try:
-                arg = operators[arg[1:]]
-            except KeyError:
-                raise SyntaxError('\\not: Cannot negate: "%s"!'%arg)
-        arg = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', arg+'\u0338')
-        node = node.append(mo(arg))
-        return node, string
-
-    # arbitrary text (usually comments)  ->  <mtext>
-    if name in ('text', 'mbox', 'textrm'):
-        arg, string = tex_token_or_group(string)
-        parts = arg.split('$') # extract inline math
-        for i, part in enumerate(parts):
-            if i % 2 == 0: # i is even
-                part = re.sub('(^ | $)', '\u00a0', part)
-                node = node.append(mtext(part))
-            else:
-                parse_latex_math(node, part)
-        return node, string
-
-    # horizontal space -> <mspace>
-    if name in spaces:
-        node = node.append(mspace(width='%s'%spaces[name]))
-        return node, string
-
-    if name in ('hspace', 'mspace'):
-        arg, string = tex_group(string)
-        if arg.endswith('m'):
-            arg = '%sem' % (float(arg[:-2])/18)
-        node = node.append(mspace(width='%s'%arg))
-        return node, string
-
-    if name == 'phantom':
-        new_node = mphantom()
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name == 'boxed':
-        new_node = menclose(notation='box')
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    # Complex elements (Layout schemata)
-    # ==================================
-
-    if name == 'sqrt':
-        radix, string = tex_optarg(string)
-        if radix:
-            indexnode = mrow()
-            new_node = mroot(indexnode, switch=True)
-            parse_latex_math(indexnode, radix)
-            indexnode.close()
-        else:
-            new_node = msqrt()
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name in fractions:
-        (style_atts, frac_atts) = fractions[name]
-        if name == 'cfrac':
-            optarg, string = tex_optarg(string)
-            optargs = {'l': 'left', 'r': 'right'}
-            if optarg in optargs:
-                frac_atts = frac_atts.copy()
-                frac_atts['numalign'] = optargs[optarg] # "numalign" is deprecated
-                frac_atts['class'] = 'numalign-' + optargs[optarg]
-        new_node = frac = mfrac(**frac_atts)
-        if name.endswith('binom'):
-            new_node = mrow(mo('('), new_node, mo(')'), CLASS='binom')
-            new_node.nchildren = 3
-        if style_atts:
-            new_node = mstyle(new_node, **style_atts)
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return frac, string
-
-    if name == '\\': # end of a row
-        entry = mtd()
-        new_node = mtr(entry)
-        node.close().close().append(new_node)
-        return entry, string
-
-    if name in accents:
-        new_node = mover(mo(accents[name][0], stretchy=False), switch=True)
-        if name == 'vec':
-            new_node.children[0]['accent'] = False # scale down arrow but drop i-dot
-        new_node.tex_cmd = name # for HTML export
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name in over:
-        # set "accent" to False (otherwise dots on i and j are dropped)
-        # but to True on accent node get "textstyle" (full size) symbols on top
-        new_node = mover(mo(over[name][0], accent=True),
-                         switch=True, accent=False)
-        new_node.tex_cmd = name # for HTML export
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name == 'overset':
-        new_node = mover(switch=True)
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name in under:
-        new_node = munder(mo(under[name][0]), switch=True)
-        new_node.tex_cmd = name # for HTML export
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name == 'underset':
-        new_node = munder(switch=True)
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name in ('xleftarrow', 'xrightarrow'):
-        subscript, string = tex_optarg(string)
-        base = mo(operators['long'+name[1:]])
-        if subscript:
-            new_node = munderover(base)
-            sub_node = parse_latex_math(mrow(), subscript)
-            if len(sub_node) == 1:
-                sub_node = sub_node.children[0]
-            new_node.append(sub_node)
-        else:
-            new_node = mover(base)
-        node.append(new_node)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name in layout_styles: # 'displaystyle', 'textstyle', ...
