hikari-risa 1.0.0__py3-none-any.whl

hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/METADATA

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.5
+Name: hikari-risa
+Version: 1.0.0
+Summary: A component handler for hikari with first-class Components V2 support.
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://rayakame.github.io/hikari-risa/
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/rayakame/hikari-risa
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/rayakame/hikari-risa/issues
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://rayakame.github.io/hikari-risa/stable/changelog/
+Author-email: Rayakame <github.android206@passmail.net>
+License-Expression: MIT
+License-File: LICENSE
+Keywords: components,discord,hikari,ui
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Framework :: AsyncIO
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.15
+Classifier: Topic :: Communications :: Chat
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Python: <3.16,>=3.12
+Requires-Dist: hikari~=2.5
+Requires-Dist: linkd~=0.6
+Requires-Dist: msgspec~=0.22
+Provides-Extra: postgres
+Requires-Dist: asyncpg~=0.32; extra == 'postgres'
+Provides-Extra: radixly
+Requires-Dist: radixly~=1.0; extra == 'radixly'
+Provides-Extra: redis
+Requires-Dist: redis~=8.0; extra == 'redis'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+<p align="center">
+  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rayakame/hikari-risa/a14722c65c6df514d463402cde7f7f48d133bd66/assets/web/banner.webp" alt="hikari-risa" width="100%">
+</p>
+
+# Components V2 views for hikari, with state that survives restarts.
+
+risa is a component handler for [hikari](https://github.com/hikari-py/hikari), built for Components V2 first.
+A view keeps its state in the message it renders, or in a store you choose, so a click still lands where it should
+after a restart.
+
+```python
+import risa
+from risa import ui
+
+
+@risa.register(name="counter")
+class Counter(risa.View):
+    count: int = 0
+
+    def render(self) -> ui.Layout:
+        return ui.Container(
+            ui.TextDisplay(f"Clicks: **{self.count}**"),
+            ui.Row(ui.Button(self.click, label="+1")),
+        )
+
+    @risa.handler
+    async def click(self, ctx: risa.ComponentContext) -> None:
+        self.count += 1
+        await ctx.rerender()
+```
+
+## Install
+
+risa runs on Python 3.12 to 3.15.
+
+```sh
+uv add hikari-risa
+pip install hikari-risa
+```
+
+Extras: `hikari-risa[redis]`, `hikari-risa[postgres]` and `hikari-risa[radixly]`.
+
+## Documentation
+
+<https://rayakame.github.io/hikari-risa/>
+
+## License
+
+MIT, see [LICENSE](https://github.com/rayakame/hikari-risa/blob/main/LICENSE).

hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/RECORD

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+hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=7jFRgI-fZKWKHnewHc6a6uSu3_nvAQ0TzMMoJOLdEeE,1060
+hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/RECORD,,

hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL

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+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.33.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any

hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+hikari-risa = risa.__main__:main

hikari_risa-1.0.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Ray
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

risa/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Rayakame
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+"""A component handler for hikari, built on Discord's Components V2.
+
+A view is a class whose fields are its state, whose `render` returns its layout, and
+whose handlers answer the clicks on it. The state travels inside the message by
+default, so views survive restarts with no infrastructure. A view that outgrows the
+message can keep its state in a store.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from risa import codecs as codecs
+from risa import di as di
+from risa import errors as errors
+from risa import state as state
+from risa import store as store
+from risa import ui as ui
+from risa._about import __author__ as __author__
+from risa._about import __copyright__ as __copyright__
+from risa._about import __discord_invite__ as __discord_invite__
+from risa._about import __license__ as __license__
+from risa._about import __url__ as __url__
+from risa._about import __version__ as __version__
+from risa.binding import *
+from risa.client import *
+from risa.context import *
+from risa.di import *
+from risa.errors import *
+from risa.state import *
+from risa.store import *
+from risa.view import *

