hestia-earth-models 0.61.7__py3-none-any.whl → 0.62.0__py3-none-any.whl

hestia_earth/models/ipcc2019/organicCarbonPerHa_tier_1_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2060 @@
+"""
+The IPCC Tier 1 methodology for estimating soil organic carbon stock changes in the 0 - 30cm depth interval due to
+management changes.
+
+The model cannot not run on Sites with polar moist (ecoClimateZone 5) or polar dry (ecoClimateZone 6).
+
+More information on this model, including data requirements **and** recommendations, and examples can be found in the
+[Hestia SOC wiki](https://gitlab.com/hestia-earth/hestia-engine-models/-/wikis/Soil-organic-carbon-modelling).
+
+Source: [IPCC 2019, Vol. 4, Chapter 2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html).
+"""
+
+from enum import Enum
+from functools import reduce
+from numpy import empty_like, random, vstack
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+from pydash.objects import merge
+from typing import Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from hestia_earth.schema import MeasurementMethodClassification, SiteSiteType, TermTermType
+from hestia_earth.utils.model import find_term_match, filter_list_term_type
+
+from hestia_earth.models.utils.array_builders import gen_seed
+from hestia_earth.models.utils.blank_node import (
+    cumulative_nodes_match, cumulative_nodes_lookup_match, cumulative_nodes_term_match, get_node_value,
+    node_lookup_match, node_term_match, group_nodes_by_year
+)
+from hestia_earth.models.utils.descriptive_stats import calc_descriptive_stats
+from hestia_earth.models.utils.measurement import _new_measurement
+from hestia_earth.models.utils.property import get_node_property
+
+from .organicCarbonPerHa_utils import (
+    check_irrigation, DEPTH_LOWER, DEPTH_UPPER, EcoClimateZone,
+    get_cover_crop_property_terms_with_cache,
+    get_residue_removed_or_burnt_terms_with_cache,
+    get_upland_rice_land_cover_terms_with_cache,
+    IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY_TO_SOIL_TYPE_LOOKUP_VALUE, IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_LAND_COVER_LOOKUP_VALUE,
+    IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_TO_GRASSLAND_MANAGEMENT_TERM_ID,
+    IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_TO_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_LOOKUP_VALUE, IpccSoilCategory, IpccCarbonInputCategory,
+    IpccLandUseCategory, IpccManagementCategory, MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD, sample_constant, sample_plus_minus_error,
+    sample_plus_minus_uncertainty, SITE_TYPE_TO_IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY, SUPER_MAJORITY_AREA_THRESHOLD, STATS_DEFINITION
+)
+
+_LOOKUPS = {
+    "crop": "IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY",
+    "landCover": [
+        "IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY",
+        "LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP",
+        "N_FIXING_CROP"
+    ],
+    "landUseManagement": "PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT",
+    "soilType": "IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY",
+    "tillage": "IPCC_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY",
+    "usdaSoilType": "IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY"
+}
+
+_TERM_ID = 'organicCarbonPerHa'
+_METHOD_CLASSIFICATION = MeasurementMethodClassification.TIER_1_MODEL.value
+
+_CLAY_CONTENT_TERM_ID = "clayContent"
+_SAND_CONTENT_TERM_ID = "sandContent"
+_LONG_FALLOW_CROP_TERM_ID = "longFallowCrop"
+_IMPROVED_PASTURE_TERM_ID = "improvedPasture"
+_SHORT_BARE_FALLOW_TERM_ID = "shortBareFallow"
+_ANIMAL_MANURE_USED_TERM_ID = "animalManureUsed"
+_INORGANIC_NITROGEN_FERTILISER_USED_TERM_ID = "inorganicNitrogenFertiliserUsed"
+_ORGANIC_FERTILISER_USED_TERM_ID = "organicFertiliserUsed"
+_SOIL_AMENDMENT_USED_TERM_ID = "amendmentIncreasingSoilCarbonUsed"
+
+_CLAY_CONTENT_MAX = 8
+_SAND_CONTENT_MIN = 70
+
+_EQUILIBRIUM_TRANSITION_PERIOD = 20
+"""
+The number of years required for soil organic carbon to reach equilibrium after
+a change in land use, management regime or carbon input regime.
+"""
+
+_EXCLUDED_ECO_CLIMATE_ZONES = {EcoClimateZone.POLAR_MOIST, EcoClimateZone.POLAR_DRY}
+
+_VALID_SITE_TYPES = {
+    SiteSiteType.CROPLAND.value,
+    SiteSiteType.FOREST.value,
+    SiteSiteType.OTHER_NATURAL_VEGETATION.value,
+    SiteSiteType.PERMANENT_PASTURE.value
+}
+
+
+def _measurement(
+    timestamps: list[int],
+    descriptive_stats_dict: dict
+) -> dict:
+    """
+    Build a Hestia `Measurement` node to contain a value and descriptive statistics calculated by the models.
+
+    The `descriptive_stats_dict` parameter should include the following keys and values from the
+    [Measurement](https://www-staging.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement) schema:
+    ```
+    {
+        "value": list[float],
+        "sd": list[float],
+        "min": list[float],
+        "max": list[float],
+        "statsDefinition": str,
+        "observations": list[int]
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    timestamps : list[int]
+        A list of calendar years associated to the calculated SOC stocks.
+    descriptive_stats_dict : dict
+        A dict containing the descriptive statistics data that should be added to the node.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        A valid Hestia `Measurement` node, see: https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement.
+    """
+    measurement = _new_measurement(_TERM_ID) | descriptive_stats_dict
+    measurement["dates"] = [f"{year}-12-31" for year in timestamps]
+    measurement["depthUpper"] = DEPTH_UPPER
+    measurement["depthLower"] = DEPTH_LOWER
+    measurement["methodClassification"] = _METHOD_CLASSIFICATION
+    return measurement
+
+
+class _InventoryKey(Enum):
+    """
+    Enum representing the inner keys of the annual inventory is constructed from `Site` data.
+    """
+    LU_CATEGORY = "ipcc-land-use-category"
+    MG_CATEGORY = "ipcc-management-category"
+    CI_CATEGORY = "ipcc-carbon-input-category"
+    SHOULD_RUN = "should-run-tier-1"
+
+
+_REQUIRED_KEYS = {
+    _InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY,
+    _InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY,
+    _InventoryKey.CI_CATEGORY
+}
+"""
+The `_InventoryKey`s that must have valid values for an inventory year to be included in the model.
