hdiffpatch 1.0.0__cp39-cp39-win32.whl

hdiffpatch/_c_src/zstd/tests/paramgrill.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2965 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under both the BSD-style license (found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree) and the GPLv2 (found
+ * in the COPYING file in the root directory of this source tree).
+ * You may select, at your option, one of the above-listed licenses.
+ */
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Dependencies
+**************************************/
+#include "util.h"      /* Ensure platform.h is compiled first; also : compiler options, UTIL_GetFileSize */
+#include <stdlib.h>    /* malloc */
+#include <stdio.h>     /* fprintf, fopen, ftello64 */
+#include <string.h>    /* strcmp */
+#include <math.h>      /* log */
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "timefn.h"    /* SEC_TO_MICRO, UTIL_time_t, UTIL_clockSpanMicro, UTIL_clockSpanNano, UTIL_getTime */
+#include "mem.h"
+#define ZSTD_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY   /* ZSTD_parameters, ZSTD_estimateCCtxSize */
+#include "zstd.h"
+#include "datagen.h"
+#include "xxhash.h"
+#include "benchfn.h"
+#include "benchzstd.h"
+#include "zstd_errors.h"
+#include "zstd_internal.h"     /* should not be needed */
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Constants
+**************************************/
+#define PROGRAM_DESCRIPTION "ZSTD parameters tester"
+#define AUTHOR "Yann Collet"
+#define WELCOME_MESSAGE "*** %s %s %i-bits, by %s ***\n", PROGRAM_DESCRIPTION, ZSTD_VERSION_STRING, (int)(sizeof(void*)*8), AUTHOR
+
+#define TIMELOOP_NANOSEC      (1*1000000000ULL) /* 1 second */
+#define NB_LEVELS_TRACKED 22   /* ensured being >= ZSTD_maxCLevel() in BMK_init_level_constraints() */
+
+static const size_t maxMemory = (sizeof(size_t)==4)  ?  (2 GB - 64 MB) : (size_t)(1ULL << ((sizeof(size_t)*8)-31));
+
+#define COMPRESSIBILITY_DEFAULT 0.50
+
+static const U64 g_maxVariationTime = 60 * SEC_TO_MICRO;
+static const int g_maxNbVariations = 64;
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Macros
+**************************************/
+#define DISPLAY(...)  fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DISPLAYLEVEL(n, ...) if(g_displayLevel >= n) { fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); }
+#define DEBUGOUTPUT(...) { if (DEBUG) DISPLAY(__VA_ARGS__); }
+
+#define TIMED 0
+#ifndef DEBUG
+#  define DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#undef MIN
+#undef MAX
+#define MIN(a,b)   ( (a) < (b) ? (a) : (b) )
+#define MAX(a,b)   ( (a) > (b) ? (a) : (b) )
+#define CUSTOM_LEVEL 99
+#define BASE_CLEVEL 1
+
+#define FADT_MIN 0
+#define FADT_MAX ((U32)-1)
+
+#define WLOG_RANGE (ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX - ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MIN + 1)
+#define CLOG_RANGE (ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MAX - ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MIN + 1)
+#define HLOG_RANGE (ZSTD_HASHLOG_MAX - ZSTD_HASHLOG_MIN + 1)
+#define SLOG_RANGE (ZSTD_SEARCHLOG_MAX - ZSTD_SEARCHLOG_MIN + 1)
+#define MML_RANGE  (ZSTD_MINMATCH_MAX - ZSTD_MINMATCH_MIN + 1)
+#define TLEN_RANGE  17
+#define STRT_RANGE (ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX - ZSTD_STRATEGY_MIN + 1)
+#define FADT_RANGE   3
+
+#define CHECKTIME(r) { if(BMK_timeSpan_s(g_time) > g_timeLimit_s) { DEBUGOUTPUT("Time Limit Reached\n"); return r; } }
+#define CHECKTIMEGT(ret, val, _gototag) { if(BMK_timeSpan_s(g_time) > g_timeLimit_s) { DEBUGOUTPUT("Time Limit Reached\n"); ret = val; goto _gototag; } }
+
+#define PARAM_UNSET ((U32)-2) /* can't be -1 b/c fadt uses -1 */
+
+static const char* g_stratName[ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX+1] = {
+                "(none)       ", "ZSTD_fast    ", "ZSTD_dfast   ",
+                "ZSTD_greedy  ", "ZSTD_lazy    ", "ZSTD_lazy2   ",
+                "ZSTD_btlazy2 ", "ZSTD_btopt   ", "ZSTD_btultra ",
+                "ZSTD_btultra2"};
+
+static const U32 tlen_table[TLEN_RANGE] = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 256, 512, 999 };
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Setup for Adding new params
+**************************************/
+
+/* indices for each of the variables */
+typedef enum {
+    wlog_ind = 0,
+    clog_ind = 1,
+    hlog_ind = 2,
+    slog_ind = 3,
+    mml_ind  = 4,
+    tlen_ind = 5,
+    strt_ind = 6,
+    fadt_ind = 7, /* forceAttachDict */
+    NUM_PARAMS = 8
+} varInds_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    U32 vals[NUM_PARAMS];
+} paramValues_t;
+
+/* minimum value of parameters */
+static const U32 mintable[NUM_PARAMS] =
+        { ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MIN, ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MIN, ZSTD_HASHLOG_MIN, ZSTD_SEARCHLOG_MIN, ZSTD_MINMATCH_MIN, ZSTD_TARGETLENGTH_MIN, ZSTD_STRATEGY_MIN, FADT_MIN };
+
+/* maximum value of parameters */
+static const U32 maxtable[NUM_PARAMS] =
+        { ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX, ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MAX, ZSTD_HASHLOG_MAX, ZSTD_SEARCHLOG_MAX, ZSTD_MINMATCH_MAX, ZSTD_TARGETLENGTH_MAX, ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX, FADT_MAX };
+
+/* # of values parameters can take on */
+static const U32 rangetable[NUM_PARAMS] =
+        { WLOG_RANGE, CLOG_RANGE, HLOG_RANGE, SLOG_RANGE, MML_RANGE, TLEN_RANGE, STRT_RANGE, FADT_RANGE };
+
+/* ZSTD_cctxSetParameter() index to set */
+static const ZSTD_cParameter cctxSetParamTable[NUM_PARAMS] =
+        { ZSTD_c_windowLog, ZSTD_c_chainLog, ZSTD_c_hashLog, ZSTD_c_searchLog, ZSTD_c_minMatch, ZSTD_c_targetLength, ZSTD_c_strategy, ZSTD_c_forceAttachDict };
+
+/* names of parameters */
+static const char* g_paramNames[NUM_PARAMS] =
+        { "windowLog", "chainLog", "hashLog","searchLog", "minMatch", "targetLength", "strategy", "forceAttachDict" };
+
+/* shortened names of parameters */
+static const char* g_shortParamNames[NUM_PARAMS] =
+        { "wlog", "clog", "hlog", "slog", "mml", "tlen", "strat", "fadt" };
+
+/* maps value from { 0 to rangetable[param] - 1 } to valid paramvalues */
+static U32 rangeMap(varInds_t param, int ind)
+{
+    U32 const uind = (U32)MAX(MIN(ind, (int)rangetable[param] - 1), 0);
+    switch(param) {
+        case wlog_ind: /* using default: triggers -Wswitch-enum */
+        case clog_ind:
+        case hlog_ind:
+        case slog_ind:
+        case mml_ind:
+        case strt_ind:
+            return mintable[param] + uind;
+        case tlen_ind:
+            return tlen_table[uind];
+        case fadt_ind: /* 0, 1, 2 -> -1, 0, 1 */
+            return uind - 1;
+        case NUM_PARAMS:
+        default:;
+    }
+    DISPLAY("Error, not a valid param\n ");
+    assert(0);
+    return (U32)-1;
+}
+
+/* inverse of rangeMap */
+static int invRangeMap(varInds_t param, U32 value)
+{
+    value = MIN(MAX(mintable[param], value), maxtable[param]);
+    switch(param) {
+        case wlog_ind:
+        case clog_ind:
+        case hlog_ind:
+        case slog_ind:
+        case mml_ind:
+        case strt_ind:
+            return (int)(value - mintable[param]);
+        case tlen_ind: /* bin search */
+        {
+            int lo = 0;
+            int hi = TLEN_RANGE;
+            while(lo < hi) {
+                int mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
+                if(tlen_table[mid] < value) {
+                    lo = mid + 1;
+                } if(tlen_table[mid] == value) {
+                    return mid;
+                } else {
+                    hi = mid;
+                }
+            }
+            return lo;
+        }
+        case fadt_ind:
+            return (int)value + 1;
+        case NUM_PARAMS:
+        default:;
+    }
+    DISPLAY("Error, not a valid param\n ");
+    assert(0);
+    return -2;
+}
+
+/* display of params */
+static void displayParamVal(FILE* f, varInds_t param, unsigned value, int width)
+{
+    switch(param) {
+        case wlog_ind:
+        case clog_ind:
+        case hlog_ind:
+        case slog_ind:
+        case mml_ind:
+        case tlen_ind:
+            if(width) {
+                fprintf(f, "%*u", width, value);
+            } else {
+                fprintf(f, "%u", value);
+            }
+            break;
+        case strt_ind:
+            if(width) {
+                fprintf(f, "%*s", width, g_stratName[value]);
+            } else {
+                fprintf(f, "%s", g_stratName[value]);
+            }
+            break;
+        case fadt_ind:   /* force attach dict */
+            if(width) {
+                fprintf(f, "%*d", width, (int)value);
+            } else {
+                fprintf(f, "%d", (int)value);
+            }
+            break;
+        case NUM_PARAMS:
+        default:
+            DISPLAY("Error, not a valid param\n ");
+            assert(0);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Benchmark Parameters/Global Variables
+**************************************/
+
+/* General Utility */
+static U32 g_timeLimit_s = 99999;   /* about 27 hours */
+static UTIL_time_t g_time; /* to be used to compare solution finding speeds to compare to original */
