invar-tools 1.8.0__py3-none-any.whl → 1.11.0__py3-none-any.whl

invar/templates/onboard/patterns/python.md

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+# Python Onboarding Patterns
+
+> Patterns for migrating Python projects to Invar framework.
+> Library: `returns` (dry-python)
+
+## 1. Overview
+
+```python
+# Library: returns (dry-python)
+# Install: pip install returns
+
+from returns.result import Result, Success, Failure
+from returns.io import IOResultE
+from returns.future import FutureResultE
+```
+
+---
+
+## 2. Error Handling
+
+### 2.1 Basic Transformation
+
+```python
+# Before: raise
+def get_user(id: str) -> User:
+    user = db.find(id)
+    if not user:
+        raise NotFoundError(f"User {id} not found")
+    return user
+
+# After: Result
+from returns.result import Result, Success, Failure
+
+def get_user(id: str) -> Result[User, NotFoundError]:
+    user = db.find(id)
+    if not user:
+        return Failure(NotFoundError(f"User {id} not found"))
+    return Success(user)
+```
+
+### 2.2 Async Handling
+
+```python
+from returns.future import FutureResultE
+from returns.io import IOResultE
+
+# Async I/O operations
+async def get_user_async(id: str) -> FutureResultE[User, GetUserError]:
+    """Use FutureResultE for async operations."""
+    ...
+
+# Sync I/O operations
+def read_config() -> IOResultE[Config, ConfigError]:
+    """Use IOResultE for sync I/O with Result."""
+    ...
+```
+
+### 2.3 Exception Catching (@safe)
+
+```python
+from returns.result import safe
+
+@safe
+def parse_json(data: str) -> dict:
+    """Automatically converts exceptions to Failure.
+
+    >>> parse_json('{"a": 1}').unwrap()
+    {'a': 1}
+    >>> parse_json('invalid').is_failure()
+    True
+    """
+    return json.loads(data)  # JSONDecodeError -> Failure
+```
+
+### 2.4 Chaining (bind, map)
+
+```python
+def process_order(order_id: str) -> Result[Receipt, OrderError]:
+    """Chain multiple Result operations."""
+    return (
+        get_order(order_id)          # Result[Order, NotFoundError]
+        .bind(validate_order)        # -> Result[Order, ValidationError]
+        .map(calculate_total)        # -> Result[float, ...] (pure transform)
+        .bind(charge_payment)        # -> Result[Payment, PaymentError]
+        .map(generate_receipt)       # -> Result[Receipt, ...]
+    )
+```
+
+### 2.5 Error Type Hierarchy
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Union
+from returns.result import Result
+
+@dataclass
+class DomainError:
+    """Base error type."""
+    message: str
+    code: str
+
+@dataclass
+class NotFoundError(DomainError):
+    entity: str
+    id: str
+
+@dataclass
+class ValidationError(DomainError):
+    field: str
+    reason: str
+
+# Union type for function signatures
+OrderError = Union[NotFoundError, ValidationError, PaymentError]
+
+def process(id: str) -> Result[Order, OrderError]:
+    ...
+```
+
+### 2.6 Combining Multiple Results
+
+```python
+from returns.result import Result, Success
+from returns.pointfree import bind
+from returns.pipeline import flow
+
+def validate_all(items: list[Item]) -> Result[list[Item], ValidationError]:
+    """Collect all validation results."""
+    results = [validate_item(item) for item in items]
+
+    # Fail on first error
+    for r in results:
+        if r.is_failure():
+            return r
+
+    return Success([r.unwrap() for r in results])
+```
+
+---
+
+## 3. Contracts
+
+### 3.1 Input Validation (@pre)
+
+```python
+from deal import pre
+from returns.result import Result
+
+@pre(lambda id: len(id) > 0 and len(id) <= 36)
+@pre(lambda id: id.replace("-", "").isalnum())  # UUID format
+def get_user(id: str) -> Result[User, NotFoundError]:
+    """
+    Get user by ID.
+
+    >>> get_user("user-123").unwrap().name
+    'Alice'
+    >>> get_user("").is_failure()  # Precondition fails
+    True
+    """
+    ...
+```
+
+### 3.2 Pure Function Contracts
+
+```python
+from deal import pre, post
+
+@pre(lambda amount, rate=0.1: amount > 0 and 0 <= rate <= 1)
+@post(lambda result: result >= 0)
+def calculate_tax(amount: float, rate: float = 0.1) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate tax amount.