+"""
+
+
+_SOC_REFS = {
+    IpccSoilCategory.HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 64000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 489},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 24000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 781},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 81000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 334},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 43000, "uncertainty": 8, "observations": 177},
+        EcoClimateZone.POLAR_MOIST: {"value": 59000, "uncertainty": 41, "observations": 24},
+        EcoClimateZone.POLAR_DRY: {"value": 59000, "uncertainty": 41, "observations": 24},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 63000, "uncertainty": 18, "observations": 35},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 63000, "uncertainty": 18, "observations": 35},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 51000, "uncertainty": 10, "observations": 114},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 60000, "uncertainty": 8, "observations": 137},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 40000, "uncertainty": 7, "observations": 226},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 21000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 554}
+    },
+    IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 55000, "uncertainty": 8, "observations": 183},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 19000, "uncertainty": 16, "observations": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 76000, "uncertainty": 51, "observations": 6},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 33000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 44000, "uncertainty": 11, "observations": 84},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 52000, "uncertainty": 6, "observations": 271},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 38000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 326},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 19000, "uncertainty": 10, "observations": 135}
+    },
+    IpccSoilCategory.SANDY_SOILS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 36000, "uncertainty": 23, "observations": 39},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 10000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 338},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 81000, "uncertainty": 5, "observations": 334},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 51000, "uncertainty": 13, "observations": 126},
+        EcoClimateZone.POLAR_MOIST: {"value": 27000, "uncertainty": 67, "observations": 18},
+        EcoClimateZone.POLAR_DRY: {"value": 27000, "uncertainty": 67, "observations": 18},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 10000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 10000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 52000, "uncertainty": 34, "observations": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 46000, "uncertainty": 20, "observations": 43},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 27, "uncertainty": 12, "observations": 76},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 9000, "uncertainty": 9, "observations": 164}
+    },
+    IpccSoilCategory.SPODIC_SOILS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 143000, "uncertainty": 30, "observations": 9},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 128000, "uncertainty": 14, "observations": 45},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 117000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 117000, "uncertainty": 90}
+    },
+    IpccSoilCategory.VOLCANIC_SOILS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 138000, "uncertainty": 12, "observations": 42},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 84000, "uncertainty": 65, "observations": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 136000, "uncertainty": 14, "observations": 28},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 20000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 20000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 20000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 96000, "uncertainty": 31, "observations": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 77000, "uncertainty": 27, "observations": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 70000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 50000, "uncertainty": 90}
+    },
+    IpccSoilCategory.WETLAND_SOILS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 135000, "uncertainty": 28, "observations": 28},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 74000, "uncertainty": 17, "observations": 49},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 128000, "uncertainty": 13, "observations": 42},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 87000, "uncertainty": 90},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 116000, "uncertainty": 65, "observations": 6},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 116000, "uncertainty": 65, "observations": 6},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 82000, "uncertainty": 50, "observations": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 49000, "uncertainty": 19, "observations": 33},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 68000, "uncertainty": 17, "observations": 55},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 22000, "uncertainty": 17, "observations": 32}
+    }
+}
+
+_LAND_USE_FACTORS = {
+    IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.PERENNIAL_CROPS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.72, "error": 22},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.72, "error": 22},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.72, "error": 22},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.72, "error": 22},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.72, "error": 22},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.72, "error": 22},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.1, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.1, "error": 25},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.1, "error": 25},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.1, "error": 25}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.35, "error": 4}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.71, "error": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.71, "error": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.71, "error": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.71, "error": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.71, "error": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.71, "error": 41},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 0.86, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 0.83, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.83, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.92, "error": 13}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.69, "error": 16},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.76, "error": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.70, "error": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.77, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.70, "error": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.77, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 0.86, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 0.83, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.83, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.92, "error": 13}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.SET_ASIDE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.82, "error": 17},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.93, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.82, "error": 17},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.93, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.82, "error": 17},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.93, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 0.88, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 0.82, "error": 17},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.82, "error": 17},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.93, "error": 11}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.FOREST: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.NATIVE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccLandUseCategory.OTHER: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    }
+}
+
+_MANAGEMENT_FACTORS = {
+    IpccManagementCategory.SEVERELY_DEGRADED: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.7, "error": 40}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.14, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.14, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.14, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.14, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.14, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1.14, "error": 11},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.16, "error": 40},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.17, "error": 9},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.17, "error": 9},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.17, "error": 9}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.HIGH_INTENSITY_GRAZING: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.9, "error": 8}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.NOMINALLY_MANAGED: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.FULL_TILLAGE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.REDUCED_TILLAGE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.05, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.99, "error": 3},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.04, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.98, "error": 5},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.04, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.98, "error": 5},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.02, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.04, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.04, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.99, "error": 7}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.NO_TILLAGE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.1, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.04, "error": 3},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.09, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.03, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.09, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1.03, "error": 4},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.08, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.1, "error": 5},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.1, "error": 5},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.04, "error": 7}
+    },
+    IpccManagementCategory.OTHER: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    }
+}
+
+_CARBON_INPUT_FACTORS = {
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_HIGH: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.11, "error": 7}
+    },
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.44, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.37, "error": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.44, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.37, "error": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.44, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1.37, "error": 12},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.41, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.44, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.44, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.37, "error": 12}
+    },
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_HIGH_WITHOUT_MANURE: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.04, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1.04, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1.04, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1.08, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1.11, "error": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1.11, "error": 10},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1.04, "error": 13}
+    },
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_MEDIUM: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    },
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.92, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.95, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 0.92, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 0.95, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.92, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 0.95, "error": 13},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 0.94, "error": 50},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 0.92, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 0.92, "error": 14},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 0.95, "error": 13}
+    },
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.OTHER: {
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.WARM_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.COOL_TEMPERATE_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.BOREAL_DRY: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MONTANE: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_WET: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_MOIST: {"value": 1},
+        EcoClimateZone.TROPICAL_DRY: {"value": 1}
+    }
+}
+
+_KWARGS_TO_SAMPLE_FUNC = {
+    ("value", "uncertainty"): sample_plus_minus_uncertainty,
+    ("value", "error"): sample_plus_minus_error,
+    ("value",): sample_constant
+}
+
+_IPCC_CATEGORY_TO_FACTOR_DICT = {
+    IpccSoilCategory: _SOC_REFS,
+    IpccLandUseCategory: _LAND_USE_FACTORS,
+    IpccManagementCategory: _MANAGEMENT_FACTORS,
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory: _CARBON_INPUT_FACTORS
+}
+
+
+def _sample_parameter(
+    iterations: int,
+    parameter: Union[IpccSoilCategory, IpccLandUseCategory, IpccManagementCategory, IpccCarbonInputCategory],
+    eco_climate_zone: EcoClimateZone,
+    seed: Union[int, random.Generator, None] = None
+) -> NDArray:
+    """
+    Sample a model parameter (SOC ref or stock change factor) using the function specified in `KWARGS_TO_SAMPLE_FUNC`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    iterations : int
+        The number of samples to take.
+    parameter : IpccSoilCategory | IpccLandUseCategory | IpccManagementCategory | IpccCarbonInputCategory
+        The model parameter to sample.
+    eco_climate_zone : EcoClimateZone
+        The eco-climate zone of the site.
+    seed : int | Generator | None, optional
+        A seed to initialize the BitGenerator. If passed a Generator, it will be returned unaltered. If `None`, then
+        fresh, unpredictable entropy will be pulled from the OS.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    NDArray
+        The sampled parameter as a numpy array with shape `(1, iterations)`.
+    """
+    parameter_dict = _IPCC_CATEGORY_TO_FACTOR_DICT.get(type(parameter))
+    kwargs = parameter_dict.get(parameter, {}).get(eco_climate_zone, {})
+    func = _get_sample_func(kwargs)
+    return func(iterations=iterations, seed=seed, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _get_sample_func(kwargs: dict) -> Callable:
+    """
+    Select the correct sample function for a parameter based on the distribution data available. All possible
+    parameters for the model should have, at a minimum, a `value`, meaning that no default function needs to be
+    specified.
+
+    This function has been extracted into it's own method to allow for mocking of sample function.
+
+    Keyword Args
+    ------------
+    value : float
+        The distribution mean.
+    uncertainty : float
+        The +/- uncertainty of the 95% confidence interval expressed as a percentge of the mean.
+    error : float
+        Two standard deviations expressed as a percentage of the mean.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Callable
+        The sample function for the distribution.