+static U32 g_blockSize = 0;
+static U32 g_rand = 1;
+
+/* Display */
+static int g_displayLevel = 3;
+static BYTE g_silenceParams[NUM_PARAMS];   /* can selectively silence some params when displaying them */
+
+/* Mode Selection */
+static U32 g_singleRun = 0;
+static U32 g_optimizer = 0;
+static int g_optmode = 0;
+
+/* For cLevel Table generation */
+static U32 g_target = 0;
+static U32 g_noSeed = 0;
+
+/* For optimizer */
+static paramValues_t g_params; /* Initialized at the beginning of main w/ emptyParams() function */
+static double g_ratioMultiplier = 5.;
+static U32 g_strictness = PARAM_UNSET; /* range 1 - 100, measure of how strict  */
+static BMK_benchResult_t g_lvltarget;
+
+typedef enum {
+    directMap,
+    xxhashMap,
+    noMemo
+} memoTableType_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    memoTableType_t tableType;
+    BYTE* table;
+    size_t tableLen;
+    varInds_t varArray[NUM_PARAMS];
+    size_t varLen;
+} memoTable_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    BMK_benchResult_t result;
+    paramValues_t params;
+} winnerInfo_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    U32 cSpeed;  /* bytes / sec */
+    U32 dSpeed;
+    U32 cMem;    /* bytes */
+} constraint_t;
+
+typedef struct winner_ll_node winner_ll_node;
+struct winner_ll_node {
+    winnerInfo_t res;
+    winner_ll_node* next;
+};
+
+static winner_ll_node* g_winners; /* linked list sorted ascending by cSize & cSpeed */
+
+/*
+ * Additional Global Variables (Defined Above Use)
+ * g_level_constraint
+ * g_alreadyTested
+ * g_maxTries
+ * g_clockGranularity
+ */
+
+
+/*-*******************************************************
+*  General Util Functions
+*********************************************************/
+
+/* nullified useless params, to ensure count stats */
+/* cleans up params for memoizing / display */
+static paramValues_t sanitizeParams(paramValues_t params)
+{
+    if (params.vals[strt_ind] == ZSTD_fast)
+        params.vals[clog_ind] = 0, params.vals[slog_ind] = 0;
+    if (params.vals[strt_ind] == ZSTD_dfast)
+        params.vals[slog_ind] = 0;
+    if ( (params.vals[strt_ind] < ZSTD_btopt) && (params.vals[strt_ind] != ZSTD_fast) )
+        params.vals[tlen_ind] = 0;
+
+    return params;
+}
+
+static ZSTD_compressionParameters pvalsToCParams(paramValues_t p)
+{
+    ZSTD_compressionParameters c;
+    memset(&c, 0, sizeof(ZSTD_compressionParameters));
+    c.windowLog = p.vals[wlog_ind];
+    c.chainLog = p.vals[clog_ind];
+    c.hashLog = p.vals[hlog_ind];
+    c.searchLog = p.vals[slog_ind];
+    c.minMatch = p.vals[mml_ind];
+    c.targetLength = p.vals[tlen_ind];
+    c.strategy = p.vals[strt_ind];
+    /* no forceAttachDict */
+    return c;
+}
+
+static paramValues_t cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_compressionParameters c)
+{
+    paramValues_t p;
+    varInds_t i;
+    p.vals[wlog_ind] = c.windowLog;
+    p.vals[clog_ind] = c.chainLog;
+    p.vals[hlog_ind] = c.hashLog;
+    p.vals[slog_ind] = c.searchLog;
+    p.vals[mml_ind]  = c.minMatch;
+    p.vals[tlen_ind] = c.targetLength;
+    p.vals[strt_ind] = c.strategy;
+
+    /* set all other params to their minimum value */
+    for (i = strt_ind + 1; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        p.vals[i] = mintable[i];
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/* equivalent of ZSTD_adjustCParams for paramValues_t */
+static paramValues_t
+adjustParams(paramValues_t p, const size_t maxBlockSize, const size_t dictSize)
+{
+    paramValues_t ot = p;
+    varInds_t i;
+    p = cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_adjustCParams(pvalsToCParams(p), maxBlockSize, dictSize));
+    if (!dictSize) { p.vals[fadt_ind] = 0; }
+    /* retain value of all other parameters */
+    for(i = strt_ind + 1; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        p.vals[i] = ot.vals[i];
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+static size_t BMK_findMaxMem(U64 requiredMem)
+{
+    size_t const step = 64 MB;
+    void* testmem = NULL;
+
+    requiredMem = (((requiredMem >> 26) + 1) << 26);
+    if (requiredMem > maxMemory) requiredMem = maxMemory;
+
+    requiredMem += 2 * step;
+    while (!testmem && requiredMem > 0) {
+        testmem = malloc ((size_t)requiredMem);
+        requiredMem -= step;
+    }
+
+    free (testmem);
+    return (size_t) requiredMem;
+}
+
+/* accuracy in seconds only, span can be multiple years */
+static U32 BMK_timeSpan_s(const UTIL_time_t tStart)
+{
+    return (U32)(UTIL_clockSpanMicro(tStart) / 1000000ULL);
+}
+
+static U32 FUZ_rotl32(U32 x, U32 r)
+{
+    return ((x << r) | (x >> (32 - r)));
+}
+
+static U32 FUZ_rand(U32* src)
+{
+    const U32 prime1 = 2654435761U;
+    const U32 prime2 = 2246822519U;
+    U32 rand32 = *src;
+    rand32 *= prime1;
+    rand32 += prime2;
+    rand32  = FUZ_rotl32(rand32, 13);
+    *src = rand32;
+    return rand32 >> 5;
+}
+
+#define BOUNDCHECK(val,min,max) {                     \
+    if (((val)<(min)) | ((val)>(max))) {              \
+        DISPLAY("INVALID PARAMETER CONSTRAINTS\n");   \
+        return 0;                                     \
+}   }
+
+static int paramValid(const paramValues_t paramTarget)
+{
+    U32 i;
+    for(i = 0; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        BOUNDCHECK(paramTarget.vals[i], mintable[i], maxtable[i]);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* cParamUnsetMin() :
+ * if any parameter in paramTarget is not yet set,
+ * it will receive its corresponding minimal value.
+ * This function never fails */
+static paramValues_t cParamUnsetMin(paramValues_t paramTarget)
+{
+    varInds_t vi;
+    for (vi = 0; vi < NUM_PARAMS; vi++) {
+        if (paramTarget.vals[vi] == PARAM_UNSET) {
+            paramTarget.vals[vi] = mintable[vi];
+        }
+    }
+    return paramTarget;
+}
+
+static paramValues_t emptyParams(void)
+{
+    U32 i;
+    paramValues_t p;
+    for(i = 0; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        p.vals[i] = PARAM_UNSET;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+static winnerInfo_t initWinnerInfo(const paramValues_t p)
+{
+    winnerInfo_t w1;
+    w1.result.cSpeed = 0;
+    w1.result.dSpeed = 0;
+    w1.result.cMem = (size_t)-1;
+    w1.result.cSize = (size_t)-1;
+    w1.params = p;
+    return w1;
+}
+
+static paramValues_t
+overwriteParams(paramValues_t base, const paramValues_t mask)
+{
+    U32 i;
+    for(i = 0; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        if(mask.vals[i] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+            base.vals[i] = mask.vals[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return base;
+}
+
+static void
+paramVaryOnce(const varInds_t paramIndex, const int amt, paramValues_t* ptr)
+{
+    ptr->vals[paramIndex] = rangeMap(paramIndex,
+                                     invRangeMap(paramIndex, ptr->vals[paramIndex]) + amt);
+}
+
+/* varies ptr by nbChanges respecting varyParams*/
+static void
+paramVariation(paramValues_t* ptr, memoTable_t* mtAll, const U32 nbChanges)
+{
+    paramValues_t p;
+    int validated = 0;
+    while (!validated) {
+        U32 i;
+        p = *ptr;
+        for (i = 0 ; i < nbChanges ; i++) {
+            const U32 changeID = (U32)FUZ_rand(&g_rand) % (mtAll[p.vals[strt_ind]].varLen << 1);
+            paramVaryOnce(mtAll[p.vals[strt_ind]].varArray[changeID >> 1],
+                          (int)((changeID & 1) << 1) - 1,
+                          &p);
+        }
+        validated = paramValid(p);
+    }
+    *ptr = p;
+}
+
+/* Completely random parameter selection */
+static paramValues_t randomParams(void)
+{
+    varInds_t v; paramValues_t p;
+    for(v = 0; v < NUM_PARAMS; v++) {
+        p.vals[v] = rangeMap(v, (int)(FUZ_rand(&g_rand) % rangetable[v]));
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+static U64 g_clockGranularity = 100000000ULL;
+
+static void init_clockGranularity(void)
+{
+    UTIL_time_t const clockStart = UTIL_getTime();
+    U64 el1 = 0, el2 = 0;
+    int i = 0;
+    do {
+        el1 = el2;
+        el2 = UTIL_clockSpanNano(clockStart);
+        if(el1 < el2) {
+            U64 iv = el2 - el1;
+            if(g_clockGranularity > iv) {
+                g_clockGranularity = iv;
+                i = 0;
+            } else {
+                i++;
+            }
+        }
+    } while(i < 10);
+    DEBUGOUTPUT("Granularity: %llu\n", (unsigned long long)g_clockGranularity);
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Optimizer Util Functions
+**************************************/
+
+/* checks results are feasible */
+static int feasible(const BMK_benchResult_t results, const constraint_t target) {
+    return (results.cSpeed >= target.cSpeed)
+        && (results.dSpeed >= target.dSpeed)
+        && (results.cMem <= target.cMem)
+        && (!g_optmode || results.cSize <= g_lvltarget.cSize);
+}
+
+/* hill climbing value for part 1 */
+/* Scoring here is a linear reward for all set constraints normalized between 0 and 1
+ * (with 0 at 0 and 1 being fully fulfilling the constraint), summed with a logarithmic
+ * bonus to exceeding the constraint value. We also give linear ratio for compression ratio.