risa/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Rayakame
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+"""The ``hikari-risa`` command, also ``python -m risa``: the versions a bug report needs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import ctypes
+import importlib.metadata
+import os
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+
+import risa
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import collections.abc
+
+__all__ = ("main",)
+
+_ART: typing.Final[collections.abc.Sequence[str]] = (
+    r"         _           ",
+    r"   _____(_)________ _",
+    r"  / ___/ / ___/ __ `/",
+    r" / /  / (__  ) /_/ / ",
+    r"/_/  /_/____/\__,_/  ",
+)
+# 256-colour codes that read on dark and light terminals.
+_ART_COLOURS: typing.Final[collections.abc.Sequence[str]] = ("38;5;205", "38;5;206", "38;5;170", "38;5;134", "38;5;98")
+_PINK: typing.Final[str] = "38;5;205"
+_BOLD: typing.Final[str] = "1"
+_DIM: typing.Final[str] = "2"
+_LABEL_WIDTH: typing.Final[int] = 10
+_EXTRA: typing.Final[re.Pattern[str]] = re.compile(r"""extra\s*==\s*["']([^"']+)["']""")
+_STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE: typing.Final[int] = -11
+_ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING: typing.Final[int] = 0x0004
+
+type _Paint = collections.abc.Callable[[str, str], str]
+
+
+def _escape_codes_work() -> bool:
+    # A Windows console reads escape codes only once the program turns on virtual terminal processing.
+    if sys.platform != "win32":
+        return True
+    kernel32 = ctypes.WinDLL("kernel32")
+    kernel32.GetStdHandle.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
+    kernel32.GetConsoleMode.argtypes = (ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32))
+    kernel32.SetConsoleMode.argtypes = (ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_uint32)
+    handle = kernel32.GetStdHandle(_STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+    mode = ctypes.c_uint32()
+    if not kernel32.GetConsoleMode(handle, ctypes.byref(mode)):
+        return False
+    return bool(kernel32.SetConsoleMode(handle, mode.value | _ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING))
+
+
+def _section(
+    paint: _Paint, label: str, rows: collections.abc.Sequence[collections.abc.Sequence[str]]
+) -> collections.abc.Iterator[str]:
+    # The last column goes unpadded, so it may carry colour codes without breaking the alignment.
+    widths = [max(len(row[column]) for row in rows) for column in range(len(rows[0]) - 1)] if rows else []
+    for index, row in enumerate(rows):
+        cells = [cell.ljust(width) for cell, width in zip(row, widths, strict=False)]
+        heading = paint((label if index == 0 else "").ljust(_LABEL_WIDTH), _PINK)
+        yield f"  {heading}{'  '.join([*cells, row[-1]])}"
+
+
+def _report(*, colour: bool) -> collections.abc.Iterator[str]:
+    def paint(text: str, style: str) -> str:
+        return f"\x1b[{style}m{text}\x1b[0m" if colour else text
+
+    for line, style in zip(_ART[:-1], _ART_COLOURS, strict=False):
+        yield paint(line.rstrip(), style)
+    yield paint(_ART[-1], _ART_COLOURS[-1]) + paint(f"hikari-risa {risa.__version__}", _BOLD)
+
+    metadata = importlib.metadata.metadata("hikari-risa")
+    urls = dict(url.split(", ", 1) for url in metadata.get_all("Project-URL") or ())
+    required: list[collections.abc.Sequence[str]] = []
+    extras: list[collections.abc.Sequence[str]] = []
+    for requirement in importlib.metadata.requires("hikari-risa") or ():
+        name = re.split(r"[^\w.-]", requirement, maxsplit=1)[0]
+        try:
+            version = importlib.metadata.version(name)
+        except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+            version = paint("not installed", _DIM)
+        if extra := _EXTRA.search(requirement):
+            extras.append((extra[1], name, version))
+        else:
+            required.append((name, version))
+
+    yield ""
+    yield paint(metadata["Summary"], _DIM)
+    yield ""
+    yield from _section(paint, "python", [(f"{platform.python_implementation()} {platform.python_version()}",)])
+    yield from _section(paint, "platform", [(platform.platform(),)])
+    yield from _section(paint, "location", [(str(pathlib.Path(risa.__file__).parent),)])
+    yield ""
+    yield from _section(paint, "requires", required)
+    yield ""
+    yield from _section(paint, "extras", extras)
+    yield ""
+    yield from _section(paint, "docs", [(urls["Documentation"],)])
+    yield from _section(paint, "issues", [(urls["Issues"],)])
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Print the versions of risa, of Python and of the packages risa installs."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        prog="hikari-risa", description="Print the versions of risa, Python and what risa installs, for a bug report."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"hikari-risa {risa.__version__}")
+    parser.parse_args()
+    colour = (
+        sys.stdout.isatty()
+        and not os.environ.get("NO_COLOR")
+        and os.environ.get("TERM") != "dumb"
+        and _escape_codes_work()
+    )
+    report = "\n".join(_report(colour=colour)) + "\n"
+    # Before 3.15 a Windows pipe writes in the ANSI code page, which may lack a character of the path.
+    encoding = sys.stdout.encoding or "utf-8"
+    sys.stdout.write(report.encode(encoding, "backslashreplace").decode(encoding))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

