iqm-benchmarks 2.27__py3-none-any.whl → 2.28__py3-none-any.whl

iqm/benchmarks/entanglement/graph_states.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@
+# Copyright 2025 IQM Benchmarks developers
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# pylint: disable=too-many-lines
+
+"""
+Graph states benchmark
+"""
+from collections import defaultdict
+import itertools
+from time import strftime
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Type, cast
+
+from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import networkx as nx
+import numpy as np
+from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
+from qiskit.transpiler import CouplingMap
+import xarray as xr
+
+from iqm.benchmarks import Benchmark, BenchmarkCircuit, BenchmarkRunResult, CircuitGroup, Circuits
+from iqm.benchmarks.benchmark import BenchmarkConfigurationBase
+from iqm.benchmarks.benchmark_definition import (
+    BenchmarkAnalysisResult,
+    BenchmarkObservation,
+    BenchmarkObservationIdentifier,
+    add_counts_to_dataset,
+)
+from iqm.benchmarks.logging_config import qcvv_logger
+from iqm.benchmarks.randomized_benchmarking.randomized_benchmarking_common import import_native_gate_cliffords
+from iqm.benchmarks.utils import (  # marginal_distribution, perform_backend_transpilation,
+    bootstrap_counts,
+    generate_state_tomography_circuits,
+    get_neighbors_of_edges,
+    get_Pauli_expectation,
+    get_tomography_matrix,
+    median_with_uncertainty,
+    remove_directed_duplicates_to_list,
+    retrieve_all_counts,
+    retrieve_all_job_metadata,
+    set_coupling_map,
+    split_sequence_in_chunks,
+    submit_execute,
+    timeit,
+    xrvariable_to_counts,
+)
+from iqm.benchmarks.utils_plots import GraphPositions, rx_to_nx_graph
+from iqm.benchmarks.utils_shadows import get_local_shadow, get_negativity, local_shadow_tomography
+from iqm.qiskit_iqm.iqm_backend import IQMBackendBase
+
+
+def find_edges_with_disjoint_neighbors(
+    graph: Sequence[Sequence[int]],
+) -> List[List[Sequence[int]]]:
+    """Finds sets of edges with non-overlapping neighboring nodes.
+
+    Args:
+        graph (Sequence[Sequence[int]]): The input graph specified as a sequence of edges (Sequence[int]).
+    Returns:
+        List[List[Tuple[int]]]: A list of lists of edges (Tuple[int]) from the original graph with non-overlapping neighboring nodes.
+    """
+    # Build adjacency list representation of the graph
+    adjacency = defaultdict(set)
+    for u, v in graph:
+        adjacency[u].add(v)
+        adjacency[v].add(u)
+
+    # Function to get neighboring nodes of an edge
+    def get_edge_neighbors(edge):
+        u, v = edge
+        return (adjacency[u] | adjacency[v]) - {u, v}
+
+    remaining_edges = set(graph)  # Keep track of remaining edges
+    iterations = []  # Store the edges chosen in each iteration
+
+    while remaining_edges:
+        current_iteration = set()  # Edges chosen in this iteration
+        used_nodes = set()  # Nodes already used in this iteration
+
+        for edge in list(remaining_edges):
+            u, v = edge
+            # Check if the edge is disconnected from already chosen edges
+            if u in used_nodes or v in used_nodes:
+                continue
+
+            # Get neighboring nodes of this edge
+            edge_neighbors = get_edge_neighbors(edge)
+
+            # Check if any neighbor belongs to an edge already in this iteration
+            if any(neighbor in used_nodes for neighbor in edge_neighbors):
+                continue
+
+            # Add the edge to the current iteration
+            current_iteration.add(edge)
+            used_nodes.update([u, v])
+
+        # Add the chosen edges to the result
+        iterations.append(list(current_iteration))
+        remaining_edges -= current_iteration  # Remove chosen edges from the remaining edges
+
+    return iterations
+
+
+def generate_minimal_edge_layers(cp_map: CouplingMap) -> Dict[int, List[List[int]]]:
+    """Sorts the edges of a coupling map, arranging them in a dictionary with values being subsets of the coupling map with no overlapping nodes.
+    Each item will correspond to a layer of pairs of qubits in which parallel 2Q gates can be applied.
+
+    Args:
+        cp_map (CouplingMap): A list of lists of pairs of integers, representing a coupling map.
+    Returns:
+        Dict[int, List[List[int]]]: A dictionary with values being subsets of the coupling map with no overlapping nodes.
+    """
+    # Build a conflict graph - Treat the input list as a graph
+    # where each sublist is a node, and an edge exists between nodes if they share any integers
+    undirect_cp_map_list = remove_directed_duplicates_to_list(cp_map)
+
+    n = len(undirect_cp_map_list)
+    graph: Dict[int, Set] = {i: set() for i in range(n)}
+
+    for i in range(n):
+        for j in range(i + 1, n):
+            if set(undirect_cp_map_list[i]) & set(undirect_cp_map_list[j]):  # Check for shared integers
+                graph[i].add(j)
+                graph[j].add(i)
+
+    # Reduce to a graph coloring problem;
+    # each color represents a group in the dictionary
+    colors: Dict[int, int] = {}
+    for node in range(n):
+        # Find all used colors among neighbors
+        neighbor_colors = {colors[neighbor] for neighbor in graph[node] if neighbor in colors}
+        # Assign the smallest unused color
+        color = 0
+        while color in neighbor_colors:
+            color += 1
+        colors[node] = color
+
+    # Group by colors - minimize the number of groups
+    groups: Dict[int, List[List[int]]] = {}
+    for idx, color in colors.items():
+        if color not in groups:
+            groups[color] = []
+        groups[color].append(undirect_cp_map_list[idx])
+
+    return groups
+
+
+def generate_graph_state(qubits: Sequence[int], backend: IQMBackendBase | str) -> QuantumCircuit:
+    """Generates a circuit with minimal depth preparing a native graph state for a given backend using given qubits.
+
+    Args:
+        qubits (Sequence[int]): A list of integers representing the qubits.
+        backend (IQMBackendBase): The backend to target the graph state generating circuit.
+    Returns:
+        QuantumCircuit: The circuit generating a graph state in the target backend.
+    """
+    num_qubits = len(qubits)
+    qc = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
+    coupling_map = set_coupling_map(qubits, backend, physical_layout="fixed")
+    layers = generate_minimal_edge_layers(coupling_map)
+    # Add all H
+    for q in range(num_qubits):
+        qc.r(np.pi / 2, np.pi / 2, q)
+    # Add all CZ
+    for layer in layers.values():
+        for edge in layer:
+            qc.cz(edge[0], edge[1])
+    # Transpile
+    qc_t = transpile(qc, backend=backend, initial_layout=qubits, optimization_level=3)
+    return qc_t
+
+
+def plot_density_matrix(
+    matrix: np.ndarray,
+    qubit_pair: Sequence[int],
+    projection: str,
+    negativity: Dict[str, float],
+    backend_name: str,
+    timestamp: str,
+    tomography: Literal["state_tomography", "shadow_tomography"],
+    num_RM_samples: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_MoMs_samples: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Tuple[str, Figure]:
+    """Plots a density matrix for corresponding qubit pairs, neighbor qubit projections, and negativities.
+
+    Args:
+        matrix (np.ndarray): The matrix to plot.
+        qubit_pair (Sequence[int]): The corresponding qubit pair.
+        projection (str): The projection corresponding to the matrix to plot.