+
+    >>> calculate_tax(100)
+    10.0
+    >>> calculate_tax(100, 0.2)
+    20.0
+    >>> calculate_tax(-100)  # Precondition fails
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    """
+    return amount * rate
+```
+
+### 3.3 Pydantic Integration
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, field_validator
+from deal import pre
+from returns.result import Result
+
+class CreateUserRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Input validation via Pydantic."""
+    email: str
+    name: str
+
+    @field_validator('email')
+    def validate_email(cls, v):
+        if '@' not in v:
+            raise ValueError('Invalid email')
+        return v.lower()
+
+# Invar contract for business rules
+@pre(lambda req: not user_exists(req.email))  # Business rule
+def create_user(req: CreateUserRequest) -> Result[User, CreateUserError]:
+    ...
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Core/Shell Separation
+
+### 4.1 Directory Structure
+
+```
+src/myapp/
+├── core/                    # Pure functions, no I/O
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── order/
+│   │   ├── validation.py    # @pre/@post + doctests
+│   │   ├── calculation.py   # Pure calculations
+│   │   └── types.py         # Domain types
+│   └── user/
+│       └── ...
+└── shell/                   # I/O operations
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── repositories/        # Data access
+    │   └── order_repo.py
+    ├── services/            # Business orchestration
+    │   └── order_service.py
+    └── api/                 # HTTP layer
+        └── routes.py
+```
+
+### 4.2 Core Layer Example
+
+```python
+# core/order/validation.py
+from deal import pre, post
+from returns.result import Result, Success, Failure
+from .types import Order, ValidationError
+
+@pre(lambda order: len(order.items) > 0)
+def validate_order(order: Order) -> Result[Order, ValidationError]:
+    """
+    Validate order business rules.
+
+    >>> order = Order(items=[OrderItem(sku="A", qty=1)])
+    >>> validate_order(order).is_success()
+    True
+    >>> validate_order(Order(items=[])).is_failure()
+    True
+    """
+    for item in order.items:
+        if item.qty <= 0:
+            return Failure(ValidationError(field="qty", reason="must be positive"))
+    return Success(order)
+
+def calculate_total(order: Order) -> float:
+    """
+    Calculate order total (pure function).
+
+    >>> order = Order(items=[OrderItem(sku="A", qty=2, price=10.0)])
+    >>> calculate_total(order)
+    20.0
+    """
+    return sum(item.qty * item.price for item in order.items)
+```
+
+### 4.3 Shell Layer Example
+
+```python
+# shell/services/order_service.py
+from returns.result import Result
+from myapp.core.order.validation import validate_order, calculate_total
+from myapp.shell.repositories.order_repo import OrderRepository
+
+class OrderService:
+    def __init__(self, repo: OrderRepository):
+        self._repo = repo
+
+    def process_order(self, order_id: str) -> Result[Receipt, OrderError]:
+        """Orchestrate Core functions and I/O operations."""
+        return (
+            self._repo.find(order_id)           # Shell: I/O
+            .bind(validate_order)               # Core: pure validation
+            .map(calculate_total)               # Core: pure calculation
+            .bind(lambda total:
+                self._repo.save_total(order_id, total))  # Shell: I/O
+        )
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. FastAPI Integration
+
+```python
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+from returns.result import Result
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+def result_to_response(result: Result):
+    """Convert Result to HTTP response."""
+    if result.is_success():
+        return result.unwrap()
+
+    error = result.failure()
+    if isinstance(error, NotFoundError):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=error.message)
+    elif isinstance(error, ValidationError):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=error.message)
+    else:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Internal error")
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}")
+async def get_user_endpoint(user_id: str):
+    result = user_service.get_user(user_id)
+    return result_to_response(result)
+```
+
+---
+
+## 6. Must Keep `raise` Scenarios
+
+```python
+# 1. WSGI/ASGI error handlers (framework expects exceptions)
+# 2. Click/Typer CLI (uses exceptions for flow control)
+# 3. pytest fixtures (uses exceptions)
+# 4. Context managers (__enter__/__exit__)
+```
+
+---
+
+## 7. Migration Checklist
+
+- [ ] Install `returns` library: `pip install returns`
+- [ ] Define error type hierarchy (`@dataclass` or Pydantic)
+- [ ] Transform entry points to return `Result[T, E]`
+- [ ] Extract pure functions to `core/` directory
+- [ ] Add `@pre/@post` contracts to Core functions
+- [ ] Add doctests to all Core functions
+- [ ] Run `invar guard` to verify
+- [ ] Update API handlers to use `result_to_response`
+
+---
+
+*Pattern Library v1.0 — LX-09*