risa/_about.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Rayakame
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+"""Package metadata, re-exported by `risa`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+__author__: typing.Final[str] = "Rayakame"
+__copyright__: typing.Final[str] = "2025, Rayakame"
+__discord_invite__: typing.Final[str] = "https://discord.gg/Jx4cNGG"
+__url__: typing.Final[str] = "https://github.com/rayakame/hikari-risa"
+__version__: typing.Final[str] = "1.0.0"
+__license__: typing.Final[str] = "MIT"

risa/binding.py

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Rayakame
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+"""Putting handlers on components, with or without wire arguments."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import typing
+
+import msgspec
+
+from risa import errors
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import collections.abc
+
+    from risa import view as view_
+    from risa.internal import codec
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BindTarget",
+    "Binding",
+    "Frame",
+    "HandlerBinder",
+    "Handlerish",
+    "bind",
+    "resolve",
+)
+
+type BindTarget[**P] = collections.abc.Callable[P, collections.abc.Awaitable[None]]
+"""A handler accessed on a view, as a type checker sees it: a callable of its wire parameters."""
+
+type Handlerish = (
+    collections.abc.Callable[..., collections.abc.Awaitable[None]]
+    | Binding
+    | functools.partial[collections.abc.Awaitable[None]]
+)
+"""What a component takes as its handler: `self.vote`, or `risa.bind(self.vote, 2)`."""
+
+bind: typing.Final[type[functools.partial[collections.abc.Awaitable[None]]]] = functools.partial
+"""Put a handler on a component together with its wire arguments.
+
+`ui.Button(risa.bind(self.vote, 2))` routes a click on that button to
+`vote(ctx, 2)`. It is `functools.partial`, so arguments go by position or by name,
+and nested `bind` calls merge as partials do: a keyword given twice takes the outer
+value.
+"""
+
+
+class Frame(msgspec.Struct, frozen=True):
+    """One wire argument of a `Binding`, encoded.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    name
+        The parameter it fills.
+    data
+        The encoded value.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    data: bytes
+
+
+class Binding(msgspec.Struct, frozen=True):
+    """A handler resolved for one component: where a click routes, and what it carries.
+
+    Components resolve the handler they are given into one; it is rarely built by hand.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    handler_id
+        The id of the handler.
+    version
+        The version of the handler.
+    token
+        The routing token of the handler.
+    fingerprint
+        The hash of the handler's wire signature, empty without wire arguments.
+    frames
+        The encoded wire arguments.
+    func_name
+        The handler's qualified name, for messages.
+    owner
+        The view class the handler is defined on.
+    """
+
+    handler_id: str
+    version: int
+    token: str
+    fingerprint: str
+    frames: collections.abc.Sequence[Frame]
+    func_name: str
+    owner: type[view_.View] | None = None
+
+
+class HandlerBinder:
+    """A handler accessed on a view instance, as `self.vote`.
+
+    Put it on a component bare, or with wire arguments through `risa.bind`. Calling it
+    raises `HandlerNotCallableError`, since only risa dispatches handlers.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_func_name", "_handler_id", "_owner", "_signature", "_token", "_version")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        handler_id: str,
+        version: int,
+        token: str,
+        signature: codec.HandlerSignature,
+        func_name: str,
+        owner: type[view_.View] | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._handler_id = handler_id
+        self._version = version
+        self._token = token
+        self._signature = signature
+        self._func_name = func_name
+        self._owner = owner
+
+    def __call__(self, *_args: object, **_kwargs: object) -> typing.NoReturn:
+        """Raise `HandlerNotCallableError`, since only risa dispatches handlers."""
+        raise errors.HandlerNotCallableError(self._func_name)