+        negativity (Dict[str, float]): A dictionary with keys "value" and "uncertainty" and values being respective negativities.
+        backend_name (str): The name of the backend for the corresponding experiment.
+        timestamp (str): The timestamp for the corresponding experiment.
+        tomography (Literal["state_tomography", "shadow_tomography"]): The type of tomography used to gather the data of the matrix to plot.
+        num_RM_samples (Optional[int] = None): The number of randomized measurement samples if tomography is shadow_tomography.
+            * Default is None if tomography is state_tomography.
+        num_MoMs_samples (Optional[int] = None): The number of Median of Means used per randomized measurement if tomography is shadow_tomography.
+            * Default is None if tomography is state_tomography.
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[str, Figure]: The figure label and the density matrix plot figure.
+    """
+
+    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, sharex=True, sharey=True, figsize=(6, 6))
+    cmap = "winter_r"
+    fig_name = str(qubit_pair)
+
+    ax[0].matshow(matrix.real, interpolation="nearest", vmin=-np.max(matrix.real), vmax=np.max(matrix.real), cmap=cmap)
+    ax[0].set_title(r"$\mathrm{Re}(\hat{\rho})$")
+    for (i, j), z in np.ndenumerate(matrix.real):
+        ax[0].text(
+            j,
+            i,
+            f"{z:0.2f}",
+            ha="center",
+            va="center",
+            bbox={"boxstyle": "round", "facecolor": "white", "edgecolor": "0.3"},
+        )
+
+    im1 = ax[1].matshow(
+        matrix.imag, interpolation="nearest", vmin=-np.max(matrix.real), vmax=np.max(matrix.real), cmap=cmap
+    )
+    ax[1].set_title(r"$\mathrm{Im}(\hat{\rho})$")
+    for (i, j), z in np.ndenumerate(matrix.imag):
+        ax[1].text(
+            j,
+            i,
+            f"{z:0.2f}",
+            ha="center",
+            va="center",
+            bbox={"boxstyle": "round", "facecolor": "white", "edgecolor": "0.3"},
+        )
+
+    if tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+        fig.suptitle(
+            f"Average shadow for qubits {qubit_pair} ({num_RM_samples} local RM samples x {num_MoMs_samples} Median of Means samples)\n"
+            f"Projection: {projection}\nNegativity: {negativity['value']:.4f} +/- {negativity['uncertainty']:.4f}\n"
+            f"{backend_name} --- {timestamp}"
+        )
+    else:
+        fig.suptitle(
+            f"Tomographically reconstructed density matrix for qubits {qubit_pair}\n"
+            f"Projection: {projection}\nNegativity: {negativity['value']:.4f} +/- {negativity['uncertainty']:.4f}\n"
+            f"{backend_name} --- {timestamp}"
+        )
+    fig.colorbar(im1, shrink=0.5)
+    fig.tight_layout(rect=(0, 0.03, 1, 1.25))
+
+    plt.close()
+
+    return fig_name, fig
+
+
+def plot_max_negativities(
+    negativities: Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]],
+    backend_name: str,
+    qubit_names: Dict[int, str],
+    timestamp: str,
+    tomography: Literal["shadow_tomography", "state_tomography"],
+    num_shots: int,
+    num_bootstraps: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_RM_samples: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_MoMs_samples: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Tuple[str, Figure]:
+    """Plots the maximum negativity for each corresponding pair of qubits.
+
+    Args:
+        negativities (Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]]): A dictionary (str qubit keys) of dictionaries (keys "value"/"uncertainty") of negativities (float) to plot.
+        backend_name (str): The name of the backend for the corresponding experiment.
+        qubit_names (Dict[int, str]): A dictionary of qubit names corresponding to qubit indices.
+        timestamp (str): The timestamp of the corresponding experiment.
+        tomography (Literal["shadow_tomography", "state_tomography"]): The type of tomography that was used.
+        num_shots (int): The number of shots used in the corresponding experiment.
+        num_bootstraps (Optional[int]): The number of bootstraps used if tomography corresponds to state tomography.
+            * Defaults to None if the tomography type is "shadow_tomography".
+        num_RM_samples (Optional[int]): The number of randomized measurement samples used if tomography corresponds to shadow tomography.
+            * Defaults to None if the tomography type is "state_tomography".
+        num_MoMs_samples (Optional[int]): The number of Median of Means samples per randomized measurement used if tomography corresponds to shadow tomography.
+            * Defaults to None if the tomography type is "shadow_tomography".
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[str, Figure]: The figure label and the max negativities plot figure.
+    """
+    fig_name = f"max_negativities_{backend_name}_{timestamp}".replace(" ", "_")
+    # Sort the negativities by value
+    sorted_negativities = dict(sorted(negativities.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]["value"]))
+
+    x = [x.replace("(", "").replace(")", "").replace(", ", "-") for x in list(sorted_negativities.keys())]
+    x_updated = [
+        f"{cast(str, qubit_names[int(a)])[2:]}-{cast(str, qubit_names[int(b)])[2:]}"
+        for edge in x
+        for a, b in [edge.split("-")]
+    ]  ## reindexes the edges label as in the QPU graph.
+
+    y = [a["value"] for a in sorted_negativities.values()]
+    yerr = [a["uncertainty"] for a in sorted_negativities.values()]
+
+    cmap = plt.get_cmap("winter")
+
+    fig = plt.figure()
+    ax = plt.axes()
+
+    if tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+        errorbar_labels = rf"$1 \mathrm{{SEM}}$ (N={cast(int, num_RM_samples)*cast(int,num_MoMs_samples)} RMs)"
+    else:
+        errorbar_labels = rf"$1 \sigma$ ({cast(int, num_bootstraps)} bootstraps)"
+
+    plt.errorbar(
+        x_updated,
+        y,
+        yerr=yerr,
+        capsize=2,
+        color=cmap(0.15),
+        fmt="o",
+        alpha=1,
+        mec="black",
+        markersize=3,
+        label=errorbar_labels,
+    )
+    plt.axhline(0.5, color=cmap(1.0), linestyle="dashed")
+
+    ax.set_xlabel("Qubit pair")
+    ax.set_ylabel("Negativity")
+
+    # Major y-ticks every 0.1, minor ticks every 0.05
+    major_ticks = np.arange(0, 0.5, 0.1)
+    minor_ticks = np.arange(-0.05, 0.55, 0.05)
+    ax.set_yticks(major_ticks)
+    ax.set_yticks(minor_ticks, minor=True)
+    ax.grid(which="both")
+
+    lower_y = np.min(y) - 1.75 * float(yerr[0]) - 0.02 if np.min(y) - float(yerr[0]) < 0 else -0.01
+    upper_y = np.max(y) + 1.75 * float(yerr[-1]) + 0.02 if np.max(y) + float(yerr[-1]) > 0.5 else 0.51
+    ax.set_ylim(
+        (
+            lower_y,
+            upper_y,
+        )
+    )
+
+    plt.xticks(rotation=90)
+    if tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+        plt.title(
+            f"Max entanglement negativities for qubit pairs in {backend_name}\n{num_RM_samples} local RM samples x {num_MoMs_samples} Median of Means samples\n{timestamp}"
+        )
+    else:
+        plt.title(
+            f"Max entanglement negativities for qubit pairs in {backend_name}\nShots per tomography sample: {num_shots}; Bootstraps: {num_bootstraps}\n{timestamp}"
+        )
+    plt.legend(fontsize=8)
+
+    ax.margins(tight=True)
+
+    if len(x) <= 40:
+        ax.set_aspect((2 / 3) * len(x))
+        ax.autoscale(enable=True, axis="x")
+    else:
+        ####################################################################################
+        # Solution to fix tick spacings taken from:
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44863375/how-to-change-spacing-between-ticks
+        plt.gca().margins(x=0.01)
+        plt.gcf().canvas.draw()
+        tl = plt.gca().get_xticklabels()
+        maxsize = max(t.get_window_extent().width for t in tl)
+        m = 0.2  # inch margin
+        s = maxsize / plt.gcf().dpi * len(x) + 2 * m
+        margin = m / plt.gcf().get_size_inches()[0]
+        plt.gcf().subplots_adjust(left=margin, right=1.0 - margin)
+        plt.gcf().set_size_inches(s, plt.gcf().get_size_inches()[1])
+        #####################################################################################`
+
+    plt.close()
+
+    return fig_name, fig
+
+
+def plot_max_negativities_graph(
+    negativities: Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]],
+    backend_coupling_map: CouplingMap,
+    qubit_names: Dict[int, str],
+    timestamp: str,
+    tomography: Literal["shadow_tomography", "state_tomography"],
+    station: Optional[str] = None,
+    num_shots: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_bootstraps: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_RM_samples: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_MoMs_samples: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Tuple[str, Figure]:
+    """Plots the maximum negativity for each corresponding pair of qubits in a graph layout of the given backend.