+    """
+    return next(
+        sample_func for required_kwargs, sample_func in _KWARGS_TO_SAMPLE_FUNC.items()
+        if all(kwarg in kwargs.keys() for kwarg in required_kwargs)
+    )
+
+
+def _get_soc_ref_preview(ipcc_soil_category: IpccSoilCategory, eco_climate_zone: EcoClimateZone) -> Union[float, None]:
+    """
+    Retrieve the mean value of the SOC ref for a specific combination of `IpccSoilCategory` and `EcoClimateZone`. This
+    is primarily for logging purposes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ipcc_soil_category : IpccSoilCategory
+    eco_climate_zone: EcoClimateZone
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float | None
+        The mean value SOC ref or `None` if no reference value is available.
+    """
+    return _SOC_REFS.get(ipcc_soil_category, {}).get(eco_climate_zone, {}).get("value", None)
+
+
+# --- TIER 1 MODEL ---
+
+
+def should_run(site: dict) -> tuple[bool, dict, dict]:
+    """
+    Extract data from site & related cycles, pre-process data and determine whether there is sufficient data to run the
+    Tier 1 model.
+
+    The returned `inventory` should be a dict with the shape:
+    ```
+    {
+        year (int): {
+            _InventoryKey.SHOULD_RUN: bool,
+            _InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY: IpccLandUseCategory,
+            _InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY: IpccManagementCategory,
+            _InventoryKey.CI_CATEGORY: IpccCarbonInputCategory
+        },
+        ...
+    }
+    ```
+
+    The returned `kwargs` should be a dict with the shape:
+    ```
+    {
+        "eco_climate_zone": int,
+        "ipcc_soil_category": IpccSoilCategory,
+        "soc_ref": float
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    site : dict
+        A Hestia `Site` node, see: https://www.hestia.earth/schema/Site.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple[bool, dict, dict]
+        A tuple containing `(should_run_, inventory, kwargs)`.
+    """
+    site_type = site.get("siteType", "")
+    management_nodes = site.get("management", [])
+    measurement_nodes = site.get("measurements", [])
+
+    has_management = len(management_nodes) > 0
+    has_measurements = len(measurement_nodes) > 0
+
+    should_compile_inventory = all([
+        site_type in _VALID_SITE_TYPES,
+        has_management,
+        has_measurements
+    ])
+
+    inventory, kwargs = (
+        _compile_inventory(site_type, management_nodes, measurement_nodes)
+        if should_compile_inventory else ({}, {})
+    )
+    kwargs["seed"] = gen_seed(site)
+
+    should_run_ = all([
+        kwargs.get("eco_climate_zone") not in _EXCLUDED_ECO_CLIMATE_ZONES,
+        (kwargs.get("soc_ref") or -9999) > 0,
+        any(year for year, group in inventory.items() if group.get(_InventoryKey.SHOULD_RUN))
+    ])
+
+    logs = {
+        "site_type": site_type,
+        "has_management": has_management,
+        "has_measurements": has_measurements,
+        "should_compile_inventory_tier_1": should_compile_inventory,
+        "should_run_tier_1": should_run_
+    }
+
+    return should_run_, inventory, kwargs, logs
+
+
+def run(
+    inventory: dict,
+    *,
+    eco_climate_zone: EcoClimateZone,
+    ipcc_soil_category: IpccSoilCategory,
+    iterations: int,
+    seed: Union[int, random.Generator, None] = None,
+    **_
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """
+    Run the IPCC (2019) Tier 1 methodology for calculating SOC stocks (in kg C ha-1) for each year in the inventory
+    and wrap each of the calculated values in Hestia measurement nodes. To avoid any errors, the `inventory` parameter
+    must be pre-validated by the `should_run` function.
+
+    See [IPCC (2019) Vol. 4, Ch. 2](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html) for more information.
+
+    The inventory should be in the following shape:
+    ```
+    {
+        year (int): {
+            _InventoryKey.SHOULD_RUN: bool,
+            _InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY: IpccLandUseCategory,
+            _InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY: IpccManagementCategory,
+            _InventoryKey.CI_CATEGORY: IpccCarbonInputCategory
+        },
+        ...
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    inventory : dict
+        The inventory built by the `_should_run` function.
+    eco_climate_zone : EcoClimateZone
+        The eco-climate zone of the site.
+    ipcc_soil_category : IpccSoilCategory
+        The IPCC soil category of the site.
+    iterations : int
+        Number of iterations to run the model for.
+    seed : int | Generator | None, optional
+        A seed to initialize the BitGenerator. If passed a Generator, it will be returned unaltered. If `None`, then
+        fresh, unpredictable entropy will be pulled from the OS.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list[dict]
+        A list of HESTIA nodes containing model output results.
+    """
+
+    valid_inventory = {
+        year: group for year, group in inventory.items() if group.get(_InventoryKey.SHOULD_RUN)
+    }
+
+    complete_inventory = dict(sorted(
+        merge(valid_inventory, _calc_missing_equilibrium_years(valid_inventory)).items()
+    ))
+
+    timestamps = [year for year in complete_inventory.keys()]
+    land_use_categories = [group[_InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY] for group in complete_inventory.values()]
+    management_categories = [group[_InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY] for group in complete_inventory.values()]
+    carbon_input_categories = [group[_InventoryKey.CI_CATEGORY] for group in complete_inventory.values()]
+
+    regime_start_years = _calc_regime_start_years(complete_inventory)
+
+    rng = random.default_rng(seed)
+
+    soc_ref = _sample_parameter(iterations, ipcc_soil_category, eco_climate_zone, seed=rng)
+    land_use_factors = _get_factor_annual(iterations, land_use_categories, eco_climate_zone, seed=rng)
+    management_factors = _get_factor_annual(iterations, management_categories, eco_climate_zone, seed=rng)
+    carbon_input_factors = _get_factor_annual(iterations, carbon_input_categories, eco_climate_zone, seed=rng)
+
+    soc_equilibriums = _calc_soc_equilibrium(soc_ref, land_use_factors, management_factors, carbon_input_factors)
+    soc_stocks = _calc_soc_stocks(timestamps, regime_start_years, soc_equilibriums)
+
+    descriptive_stats = calc_descriptive_stats(
+        soc_stocks,
+        STATS_DEFINITION,
+        axis=1,     # Calculate stats rowwise.
+        decimals=6  # Round values to the nearest milligram.
+    )
+
+    return [_measurement(timestamps, descriptive_stats)]
+
+
+def _calc_missing_equilibrium_years(inventory: dict) -> dict:
+    """
+    Calculate any missing inventory years where SOC would have reached equilibrium and return them as a dict.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    inventory : dict
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        A dictionary of missing equilibrium years with the same structure as `inventory`.
+    """
+
+    min_year, max_year = min(inventory.keys()), max(inventory.keys())
+
+    def add_missing_equilibrium_year(missing_years: dict, year: int):
+        group = inventory[year]
+        existing_years = set(list(inventory.keys()) + list(missing_years.keys()))
+
+        regime_start_year = _calc_regime_start_year(year, inventory)
+        equilibrium_year = regime_start_year + _EQUILIBRIUM_TRANSITION_PERIOD
+
+        should_add_equilibrium = (
+            min_year < equilibrium_year < max_year      # Is the year relevant?
+            and equilibrium_year not in existing_years  # Is the year missing?
+            and not any(year_ in existing_years for year_ in range(year+1, equilibrium_year))  # Is the year superseded?