+
+    def bind(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> Binding:
+        """Resolve this handler and its wire arguments into a `Binding`.
+
+        `risa.bind(self.vote, 2)` ends up here when the component is built.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        *args
+            The wire arguments, in the order of the handler's wire parameters.
+        **kwargs
+            Wire arguments by parameter name. An argument may be left out only if its
+            parameter has a default and every later one is left out too; this holds for
+            positional arguments as well.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        :
+            The handler's identity and its encoded arguments.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ArgBindError
+            If an argument names no wire parameter, is given twice, is missing, or holds a
+            value its parameter cannot carry.
+        """
+        names = list(self._signature.converters)
+        if len(args) > len(names):
+            raise errors.ArgBindError(
+                self._func_name,
+                None,
+                f"received {len(args)} wire {'argument' if len(args) == 1 else 'arguments'}, "
+                f"but the handler declares {len(names)}",
+            )
+        filled: dict[str, object] = dict(zip(names, args, strict=False))
+        for name, value in kwargs.items():
+            if name not in self._signature.converters:
+                raise errors.ArgBindError(self._func_name, name, "is not a wire parameter of this handler")
+            if name in filled:
+                raise errors.ArgBindError(self._func_name, name, "was supplied both positionally and by keyword")
+            filled[name] = value
+
+        k = len(names)
+        for index, name in enumerate(names):
+            if name not in filled:
+                k = index
+                break
+
+        if any(name in filled for name in names[k:]):
+            raise errors.ArgBindError(self._func_name, names[k], "was not supplied, but a later wire parameter was")
+        if k < self._signature.required:
+            raise errors.ArgBindError(self._func_name, names[k], "is required but was not supplied")
+
+        return Binding(
+            handler_id=self._handler_id,
+            version=self._version,
+            token=self._token,
+            fingerprint=self._signature.fingerprint if names else "",
+            frames=self._encode_frames(names[:k], filled),
+            func_name=self._func_name,
+            owner=self._owner,
+        )
+
+    def _encode_frames(
+        self,
+        names: collections.abc.Sequence[str],
+        filled: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> collections.abc.Sequence[Frame]:
+        frames: list[Frame] = []
+        for name in names:
+            try:
+                data = self._signature.converters[name].encode(filled[name])
+            except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+                raise errors.ArgBindError(self._func_name, name, str(exc)) from exc
+            frames.append(Frame(name=name, data=data))
+        return tuple(frames)
+
+
+def resolve(handler: Handlerish) -> Binding:
+    """Return the `Binding` that `handler` routes to.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    handler
+        A handler accessed on a view instance, as `self.vote`, bare or through `risa.bind`.
+        A `Binding` is accepted and returned as it is.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    :
+        The handler's identity and its encoded arguments.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NotAHandlerError
+        If `handler` is not a handler accessed on a view instance, bare or bound.
+    ArgBindError
+        If its wire arguments do not fit the handler.
+    """
+    if isinstance(handler, Binding):
+        return handler
+    if isinstance(handler, functools.partial):
+        inner = handler.func
+        if not isinstance(inner, HandlerBinder):
+            raise errors.NotAHandlerError(type(inner).__name__)
+        return inner.bind(*handler.args, **handler.keywords)
+    if isinstance(handler, HandlerBinder):
+        return handler.bind()
+    raise errors.NotAHandlerError(type(handler).__name__)