-        new_node = mstyle(**layout_styles[name])
-        new_node.nchildren = None
-        if isinstance(node, mrow) and len(node) == 0:
-            # replace node with new_node
-            node.parent.children[node.parent.children.index(node)] = new_node
-            new_node.parent = node.parent
-        elif node.__class__.__name__ == 'math':
-            node.append(new_node)
-        else:
-            raise SyntaxError('Declaration "\\%s" must be first command '
-                              'in a group.' % name)
-        return new_node, string
-
-    if name.endswith('limits'):
-        arg, remainder = tex_token(string)
-        if arg in '_^': # else ignore
-            string = remainder
-            node = handle_script_or_limit(node, arg, limits=name)
-        return node, string
-
-    # Environments
-
-    if name == 'begin':
-        return begin_environment(node, string)
-
-    if name == 'end':
-        return end_environment(node, string)
-
-    raise SyntaxError('Unknown LaTeX command: ' + name)
-
-# >>> handle_cmd('left', math(), '[a\\right]')
-# (mrow(mo('[')), 'a\\right]')
-# >>> handle_cmd('left', math(), '. a)') # empty \left
-# (mrow(), ' a)')
-# >>> handle_cmd('left', math(), '\\uparrow a)') # cmd
-# (mrow(mo('↑')), 'a)')
-# >>> handle_cmd('not', math(), '\\equiv \\alpha)') # cmd
-# (math(mo('≢')), '\\alpha)')
-# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), '{ for } i>0') # group
-# (math(mtext('\xa0for\xa0')), ' i>0')
-# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), '{B}T') # group
-# (math(mtext('B')), 'T')
-# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), '{number of apples}}') # group
-# (math(mtext('number of apples')), '}')
-# >>> handle_cmd('text', math(), 'i \\sin(x)') # single char
-# (math(mtext('i')), ' \\sin(x)')
-# >>> handle_cmd('sin', math(), '(\\alpha)')
-# (math(mi('sin'), mo('\u2061')), '(\\alpha)')
-# >>> handle_cmd('sin', math(), ' \\alpha')
-# (math(mi('sin'), mo('\u2061')), ' \\alpha')
-# >>> handle_cmd('operatorname', math(), '{abs}(x)')
-# (math(mi('abs', mathvariant='normal'), mo('\u2061')), '(x)')
-# >>> handle_cmd('mathrm', math(), '\\alpha')
-# (math(mi('α', mathvariant='normal')), '')
-# >>> handle_cmd('mathrm', math(), '{out} = 3')
-# (math(mi('out', mathvariant='normal')), ' = 3')
-# >>> handle_cmd('overline', math(), '{981}')
-# (mover(mo('¯', accent=True), switch=True, accent=False), '{981}')
-# >>> handle_cmd('bar', math(), '{x}')
-# (mover(mo('ˉ', stretchy=False), switch=True), '{x}')
-# >>> handle_cmd('xleftarrow', math(), r'[\alpha]{10}')
-# (munderover(mo('⟵'), mi('α')), '{10}')
-# >>> handle_cmd('xleftarrow', math(), r'[\alpha=5]{10}')
-# (munderover(mo('⟵'), mrow(mi('α'), mo('='), mn('5'))), '{10}')
-
-
-def handle_script_or_limit(node, c, limits=''):
-    """Append script or limit element to `node`."""
-    child = node.children.pop()
-    if limits == 'limits':
-        child['movablelimits'] = False
-    elif (limits == 'movablelimits'
-          or getattr(child, 'data', '') in movablelimits):
-        child['movablelimits'] = True
-
-    if c == '_':
-        if isinstance(child, mover):
-            new_node = munderover(*child.children, switch=True)
-        elif isinstance(child, msup):
-            new_node = msubsup(*child.children, switch=True)
-        elif (limits in ('limits', 'movablelimits')
-              or limits == '' and child.get('movablelimits', None)):
-            new_node = munder(child)
-        else:
-            new_node = msub(child)
-    elif c == '^':
-        if isinstance(child, munder):
-            new_node = munderover(*child.children)
-        elif isinstance(child, msub):
-            new_node = msubsup(*child.children)
-        elif (limits in ('limits', 'movablelimits')
-              or limits == '' and child.get('movablelimits', None)):
-            new_node = mover(child)
-        else:
-            new_node = msup(child)
-    node.append(new_node)
-    return new_node
-
-
-def begin_environment(node, string):
-    name, string = tex_group(string)
-    if name in matrices:
-        left_delimiter = matrices[name][0]
-        attributes = {}
-        if left_delimiter:
-            wrapper = mrow(mo(left_delimiter))
-            if name == 'cases':
-                wrapper = mrow(mo(left_delimiter, rspace='0.17em'))
-                attributes['columnalign'] = 'left'
-            node.append(wrapper)
-            node = wrapper
-        elif name == 'smallmatrix':
-            attributes['rowspacing'] = '0.02em'
-            attributes['columnspacing'] = '0.333em'
-            wrapper = mstyle(scriptlevel='1')
-            node.append(wrapper)
-            node = wrapper
-        # TODO: aligned, alignedat
-        # take an optional [t], [b] or the default [c]
-        entry = mtd()
-        node.append(mtable(mtr(entry), **attributes))
-        node = entry
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError('Environment not supported!')
-    return node, string
-
-
-def end_environment(node, string):
-    name, string = tex_group(string)
-    if name in matrices:
-        node = node.close().close().close() # close: mtd, mdr, mtable
-        right_delimiter = matrices[name][1]
-        if right_delimiter:
-            node = node.append(mo(right_delimiter))
-            node = node.close()
-        elif name == 'cases':
-            node = node.close()
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError('Environment not supported!')