+ * The constant factors are experimental.
+ */
+static double
+resultScore(const BMK_benchResult_t res, const size_t srcSize, const constraint_t target)
+{
+    double cs = 0., ds = 0., rt, cm = 0.;
+    const double r1 = 1, r2 = 0.1, rtr = 0.5;
+    double ret;
+    if(target.cSpeed) { cs = (double)res.cSpeed / (double)target.cSpeed; }
+    if(target.dSpeed) { ds = (double)res.dSpeed / (double)target.dSpeed; }
+    if(target.cMem != (U32)-1) { cm = (double)target.cMem / (double)res.cMem; }
+    rt = ((double)srcSize / (double)res.cSize);
+
+    ret = (MIN(1, cs) + MIN(1, ds)  + MIN(1, cm))*r1 + rt * rtr +
+         (MAX(0, log(cs))+ MAX(0, log(ds))+ MAX(0, log(cm))) * r2;
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* calculates normalized squared euclidean distance of result1 if it is in the first quadrant relative to lvlRes */
+static double
+resultDistLvl(const BMK_benchResult_t result1, const BMK_benchResult_t lvlRes)
+{
+    double normalizedCSpeedGain1 = ((double)result1.cSpeed / (double)lvlRes.cSpeed) - 1;
+    double normalizedRatioGain1 = ((double)lvlRes.cSize / (double)result1.cSize) - 1;
+    if(normalizedRatioGain1 < 0 || normalizedCSpeedGain1 < 0) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    return normalizedRatioGain1 * g_ratioMultiplier + normalizedCSpeedGain1;
+}
+
+/* return true if r2 strictly better than r1 */
+static int
+compareResultLT(const BMK_benchResult_t result1, const BMK_benchResult_t result2, const constraint_t target, size_t srcSize)
+{
+    if(feasible(result1, target) && feasible(result2, target)) {
+        if(g_optmode) {
+            return resultDistLvl(result1, g_lvltarget) < resultDistLvl(result2, g_lvltarget);
+        } else {
+            return (result1.cSize > result2.cSize)
+                || (result1.cSize == result2.cSize && result2.cSpeed > result1.cSpeed)
+                || (result1.cSize == result2.cSize && result2.cSpeed == result1.cSpeed && result2.dSpeed > result1.dSpeed);
+        }
+    }
+    return feasible(result2, target)
+        || (!feasible(result1, target)
+            && (resultScore(result1, srcSize, target) < resultScore(result2, srcSize, target)));
+}
+
+static constraint_t relaxTarget(constraint_t target) {
+    target.cMem = (U32)-1;
+    target.cSpeed = (target.cSpeed * g_strictness) / 100;
+    target.dSpeed = (target.dSpeed * g_strictness) / 100;
+    return target;
+}
+
+static void optimizerAdjustInput(paramValues_t* pc, const size_t maxBlockSize)
+{
+    varInds_t v;
+    for(v = 0; v < NUM_PARAMS; v++) {
+        if(pc->vals[v] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+            U32 newval = MIN(MAX(pc->vals[v], mintable[v]), maxtable[v]);
+            if(newval != pc->vals[v]) {
+                pc->vals[v] = newval;
+                DISPLAY("Warning: parameter %s not in valid range, adjusting to ",
+                        g_paramNames[v]);
+                displayParamVal(stderr, v, newval, 0); DISPLAY("\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(pc->vals[wlog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+
+        U32 sshb = maxBlockSize > 1 ? ZSTD_highbit32((U32)(maxBlockSize-1)) + 1 : 1;
+        /* edge case of highBit not working for 0 */
+
+        if(maxBlockSize < (1ULL << 31) && sshb + 1 < pc->vals[wlog_ind]) {
+            U32 adjust = MAX(mintable[wlog_ind], sshb);
+            if(adjust != pc->vals[wlog_ind]) {
+                pc->vals[wlog_ind] = adjust;
+                DISPLAY("Warning: windowLog larger than src/block size, adjusted to %u\n",
+                        (unsigned)pc->vals[wlog_ind]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(pc->vals[wlog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET && pc->vals[clog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+        U32 maxclog;
+        if(pc->vals[strt_ind] == PARAM_UNSET || pc->vals[strt_ind] >= (U32)ZSTD_btlazy2) {
+            maxclog = pc->vals[wlog_ind] + 1;
+        } else {
+            maxclog = pc->vals[wlog_ind];
+        }
+
+        if(pc->vals[clog_ind] > maxclog) {
+            pc->vals[clog_ind] = maxclog;
+            DISPLAY("Warning: chainlog too much larger than windowLog size, adjusted to %u\n",
+                    (unsigned)pc->vals[clog_ind]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(pc->vals[wlog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET && pc->vals[hlog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+        if(pc->vals[wlog_ind] + 1 < pc->vals[hlog_ind]) {
+            pc->vals[hlog_ind] = pc->vals[wlog_ind] + 1;
+            DISPLAY("Warning: hashlog too much larger than windowLog size, adjusted to %u\n",
+                    (unsigned)pc->vals[hlog_ind]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(pc->vals[slog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET && pc->vals[clog_ind] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+        if(pc->vals[slog_ind] > pc->vals[clog_ind]) {
+            pc->vals[clog_ind] = pc->vals[slog_ind];
+            DISPLAY("Warning: searchLog larger than chainLog, adjusted to %u\n",
+                    (unsigned)pc->vals[slog_ind]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+redundantParams(const paramValues_t paramValues, const constraint_t target, const size_t maxBlockSize)
+{
+    return
+       (ZSTD_estimateCStreamSize_usingCParams(pvalsToCParams(paramValues)) > (size_t)target.cMem) /* Uses too much memory */
+    || ((1ULL << (paramValues.vals[wlog_ind] - 1)) >= maxBlockSize && paramValues.vals[wlog_ind] != mintable[wlog_ind]) /* wlog too much bigger than src size */
+    || (paramValues.vals[clog_ind] > (paramValues.vals[wlog_ind] + (paramValues.vals[strt_ind] > ZSTD_btlazy2))) /* chainLog larger than windowLog*/
+    || (paramValues.vals[slog_ind] > paramValues.vals[clog_ind]) /* searchLog larger than chainLog */
+    || (paramValues.vals[hlog_ind] > paramValues.vals[wlog_ind] + 1); /* hashLog larger than windowLog + 1 */
+}
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Display Functions
+**************************************/
+
+/* BMK_paramValues_into_commandLine() :
+ * transform a set of parameters paramValues_t
+ * into a command line compatible with `zstd` syntax
+ * and writes it into FILE* f.