+
+    Args:
+        negativities (Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]]): A dictionary (str qubit keys) of dictionaries (keys "value"/"uncertainty") of negativities (float) to plot.
+        backend_coupling_map (CouplingMap): The CouplingMap instance.
+        qubit_names (Dict[int, str]): A dictionary of qubit names corresponding to qubit indices.
+        timestamp (str): The timestamp of the corresponding experiment.
+        tomography (Literal["shadow_tomography", "state_tomography"]): The type of tomography that was used.
+        station (str): The name of the station to use for the graph layout.
+        num_shots (Optional[int]): The number of shots used in the corresponding experiment.
+            * Defaults to None: won't be displayed in title.
+        num_bootstraps (Optional[int]): The number of bootstraps used if tomography corresponds to state tomography.
+            * Defaults to None if the tomography type is "shadow_tomography".
+        num_RM_samples (Optional[int]): The number of randomized measurement samples used if tomography corresponds to shadow tomography.
+            * Defaults to None if the tomography type is "state_tomography".
+        num_MoMs_samples (Optional[int]): The number of Median of Means samples per randomized measurement used if tomography corresponds to shadow tomography.
+            * Defaults to None if the tomography type is "shadow_tomography".
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[str, Figure]: The figure label and the max negativities plot figure.
+    """
+    num_qubits = len(qubit_names.keys())
+    fig_name = (
+        f"max_negativities_graph_{station}_{timestamp}"
+        if station is not None
+        else f"max_negativities_graph_{timestamp}"
+    )
+    # Sort the negativities by value
+    sorted_negativities = dict(sorted(negativities.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]["value"]))
+
+    qubit_pairs = [
+        tuple(int(num) for num in x.replace("(", "").replace(")", "").replace("...", "").split(", "))
+        for x in sorted_negativities.keys()
+    ]
+    negativity_values = [a["value"] for a in sorted_negativities.values()]
+
+    negativity_edges = dict(zip(qubit_pairs, negativity_values))
+
+    cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap("winter")
+
+    fig = plt.figure()
+    ax = plt.axes()
+
+    if station is not None:
+        if station.lower() in GraphPositions.predefined_stations:
+            qubit_positions = GraphPositions.predefined_stations[station.lower()]
+        else:
+            graph_backend = backend_coupling_map.graph.to_undirected(multigraph=False)
+            qubit_positions = GraphPositions.create_positions(graph_backend)
+    else:
+        graph_backend = backend_coupling_map.graph.to_undirected(multigraph=False)
+        if num_qubits in (20, 7):
+            station = "garnet" if num_qubits == 20 else "deneb"
+            qubit_positions = GraphPositions.predefined_stations[station]
+        else:
+            qubit_positions = GraphPositions.create_positions(graph_backend)
+
+    # Normalize negativity values to the range [0, 1] for color mapping
+    norm = plt.Normalize(vmin=cast(float, min(negativity_values)), vmax=cast(float, max(negativity_values)))
+    edge_colors = [cmap(norm(negativity_edges[edge])) for edge in qubit_pairs]
+
+    nx.draw_networkx(
+        rx_to_nx_graph(backend_coupling_map),
+        pos=qubit_positions,
+        nodelist=list(range(num_qubits)),
+        labels={x: qubit_names[x] for x in range(num_qubits)},
+        font_size=6.5,
+        edgelist=qubit_pairs,
+        width=4.0,
+        edge_color=edge_colors,
+        node_color="k",
+        font_color="w",
+        ax=ax,
+    )
+
+    # Add colorbar
+    sm = plt.cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap, norm=norm)
+    sm.set_array([])
+    fig.colorbar(sm, ax=ax, shrink=0.5)
+
+    shots_string = "" if num_shots is None else f"Shots per tomography sample: {num_shots}"
+    station_string = "IQM Backend" if station is None else station.capitalize()
+    if tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+        plt.title(
+            f"Max entanglement negativities for qubit pairs in {station_string}\n"
+            f"{num_RM_samples} local RM samples x {num_MoMs_samples} Median of Means samples\n"
+            f"{shots_string}; {timestamp}"
+        )
+    else:
+        plt.title(
+            f"Max entanglement negativities for qubit pairs in {station_string}\n"
+            f"{shots_string}; Bootstraps: {num_bootstraps}"
+            f"\n{timestamp}"
+        )
+    plt.close()
+
+    return fig_name, fig
+
+
+def update_pauli_expectations(
+    pauli_expectations: Dict[str, Dict[str, float]],
+    projected_counts: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]],
+    nonId_pauli_label: str,
+) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]:
+    """Helper function that updates the input Pauli expectations dictionary of dictionaries (projections -> {pauli string: expectation}).
+
+    Args:
+        pauli_expectations (Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]): The Pauli expectations dictionary of dictionaries to update.
+            * Outermost keys are projected bitstrings; innermost are pauli strings and values are expectation values.
+        projected_counts (Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]): The corresponding projected counts dictionary of dictionaries.
+        nonId_pauli_label (str): The Pauli label to update expectations of, that should not contain identities.
+            * Pauli expectations corresponding to I are inferred and updated from counts corresponding to strings containing Z instead.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]: The updated Pauli expectations dictionary of dictionaries (projections -> {pauli string: expectation}).
+    """
+    # Get the individual Pauli expectations for each projection
+    for projected_bit_string in projected_counts.keys():
+        # Ideally the counts should be labeled by Pauli basis measurement!
+        # Here by construction they should be ordered as all_pauli_labels,
+        # however, this assumed that measurements never got scrambled (which should not happen anyway).
+        counts = projected_counts[projected_bit_string]
+        get_exp = lambda label, ct=counts: get_Pauli_expectation(ct, label)
+        updates = {nonId_pauli_label: get_exp(nonId_pauli_label)}
+
+        if nonId_pauli_label == "ZZ":
+            updates.update({x: get_exp(x) for x in ["ZI", "IZ", "II"]})
+        if nonId_pauli_label[0] == "Z":
+            updates[f"I{nonId_pauli_label[1]}"] = get_exp(f"I{nonId_pauli_label[1]}")
+        if nonId_pauli_label[1] == "Z":
+            updates[f"{nonId_pauli_label[0]}I"] = get_exp(f"{nonId_pauli_label[0]}I")
+
+        pauli_expectations[projected_bit_string].update(updates)
+
+    return pauli_expectations
+
+
+def shadow_tomography_analysis(
+    dataset: xr.Dataset,
+    all_qubit_pairs_per_group: Dict[int, List[Tuple[int, int]]],
+    all_qubit_neighbors_per_group: Dict[int, List[List[int]]],
+    all_unprojected_qubits: Dict[int, List[int]],
+    backend_name: str,
+    execution_timestamp: str,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[BenchmarkObservation], Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]], xr.Dataset]:
+    """
+    Performs shadow tomography analysis on the given dataset.