-    return node, string
-
-
-# Return the number of "equation_columns" in `code_lines`. cf. "alignat"
-# in http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf
-def tex_equation_columns(rows):
-    tabs = max(row.count('&') - row.count(r'\&') for row in rows)
-    if tabs == 0:
-        return 0
-    return int(tabs/2 + 1)
-
-# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a = b'])
-# 0
-# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a &= b'])
-# 1
-# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a &= b & a \in S'])
-# 2
-# >>> tex_equation_columns(['a &= b & c &= d'])
-# 2
-
-
-# Return dictionary with attributes to style an <mtable> as align environment:
-def align_attributes(rows):
-    atts = {'class': 'align',
-            'displaystyle': True}
-    tabs = max(row.count('&') - row.count(r'\&') for row in rows)
-    if tabs:
-        aligns = ['right', 'left'] * tabs
-        spacing = ['0', '2em'] * tabs
-        atts['columnalign'] = ' '.join(aligns[:tabs+1])
-        atts['columnspacing'] = ' '.join(spacing[:tabs])
-    return atts
-
-# >>> align_attributes(['a = b'])
-# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True}
-# >>> align_attributes(['a &= b'])
-# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True, 'columnalign': 'right left', 'columnspacing': '0'}
-# >>> align_attributes(['a &= b & a \in S'])
-# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True, 'columnalign': 'right left right', 'columnspacing': '0 2em'}
-# >>> align_attributes(['a &= b & c &= d'])
-# {'class': 'align', 'displaystyle': True, 'columnalign': 'right left right left', 'columnspacing': '0 2em 0'}
-
-
-def tex2mathml(tex_math, inline=True):
-    """Return string with MathML code corresponding to `tex_math`.
-
-    Set `inline` to False for displayed math.
-    """
-    # Set up tree
-    math_tree = math(xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML')
-    node = math_tree
-    if not inline:
-        math_tree['display'] = 'block'
-        rows = toplevel_code(tex_math).split(r'\\')
-        if len(rows) > 1:
-            # emulate align* environment with a math table
-            node = mtd()
-            math_tree.append(mtable(mtr(node),
-                                    **align_attributes(rows)))
-    parse_latex_math(node, tex_math)
-    return math_tree.toprettyxml()
-
-# >>> print(tex2mathml('3'))
-# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
-#   <mn>3</mn>
-# </math>
-# >>> print(tex2mathml('3', inline=False))
-# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
-#   <mn>3</mn>
-# </math>
-# >>> print(tex2mathml(r'a & b \\ c & d', inline=False))
-# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
-#   <mtable class="align" columnalign="right left" columnspacing="0" displaystyle="true">
-#     <mtr>
-#       <mtd>
-#         <mi>a</mi>
-#       </mtd>
-#       <mtd>
-#         <mi>b</mi>
-#       </mtd>
-#     </mtr>
-#     <mtr>
-#       <mtd>
-#         <mi>c</mi>
-#       </mtd>
-#       <mtd>
-#         <mi>d</mi>
-#       </mtd>
-#     </mtr>
-#   </mtable>
-# </math>
-# >>> print(tex2mathml(r'a \\ b', inline=False))
-# <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
-#   <mtable class="align" displaystyle="true">
-#     <mtr>
-#       <mtd>
-#         <mi>a</mi>
-#       </mtd>
-#     </mtr>
-#     <mtr>
-#       <mtd>
-#         <mi>b</mi>
-#       </mtd>
-#     </mtr>
-#   </mtable>
-# </math>
-
-
-# TODO: look up more symbols from tr25, e.g.
-#
-#
-# Table 2.8 Using Vertical Line or Solidus Overlay
-#   some of the negated forms of mathematical relations that can only be
-#   encoded by using either U+0338 COMBINING LONG SOLIDUS OVERLAY or U+20D2
-#   COMBINING LONG VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY . (For issues with using 0338 in
-#   MathML, see Section 3.2.7, Combining Marks.
-#
-# Table 2.9 Variants of Mathematical Symbols using VS1?
-#
-# Sequence      Description
-# 0030 + VS1    DIGIT ZERO - short diagonal stroke form
-# 2205 + VS1    EMPTY SET - zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form
-# 2229 + VS1    INTERSECTION - with serifs
-# 222A + VS1    UNION - with serifs
-# 2268 + VS1    LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO - with vertical stroke
-# 2269 + VS1    GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO - with vertical stroke
-# 2272 + VS1    LESS-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO - following the slant of the lower leg
-# 2273 + VS1    GREATER-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO - following the slant of the lower leg
-# 228A + VS1    SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members
-# 228B + VS1    SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members
-# 2293 + VS1    SQUARE CAP - with serifs
-# 2294 + VS1    SQUARE CUP - with serifs
-# 2295 + VS1    CIRCLED PLUS - with white rim
-# 2297 + VS1    CIRCLED TIMES - with white rim
-# 229C + VS1    CIRCLED EQUALS - equal sign inside and touching the circle
-# 22DA + VS1    LESS-THAN slanted EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN
-# 22DB + VS1    GREATER-THAN slanted EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN
-# 2A3C + VS1    INTERIOR PRODUCT - tall variant with narrow foot
-# 2A3D + VS1    RIGHTHAND INTERIOR PRODUCT - tall variant with narrow foot
-# 2A9D + VS1    SIMILAR OR LESS-THAN - following the slant of the upper leg
-# 2A9E + VS1    SIMILAR OR GREATER-THAN - following the slant of the upper leg
-# 2AAC + VS1    SMALLER THAN OR slanted EQUAL
-# 2AAD + VS1    LARGER THAN OR slanted EQUAL
-# 2ACB + VS1    SUBSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members
-# 2ACC + VS1    SUPERSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO - variant with stroke through bottom members