+        )
+
+        if should_add_equilibrium:
+            missing_years[equilibrium_year] = group
+
+        return missing_years
+
+    missing_years = reduce(add_missing_equilibrium_year, inventory.keys(), dict())
+
+    return missing_years
+
+
+def _calc_regime_start_years(inventory: dict):
+    """
+    Calculate when the land-use and land-management regime of all inventory years began.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    inventory : dict
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list[int]
+    """
+    return [_calc_regime_start_year(year, inventory) for year in inventory.keys()]
+
+
+def _calc_regime_start_year(current_year: int, inventory: dict) -> int:
+    """
+    Calculate when the land-use and land-management regime of a specific inventory year began.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    current_year : int
+    inventory : dict
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    int
+    """
+    MATCH_KEYS = {_InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY, _InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY, _InventoryKey.CI_CATEGORY}
+    previous_years = list(reversed([year for year in inventory.keys() if year <= current_year]))
+    return next(
+        (
+            previous_years[i-1] for i, previous_year in enumerate(previous_years)
+            if not all([
+                inventory[current_year][key] == inventory[previous_year][key]
+                for key in MATCH_KEYS
+            ])
+        ),
+        previous_years[-1] - _EQUILIBRIUM_TRANSITION_PERIOD
+    )
+
+
+def _get_factor_annual(
+    iterations: int,
+    category_annual: list[Union[IpccLandUseCategory, IpccManagementCategory, IpccCarbonInputCategory]],
+    eco_climate_zone: EcoClimateZone,
+    seed: Optional[int] = None
+) -> NDArray:
+    """
+    Build an numpy array with the shape `(len(category_annual), iterations)`, where each row represents an inventory
+    year and each column contains a sampled value for that year's factor. All rows representing the same factor should
+    be identical.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    iterations : int
+        The number of samples to take for each year.
+    category_annual : list[IpccLandUseCategory | IpccManagementCategory | IpccCarbonInputCategory]
+        A list of annual IPCC categories that are linked to SOC stock change factors.
+    eco_climate_zone : EcoClimateZone
+        The eco-climate zone of the site.
+    seed : int | None
+        An optional seed for the random sampling of model parameters. If `None`, then fresh, unpredictable entropy will
+        be pulled from the OS.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    NDArray
+        The sampled factors as a numpy array.
+    """
+    param_cache = {
+        category: _sample_parameter(iterations, category, eco_climate_zone, seed=seed)
+        for category in sorted(set(category_annual), key=lambda category: category.value)
+    }
+    return vstack([param_cache[category] for category in category_annual])
+
+
+def _calc_soc_equilibrium(
+    soc_ref: NDArray,
+    land_use_factor: NDArray,
+    management_factor: NDArray,
+    carbon_input_factor: NDArray
+) -> NDArray:
+    """
+    Calculate the soil organic carbon (SOC) equilibrium based on reference SOC and factors.
+
+    In the tier 1 model, SOC equilibriums are considered to be reached after 20 years of consistant land use,
+    management and carbon input.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    soc_ref : NDArray
+        The reference condition SOC stock in the 0-30cm depth interval, kg C ha-1.
+    land_use_factor : NDArray
+        The stock change factor for mineral soil organic C land-use systems or sub-systems
+        for a particular land-use, dimensionless.
+    management_factor : NDArray
+        The stock change factor for mineral soil organic C for management regime, dimensionless.
+    carbon_input_factor : NDArray
+        The stock change factor for mineral soil organic C for the input of organic amendments, dimensionless.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    NDArray
+        The calculated SOC equilibrium, kg C ha-1.
+    """
+    return soc_ref * land_use_factor * management_factor * carbon_input_factor
+
+
+def _calc_soc_stocks(
+    timestamps: list[int],
+    regime_start_years: list[int],
+    soc_equilibriums: NDArray
+) -> NDArray:
+    """
+    Calculate soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (kg C ha-1) in the 0-30cm depth interval for each year in the inventory.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    timestamps : list[int]
+        A list of timestamps for each year in the inventory.
+    regime_start_years : list[int]
+        A pre-calculated list of the regime start year for each year in the inventory.
+    soc_equilibriums : NDArray
+        A numpy array of SOC equilibriums where each row represents a different calendar year.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    NDArray
+        SOC stocks for each year in the inventory.
+    """
+    soc_stocks = empty_like(soc_equilibriums)
+    soc_stocks[0] = soc_equilibriums[0]
+
+    for index in range(1, len(timestamps)):
+
+        current_year = timestamps[index]
+        current_soc_equilibrium = soc_equilibriums[index]
+        current_regime_start_year = regime_start_years[index]
+
+        previous_index = (
+            timestamps.index(current_regime_start_year) - 1 if current_regime_start_year in timestamps else 0
+        )
+        previous_year = timestamps[previous_index]
+        previous_soc_stock = soc_stocks[previous_index]
+
+        regime_duration = current_year - previous_year
+        time_ratio = min(regime_duration / _EQUILIBRIUM_TRANSITION_PERIOD, 1)
+        soc_delta = (current_soc_equilibrium - previous_soc_stock) * time_ratio
+
+        soc_stocks[index] = previous_soc_stock + soc_delta
+
+    return soc_stocks
+
+
+# --- COMPILE TIER 1 INVENTORY ---
+
+
+def _compile_inventory(
+    site_type: str, management_nodes: list[dict], measurement_nodes: list[dict]
+) -> tuple[dict, dict]:
+    """
+    Builds an annual inventory of data and a dictionary of keyword arguments for the tier 1 model.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    site_id : str
+        The `@id` of the site.
+    site_type : str
+        A valid [site type](https://www-staging.hestia.earth/schema/Site#siteType).
+    management_nodes : list[dict]
+        A list of [Management nodes](https://www-staging.hestia.earth/schema/Management).
+    measurement_nodes: list[dict]
+        A list of [Measurement nodes](https://www-staging.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple[dict, dict]
+        A tuple containing `(inventory, kwargs)`.
+    """
+    eco_climate_zone = _get_eco_climate_zone(measurement_nodes)
+    ipcc_soil_category = _assign_ipcc_soil_category(measurement_nodes)
+    soc_ref = _get_soc_ref_preview(ipcc_soil_category, eco_climate_zone)
+    grouped_management = group_nodes_by_year(management_nodes)
+
+    # If no `landCover` nodes in `site.management` use `site.siteType` to assign static `IpccLandUseCategory`.
+    run_with_site_type = len(filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.LANDCOVER])) == 0
+    site_type_ipcc_land_use_category = SITE_TYPE_TO_IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY.get(site_type, IpccLandUseCategory.OTHER)
+
+    grouped_management = group_nodes_by_year(management_nodes)
+
+    grouped_land_use_categories = {
+        year: {
+            _InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY: (
+                site_type_ipcc_land_use_category if run_with_site_type
+                else _assign_ipcc_land_use_category(nodes, ipcc_soil_category)
+            )
+        } for year, nodes in grouped_management.items()
+    }
+
+    grouped_management_categories = {
+        year: {
+            _InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY: _assign_ipcc_management_category(
+                nodes,
+                grouped_land_use_categories[year][_InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY]
+            )
+        } for year, nodes in grouped_management.items()
+    }
+
+    grouped_carbon_input_categories = {
+        year: {
+            _InventoryKey.CI_CATEGORY: _assign_ipcc_carbon_input_category(
+                nodes,
+                grouped_management_categories[year][_InventoryKey.MG_CATEGORY]
+            )
+        } for year, nodes in grouped_management.items()
+    }
+
+    grouped_data = merge(
+        grouped_land_use_categories,
+        grouped_management_categories,
+        grouped_carbon_input_categories
+    )
+
+    grouped_should_run = {
+        year: {_InventoryKey.SHOULD_RUN: _should_run_inventory_year(group)}
+        for year, group in grouped_data.items()
+    }
+
+    inventory = merge(grouped_data, grouped_should_run)
+    kwargs = {
+        "eco_climate_zone": eco_climate_zone,
+        "ipcc_soil_category": ipcc_soil_category,
+        "run_with_site_type": run_with_site_type,
+        "soc_ref": soc_ref
+    }
+
+    return inventory, kwargs
+
+
+def _get_eco_climate_zone(measurement_nodes: list[dict]) -> Union[EcoClimateZone, None]:
+    """
+    Get the eco-climate zone value from a list of Measurement nodes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    measurement_nodes : list[dict]
+        A list of [Measurement nodes](https://www-staging.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    EcoClimateZone | None
+        The eco-climate zone value if found, otherwise `None`.