+
+    Args:
+        dataset (xr.Dataset): The dataset containing the experimental data.
+        all_qubit_pairs_per_group (Dict[int, List[Tuple[int, int]]]): Dictionary mapping group indices to lists of qubit pairs.
+        all_qubit_neighbors_per_group (Dict[int, List[List[int]]]): Dictionary mapping group indices to lists of neighbor qubit groups.
+        all_unprojected_qubits (Dict[int, List[int]]): Dictionary mapping group indices to lists of unprojected qubits.
+        backend_name (str): The name of the backend used for the experiment.
+        execution_timestamp (str): The timestamp of the experiment execution.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[BenchmarkObservation], Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]], xr.Dataset]:
+        A tuple containing:
+            - A dictionary of plots.
+            - A list of benchmark observations.
+            - A dictionary of maximum negativities.
+            - The updated dataset.
+    """
+    plots: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    observations: List[BenchmarkObservation] = []
+    max_negativities: Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]] = {}
+
+    execution_results = {}
+
+    num_RMs = dataset.attrs["n_random_unitaries"]
+    num_MoMs = dataset.attrs["n_median_of_means"]
+
+    qcvv_logger.info("Fetching Clifford dictionary")
+    clifford_1q_dict = import_native_gate_cliffords("1q")
+    all_unitaries = dataset.attrs["all_unitaries"]
+
+    shadows_per_projection: Dict[str, Dict[int, Dict[str, List[np.ndarray]]]] = {}
+    # shadows_per_projection: qubit_pair -> MoMs -> {Projection, List of shadows}
+    MoMs_shadows: Dict[str, Dict[str, np.ndarray]] = {}
+    # MoMs_shadows: qubit_pair -> {Projection: MoMs shadow}
+    average_shadows_per_projection: Dict[str, Dict[int, Dict[str, np.ndarray]]] = {}
+    # average_shadows_per_projection: qubit_pair -> MoMs -> {Projection: shadows}
+    all_negativities: Dict[str, Dict[int, Dict[str, float]]] = {}
+    # all_negativities: qubit_pair -> MoMs -> {Projection: Negativity}
+    MoMs_negativities: Dict[str, Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]] = {}
+    for group_idx, group in all_qubit_pairs_per_group.items():
+        qcvv_logger.info(f"Retrieving shadows for qubit-pair group {group_idx+1}/{len(all_qubit_pairs_per_group)}")
+        # Assume only pairs and nearest-neighbors were measured, and each pair in the group uses num_RMs randomized measurements:
+        execution_results[group_idx] = xrvariable_to_counts(
+            dataset, str(all_unprojected_qubits[group_idx]), num_RMs * num_MoMs * len(group)
+        )
+
+        partitioned_counts_MoMs_RMs = split_sequence_in_chunks(execution_results[group_idx], num_RMs * num_MoMs)
+        partitioned_counts_RMs = {}
+
+        for pair_idx, qubit_pair in enumerate(group):
+            all_negativities[str(qubit_pair)] = {}
+            MoMs_negativities[str(qubit_pair)] = {}
+            shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)] = {}
+            average_shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)] = {}
+
+            partitioned_counts_RMs[pair_idx] = split_sequence_in_chunks(partitioned_counts_MoMs_RMs[pair_idx], num_RMs)
+
+            # Get the neighbor qubits of qubit_pair
+            neighbor_qubits = all_qubit_neighbors_per_group[group_idx][pair_idx]
+            neighbor_bit_strings_length = len(neighbor_qubits)
+            # Generate all possible projection bitstrings for the neighbors, {'0','1'}^{\otimes{N}}
+            all_projection_bit_strings = [
+                "".join(x) for x in itertools.product(("0", "1"), repeat=neighbor_bit_strings_length)
+            ]
+
+            for MoMs in range(num_MoMs):
+                qcvv_logger.info(
+                    f"Now on qubit pair {qubit_pair} ({pair_idx+1}/{len(group)}) and median of means sample {MoMs+1}/{num_MoMs}"
+                )
+
+                # Get all shadows of qubit_pair
+                shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)][MoMs] = {
+                    projection: [] for projection in all_projection_bit_strings
+                }
+                for RM_idx, counts in enumerate(partitioned_counts_RMs[pair_idx][MoMs]):
+                    # Retrieve both Cliffords (i.e. for each qubit)
+                    cliffords_rm = [all_unitaries[group_idx][MoMs][str(q)][RM_idx] for q in qubit_pair]
+                    # Organize counts by projection
+                    # e.g. counts ~ {'000 00': 31, '000 01': 31, '000 10': 38, '000 11': 41, '001 00': 28, '001 01': 33,
+                    #                   '001 10': 31, '001 11': 37, '010 00': 29, '010 01': 32, '010 10': 31, '010 11': 25,
+                    #                   '011 00': 36, '011 01': 24, '011 10': 33, '011 11': 32, '100 00': 22, '100 01': 38,
+                    #                   '100 10': 34, '100 11': 26, '101 00': 26, '101 01': 26, '101 10': 37, '101 11': 30,
+                    #                   '110 00': 36, '110 01': 35, '110 10': 31, '110 11': 35, '111 00': 31, '111 01': 32,
+                    #                   '111 10': 37, '111 11': 36}
+                    # organize to projected_counts['000'] ~ {'00': 31, '01': 31, '10': 38, '11': 41},
+                    #             projected_counts['001'] ~ {'00': 28, '01': 33, '10': 31, '11': 37}
+                    #             ...