+ * f must be already opened and writable */
+static void
+BMK_paramValues_into_commandLine(FILE* f, const paramValues_t params)
+{
+    varInds_t v;
+    int first = 1;
+    fprintf(f,"--zstd=");
+    for (v = 0; v < NUM_PARAMS; v++) {
+        if (g_silenceParams[v]) { continue; }
+        if (!first) { fprintf(f, ","); }
+        fprintf(f,"%s=", g_paramNames[v]);
+
+        if (v == strt_ind) { fprintf(f,"%u", (unsigned)params.vals[v]); }
+        else { displayParamVal(f, v, params.vals[v], 0); }
+        first = 0;
+    }
+    fprintf(f, "\n");
+}
+
+
+/* comparison function: */
+/* strictly better, strictly worse, equal, speed-side adv, size-side adv */
+#define WORSE_RESULT 0
+#define BETTER_RESULT 1
+#define ERROR_RESULT 2
+
+#define SPEED_RESULT 4
+#define SIZE_RESULT 5
+/* maybe have epsilon-eq to limit table size? */
+static int
+speedSizeCompare(const BMK_benchResult_t r1, const BMK_benchResult_t r2)
+{
+    if(r1.cSpeed < r2.cSpeed) {
+        if(r1.cSize >= r2.cSize) {
+            return BETTER_RESULT;
+        }
+        return SPEED_RESULT; /* r2 is smaller but not faster. */
+    } else {
+        if(r1.cSize <= r2.cSize) {
+            return WORSE_RESULT;
+        }
+        return SIZE_RESULT; /* r2 is faster but not smaller */
+    }
+}
+
+/* 0 for insertion, 1 for no insert */
+/* maintain invariant speedSizeCompare(n, n->next) = SPEED_RESULT */
+static int
+insertWinner(const winnerInfo_t w, const constraint_t targetConstraints)
+{
+    BMK_benchResult_t r = w.result;
+    winner_ll_node* cur_node = g_winners;
+    /* first node to insert */
+    if(!feasible(r, targetConstraints)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if(g_winners == NULL) {
+        winner_ll_node* first_node = malloc(sizeof(winner_ll_node));
+        if(first_node == NULL) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        first_node->next = NULL;
+        first_node->res = w;
+        g_winners = first_node;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    while(cur_node->next != NULL) {
+        switch(speedSizeCompare(cur_node->res.result, r)) {
+            case WORSE_RESULT:
+            {
+                return 1; /* never insert if better */
+            }
+            case BETTER_RESULT:
+            {
+                winner_ll_node* tmp;
+                cur_node->res = cur_node->next->res;
+                tmp = cur_node->next;
+                cur_node->next = cur_node->next->next;
+                free(tmp);
+                break;
+            }
+            case SIZE_RESULT:
+            {
+                cur_node = cur_node->next;
+                break;
+            }
+            case SPEED_RESULT: /* insert after first size result, then return */
+            {
+                winner_ll_node* newnode = malloc(sizeof(winner_ll_node));
+                if(newnode == NULL) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                newnode->res = cur_node->res;
+                cur_node->res = w;
+                newnode->next = cur_node->next;
+                cur_node->next = newnode;
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    assert(cur_node->next == NULL);
+    switch(speedSizeCompare(cur_node->res.result, r)) {
+        case WORSE_RESULT:
+        {
+            return 1; /* never insert if better */
+        }
+        case BETTER_RESULT:
+        {
+            cur_node->res = w;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        case SIZE_RESULT:
+        {
+            winner_ll_node* newnode = malloc(sizeof(winner_ll_node));
+            if(newnode == NULL) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            newnode->res = w;
+            newnode->next = NULL;
+            cur_node->next = newnode;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        case SPEED_RESULT: /* insert before first size result, then return */
+        {
+            winner_ll_node* newnode = malloc(sizeof(winner_ll_node));
+            if(newnode == NULL) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            newnode->res = cur_node->res;
+            cur_node->res = w;
+            newnode->next = cur_node->next;
+            cur_node->next = newnode;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        default:
+            return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+BMK_displayOneResult(FILE* f, winnerInfo_t res, const size_t srcSize)
+{
+    varInds_t v;
+    int first = 1;
+    res.params = cParamUnsetMin(res.params);
+    fprintf(f, "    {");
+    for (v = 0; v < NUM_PARAMS; v++) {
+        if (g_silenceParams[v]) { continue; }
+        if (!first) { fprintf(f, ","); }
+        displayParamVal(f, v, res.params.vals[v], 3);
+        first = 0;
+    }
+
+    {   double const ratio = res.result.cSize ?
+                            (double)srcSize / (double)res.result.cSize : 0;
+        double const cSpeedMBps = (double)res.result.cSpeed / MB_UNIT;
+        double const dSpeedMBps = (double)res.result.dSpeed / MB_UNIT;
+
+        fprintf(f, " },     /* R:%5.3f at %5.1f MB/s - %5.1f MB/s */\n",
+                            ratio, cSpeedMBps, dSpeedMBps);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Writes to f the results of a parameter benchmark */
+/* when used with --optimize, will only print results better than previously discovered */
+static void
+BMK_printWinner(FILE* f, const int cLevel, const BMK_benchResult_t result, const paramValues_t params, const size_t srcSize)
+{
+    char lvlstr[15] = "Custom Level";
+    winnerInfo_t w;
+    w.params = params;
+    w.result = result;
+
+    fprintf(f, "\r%79s\r", "");
+
+    if(cLevel != CUSTOM_LEVEL) {
+        snprintf(lvlstr, 15, "  Level %2d  ", cLevel);
+    }
+
+    if(TIMED) {
+        const U64 mn_in_ns = 60ULL * TIMELOOP_NANOSEC;
+        const U64 time_ns = UTIL_clockSpanNano(g_time);
+        const U64 minutes = time_ns / mn_in_ns;
+        fprintf(f, "%1lu:%2lu:%05.2f - ",
+                (unsigned long) minutes / 60,
+                (unsigned long) minutes % 60,
+                (double)(time_ns - (minutes * mn_in_ns)) / TIMELOOP_NANOSEC );
+    }
+
+    fprintf(f, "/* %s */   ", lvlstr);
+    BMK_displayOneResult(f, w, srcSize);
+}
+
+static void
+BMK_printWinnerOpt(FILE* f, const U32 cLevel, const BMK_benchResult_t result, const paramValues_t params, const constraint_t targetConstraints, const size_t srcSize)
+{
+    /* global winner used for constraints */
+                                    /* cSize, cSpeed, dSpeed, cMem */
+    static winnerInfo_t g_winner = { { (size_t)-1LL, 0, 0, (size_t)-1LL },
+                                     { { PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET, PARAM_UNSET } }
+                                   };
+    if ( DEBUG
+      || compareResultLT(g_winner.result, result, targetConstraints, srcSize)
+      || g_displayLevel >= 4) {
+        if ( DEBUG
+          && compareResultLT(g_winner.result, result, targetConstraints, srcSize)) {
+            DISPLAY("New Winner: \n");
+        }
+
+        if(g_displayLevel >= 2) {
+            BMK_printWinner(f, cLevel, result, params, srcSize);
+        }
+
+        if(compareResultLT(g_winner.result, result, targetConstraints, srcSize)) {
+            if(g_displayLevel >= 1) { BMK_paramValues_into_commandLine(f, params); }
+            g_winner.result = result;
+            g_winner.params = params;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(g_optmode && g_optimizer && (DEBUG || g_displayLevel == 3)) {
+        winnerInfo_t w;
+        winner_ll_node* n;
+        w.result = result;
+        w.params = params;
+        insertWinner(w, targetConstraints);
+
+        if(!DEBUG) { fprintf(f, "\033c"); }
+        fprintf(f, "\n");
+
+        /* the table */
+        fprintf(f, "================================\n");
+        for(n = g_winners; n != NULL; n = n->next) {
+            BMK_displayOneResult(f, n->res, srcSize);
+        }
+        fprintf(f, "================================\n");
+        fprintf(f, "Level Bounds: R: > %.3f AND C: < %.1f MB/s \n\n",
+            (double)srcSize / (double)g_lvltarget.cSize, (double)g_lvltarget.cSpeed / MB_UNIT);
+
+
+        fprintf(f, "Overall Winner: \n");
+        BMK_displayOneResult(f, g_winner, srcSize);
+        BMK_paramValues_into_commandLine(f, g_winner.params);
+
+        fprintf(f, "Latest BMK: \n");\
+        BMK_displayOneResult(f, w, srcSize);
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* BMK_print_cLevelEntry() :
+ * Writes one cLevelTable entry, for one level.
+ * f must exist, be already opened, and be seekable.
+ * this function cannot error.
+ */
+static void
+BMK_print_cLevelEntry(FILE* f, const int cLevel,
+                      paramValues_t params,
+                      const BMK_benchResult_t result, const size_t srcSize)
+{
+    varInds_t v;
+    int first = 1;
+
+    assert(cLevel >= 0);
+    assert(cLevel <= NB_LEVELS_TRACKED);
+    params = cParamUnsetMin(params);
+
+    fprintf(f, "   {");
+    /* print cParams.
+     * assumption : all cParams are present and in order in the following range */
+    for (v = 0; v <= strt_ind; v++) {
+        if (!first) { fprintf(f, ","); }
+        displayParamVal(f, v, params.vals[v], 3);
+        first = 0;
+    }
+    /* print comment */
+    {   double const ratio = result.cSize ?
+                            (double)srcSize / (double)result.cSize : 0;
+        double const cSpeedMBps = (double)result.cSpeed / MB_UNIT;
+        double const dSpeedMBps = (double)result.dSpeed / MB_UNIT;
+
+        fprintf(f, " },   /* level %2i:  R=%5.3f at %5.1f MB/s - %5.1f MB/s */\n",
+                             cLevel, ratio, cSpeedMBps, dSpeedMBps);
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* BMK_print_cLevelTable() :
+ * print candidate compression table into proposed FILE* f.
+ * f must exist, be already opened, and be seekable.
+ * winners must be a table of NB_LEVELS_TRACKED+1 elements winnerInfo_t, all entries presumed initialized
+ * this function cannot error.
+ */
+static void
+BMK_print_cLevelTable(FILE* f, const winnerInfo_t* winners, const size_t srcSize)
+{
+    int cLevel;
+
+    fprintf(f, "\n /* Proposed configurations : */ \n");
+    fprintf(f, "   /* W,  C,  H,  S,  L,  T, strat */ \n");
+
+    for (cLevel=0; cLevel <= NB_LEVELS_TRACKED; cLevel++)
+        BMK_print_cLevelEntry(f,
+                              cLevel, winners[cLevel].params,
+                              winners[cLevel].result, srcSize);
+}
+
+
+/* BMK_saveAndPrint_cLevelTable() :
+ * save candidate compression table into FILE* f,
+ * and then to stdout.
+ * f must exist, be already opened, and be seekable.