+    """
+    eco_climate_zone = find_term_match(measurement_nodes, "ecoClimateZone")
+    value = get_node_value(eco_climate_zone)
+    return EcoClimateZone(value) if value else None
+
+
+def _assign_ipcc_soil_category(
+    measurement_nodes: list[dict],
+    default: IpccSoilCategory = IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS
+) -> IpccSoilCategory:
+    """
+    Assign an IPCC soil category based on a site's measurement nodes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    measurement_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of A list of [Measurement nodes](https://www-staging.hestia.earth/schema/Measurement)..
+    default : IpccSoilCategory, optional
+        The default soil category if none matches, by default IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    IpccSoilCategory
+        The assigned IPCC soil category.
+    """
+    soil_types = filter_list_term_type(measurement_nodes, TermTermType.SOILTYPE)
+    usda_soil_types = filter_list_term_type(measurement_nodes, TermTermType.USDASOILTYPE)
+
+    clay_content = get_node_value(find_term_match(measurement_nodes, _CLAY_CONTENT_TERM_ID))
+    sand_content = get_node_value(find_term_match(measurement_nodes, _SAND_CONTENT_TERM_ID))
+
+    has_sandy_soil = clay_content < _CLAY_CONTENT_MAX and sand_content > _SAND_CONTENT_MIN
+
+    return next(
+        (
+            key for key in _SOIL_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE
+            if _SOIL_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE[key](
+                key=key,
+                soil_types=soil_types,
+                usda_soil_types=usda_soil_types,
+                has_sandy_soil=has_sandy_soil
+            )
+        ),
+        default
+    ) if len(soil_types) > 0 or len(usda_soil_types) > 0 else default
+
+
+def _check_soil_category(
+    *,
+    key: IpccSoilCategory,
+    soil_types: list[dict],
+    usda_soil_types: list[dict],
+    **_
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if the soil category matches the given key.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    key : IpccSoilCategory
+        The IPCC soil category to check.
+    soil_types : list[dict]
+        List of soil type measurement nodes.
+    usda_soil_types : list[dict]
+        List of USDA soil type measurement nodes
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if the soil category matches, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    SOIL_TYPE_LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["soilType"]
+    USDA_SOIL_TYPE_LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["usdaSoilType"]
+
+    target_lookup_values = IPCC_SOIL_CATEGORY_TO_SOIL_TYPE_LOOKUP_VALUE.get(key, None)
+
+    is_soil_type_match = cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        soil_types,
+        lookup=SOIL_TYPE_LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=target_lookup_values,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    is_usda_soil_type_match = cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        usda_soil_types,
+        lookup=USDA_SOIL_TYPE_LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=target_lookup_values,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    return is_soil_type_match or is_usda_soil_type_match
+
+
+def _check_sandy_soil_category(
+    *,
+    key: IpccSoilCategory,
+    soil_types: list[dict],
+    usda_soil_types: list[dict],
+    has_sandy_soil: bool,
+    **_
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if the soils are sandy.
+
+    This function is special case of `_check_soil_category`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    key : IpccSoilCategory
+        The IPCC soil category to check.
+    soil_types : list[dict]
+        List of soil type measurement nodes.
+    usda_soil_types : list[dict]
+        List of USDA soil type measurement nodes
+    has_sandy_soil : bool
+        True if the soils are sandy, False otherwise.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if the soil category matches, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    return _check_soil_category(key=key, soil_types=soil_types, usda_soil_types=usda_soil_types) or has_sandy_soil
+
+
+_SOIL_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccSoilCategory.ORGANIC_SOILS: _check_soil_category,
+    IpccSoilCategory.SANDY_SOILS: _check_sandy_soil_category,
+    IpccSoilCategory.WETLAND_SOILS: _check_soil_category,
+    IpccSoilCategory.VOLCANIC_SOILS: _check_soil_category,
+    IpccSoilCategory.SPODIC_SOILS: _check_soil_category,
+    IpccSoilCategory.HIGH_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS: _check_soil_category,
+    IpccSoilCategory.LOW_ACTIVITY_CLAY_SOILS: _check_soil_category
+}
+"""
+A decision tree mapping IPCC soil categories to corresponding check functions.
+
+Key: IpccSoilCategory
+Value: Corresponding function for checking the match of the given soil category based on soil types.
+"""
+
+
+def _assign_ipcc_land_use_category(
+    management_nodes: list[dict], ipcc_soil_category: IpccSoilCategory,
+) -> IpccLandUseCategory:
+    """
+    Assigns IPCC land use category based on management nodes and soil category.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    management_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of management nodes.
+    ipcc_soil_category : IpccSoilCategory
+        The site"s assigned IPCC soil category.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    IpccLandUseCategory
+        Assigned IPCC land use category.
+    """
+    DECISION_TREE = _LAND_USE_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE
+    DEFAULT = IpccLandUseCategory.OTHER
+
+    land_cover_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.LANDCOVER])
+    water_regime_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.WATERREGIME])
+
+    has_irrigation = check_irrigation(water_regime_nodes)
+    has_upland_rice = _has_upland_rice(land_cover_nodes)
+    has_irrigated_upland_rice = has_upland_rice and has_irrigation
+    has_long_fallow = _has_long_fallow(land_cover_nodes)
+    has_wetland_soils = ipcc_soil_category is IpccSoilCategory.WETLAND_SOILS
+
+    should_run_ = bool(land_cover_nodes)
+
+    return next(
+        (
+            key for key in DECISION_TREE
+            if DECISION_TREE[key](
+                key=key,
+                land_cover_nodes=land_cover_nodes,
+                has_long_fallow=has_long_fallow,
+                has_irrigated_upland_rice=has_irrigated_upland_rice,
+                has_wetland_soils=has_wetland_soils
+            )
+        ),
+        DEFAULT
+    ) if should_run_ else DEFAULT
+
+
+def _has_upland_rice(land_cover_nodes: list[dict]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if upland rice is present in the land cover nodes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    land_cover_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of land cover nodes to be checked.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if upland rice is present, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    return cumulative_nodes_term_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        target_term_ids=get_upland_rice_land_cover_terms_with_cache(),
+        cumulative_threshold=SUPER_MAJORITY_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+
+def _has_long_fallow(land_cover_nodes: list[dict]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if long fallow terms are present in the land cover nodes.