+                    projected_counts = {
+                        projection: {
+                            b_s[-2:]: b_c
+                            for b_s, b_c in counts.items()
+                            if b_s[:neighbor_bit_strings_length] == projection
+                        }
+                        for projection in all_projection_bit_strings
+                    }
+
+                    # Get the individual shadow for each projection
+                    for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings:
+                        shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)][MoMs][projected_bit_string].append(
+                            get_local_shadow(
+                                counts=projected_counts[projected_bit_string],
+                                unitary_arg=cliffords_rm,
+                                subsystem_bit_indices=list(range(2)),
+                                clifford_or_haar="clifford",
+                                cliffords_1q=clifford_1q_dict,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+                # Average the shadows for each projection and MoMs sample
+                average_shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)][MoMs] = {
+                    projected_bit_string: np.mean(
+                        shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)][MoMs][projected_bit_string], axis=0
+                    )
+                    for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings
+                }
+
+                # Compute the negativity of the shadow of each projection
+                qcvv_logger.info(
+                    f"Computing the negativity of all shadow projections for qubit pair {qubit_pair} ({pair_idx+1}/{len(group)}) and median of means sample {MoMs+1}/{num_MoMs}"
+                )
+                all_negativities[str(qubit_pair)][MoMs] = {
+                    projected_bit_string: get_negativity(
+                        average_shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)][MoMs][projected_bit_string], 1, 1
+                    )
+                    for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings
+                }
+
+            MoMs_negativities[str(qubit_pair)] = {
+                projected_bit_string: median_with_uncertainty(
+                    [all_negativities[str(qubit_pair)][m][projected_bit_string] for m in range(num_MoMs)]
+                )
+                for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings
+            }
+
+            MoMs_shadows[str(qubit_pair)] = {
+                projected_bit_string: np.median(
+                    [average_shadows_per_projection[str(qubit_pair)][m][projected_bit_string] for m in range(num_MoMs)],
+                    axis=0,
+                )
+                for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings
+            }
+
+            all_negativities_list = [
+                MoMs_negativities[str(qubit_pair)][projected_bit_string]["value"]
+                for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings
+            ]
+            all_negativities_uncertainty = [
+                MoMs_negativities[str(qubit_pair)][projected_bit_string]["uncertainty"]
+                for projected_bit_string in all_projection_bit_strings
+            ]
+
+            max_negativity_projection = np.argmax(all_negativities_list)
+
+            max_negativity = {
+                "value": all_negativities_list[max_negativity_projection],
+                "uncertainty": all_negativities_uncertainty[max_negativity_projection],
+            }
+
+            max_negativities[str(qubit_pair)] = {}  # {str(qubit_pair): {"negativity": float, "projection": str}}
+            max_negativities[str(qubit_pair)].update(
+                {
+                    "projection": all_projection_bit_strings[max_negativity_projection],
+                }
+            )
+            max_negativities[str(qubit_pair)].update(max_negativity)
+
+            fig_name, fig = plot_density_matrix(
+                matrix=MoMs_shadows[str(qubit_pair)][all_projection_bit_strings[max_negativity_projection]],
+                qubit_pair=qubit_pair,
+                projection=all_projection_bit_strings[max_negativity_projection],
+                negativity=max_negativity,
+                backend_name=backend_name,
+                timestamp=execution_timestamp,
+                tomography="shadow_tomography",
+                num_RM_samples=num_RMs,
+                num_MoMs_samples=num_MoMs,
+            )
+            plots[fig_name] = fig
+
+            observations.extend(
+                [
+                    BenchmarkObservation(
+                        name="max_negativity",
+                        value=max_negativity["value"],
+                        uncertainty=max_negativity["uncertainty"],
+                        identifier=BenchmarkObservationIdentifier(qubit_pair),
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+    dataset.attrs.update(
+        {
+            "median_of_means_shadows": MoMs_shadows,
+            "median_of_means_negativities": MoMs_negativities,
+            "all_negativities": all_negativities,
+            "all_shadows": shadows_per_projection,
+        }
+    )
+
+    return plots, observations, max_negativities, dataset
+
+
+def state_tomography_analysis(
+    dataset: xr.Dataset,
+    all_qubit_pairs_per_group: Dict[int, List[Tuple[int, int]]],
+    all_qubit_neighbors_per_group: Dict[int, List[List[int]]],
+    all_unprojected_qubits: Dict[int, List[int]],
+    backend_name: str,
+    execution_timestamp: str,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[BenchmarkObservation], Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]], xr.Dataset]:
+    """
+    Performs state tomography analysis on the given dataset.
+
+    Args:
+        dataset (xr.Dataset): The dataset containing the experimental data.
+        all_qubit_pairs_per_group (Dict[int, List[Tuple[int, int]]]): Dictionary mapping group indices to lists of qubit pairs.
+        all_qubit_neighbors_per_group (Dict[int, List[List[int]]]): Dictionary mapping group indices to lists of neighbor qubit groups.
+        all_unprojected_qubits (Dict[int, List[int]]): Dictionary mapping group indices to lists of unprojected qubits.
+        backend_name (str): The name of the backend used for the experiment.
+        execution_timestamp (str): The timestamp of the experiment execution.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[BenchmarkObservation], Dict[str, Dict[str, float]], xr.Dataset]:
+        A tuple containing:
+            - A dictionary of plots.
+            - A list of benchmark observations.
+            - A dictionary of maximum negativities.
+            - The updated dataset.
+    """
+    plots: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    observations: List[BenchmarkObservation] = []
+    max_negativities: Dict[str, Dict[str, str | float]] = {}
+
+    execution_results = {}
+
+    num_bootstraps = dataset.attrs["num_bootstraps"]
+
+    tomography_state: Dict[int, Dict[str, Dict[str, np.ndarray]]] = {}
+    # tomography_state: group_idx -> qubit_pair -> {projection:numpy array}
+    bootstrapped_states: Dict[int, Dict[str, List[np.ndarray]]] = {}
+    # bootstrapped_states: group_idx -> qubit_pair -> List of bootstrapped states for max_neg_projection
+    tomography_negativities: Dict[int, Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]] = {}
+    bootstrapped_negativities: Dict[int, Dict[str, List[float]]] = {}
+    bootstrapped_avg_negativities: Dict[int, Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]] = {}
+    num_tomo_samples = 3**2  # In general 3**n samples suffice (assuming trace-preservation and unitality for the Pauli measurements)
+    for group_idx, group in all_qubit_pairs_per_group.items():
+        qcvv_logger.info(
+            f"Retrieving tomography-reconstructed states with {num_bootstraps} for qubit-pair group {group_idx+1}/{len(all_qubit_pairs_per_group)}"
+        )
+
+        # Assume only pairs and nearest-neighbors were measured, and each pair in the group used num_RMs randomized measurements:
+        execution_results[group_idx] = xrvariable_to_counts(
+            dataset, str(all_unprojected_qubits[group_idx]), num_tomo_samples * len(group)
+        )
+
+        tomography_state[group_idx] = {}
+        bootstrapped_states[group_idx] = {}
+        tomography_negativities[group_idx] = {}
+        bootstrapped_negativities[group_idx] = {}
+        bootstrapped_avg_negativities[group_idx] = {}
+
+        partitioned_counts = split_sequence_in_chunks(execution_results[group_idx], num_tomo_samples)
+
+        for pair_idx, qubit_pair in enumerate(group):
+            # Get the neighbor qubits of qubit_pair
+            neighbor_qubits = all_qubit_neighbors_per_group[group_idx][pair_idx]
+            neighbor_bit_strings_length = len(neighbor_qubits)
+            # Generate all possible projection bitstrings for the neighbors, {'0','1'}^{\otimes{N}}
+            all_projection_bit_strings = [
+                "".join(x) for x in itertools.product(("0", "1"), repeat=neighbor_bit_strings_length)
+            ]
+
+            sqg_pauli_strings = ("Z", "X", "Y")
+            all_nonId_pauli_labels = ["".join(x) for x in itertools.product(sqg_pauli_strings, repeat=2)]
+
+            pauli_expectations: Dict[str, Dict[str, float]] = {