+ * winners must be a table of NB_LEVELS_TRACKED+1 elements winnerInfo_t, all entries presumed initialized
+ * this function cannot error.
+ */
+static void
+BMK_saveAndPrint_cLevelTable(FILE* const f,
+                       const winnerInfo_t* winners,
+                       const size_t srcSize)
+{
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    BMK_print_cLevelTable(f, winners, srcSize);
+    fflush(f);
+    BMK_print_cLevelTable(stdout, winners, srcSize);
+}
+
+
+/*-*******************************************************
+*  Functions to Benchmark
+*********************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    ZSTD_CCtx* cctx;
+    const void* dictBuffer;
+    size_t dictBufferSize;
+    int cLevel;
+    const paramValues_t* comprParams;
+} BMK_initCCtxArgs;
+
+static size_t local_initCCtx(void* payload) {
+    const BMK_initCCtxArgs* ag = (const BMK_initCCtxArgs*)payload;
+    varInds_t i;
+    ZSTD_CCtx_reset(ag->cctx, ZSTD_reset_session_and_parameters);
+    ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ag->cctx, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, ag->cLevel);
+
+    for(i = 0; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        if(ag->comprParams->vals[i] != PARAM_UNSET)
+        ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(ag->cctx, cctxSetParamTable[i], ag->comprParams->vals[i]);
+    }
+    ZSTD_CCtx_loadDictionary(ag->cctx, ag->dictBuffer, ag->dictBufferSize);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    ZSTD_DCtx* dctx;
+    const void* dictBuffer;
+    size_t dictBufferSize;
+} BMK_initDCtxArgs;
+
+static size_t local_initDCtx(void* payload) {
+    const BMK_initDCtxArgs* ag = (const BMK_initDCtxArgs*)payload;
+    ZSTD_DCtx_reset(ag->dctx, ZSTD_reset_session_and_parameters);
+    ZSTD_DCtx_loadDictionary(ag->dctx, ag->dictBuffer, ag->dictBufferSize);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* additional argument is just the context */
+static size_t local_defaultCompress(
+                            const void* srcBuffer, size_t srcSize,
+                            void* dstBuffer, size_t dstSize,
+                            void* addArgs)
+{
+    ZSTD_CCtx* cctx = (ZSTD_CCtx*)addArgs;
+    assert(dstSize == ZSTD_compressBound(srcSize)); /* specific to this version, which is only used in paramgrill */
+    return ZSTD_compress2(cctx, dstBuffer, dstSize, srcBuffer, srcSize);
+}
+
+/* additional argument is just the context */
+static size_t local_defaultDecompress(
+    const void* srcBuffer, size_t srcSize,
+    void* dstBuffer, size_t dstSize,
+    void* addArgs) {
+    size_t moreToFlush = 1;
+    ZSTD_DCtx* dctx = (ZSTD_DCtx*)addArgs;
+    ZSTD_inBuffer in;
+    ZSTD_outBuffer out;
+    in.src = srcBuffer;
+    in.size = srcSize;
+    in.pos = 0;
+    out.dst = dstBuffer;
+    out.size = dstSize;
+    out.pos = 0;
+    while (moreToFlush) {
+        if(out.pos == out.size) {
+            return (size_t)-ZSTD_error_dstSize_tooSmall;
+        }
+        moreToFlush = ZSTD_decompressStream(dctx,
+                            &out, &in);
+        if (ZSTD_isError(moreToFlush)) {
+            return moreToFlush;
+        }
+    }
+    return out.pos;
+
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Data Initialization Functions
+**************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    void* srcBuffer;
+    size_t srcSize;
+    const void** srcPtrs;
+    size_t* srcSizes;
+    void** dstPtrs;
+    size_t* dstCapacities;
+    size_t* dstSizes;
+    void** resPtrs;
+    size_t* resSizes;
+    size_t nbBlocks;
+    size_t maxBlockSize;
+} buffers_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    size_t dictSize;
+    void* dictBuffer;
+    ZSTD_CCtx* cctx;
+    ZSTD_DCtx* dctx;
+} contexts_t;
+
+static void freeNonSrcBuffers(const buffers_t b) {
+    free((void*)b.srcPtrs);
+    free(b.srcSizes);
+
+    if(b.dstPtrs != NULL) {
+        free(b.dstPtrs[0]);
+    }
+    free(b.dstPtrs);
+    free(b.dstCapacities);
+    free(b.dstSizes);
+
+    if(b.resPtrs != NULL) {
+        free(b.resPtrs[0]);
+    }
+    free(b.resPtrs);
+    free(b.resSizes);
+}
+
+static void freeBuffers(const buffers_t b) {
+    if(b.srcPtrs != NULL) {
+        free(b.srcBuffer);
+    }
+    freeNonSrcBuffers(b);
+}
+
+/* srcBuffer will be freed by freeBuffers now */
+static int createBuffersFromMemory(buffers_t* buff, void * srcBuffer, const size_t nbFiles,
+    const size_t* fileSizes)
+{
+    size_t pos = 0, n, blockSize;
+    U32 maxNbBlocks, blockNb = 0;
+    buff->srcSize = 0;
+    for(n = 0; n < nbFiles; n++) {
+        buff->srcSize += fileSizes[n];
+    }
+
+    if(buff->srcSize == 0) {
+        DISPLAY("No data to bench\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    blockSize = g_blockSize ? g_blockSize : buff->srcSize;
+    maxNbBlocks = (U32) ((buff->srcSize + (blockSize-1)) / blockSize) + (U32)nbFiles;
+
+    buff->srcPtrs = (const void**)calloc(maxNbBlocks, sizeof(void*));
+    buff->srcSizes = (size_t*)malloc(maxNbBlocks * sizeof(size_t));
+
+    buff->dstPtrs = (void**)calloc(maxNbBlocks, sizeof(void*));
+    buff->dstCapacities = (size_t*)malloc(maxNbBlocks * sizeof(size_t));
+    buff->dstSizes = (size_t*)malloc(maxNbBlocks * sizeof(size_t));
+
+    buff->resPtrs = (void**)calloc(maxNbBlocks, sizeof(void*));
+    buff->resSizes = (size_t*)malloc(maxNbBlocks * sizeof(size_t));
+
+    if(!buff->srcPtrs || !buff->srcSizes || !buff->dstPtrs || !buff->dstCapacities || !buff->dstSizes || !buff->resPtrs || !buff->resSizes) {
+        DISPLAY("alloc error\n");
+        freeNonSrcBuffers(*buff);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    buff->srcBuffer = srcBuffer;
+    buff->srcPtrs[0] = (const void*)buff->srcBuffer;
+    buff->dstPtrs[0] = malloc(ZSTD_compressBound(buff->srcSize) + (maxNbBlocks * 1024));
+    buff->resPtrs[0] = malloc(buff->srcSize);
+
+    if(!buff->dstPtrs[0] || !buff->resPtrs[0]) {
+        DISPLAY("alloc error\n");
+        freeNonSrcBuffers(*buff);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    for(n = 0; n < nbFiles; n++) {
+        size_t pos_end = pos + fileSizes[n];
+        for(; pos < pos_end; blockNb++) {
+            buff->srcPtrs[blockNb] = (const void*)((char*)srcBuffer + pos);
+            buff->srcSizes[blockNb] = blockSize;
+            pos += blockSize;
+        }
+
+        if(fileSizes[n] > 0) { buff->srcSizes[blockNb - 1] = ((fileSizes[n] - 1) % blockSize) + 1; }
+        pos = pos_end;
+    }
+
+    buff->dstCapacities[0] = ZSTD_compressBound(buff->srcSizes[0]);
+    buff->dstSizes[0] = buff->dstCapacities[0];
+    buff->resSizes[0] = buff->srcSizes[0];
+    buff->maxBlockSize = buff->srcSizes[0];
+
+    for(n = 1; n < blockNb; n++) {
+        buff->dstPtrs[n] = ((char*)buff->dstPtrs[n-1]) + buff->dstCapacities[n-1];
+        buff->resPtrs[n] = ((char*)buff->resPtrs[n-1]) + buff->resSizes[n-1];
+        buff->dstCapacities[n] = ZSTD_compressBound(buff->srcSizes[n]);
+        buff->dstSizes[n] = buff->dstCapacities[n];
+        buff->resSizes[n] = buff->srcSizes[n];
+
+        buff->maxBlockSize = MAX(buff->maxBlockSize, buff->srcSizes[n]);
+    }
+
+    buff->nbBlocks = blockNb;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* allocates buffer's arguments. returns success / failure */
+static int createBuffers(buffers_t* buff, const char* const * const fileNamesTable,
+                          size_t nbFiles) {
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    size_t n;
+    size_t totalSizeToLoad = (size_t)UTIL_getTotalFileSize(fileNamesTable, (U32)nbFiles);
+    size_t benchedSize = MIN(BMK_findMaxMem(totalSizeToLoad * 3) / 3, totalSizeToLoad);
+    size_t* fileSizes = calloc(sizeof(size_t), nbFiles);
+    void* srcBuffer = NULL;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if(!totalSizeToLoad || !benchedSize) {
+        ret = 1;
+        DISPLAY("Nothing to Bench\n");
+        goto _cleanUp;
+    }
+