+
+    n.b., a super majority of the site area must be under long fallow for it to be classified as set aside.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    land_cover_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of land cover nodes to be checked.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if long fallow is present, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["landCover"][0]
+    TARGET_LOOKUP_VALUE = "Set aside"
+    return cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        lookup=LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=TARGET_LOOKUP_VALUE,
+        cumulative_threshold=SUPER_MAJORITY_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    ) or cumulative_nodes_match(
+        lambda node: get_node_property(node, _LONG_FALLOW_CROP_TERM_ID, False).get("value", 0),
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        cumulative_threshold=SUPER_MAJORITY_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+
+def _check_ipcc_land_use_category(*, key: IpccLandUseCategory, land_cover_nodes: list[dict], **kwargs) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if the land cover nodes and keyword args satisfy the requirements for the given key.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    key : IpccLandUseCategory
+        The IPCC land use category to check.
+    land_cover_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of land cover nodes to be checked.
+
+    Keyword Args
+    ------------
+    has_irrigated_upland_rice : bool
+        Indicates whether irrigated upland rice is present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_long_fallow : bool
+        Indicates whether long fallow is present on more than 70% of the site.
+    has_wetland_soils : bool
+        Indicates whether wetland soils are present to more than 30% of the site.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if the conditions match the specified land use category, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["landCover"][0]
+    target_lookup_values = IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_LAND_COVER_LOOKUP_VALUE.get(key, None)
+    valid_lookup = cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        lookup=LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=target_lookup_values,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    validation_kwargs = _IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_VALIDATION_KWARGS.get(key, set())
+    valid_kwargs = all(v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in validation_kwargs)
+
+    override_kwargs = _IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_OVERRIDE_KWARGS.get(key, set())
+    valid_override = any(v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in override_kwargs)
+
+    return (valid_lookup and valid_kwargs) or valid_override
+
+
+_IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_VALIDATION_KWARGS = {
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET: {"has_wetland_soils"},
+    IpccLandUseCategory.SET_ASIDE: {"has_long_fallow"},
+}
+"""
+Keyword arguments that need to be validated in addition to the `landCover` lookup match for specific
+`IpccLandUseCategory`s.
+"""
+
+_IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_OVERRIDE_KWARGS = {
+    IpccLandUseCategory.PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION: {"has_irrigated_upland_rice"}
+}
+"""
+Keyword arguments that can override the `landCover` lookup match for specific `IpccLandUseCategory`s.
+"""
+
+
+_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.SET_ASIDE: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.PERENNIAL_CROPS: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.PADDY_RICE_CULTIVATION: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.FOREST: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.NATIVE: _check_ipcc_land_use_category,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.OTHER: _check_ipcc_land_use_category
+}
+"""
+A decision tree mapping IPCC soil categories to corresponding check functions.
+
+Key: IpccLandUseCategory
+Value: Corresponding function for checking the match of the given land use category based on land cover nodes
+and additional kwargs.
+"""
+
+
+def _assign_ipcc_management_category(
+    management_nodes: list[dict], ipcc_land_use_category: IpccLandUseCategory
+) -> IpccManagementCategory:
+    """
+    Assign an IPCC Management Category based on the given management nodes and IPCC Land Use Category.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    management_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of management nodes.
+    ipcc_land_use_category : IpccLandUseCategory
+        The IPCC Land Use Category.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    IpccManagementCategory
+        The assigned IPCC Management Category.
+    """
+    decision_tree = _IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_DECISION_TREE.get(ipcc_land_use_category, {})
+    default = _IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_DEFAULT_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY.get(
+        ipcc_land_use_category, IpccManagementCategory.OTHER
+    )
+
+    land_cover_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.LANDCOVER])
+    tillage_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.TILLAGE])
+
+    should_run_ = any([
+        decision_tree == _GRASSLAND_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE and len(land_cover_nodes) > 0,
+        decision_tree == _TILLAGE_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE and len(tillage_nodes) > 0
+    ])
+
+    return next(
+        (
+            key for key in decision_tree
+            if decision_tree[key](
+                key=key,
+                land_cover_nodes=land_cover_nodes,
+                tillage_nodes=tillage_nodes,
+            )
+        ),
+        default
+    ) if should_run_ else default
+
+
+def _check_grassland_ipcc_management_category(
+    *, key: IpccManagementCategory, land_cover_nodes: list[dict], **_
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if the land cover nodes match the target conditions for a grassland IpccManagementCategory.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    key : IpccManagementCategory
+        The IPCC management category to check.
+    land_cover_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of land cover nodes to be checked.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if the conditions match the specified management category, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    target_term_id = IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_TO_GRASSLAND_MANAGEMENT_TERM_ID.get(key, None)
+    return cumulative_nodes_term_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        target_term_ids=target_term_id,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+
+_GRASSLAND_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccManagementCategory.SEVERELY_DEGRADED: _check_grassland_ipcc_management_category,
+    IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND: _check_grassland_ipcc_management_category,
+    IpccManagementCategory.HIGH_INTENSITY_GRAZING: _check_grassland_ipcc_management_category,
+    IpccManagementCategory.NOMINALLY_MANAGED: _check_grassland_ipcc_management_category,
+    IpccManagementCategory.OTHER: _check_grassland_ipcc_management_category
+}
+"""
+Decision tree mapping IPCC management categories to corresponding check functions for grassland.
+
+Key: IpccManagementCategory
+Value: Corresponding function for checking the match of the given management category based on land cover nodes.
+"""
+
+
+def _check_tillage_ipcc_management_category(
+    *, key: IpccManagementCategory, tillage_nodes: list[dict], **_
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if the tillage nodes match the target conditions for a tillage IpccManagementCategory.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    key : IpccManagementCategory
+        The IPCC management category to check.
+    tillage_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of tillage nodes to be checked.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if the conditions match the specified management category, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["tillage"]
+    target_lookup_values = IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_TO_TILLAGE_MANAGEMENT_LOOKUP_VALUE.get(key, None)
+    return cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        tillage_nodes,
+        lookup=LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=target_lookup_values,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+
+_TILLAGE_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccManagementCategory.FULL_TILLAGE: _check_tillage_ipcc_management_category,
+    IpccManagementCategory.REDUCED_TILLAGE: _check_tillage_ipcc_management_category,
+    IpccManagementCategory.NO_TILLAGE: _check_tillage_ipcc_management_category
+}
+"""
+Decision tree mapping IPCC management categories to corresponding check functions for tillage.
+
+Key: IpccManagementCategory
+Value: Corresponding function for checking the match of the given management category based on tillage nodes.
+"""
+
+
+_IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND: _GRASSLAND_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET: _TILLAGE_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS: _TILLAGE_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE
+}
+"""
+Decision tree mapping IPCC land use categories to corresponding decision trees for management categories.
+
+Key: IpccLandUseCategory
+Value: Corresponding decision tree for IPCC management categories based on land use categories.
+"""
+
+_IPCC_LAND_USE_CATEGORY_TO_DEFAULT_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY = {
+    IpccLandUseCategory.GRASSLAND: IpccManagementCategory.NOMINALLY_MANAGED,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS_WET: IpccManagementCategory.FULL_TILLAGE,
+    IpccLandUseCategory.ANNUAL_CROPS: IpccManagementCategory.FULL_TILLAGE
+}
+"""
+Mapping of default IPCC management categories for each IPCC land use category.
+
+Key: IpccLandUseCategory
+Value: Default IPCC management category for the given land use category.
+"""
+
+
+def _assign_ipcc_carbon_input_category(
+    management_nodes: list[dict],
+    ipcc_management_category: IpccManagementCategory
+) -> IpccCarbonInputCategory:
+    """
+    Assigns an IPCC Carbon Input Category based on the provided management nodes and IPCC Management Category.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    management_nodes : list[dict]
+        List of management nodes containing information about land management practices.