+                projection: {} for projection in all_projection_bit_strings
+            }
+            # pauli_expectations: projected_bit_string -> pauli string -> float expectation
+            for pauli_idx, counts in enumerate(partitioned_counts[pair_idx]):
+                projected_counts = {
+                    projection: {
+                        b_s[-2:]: b_c for b_s, b_c in counts.items() if b_s[:neighbor_bit_strings_length] == projection
+                    }
+                    for projection in all_projection_bit_strings
+                    if projection in [c[:neighbor_bit_strings_length] for c in counts.keys()]
+                }
+
+                pauli_expectations = update_pauli_expectations(
+                    pauli_expectations,
+                    projected_counts,
+                    nonId_pauli_label=all_nonId_pauli_labels[pauli_idx],
+                )
+
+            # Remove projections with empty values for pauli_expectations
+            # This will happen if certain projection bitstrings were just not measured
+            pauli_expectations = {
+                projection: expectations for projection, expectations in pauli_expectations.items() if expectations
+            }
+
+            tomography_state[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)] = {
+                projection: get_tomography_matrix(pauli_expectations=pauli_expectations[projection])
+                for projection in pauli_expectations.keys()
+            }
+
+            tomography_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)] = {
+                projected_bit_string: get_negativity(
+                    tomography_state[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)][projected_bit_string], 1, 1
+                )
+                for projected_bit_string in pauli_expectations.keys()
+            }
+
+            # Extract the max negativity and the corresponding projection - save in dictionary
+            all_negativities_list = [
+                tomography_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)][projected_bit_string]
+                for projected_bit_string in pauli_expectations.keys()
+            ]
+
+            max_negativity_projection_idx = np.argmax(all_negativities_list)
+            max_negativity_bitstring = list(pauli_expectations.keys())[max_negativity_projection_idx]
+
+            # Bootstrapping - do only for max projection bitstring
+            bootstrapped_pauli_expectations: List[Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]] = [
+                {max_negativity_bitstring: {}} for _ in range(num_bootstraps)
+            ]
+            for pauli_idx, counts in enumerate(partitioned_counts[pair_idx]):
+                projected_counts = {
+                    b_s[-2:]: b_c
+                    for b_s, b_c in counts.items()
+                    if b_s[:neighbor_bit_strings_length] == max_negativity_bitstring
+                }
+                all_bootstrapped_counts = bootstrap_counts(
+                    projected_counts, num_bootstraps, include_original_counts=True
+                )
+                for bootstrap in range(num_bootstraps):
+                    bootstrapped_pauli_expectations[bootstrap] = update_pauli_expectations(
+                        bootstrapped_pauli_expectations[bootstrap],
+                        projected_counts={max_negativity_bitstring: all_bootstrapped_counts[bootstrap]},
+                        nonId_pauli_label=all_nonId_pauli_labels[pauli_idx],
+                    )
+
+            bootstrapped_states[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)] = [
+                get_tomography_matrix(
+                    pauli_expectations=bootstrapped_pauli_expectations[bootstrap][max_negativity_bitstring]
+                )
+                for bootstrap in range(num_bootstraps)
+            ]
+
+            bootstrapped_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)] = [
+                get_negativity(bootstrapped_states[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)][bootstrap], 1, 1)
+                for bootstrap in range(num_bootstraps)
+            ]
+
+            bootstrapped_avg_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)] = {
+                "value": float(np.mean(bootstrapped_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)])),
+                "uncertainty": float(np.std(bootstrapped_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)])),
+            }
+
+            max_negativity = {
+                "value": all_negativities_list[max_negativity_projection_idx],
+                "bootstrapped_average": bootstrapped_avg_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)]["value"],
+                "uncertainty": bootstrapped_avg_negativities[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)]["uncertainty"],
+            }
+
+            max_negativities[str(qubit_pair)] = {}  # {str(qubit_pair): {"negativity": float, "projection": str}}
+            max_negativities[str(qubit_pair)].update(
+                {
+                    "projection": max_negativity_bitstring,
+                }
+            )
+            max_negativities[str(qubit_pair)].update(max_negativity)
+
+            fig_name, fig = plot_density_matrix(
+                matrix=tomography_state[group_idx][str(qubit_pair)][max_negativity_bitstring],
+                qubit_pair=qubit_pair,
+                projection=max_negativity_bitstring,
+                negativity=max_negativity,
+                backend_name=backend_name,
+                timestamp=execution_timestamp,
+                tomography="state_tomography",
+            )
+            plots[fig_name] = fig
+
+            observations.extend(
+                [
+                    BenchmarkObservation(
+                        name="max_negativity",
+                        value=max_negativity["value"],
+                        uncertainty=max_negativity["uncertainty"],
+                        identifier=BenchmarkObservationIdentifier(qubit_pair),
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+        dataset.attrs.update(
+            {
+                "all_tomography_states": tomography_state,
+                "all_negativities": tomography_negativities,
+            }
+        )
+
+    return plots, observations, max_negativities, dataset
+
+
+def negativity_analysis(run: BenchmarkRunResult) -> BenchmarkAnalysisResult:
+    """Analysis function for a Graph State benchmark experiment."""
+    qcvv_logger.info("Fetching dataset")
+    dataset = run.dataset.copy(deep=True)
+    qcvv_logger.info("Dataset imported OK")
+    backend_name = dataset.attrs["backend_name"]
+    coupling_map = dataset.attrs["coupling_map"]
+    qubit_names = dataset.attrs["qubit_names"]
+    execution_timestamp = dataset.attrs["execution_timestamp"]
+    tomography = dataset.attrs["tomography"]
+    num_bootstraps = dataset.attrs["num_bootstraps"]
+    num_RMs = dataset.attrs["n_random_unitaries"]
+    num_MoMs = dataset.attrs["n_median_of_means"]
+    num_shots = dataset.attrs["shots"]
+
+    all_qubit_pairs_per_group = dataset.attrs["all_pair_groups"]
+    all_qubit_neighbors_per_group = dataset.attrs["all_neighbor_groups"]
+    all_unprojected_qubits = dataset.attrs["all_unprojected_qubits"]
+
+    if tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+        plots, observations, max_negativities, dataset = shadow_tomography_analysis(
+            dataset,
+            all_qubit_pairs_per_group,
+            all_qubit_neighbors_per_group,
+            all_unprojected_qubits,
+            backend_name,
+            execution_timestamp,
+        )
+    else:
+        plots, observations, max_negativities, dataset = state_tomography_analysis(
+            dataset,
+            all_qubit_pairs_per_group,
+            all_qubit_neighbors_per_group,
+            all_unprojected_qubits,
+            backend_name,
+            execution_timestamp,
+        )
+
+    dataset.attrs.update({"max_negativities": max_negativities})
+
+    fig_name, fig = plot_max_negativities(
+        negativities=max_negativities,
+        backend_name=backend_name,
+        qubit_names=qubit_names,
+        timestamp=execution_timestamp,
+        tomography=tomography,
+        num_shots=num_shots,
+        num_bootstraps=num_bootstraps,
+        num_RM_samples=num_RMs,
+        num_MoMs_samples=num_MoMs,
+    )
+    plots[fig_name] = fig
+
+    fig_name, fig = plot_max_negativities_graph(
+        negativities=max_negativities,
+        backend_coupling_map=coupling_map,
+        qubit_names=qubit_names,
+        timestamp=execution_timestamp,
+        tomography=tomography,
+        num_shots=num_shots,
+        num_bootstraps=num_bootstraps,
+        num_RM_samples=num_RMs,
+        num_MoMs_samples=num_MoMs,
+    )
+    plots[fig_name] = fig
+
+    qcvv_logger.info("Analysis of Graph State Benchmark experiment concluded!")
+
+    return BenchmarkAnalysisResult(dataset=dataset, plots=plots, observations=observations)
+
+
+class GraphStateBenchmark(Benchmark):
+    """The Graph States benchmark estimates the bipartite entangelement negativity of native graph states."""
+
+    analysis_function = staticmethod(negativity_analysis)
+    name = "graph_states"
+
+    def __init__(self, backend_arg: IQMBackendBase, configuration: "GraphStateConfiguration"):
+        """Construct the GraphStateBenchmark class.