+    srcBuffer = malloc(benchedSize);
+
+    if(!fileSizes || !srcBuffer) {
+        ret = 1;
+        goto _cleanUp;
+    }
+
+    for(n = 0; n < nbFiles; n++) {
+        FILE* f;
+        U64 fileSize = UTIL_getFileSize(fileNamesTable[n]);
+        if (UTIL_isDirectory(fileNamesTable[n])) {
+            DISPLAY("Ignoring %s directory...       \n", fileNamesTable[n]);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (fileSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) {
+            DISPLAY("Cannot evaluate size of %s, ignoring ... \n", fileNamesTable[n]);
+            continue;
+        }
+        f = fopen(fileNamesTable[n], "rb");
+        if (f==NULL) {
+            DISPLAY("impossible to open file %s\n", fileNamesTable[n]);
+            ret = 10;
+            goto _cleanUp;
+        }
+
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Loading %s...       \r", fileNamesTable[n]);
+
+        if (fileSize + pos > benchedSize) fileSize = benchedSize - pos, nbFiles=n;   /* buffer too small - stop after this file */
+        {
+            char* buffer = (char*)(srcBuffer);
+            size_t const readSize = fread((buffer)+pos, 1, (size_t)fileSize, f);
+            fclose(f);
+            if (readSize != (size_t)fileSize) {
+                DISPLAY("could not read %s", fileNamesTable[n]);
+                ret = 1;
+                goto _cleanUp;
+            }
+
+            fileSizes[n] = readSize;
+            pos += readSize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret = createBuffersFromMemory(buff, srcBuffer, nbFiles, fileSizes);
+
+_cleanUp:
+    if(ret) { free(srcBuffer); }
+    free(fileSizes);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void freeContexts(const contexts_t ctx) {
+    free(ctx.dictBuffer);
+    ZSTD_freeCCtx(ctx.cctx);
+    ZSTD_freeDCtx(ctx.dctx);
+}
+
+static int createContexts(contexts_t* ctx, const char* dictFileName) {
+    FILE* f;
+    size_t readSize;
+    ctx->cctx = ZSTD_createCCtx();
+    ctx->dctx = ZSTD_createDCtx();
+    assert(ctx->cctx != NULL);
+    assert(ctx->dctx != NULL);
+
+    if(dictFileName == NULL) {
+        ctx->dictSize = 0;
+        ctx->dictBuffer = NULL;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    {   U64 const dictFileSize = UTIL_getFileSize(dictFileName);
+        assert(dictFileSize != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN);
+        ctx->dictSize = (size_t)dictFileSize;
+        assert((U64)ctx->dictSize == dictFileSize); /* check overflow */
+    }
+    ctx->dictBuffer = malloc(ctx->dictSize);
+
+    f = fopen(dictFileName, "rb");
+
+    if (f==NULL) {
+        DISPLAY("unable to open file\n");
+        freeContexts(*ctx);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx->dictSize > 64 MB || !(ctx->dictBuffer)) {
+        DISPLAY("dictionary too large\n");
+        fclose(f);
+        freeContexts(*ctx);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    readSize = fread(ctx->dictBuffer, 1, ctx->dictSize, f);
+    fclose(f);
+    if (readSize != ctx->dictSize) {
+        DISPLAY("unable to read file\n");
+        freeContexts(*ctx);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Optimizer Memoization Functions
+**************************************/
+
+/* return: new length */
+/* keep old array, will need if iter over strategy. */
+/* prunes useless params */
+static size_t sanitizeVarArray(varInds_t* varNew, const size_t varLength, const varInds_t* varArray, const ZSTD_strategy strat) {
+    size_t i, j = 0;
+    for(i = 0; i < varLength; i++) {
+        if( !((varArray[i] == clog_ind && strat == ZSTD_fast)
+            || (varArray[i] == slog_ind && strat == ZSTD_fast)
+            || (varArray[i] == slog_ind && strat == ZSTD_dfast)
+            || (varArray[i] == tlen_ind && strat < ZSTD_btopt && strat != ZSTD_fast))) {
+            varNew[j] = varArray[i];
+            j++;
+        }
+    }
+    return j;
+}
+
+/* res should be NUM_PARAMS size */
+/* constructs varArray from paramValues_t style parameter */
+/* pass in using dict. */
+static size_t variableParams(const paramValues_t paramConstraints, varInds_t* res, const int usingDictionary) {
+    varInds_t i;
+    size_t j = 0;
+    for(i = 0; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+        if(paramConstraints.vals[i] == PARAM_UNSET) {
+            if(i == fadt_ind && !usingDictionary) continue; /* don't use fadt if no dictionary */
+            res[j] = i; j++;
+        }
+    }
+    return j;
+}
+
+/* length of memo table given free variables */
+static size_t memoTableLen(const varInds_t* varyParams, const size_t varyLen) {
+    size_t arrayLen = 1;
+    size_t i;
+    for(i = 0; i < varyLen; i++) {
+        if(varyParams[i] == strt_ind) continue; /* strategy separated by table */
+        arrayLen *= rangetable[varyParams[i]];
+    }
+    return arrayLen;
+}
+
+/* returns unique index in memotable of compression parameters */
+static unsigned memoTableIndDirect(const paramValues_t* ptr, const varInds_t* varyParams, const size_t varyLen) {
+    size_t i;
+    unsigned ind = 0;
+    for(i = 0; i < varyLen; i++) {
+        varInds_t v = varyParams[i];
+        if(v == strt_ind) continue; /* exclude strategy from memotable */
+        ind *= rangetable[v]; ind += (unsigned)invRangeMap(v, ptr->vals[v]);
+    }
+    return ind;
+}
+
+static size_t memoTableGet(const memoTable_t* memoTableArray, const paramValues_t p) {
+    const memoTable_t mt = memoTableArray[p.vals[strt_ind]];
+    switch(mt.tableType) {
+        case directMap:
+            return mt.table[memoTableIndDirect(&p, mt.varArray, mt.varLen)];
+        case xxhashMap:
+            return mt.table[(XXH64(&p.vals, sizeof(U32) * NUM_PARAMS, 0) >> 3) % mt.tableLen];
+        case noMemo:
+            return 0;
+    }
+    return 0; /* should never happen, stop compiler warnings */
+}
+
+static void memoTableSet(const memoTable_t* memoTableArray, const paramValues_t p, const BYTE value) {
+    const memoTable_t mt = memoTableArray[p.vals[strt_ind]];
+    switch(mt.tableType) {
+        case directMap:
+            mt.table[memoTableIndDirect(&p, mt.varArray, mt.varLen)] = value; break;
+        case xxhashMap:
+            mt.table[(XXH64(&p.vals, sizeof(U32) * NUM_PARAMS, 0) >> 3) % mt.tableLen] = value; break;
+        case noMemo:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+/* frees all allocated memotables */
+/* secret contract :
+ * mtAll is a table of (ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX+1) memoTable_t */
+static void freeMemoTableArray(memoTable_t* const mtAll) {
+    int i;
+    if(mtAll == NULL) { return; }
+    for(i = 1; i <= (int)ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX; i++) {
+        free(mtAll[i].table);
+    }
+    free(mtAll);
+}
+
+/* inits memotables for all (including mallocs), all strategies */
+/* takes unsanitized varyParams */
+static memoTable_t*
+createMemoTableArray(const paramValues_t p,
+                     const varInds_t* const varyParams,
+                     const size_t varyLen,
+                     const U32 memoTableLog)
+{
+    memoTable_t* const mtAll = (memoTable_t*)calloc(sizeof(memoTable_t),(ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX + 1));
+    ZSTD_strategy i, stratMin = ZSTD_STRATEGY_MIN, stratMax = ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX;
+
+    if(mtAll == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    for(i = 1; i <= (int)ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX; i++) {
+        mtAll[i].varLen = sanitizeVarArray(mtAll[i].varArray, varyLen, varyParams, i);
+    }
+
+    /* no memoization */
+    if(memoTableLog == 0) {
+        for(i = 1; i <= (int)ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX; i++) {
+            mtAll[i].tableType = noMemo;
+            mtAll[i].table = NULL;
+            mtAll[i].tableLen = 0;
+        }
+        return mtAll;
+    }
+
+
+    if(p.vals[strt_ind] != PARAM_UNSET) {