+    ipcc_management_category : IpccManagementCategory
+        IPCC Management Category for which the Carbon Input Category needs to be assigned.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory
+        Assigned IPCC Carbon Input Category.
+    """
+    decision_tree = _DECISION_TREE_FROM_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY.get(ipcc_management_category, {})
+    default = _DEFAULT_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY.get(ipcc_management_category, IpccCarbonInputCategory.OTHER)
+
+    should_run_ = len(management_nodes) > 0
+
+    return next(
+        (key for key in decision_tree if decision_tree[key](
+            key=key,
+            **_get_carbon_input_kwargs(management_nodes)
+        )),
+        default
+    ) if should_run_ else default
+
+
+def _check_grassland_ipcc_carbon_input_category(
+    *, key: IpccCarbonInputCategory, num_grassland_improvements: int, **_,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks if the given carbon input arguments satisfy the conditions for a specific
+    Grassland IPCC Carbon Input Category.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    key : IpccCarbonInputCategory
+        The grassland IPCC Carbon Input Category to check.
+    num_grassland_improvements : int
+        The number of grassland improvements.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        `True` if the conditions for the specified category are met; otherwise, `False`.
+    """
+    return num_grassland_improvements >= _GRASSLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_TO_MIN_NUM_IMPROVEMENTS[key]
+
+
+_GRASSLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_TO_MIN_NUM_IMPROVEMENTS = {
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_HIGH: 2,
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM: 1
+}
+"""
+A mapping from IPCC Grassland Carbon Input Categories to the minimum number of improvements required.
+
+Key: IpccCarbonInputCategory
+Value: Minimum number of improvements required for the corresponding Grassland Carbon Input Category.
+"""
+
+
+_GRASSLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_HIGH: _check_grassland_ipcc_carbon_input_category,
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM: _check_grassland_ipcc_carbon_input_category
+}
+"""
+A decision tree for assigning IPCC Carbon Input Categories to Grassland based on the number of improvements.
+
+Key: IpccCarbonInputCategory
+Value: Corresponding function to check if the given conditions are met for the category.
+"""
+
+
+def _check_cropland_high_with_manure_category(
+    *,
+    has_animal_manure_used: bool,
+    has_bare_fallow: bool,
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops: bool,
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used: bool,
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt: bool,
+    **_
+) -> Union[int, None]:
+    """
+    Checks the Cropland High with Manure IPCC Carbon Input Category based on the given carbon input arguments.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    has_animal_manure_used : bool
+        Indicates whether animal manure is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_bare_fallow : bool
+        Indicates whether bare fallow is present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops : bool
+        Indicates whether low residue-producing crops are present on more than 70% of the site.
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used : bool
+        Indicates whether a nitrogen-fixing crop or inorganic nitrogen fertiliser is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt : bool
+        Indicates whether residues are removed or burnt on more than 30% of the site.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    int | none
+        The category key if conditions are met; otherwise, `None`.
+    """
+    conditions = {
+        1: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            not has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+            not has_bare_fallow,
+            has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+            has_animal_manure_used
+        ])
+    }
+
+    return next(
+        (key for key, condition in conditions.items() if condition), None
+    )
+
+
+def _check_cropland_high_without_manure_category(
+    *,
+    has_animal_manure_used: bool,
+    has_bare_fallow: bool,
+    has_cover_crop: bool,
+    has_irrigation: bool,
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops: bool,
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used: bool,
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used: bool,
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input: bool,
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt: bool,
+    **_
+) -> Union[int, None]:
+    """
+    Checks the Cropland High without Manure IPCC Carbon Input Category based on the given carbon input arguments.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    has_animal_manure_used : bool
+        Indicates whether animal manure is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_bare_fallow : bool
+        Indicates whether bare fallow is present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_cover_crop : bool
+        Indicates whether cover crops are present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_irrigation : bool
+        Indicates whether irrigation is applied to more than 30% of the site.
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops : bool
+        Indicates whether low residue-producing crops are present on more than 70% of the site.
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used : bool
+        Indicates whether a nitrogen-fixing crop or inorganic nitrogen fertiliser is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used : bool
+        Indicates whether organic fertiliser or soil amendments are used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input : bool
+        Indicates whether practices increasing carbon input are present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt : bool
+        Indicates whether residues are removed or burnt on more than 30% of the site.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    int | None
+        The category key if conditions are met; otherwise, `None`.
+    """
+    conditions = {
+        1: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            not has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+            not has_bare_fallow,
+            has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+            any([
+                has_irrigation,
+                has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+                has_cover_crop,
+                has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used
+            ]),
+            not has_animal_manure_used
+        ])
+    }
+
+    return next(
+        (key for key, condition in conditions.items() if condition), None
+    )
+
+
+def _check_cropland_medium_category(
+    *,
+    has_animal_manure_used: bool,
+    has_bare_fallow: bool,
+    has_cover_crop: bool,
+    has_irrigation: bool,
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops: bool,
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used: bool,
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used: bool,
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input: bool,
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt: bool,
+    **_
+) -> Union[int, None]:
+    """
+    Checks the Cropland Medium IPCC Carbon Input Category based on the given carbon input arguments.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    has_animal_manure_used : bool
+        Indicates whether animal manure is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_bare_fallow : bool
+        Indicates whether bare fallow is present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_cover_crop : bool
+        Indicates whether cover crops are present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_irrigation : bool
+        Indicates whether irrigation is applied to more than 30% of the site.
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops : bool
+        Indicates whether low residue-producing crops are present on more than 70% of the site.
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used : bool
+        Indicates whether a nitrogen-fixing crop or inorganic nitrogen fertiliser is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used : bool
+        Indicates whether organic fertiliser or soil amendments are used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input : bool
+        Indicates whether practices increasing carbon input are present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt : bool
+        Indicates whether residues are removed or burnt on more than 30% of the site.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    int | None
+        The category key if conditions are met; otherwise, `None`.
+    """
+    conditions = {
+        1: all([
+            has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            has_animal_manure_used
+        ]),
+        2: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            any([
+                has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+                has_bare_fallow
+            ]),
+            any([
+                has_irrigation,
+                has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+                has_cover_crop,
+                has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used,
+            ])
+        ]),
+        3: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            not has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+            not has_bare_fallow,
+            not has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+            any([
+                has_irrigation,
+                has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+                has_cover_crop,
+                has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used
+            ])
+        ]),
+        4: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            not has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+            not has_bare_fallow,
+            has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+            not has_irrigation,
+            not has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used,
+            not has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+            not has_cover_crop
+        ])
+    }
+
+    return next(
+        (key for key, condition in conditions.items() if condition), None
+    )
+
+
+def _check_cropland_low_category(
+    *,
+    has_animal_manure_used: bool,
+    has_bare_fallow: bool,
+    has_cover_crop: bool,
+    has_irrigation: bool,
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops: bool,
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used: bool,
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used: bool,
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input: bool,
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt: bool,
+    **_
+) -> Union[int, None]:
+    """
+    Checks the Cropland Low IPCC Carbon Input Category based on the given carbon input arguments.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    has_animal_manure_used : bool
+        Indicates whether animal manure is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_bare_fallow : bool
+        Indicates whether bare fallow is present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_cover_crop : bool
+        Indicates whether cover crops are present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_irrigation : bool
+        Indicates whether irrigation is applied to more than 30% of the site.
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops : bool
+        Indicates whether low residue-producing crops are present on more than 70% of the site.