+
+        Args:
+            backend_arg (IQMBackendBase): the backend to execute the benchmark on
+            configuration (GraphStateConfiguration): the configuration of the benchmark
+        """
+        super().__init__(backend_arg, configuration)
+
+        self.backend_configuration_name = backend_arg if isinstance(backend_arg, str) else backend_arg.name
+
+        self.qubits = configuration.qubits
+        self.tomography = configuration.tomography
+
+        self.num_bootstraps = configuration.num_bootstraps
+        self.n_random_unitaries = configuration.n_random_unitaries
+        self.n_median_of_means = configuration.n_median_of_means
+
+        # Initialize relevant variables for the benchmark
+        self.graph_state_circuit = generate_graph_state(self.qubits, self.backend)
+        self.coupling_map = set_coupling_map(self.qubits, self.backend, physical_layout="fixed")
+
+        # Initialize the variable to contain the benchmark circuits of each layout
+        self.circuits = Circuits()
+        self.untranspiled_circuits = BenchmarkCircuit(name="untranspiled_circuits")
+        self.transpiled_circuits = BenchmarkCircuit(name="transpiled_circuits")
+
+        self.session_timestamp = strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
+        self.execution_timestamp = ""
+
+    def add_all_meta_to_dataset(self, dataset: xr.Dataset):
+        """Adds all configuration metadata and circuits to the dataset variable
+
+        Args:
+            dataset (xr.Dataset): The xarray dataset
+        """
+        dataset.attrs["session_timestamp"] = self.session_timestamp
+        dataset.attrs["execution_timestamp"] = self.execution_timestamp
+        dataset.attrs["backend_configuration_name"] = self.backend_configuration_name
+        dataset.attrs["backend_name"] = self.backend.name
+        dataset.attrs["qubit_names"] = {qubit: self.backend.index_to_qubit_name(qubit) for qubit in self.qubits}
+        dataset.attrs["coupling_map"] = self.coupling_map
+
+        for key, value in self.configuration:
+            if key == "benchmark":  # Avoid saving the class object
+                dataset.attrs[key] = value.name
+            else:
+                dataset.attrs[key] = value
+        # Defined outside configuration - if any
+
+    @timeit
+    def add_all_circuits_to_dataset(self, dataset: xr.Dataset):
+        """Adds all generated circuits during execution to the dataset variable
+
+        Args:
+            dataset (xr.Dataset):  The xarray dataset
+
+        Returns:
+
+        """
+        qcvv_logger.info(f"Adding all circuits to the dataset")
+        for key, circuit in zip(
+            ["transpiled_circuits", "untranspiled_circuits"], [self.transpiled_circuits, self.untranspiled_circuits]
+        ):
+            dictionary = {}
+            for outer_key, outer_value in circuit.items():
+                dictionary[str(outer_key)] = {
+                    str(inner_key): inner_values for inner_key, inner_values in outer_value.items()
+                }
+            dataset.attrs[key] = dictionary
+
+    @timeit
+    def generate_all_circuit_info_for_graph_state_benchmark(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Generates all circuits and associated information for the Graph State benchmark:
+            - Generates native graph states
+            - Identifies all pairs of qubits with disjoint neighbors
+            - Generates all projected nodes to cover all pairs of qubits with disjoint neighbors
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing all circuit information for the Graph State benchmark.
+
+        """
+        layout_mapping = {
+            a._index: b  # pylint: disable=W0212
+            for a, b in self.graph_state_circuit.layout.initial_layout.get_virtual_bits().items()
+            if b in self.qubits
+        }
+
+        # Get unique list of edges - Use layout_mapping to determine the connections between phyical qubits
+        graph_edges = [
+            (layout_mapping[e[0]], layout_mapping[e[1]])
+            for e in list(self.coupling_map.graph.to_undirected(multigraph=False).edge_list())
+        ]
+
+        # Find pairs of nodes with disjoint neighbors
+        # {idx: [(q1,q2), (q3,q4), ...]}
+        pair_groups = find_edges_with_disjoint_neighbors(graph_edges)
+        # {idx: [(n11,n12,n13,...), (n21,n22,n23,...), ...]}
+        neighbor_groups = {
+            idx: [get_neighbors_of_edges([y], graph_edges) for y in x] for idx, x in enumerate(pair_groups)
+        }
+
+        # Get all projected nodes to cover all pairs of qubits with disjoint neighbours
+        # {idx: [q1,q2,q3,q4, ...]}
+        unmeasured_qubit_indices = {idx: [a for b in x for a in b] for idx, x in enumerate(pair_groups)}
+        # {idx: [n11,n12,n13,...,n21,n22,n23, ...]}
+        projected_nodes = {idx: get_neighbors_of_edges(list(x), graph_edges) for idx, x in enumerate(pair_groups)}
+
+        # Generate copies of circuits to add projections and randomized measurements
+        grouped_graph_circuits = {idx: self.graph_state_circuit.copy() for idx in projected_nodes.keys()}
+
+        return {
+            "grouped_graph_circuits": grouped_graph_circuits,
+            "unmeasured_qubit_indices": unmeasured_qubit_indices,
+            "projected_nodes": projected_nodes,
+            "pair_groups": dict(enumerate(pair_groups)),
+            "neighbor_groups": neighbor_groups,
+        }
+
+    def execute(self, backend) -> xr.Dataset:  # pylint: disable=too-many-statements
+        """
+        Executes the benchmark.