+        stratMin = p.vals[strt_ind];
+        stratMax = p.vals[strt_ind];
+    }
+
+
+    for(i = stratMin; i <= stratMax; i++) {
+        size_t mtl = memoTableLen(mtAll[i].varArray, mtAll[i].varLen);
+        mtAll[i].tableType = directMap;
+
+        if(memoTableLog != PARAM_UNSET && mtl > (1ULL << memoTableLog)) { /* use hash table */ /* provide some option to only use hash tables? */
+            mtAll[i].tableType = xxhashMap;
+            mtl = ((size_t)1 << memoTableLog);
+        }
+
+        mtAll[i].table = (BYTE*)calloc(sizeof(BYTE), mtl);
+        mtAll[i].tableLen = mtl;
+
+        if(mtAll[i].table == NULL) {
+            freeMemoTableArray(mtAll);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return mtAll;
+}
+
+/* Sets pc to random unmeasured set of parameters */
+/* specify strategy */
+static void randomConstrainedParams(paramValues_t* pc, const memoTable_t* memoTableArray, const ZSTD_strategy st)
+{
+    size_t j;
+    const memoTable_t mt = memoTableArray[st];
+    pc->vals[strt_ind] = st;
+    for(j = 0; j < mt.tableLen; j++) {
+        int i;
+        for(i = 0; i < NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
+            varInds_t v = mt.varArray[i];
+            if(v == strt_ind) continue;
+            pc->vals[v] = rangeMap(v, FUZ_rand(&g_rand) % rangetable[v]);
+        }
+
+        if(!(memoTableGet(memoTableArray, *pc))) break; /* only pick unpicked params. */
+    }
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Benchmarking Functions
+**************************************/
+
+static void display_params_tested(paramValues_t cParams)
+{
+    varInds_t vi;
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "\r testing :");
+    for (vi=0; vi < NUM_PARAMS; vi++) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "%3u,", (unsigned)cParams.vals[vi]);
+    }
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "\b    \r");
+}
+
+/* Replicate functionality of benchMemAdvanced, but with pre-split src / dst buffers */
+/* The purpose is so that sufficient information is returned so that a decompression call to benchMemInvertible is possible */
+/* BMK_benchMemAdvanced(srcBuffer,srcSize, dstBuffer, dstSize, fileSizes, nbFiles, 0, &cParams, dictBuffer, dictSize, ctx, dctx, 0, "File", &adv); */
+/* nbSeconds used in same way as in BMK_advancedParams_t */
+/* if in decodeOnly, then srcPtr's will be compressed blocks, and uncompressedBlocks will be written to dstPtrs */
+/* dictionary nullable, nothing else though. */
+/* note : it would be a lot better if this function was present in benchzstd.c,
+ * sharing code with benchMemAdvanced(), since it's technically a part of it */
+static BMK_benchOutcome_t
+BMK_benchMemInvertible( buffers_t buf, contexts_t ctx,
+                        int cLevel, const paramValues_t* comprParams,
+                        BMK_mode_t mode, unsigned nbSeconds)
+{
+    U32 i;
+    BMK_benchResult_t bResult;
+    const void *const *const srcPtrs = (const void *const *const)buf.srcPtrs;
+    size_t const *const srcSizes = buf.srcSizes;
+    void** const dstPtrs = buf.dstPtrs;
+    size_t const *const dstCapacities = buf.dstCapacities;
+    size_t* const dstSizes = buf.dstSizes;
+    void** const resPtrs = buf.resPtrs;
+    size_t const *const resSizes = buf.resSizes;
+    const void* dictBuffer = ctx.dictBuffer;
+    const size_t dictBufferSize = ctx.dictSize;
+    const size_t nbBlocks = buf.nbBlocks;
+    const size_t srcSize = buf.srcSize;
+    ZSTD_CCtx* cctx = ctx.cctx;
+    ZSTD_DCtx* dctx = ctx.dctx;
+
+    /* init */
+    display_params_tested(*comprParams);
+    memset(&bResult, 0, sizeof(bResult));
+
+    /* warming up memory */
+    for (i = 0; i < buf.nbBlocks; i++) {
+        if (mode != BMK_decodeOnly) {
+            RDG_genBuffer(dstPtrs[i], dstCapacities[i], 0.10, 0.50, 1);
+        } else {
+            RDG_genBuffer(resPtrs[i], resSizes[i], 0.10, 0.50, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Bench */
+    {
+        /* init args */
+        int compressionCompleted = (mode == BMK_decodeOnly);
+        int decompressionCompleted = (mode == BMK_compressOnly);
+        BMK_timedFnState_t* timeStateCompress = BMK_createTimedFnState(nbSeconds * 1000, 1000);
+        BMK_timedFnState_t* timeStateDecompress = BMK_createTimedFnState(nbSeconds * 1000, 1000);
+        BMK_benchParams_t cbp, dbp;
+        BMK_initCCtxArgs cctxprep;
+        BMK_initDCtxArgs dctxprep;
+
+        cbp.benchFn = local_defaultCompress;
+        cbp.benchPayload = cctx;
+        cbp.initFn = local_initCCtx;
+        cbp.initPayload = &cctxprep;
+        cbp.errorFn = ZSTD_isError;
+        cbp.blockCount = nbBlocks;
+        cbp.srcBuffers = srcPtrs;
+        cbp.srcSizes = srcSizes;
+        cbp.dstBuffers = dstPtrs;
+        cbp.dstCapacities = dstCapacities;
+        cbp.blockResults = dstSizes;
+
+        cctxprep.cctx = cctx;
+        cctxprep.dictBuffer = dictBuffer;
+        cctxprep.dictBufferSize = dictBufferSize;
+        cctxprep.cLevel = cLevel;
+        cctxprep.comprParams = comprParams;
+
+        dbp.benchFn = local_defaultDecompress;
+        dbp.benchPayload = dctx;
+        dbp.initFn = local_initDCtx;
+        dbp.initPayload = &dctxprep;
+        dbp.errorFn = ZSTD_isError;
+        dbp.blockCount = nbBlocks;
+        dbp.srcBuffers = (const void* const *) dstPtrs;
+        dbp.srcSizes = dstCapacities;
+        dbp.dstBuffers = resPtrs;
+        dbp.dstCapacities = resSizes;
+        dbp.blockResults = NULL;
+
+        dctxprep.dctx = dctx;
+        dctxprep.dictBuffer = dictBuffer;
+        dctxprep.dictBufferSize = dictBufferSize;
+
+        assert(timeStateCompress != NULL);
+        assert(timeStateDecompress != NULL);
+        while(!compressionCompleted) {
+            BMK_runOutcome_t const cOutcome = BMK_benchTimedFn(timeStateCompress, cbp);
+
+            if (!BMK_isSuccessful_runOutcome(cOutcome)) {
+                BMK_benchOutcome_t bOut;
+                memset(&bOut, 0, sizeof(bOut));
+                bOut.tag = 1;   /* should rather be a function or a constant */
+                BMK_freeTimedFnState(timeStateCompress);
+                BMK_freeTimedFnState(timeStateDecompress);
+                return bOut;
+            }
+            {   BMK_runTime_t const rResult = BMK_extract_runTime(cOutcome);
+                bResult.cSpeed = (unsigned long long)((double)srcSize * TIMELOOP_NANOSEC / rResult.nanoSecPerRun);
+                bResult.cSize = rResult.sumOfReturn;
+            }
+            compressionCompleted = BMK_isCompleted_TimedFn(timeStateCompress);
+        }
+
+        while (!decompressionCompleted) {
+            BMK_runOutcome_t const dOutcome = BMK_benchTimedFn(timeStateDecompress, dbp);
+
+            if (!BMK_isSuccessful_runOutcome(dOutcome)) {
+                BMK_benchOutcome_t bOut;
+                memset(&bOut, 0, sizeof(bOut));
+                bOut.tag = 1;   /* should rather be a function or a constant */
+                BMK_freeTimedFnState(timeStateCompress);
+                BMK_freeTimedFnState(timeStateDecompress);
+                return bOut;
+            }
+            {   BMK_runTime_t const rResult = BMK_extract_runTime(dOutcome);
+                bResult.dSpeed = (unsigned long long)((double)srcSize * TIMELOOP_NANOSEC / rResult.nanoSecPerRun);
+            }
+            decompressionCompleted = BMK_isCompleted_TimedFn(timeStateDecompress);
+        }
+
+        BMK_freeTimedFnState(timeStateCompress);
+        BMK_freeTimedFnState(timeStateDecompress);
+    }
+
+   /* Bench */
+    bResult.cMem = ((size_t)1 << (comprParams->vals[wlog_ind])) + ZSTD_sizeof_CCtx(cctx);
+
+    {   BMK_benchOutcome_t bOut;
+        bOut.tag = 0;
+        bOut.internal_never_use_directly = bResult;  /* should be a function */
+        return bOut;
+    }
+}
+
+/* BMK_benchParam() :
+ * benchmark a set of `cParams` over sample `buf`,
+ * store the result in `resultPtr`.