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used : bool
+        Indicates whether a nitrogen-fixing crop or inorganic nitrogen fertiliser is used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used : bool
+        Indicates whether organic fertiliser or soil amendments are used on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input : bool
+        Indicates whether practices increasing carbon input are present on more than 30% of the site.
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt : bool
+        Indicates whether residues are removed or burnt on more than 30% of the site.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    int | None
+        The category key if conditions are met; otherwise, `None`.
+    """
+    conditions = {
+        1: all([
+            has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            not has_animal_manure_used
+        ]),
+        2: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            any([
+                has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+                has_bare_fallow
+            ]),
+            not has_irrigation,
+            not has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+            not has_cover_crop,
+            not has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used
+        ]),
+        3: all([
+            not has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+            not has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+            not has_bare_fallow,
+            not has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+            not has_irrigation,
+            not has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used,
+            not has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+            not has_cover_crop
+        ])
+    }
+
+    return next(
+        (key for key, condition in conditions.items() if condition), None
+    )
+
+
+_CROPLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE = {
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_HIGH_WITH_MANURE: _check_cropland_high_with_manure_category,
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_HIGH_WITHOUT_MANURE: _check_cropland_high_without_manure_category,
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_MEDIUM: _check_cropland_medium_category,
+    IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW: _check_cropland_low_category
+}
+"""
+A decision tree for assigning IPCC Carbon Input Categories to Cropland based on specific conditions.
+
+Key: IpccCarbonInputCategory
+Value: Corresponding function to check if the given conditions are met for the category.
+"""
+
+_DECISION_TREE_FROM_IPCC_MANAGEMENT_CATEGORY = {
+    IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND: _GRASSLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE,
+    IpccManagementCategory.FULL_TILLAGE: _CROPLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE,
+    IpccManagementCategory.REDUCED_TILLAGE: _CROPLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE,
+    IpccManagementCategory.NO_TILLAGE: _CROPLAND_IPCC_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY_DECISION_TREE
+}
+"""
+A decision tree mapping IPCC Management Categories to respective Carbon Input Category decision trees.
+
+Key: IpccManagementCategory
+Value: Decision tree for Carbon Input Categories corresponding to the management category.
+"""
+
+_DEFAULT_CARBON_INPUT_CATEGORY = {
+    IpccManagementCategory.IMPROVED_GRASSLAND: IpccCarbonInputCategory.GRASSLAND_MEDIUM,
+    IpccManagementCategory.FULL_TILLAGE: IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW,
+    IpccManagementCategory.REDUCED_TILLAGE: IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW,
+    IpccManagementCategory.NO_TILLAGE: IpccCarbonInputCategory.CROPLAND_LOW
+}
+"""
+A mapping from IPCC Management Categories to default Carbon Input Categories.
+
+Key: IpccManagementCategory
+Value: Default Carbon Input Category for the corresponding Management Category.
+"""
+
+
+def _get_carbon_input_kwargs(
+    management_nodes: list[dict]
+) -> dict:
+    """
+    Creates CarbonInputArgs based on the provided list of management nodes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    management_nodes : list[dict]
+        The list of management nodes.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        The carbon input keyword arguments.
+    """
+
+    PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT_LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["landUseManagement"]
+    LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP_LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["landCover"][1]
+    N_FIXING_CROP_LOOKUP = _LOOKUPS["landCover"][2]
+
+    # To prevent double counting already explicitly checked practices.
+    EXCLUDED_PRACTICE_TERM_IDS = {
+        _IMPROVED_PASTURE_TERM_ID,
+        _ANIMAL_MANURE_USED_TERM_ID,
+        _INORGANIC_NITROGEN_FERTILISER_USED_TERM_ID,
+        _ORGANIC_FERTILISER_USED_TERM_ID
+    }
+
+    crop_residue_management_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.CROPRESIDUEMANAGEMENT])
+    land_cover_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.LANDCOVER])
+    land_use_management_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.LANDUSEMANAGEMENT])
+    water_regime_nodes = filter_list_term_type(management_nodes, [TermTermType.WATERREGIME])
+
+    has_animal_manure_used = any(
+        get_node_value(node) for node in land_use_management_nodes if node_term_match(node, _ANIMAL_MANURE_USED_TERM_ID)
+    )
+
+    has_bare_fallow = cumulative_nodes_term_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        target_term_ids=_SHORT_BARE_FALLOW_TERM_ID,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    has_cover_crop = cumulative_nodes_match(
+        lambda node: any(
+            get_node_property(node, term_id, False).get("value", False)
+            for term_id in get_cover_crop_property_terms_with_cache()
+        ),
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    has_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used = any(
+        get_node_value(node) for node in land_use_management_nodes
+        if node_term_match(node, _INORGANIC_NITROGEN_FERTILISER_USED_TERM_ID)
+    )
+
+    has_irrigation = check_irrigation(water_regime_nodes)
+
+    has_low_residue_producing_crops = cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        lookup=LOW_RESIDUE_PRODUCING_CROP_LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=True,
+        cumulative_threshold=SUPER_MAJORITY_AREA_THRESHOLD  # Requires a supermajority (>70%).
+    )
+
+    has_n_fixing_crop = cumulative_nodes_lookup_match(
+        land_cover_nodes,
+        lookup=N_FIXING_CROP_LOOKUP,
+        target_lookup_values=True,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used = has_n_fixing_crop or has_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used
+
+    has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used = any(
+        get_node_value(node) for node in land_use_management_nodes
+        if node_term_match(node, [_ORGANIC_FERTILISER_USED_TERM_ID, _SOIL_AMENDMENT_USED_TERM_ID])
+    )
+
+    has_practice_increasing_c_input = cumulative_nodes_match(
+        lambda node: (
+            node_lookup_match(node, PRACTICE_INCREASING_C_INPUT_LOOKUP, True)
+            and not node_term_match(node, EXCLUDED_PRACTICE_TERM_IDS)
+        ),
+        land_use_management_nodes,
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    has_residue_removed_or_burnt = cumulative_nodes_term_match(
+        crop_residue_management_nodes,
+        target_term_ids=get_residue_removed_or_burnt_terms_with_cache(),
+        cumulative_threshold=MIN_AREA_THRESHOLD
+    )
+
+    num_grassland_improvements = [
+        has_irrigation,
+        has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+        has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+        has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used
+    ].count(True)
+
+    return {
+        "has_animal_manure_used": has_animal_manure_used,
+        "has_bare_fallow": has_bare_fallow,
+        "has_cover_crop": has_cover_crop,
+        "has_irrigation": has_irrigation,
+        "has_low_residue_producing_crops": has_low_residue_producing_crops,
+        "has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used": has_n_fixing_crop_or_inorganic_n_fertiliser_used,
+        "has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used": has_organic_fertiliser_or_soil_amendment_used,
+        "has_practice_increasing_c_input": has_practice_increasing_c_input,
+        "has_residue_removed_or_burnt": has_residue_removed_or_burnt,
+        "num_grassland_improvements": num_grassland_improvements
+    }
+
+
+def _should_run_inventory_year(group: dict) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determines whether there is sufficient data in an inventory year to run the tier 1 model.
+
+    1. Check if the land use category is not "OTHER"
+    2. Check if all required keys are present.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    group : dict
+        Dictionary containing information for a specific inventory year.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bool
+        True if the inventory year is valid, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return all([
+        group.get(_InventoryKey.LU_CATEGORY) != IpccLandUseCategory.OTHER,
+        all(key in group.keys() for key in _REQUIRED_KEYS),
+    ])