+        """
+        self.execution_timestamp = strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
+
+        dataset = xr.Dataset()
+        self.add_all_meta_to_dataset(dataset)
+
+        # Routine to generate all
+        qcvv_logger.info(f"Identifying qubit pairs and neighbor groups for the Graph State benchmark")
+        graph_benchmark_circuit_info, time_circuit_generation = (
+            self.generate_all_circuit_info_for_graph_state_benchmark()
+        )
+        dataset.attrs.update({"time_circuit_generation": time_circuit_generation})
+
+        # pylint: disable=invalid-sequence-index
+        grouped_graph_circuits: Dict[int, QuantumCircuit] = graph_benchmark_circuit_info["grouped_graph_circuits"]
+        unprojected_qubits = graph_benchmark_circuit_info["unmeasured_qubit_indices"]
+        neighbor_qubits = graph_benchmark_circuit_info["projected_nodes"]
+        pair_groups = graph_benchmark_circuit_info["pair_groups"]
+        neighbor_groups = graph_benchmark_circuit_info["neighbor_groups"]
+        # pylint: enable=invalid-sequence-index
+
+        dataset.attrs.update(
+            {
+                "all_unprojected_qubits": unprojected_qubits,
+                "all_projected_qubits": neighbor_qubits,
+                "all_pair_groups": pair_groups,
+                "all_neighbor_groups": neighbor_groups,
+            }
+        )
+
+        circuits_untranspiled: Dict[int, List[QuantumCircuit]] = {}
+        circuits_transpiled: Dict[int, List[QuantumCircuit]] = {}
+
+        time_circuits = {}
+        time_transpilation = {}
+        all_graph_submit_results = []
+
+        if self.tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+            clifford_1q_dict = import_native_gate_cliffords("1q")
+
+        qcvv_logger.info(f"Performing {self.tomography.replace('_',' ')} of all qubit pairs")
+
+        all_unitaries: Dict[int, Dict[int, Dict[str, List[str]]]] = {}
+        # all_unitaries: group_idx -> MoMs -> projection -> List[Clifford labels]
+        # Will be empty if state_tomography -> assign Clifford labels in analysis
+        for idx, circuit in grouped_graph_circuits.items():
+            # It is not clear now that grouping is needed,
+            # since it seems like pairs must be measured one at a time
+            # (marginalizing any other qubits gives maximally mixed states)
+            # however, the same structure is used in case this can still somehow be parallelized
+            qcvv_logger.info(f"Now on group {idx + 1}/{len(grouped_graph_circuits)}")
+            if self.tomography == "shadow_tomography":
+                # Outer loop for each mean to be considered for Median of Means (MoMs) estimators
+                all_unitaries[idx] = {m: {} for m in range(self.n_median_of_means)}
+                circuits_untranspiled[idx] = []
+                circuits_transpiled[idx] = []
+                time_circuits[idx] = 0
+                time_transpilation[idx] = 0
+                for qubit_pair, neighbors in zip(pair_groups[idx], neighbor_groups[idx]):
+                    RM_circuits_untranspiled_MoMs = []
+                    RM_circuits_transpiled_MoMs = []
+                    time_circuits_MoMs = 0
+                    for MoMs in range(self.n_median_of_means):
+                        # Go though each pair and only project neighbors
+                        # all_unitaries[idx][MoMs] = {}
+                        qcvv_logger.info(
+                            f"Now on qubit pair {qubit_pair} and neighbors {neighbors} for Median of Means sample {MoMs + 1}/{self.n_median_of_means}"
+                        )
+                        (unitaries_single_pair, rm_circuits_untranspiled_single_pair), time_rm_circuits_single_pair = (
+                            local_shadow_tomography(
+                                qc=circuit,
+                                Nu=self.n_random_unitaries,
+                                active_qubits=qubit_pair,
+                                measure_other=neighbors,
+                                measure_other_name="neighbors",
+                                clifford_or_haar="clifford",
+                                cliffords_1q=clifford_1q_dict,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+                        all_unitaries[idx][MoMs].update(unitaries_single_pair)
+                        RM_circuits_untranspiled_MoMs.extend(rm_circuits_untranspiled_single_pair)
+                        # When using a Clifford dictionary, both the graph state and the RMs are generated natively
+                        RM_circuits_transpiled_MoMs.extend(rm_circuits_untranspiled_single_pair)
+                        time_circuits_MoMs += time_rm_circuits_single_pair
+
+                        self.transpiled_circuits.circuit_groups.append(
+                            CircuitGroup(name=str(qubit_pair), circuits=rm_circuits_untranspiled_single_pair)
+                        )
+
+                    time_circuits[idx] += time_circuits_MoMs
+                    circuits_untranspiled[idx].extend(RM_circuits_untranspiled_MoMs)
+                    circuits_transpiled[idx].extend(RM_circuits_transpiled_MoMs)
+
+                dataset.attrs.update({"all_unitaries": all_unitaries})
+            else:  # if self.tomography == "state_tomography" (default)
+                circuits_untranspiled[idx] = []
+                circuits_transpiled[idx] = []
+                time_circuits[idx] = 0
+                time_transpilation[idx] = 0
+                for qubit_pair, neighbors in zip(pair_groups[idx], neighbor_groups[idx]):
+                    qcvv_logger.info(f"Now on qubit pair {qubit_pair} and neighbors {neighbors}")
+                    state_tomography_circuits, time_state_tomo_circuits_single_pair = (
+                        generate_state_tomography_circuits(
+                            qc=circuit,
+                            active_qubits=qubit_pair,
+                            measure_other=neighbors,
+                            measure_other_name="neighbors",
+                            native=True,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                    self.transpiled_circuits.circuit_groups.append(
+                        CircuitGroup(
+                            name=str(qubit_pair), circuits=list(cast(dict, state_tomography_circuits).values())
+                        )
+                    )
+                    time_circuits[idx] += time_state_tomo_circuits_single_pair
+                    circuits_untranspiled[idx].extend(cast(dict, state_tomography_circuits).values())
+                    # When using a native gates in tomo step, both the graph state and the RMs are generated natively
+                    circuits_transpiled[idx].extend(cast(dict, state_tomography_circuits).values())
+
+            # Submit for execution in backend - submit all per pair group, irrespective of tomography procedure.
+            # A whole group is considered as a single batch.
+            # Jobs will only be split in separate submissions if there are batch size limitations (retrieval will occur per batch).
+            # It shouldn't be a problem [anymore] that different qubits are being measured in a single batch.
+            # Post-processing will take care of separating MoMs samples and identifying all unitary (Clifford) labels.
+            sorted_transpiled_qc_list = {tuple(unprojected_qubits[idx]): circuits_transpiled[idx]}
+            graph_jobs, time_submit = submit_execute(
+                sorted_transpiled_qc_list, backend, self.shots, self.calset_id, self.max_gates_per_batch
+            )
+
+            all_graph_submit_results.append(
+                {
+                    "unprojected_qubits": unprojected_qubits[idx],
+                    "neighbor_qubits": neighbor_qubits[idx],
+                    "jobs": graph_jobs,
+                    "time_submit": time_submit,
+                }
+            )
+
+        # Retrieve all counts and add to dataset
+        for job_idx, job_dict in enumerate(all_graph_submit_results):
+            unprojected_qubits = job_dict["unprojected_qubits"]
+            # Retrieve counts
+            execution_results, time_retrieve = retrieve_all_counts(job_dict["jobs"], identifier=str(unprojected_qubits))
+
+            # Retrieve all job meta data
+            all_job_metadata = retrieve_all_job_metadata(job_dict["jobs"])
+
+            # Export all to dataset
+            dataset.attrs.update(
+                {
+                    job_idx: {
+                        "time_circuits": time_circuits[job_idx],
+                        "time_transpilation": time_transpilation[job_idx],
+                        "time_submit": job_dict["time_submit"],
+                        "time_retrieve": time_retrieve,
+                        "all_job_metadata": all_job_metadata,
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+
+            qcvv_logger.info(f"Adding counts of qubit pairs {unprojected_qubits} to the dataset")
+            dataset, _ = add_counts_to_dataset(execution_results, str(unprojected_qubits), dataset)
+
+        self.circuits = Circuits([self.transpiled_circuits, self.untranspiled_circuits])
+
+        # if self.rem:  TODO: add REM functionality
+
+        qcvv_logger.info(f"Graph State benchmark experiment execution concluded !")
+
+        return dataset
+
+
+class GraphStateConfiguration(BenchmarkConfigurationBase):
+    """Graph States Benchmark configuration.
+
+    Attributes:
+        benchmark (Type[Benchmark]): GraphStateBenchmark
+        qubits (Sequence[int]): The physical qubit layout in which to benchmark graph state generation.
+        tomography (Literal["state_tomography", "shadow_tomography"]): Whether to use state or shadow tomography.
+            * Default is "state_tomography".
+        num_bootstraps (int): The amount of bootstrap samples to use with state tomography.
+            * Default is 50.
+        n_random_unitaries (int): The number of Haar random single-qubit unitaries to use for (local) shadow tomography.
+            * Default is 100.
+        n_median_of_means(int): The number of mean samples over n_random_unitaries to generate a median of means estimator for shadow tomography.
+            * NB: The total amount of execution calls will be a multiplicative factor of n_random_unitaries x n_median_of_means.
+            * Default is 1 (no median of means).
+
+    """
+
+    benchmark: Type[Benchmark] = GraphStateBenchmark
+    qubits: Sequence[int]
+    tomography: Literal["state_tomography", "shadow_tomography"] = "state_tomography"
+    num_bootstraps: int = 50
+    n_random_unitaries: int = 100
+    n_median_of_means: int = 1