+ * @return : 0 if success, 1 if error */
+static int BMK_benchParam ( BMK_benchResult_t* resultPtr,
+                            buffers_t buf, contexts_t ctx,
+                            paramValues_t cParams)
+{
+    BMK_benchOutcome_t const outcome = BMK_benchMemInvertible(buf, ctx,
+                                                        BASE_CLEVEL, &cParams,
+                                                        BMK_both, 3);
+    if (!BMK_isSuccessful_benchOutcome(outcome)) return 1;
+    *resultPtr = BMK_extract_benchResult(outcome);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* Benchmarking which stops when we are sufficiently sure the solution is infeasible / worse than the winner */
+#define VARIANCE 1.2
+static int allBench(BMK_benchResult_t* resultPtr,
+                const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx,
+                const paramValues_t cParams,
+                const constraint_t target,
+                BMK_benchResult_t* winnerResult, int feas)
+{
+    BMK_benchResult_t benchres;
+    double uncertaintyConstantC = 3., uncertaintyConstantD = 3.;
+    double winnerRS;
+
+    BMK_benchOutcome_t const outcome = BMK_benchMemInvertible(buf, ctx, BASE_CLEVEL, &cParams, BMK_both, 2);
+    if (!BMK_isSuccessful_benchOutcome(outcome)) {
+        DEBUGOUTPUT("Benchmarking failed \n");
+        return ERROR_RESULT;
+    }
+    benchres = BMK_extract_benchResult(outcome);
+
+    winnerRS = resultScore(*winnerResult, buf.srcSize, target);
+    DEBUGOUTPUT("WinnerScore: %f \n ", winnerRS);
+
+    *resultPtr = benchres;
+
+    /* anything with worse ratio in feas is definitely worse, discard */
+    if(feas && benchres.cSize < winnerResult->cSize && !g_optmode) {
+        return WORSE_RESULT;
+    }
+
+    /* calculate uncertainty in compression / decompression runs */
+    if (benchres.cSpeed) {
+        double const loopDurationC = (double)(((U64)buf.srcSize * TIMELOOP_NANOSEC) / benchres.cSpeed);
+        uncertaintyConstantC = ((loopDurationC + (double)(2 * g_clockGranularity))/loopDurationC);
+    }
+
+    if (benchres.dSpeed) {
+        double const loopDurationD = (double)(((U64)buf.srcSize * TIMELOOP_NANOSEC) / benchres.dSpeed);
+        uncertaintyConstantD = ((loopDurationD + (double)(2 * g_clockGranularity))/loopDurationD);
+    }
+
+    /* optimistic assumption of benchres */
+    {   BMK_benchResult_t resultMax = benchres;
+        resultMax.cSpeed = (unsigned long long)((double)resultMax.cSpeed * uncertaintyConstantC * VARIANCE);
+        resultMax.dSpeed = (unsigned long long)((double)resultMax.dSpeed * uncertaintyConstantD * VARIANCE);
+
+        /* disregard infeasible results in feas mode */
+        /* disregard if resultMax < winner in infeas mode */
+        if((feas && !feasible(resultMax, target)) ||
+          (!feas && (winnerRS > resultScore(resultMax, buf.srcSize, target)))) {
+            return WORSE_RESULT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* compare by resultScore when in infeas */
+    /* compare by compareResultLT when in feas */
+    if((!feas && (resultScore(benchres, buf.srcSize, target) > resultScore(*winnerResult, buf.srcSize, target))) ||
+       (feas && (compareResultLT(*winnerResult, benchres, target, buf.srcSize))) )  {
+        return BETTER_RESULT;
+    } else {
+        return WORSE_RESULT;
+    }
+}
+
+
+#define INFEASIBLE_THRESHOLD 200
+/* Memoized benchmarking, won't benchmark anything which has already been benchmarked before. */
+static int benchMemo(BMK_benchResult_t* resultPtr,
+                const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx,
+                const paramValues_t cParams,
+                const constraint_t target,
+                BMK_benchResult_t* winnerResult, memoTable_t* const memoTableArray,
+                const int feas) {
+    static int bmcount = 0;
+    int res;
+
+    if ( memoTableGet(memoTableArray, cParams) >= INFEASIBLE_THRESHOLD
+      || redundantParams(cParams, target, buf.maxBlockSize) ) {
+        return WORSE_RESULT;
+    }
+
+    res = allBench(resultPtr, buf, ctx, cParams, target, winnerResult, feas);
+
+    if(DEBUG && !(bmcount % 250)) {
+        DISPLAY("Count: %d\n", bmcount);
+        bmcount++;
+    }
+    BMK_printWinnerOpt(stdout, CUSTOM_LEVEL, *resultPtr, cParams, target, buf.srcSize);
+
+    if(res == BETTER_RESULT || feas) {
+        memoTableSet(memoTableArray, cParams, 255); /* what happens if collisions are frequent */
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+typedef struct {
+    U64 cSpeed_min;
+    U64 dSpeed_min;
+    U32 windowLog_max;
+    ZSTD_strategy strategy_max;
+} level_constraints_t;
+
+static level_constraints_t g_level_constraint[NB_LEVELS_TRACKED+1];
+
+static void BMK_init_level_constraints(int bytePerSec_level1)
+{
+    assert(NB_LEVELS_TRACKED >= ZSTD_maxCLevel());
+    memset(g_level_constraint, 0, sizeof(g_level_constraint));
+    g_level_constraint[1].cSpeed_min = bytePerSec_level1;
+    g_level_constraint[1].dSpeed_min = 0;
+    g_level_constraint[1].windowLog_max = 19;
+    g_level_constraint[1].strategy_max = ZSTD_fast;
+
+    /* establish speed objectives (relative to level 1) */
+    {   int l;
+        for (l=2; l<=NB_LEVELS_TRACKED; l++) {
+            g_level_constraint[l].cSpeed_min = (g_level_constraint[l-1].cSpeed_min * 49) / 64;
+            g_level_constraint[l].dSpeed_min = 0;
+            g_level_constraint[l].windowLog_max = (l<20) ? 23 : l+5;   /* only --ultra levels >= 20 can use windowlog > 23 */
+            g_level_constraint[l].strategy_max = ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX;
+    }   }
+}
+
+static int BMK_seed(winnerInfo_t* winners,
+                    const paramValues_t params,
+                    const buffers_t buf,
+                    const contexts_t ctx)
+{
+    BMK_benchResult_t testResult;
+    int better = 0;
+    int cLevel;
+
+    BMK_benchParam(&testResult, buf, ctx, params);
+
+    for (cLevel = 1; cLevel <= NB_LEVELS_TRACKED; cLevel++) {
+
+        if (testResult.cSpeed < g_level_constraint[cLevel].cSpeed_min)
+            continue;   /* not fast enough for this level */
+        if (testResult.dSpeed < g_level_constraint[cLevel].dSpeed_min)
+            continue;   /* not fast enough for this level */
+        if (params.vals[wlog_ind] > g_level_constraint[cLevel].windowLog_max)
+            continue;   /* too much memory for this level */
+        if (params.vals[strt_ind] > (U32)g_level_constraint[cLevel].strategy_max)
+            continue;   /* forbidden strategy for this level */
+        if (winners[cLevel].result.cSize==0) {
+            /* first solution for this cLevel */
+            winners[cLevel].result = testResult;
+            winners[cLevel].params = params;
+            BMK_print_cLevelEntry(stdout, cLevel, params, testResult, buf.srcSize);
+            better = 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if ((double)testResult.cSize <= ((double)winners[cLevel].result.cSize * (1. + (0.02 / cLevel))) ) {
+            /* Validate solution is "good enough" */
+            double W_ratio = (double)buf.srcSize / (double)testResult.cSize;
+            double O_ratio = (double)buf.srcSize / (double)winners[cLevel].result.cSize;
+            double W_ratioNote = log (W_ratio);
+            double O_ratioNote = log (O_ratio);
+            size_t W_DMemUsed = (1 << params.vals[wlog_ind]) + (16 KB);
+            size_t O_DMemUsed = (1 << winners[cLevel].params.vals[wlog_ind]) + (16 KB);
+            double W_DMemUsed_note = W_ratioNote * ( 40 + 9*cLevel) - log((double)W_DMemUsed);
+            double O_DMemUsed_note = O_ratioNote * ( 40 + 9*cLevel) - log((double)O_DMemUsed);
+
+            size_t W_CMemUsed = ((size_t)1 << params.vals[wlog_ind]) + ZSTD_estimateCCtxSize_usingCParams(pvalsToCParams(params));
+            size_t O_CMemUsed = ((size_t)1 << winners[cLevel].params.vals[wlog_ind]) + ZSTD_estimateCCtxSize_usingCParams(pvalsToCParams(winners[cLevel].params));
+            double W_CMemUsed_note = W_ratioNote * ( 50 + 13*cLevel) - log((double)W_CMemUsed);
+            double O_CMemUsed_note = O_ratioNote * ( 50 + 13*cLevel) - log((double)O_CMemUsed);
+
+            double W_CSpeed_note = W_ratioNote * (double)( 30 + 10*cLevel) + log((double)testResult.cSpeed);
+            double O_CSpeed_note = O_ratioNote * (double)( 30 + 10*cLevel) + log((double)winners[cLevel].result.cSpeed);
+
+            double W_DSpeed_note = W_ratioNote * (double)( 20 + 2*cLevel) + log((double)testResult.dSpeed);
+            double O_DSpeed_note = O_ratioNote * (double)( 20 + 2*cLevel) + log((double)winners[cLevel].result.dSpeed);
+
+            if (W_DMemUsed_note < O_DMemUsed_note) {
+                /* uses too much Decompression memory for too little benefit */
+                if (W_ratio > O_ratio)
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "Decompression Memory : %5.3f @ %4.1f MB  vs  %5.3f @ %4.1f MB   : not enough for level %i\n",
+                         W_ratio, (double)(W_DMemUsed) / 1024 / 1024,
+                         O_ratio, (double)(O_DMemUsed) / 1024 / 1024,   cLevel);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (W_CMemUsed_note < O_CMemUsed_note) {
+                /* uses too much memory for compression for too little benefit */
+                if (W_ratio > O_ratio)
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "Compression Memory : %5.3f @ %4.1f MB  vs  %5.3f @ %4.1f MB   : not enough for level %i\n",
+                         W_ratio, (double)(W_CMemUsed) / 1024 / 1024,
+                         O_ratio, (double)(O_CMemUsed) / 1024 / 1024,
+                         cLevel);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (W_CSpeed_note   < O_CSpeed_note  ) {
+                /* too large compression speed difference for the compression benefit */
+                if (W_ratio > O_ratio)
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "Compression Speed : %5.3f @ %4.1f MB/s  vs  %5.3f @ %4.1f MB/s   : not enough for level %i\n",
+                         W_ratio, (double)testResult.cSpeed / MB_UNIT,
+                         O_ratio, (double)winners[cLevel].result.cSpeed / MB_UNIT,
+                         cLevel);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (W_DSpeed_note   < O_DSpeed_note  ) {
+                /* too large decompression speed difference for the compression benefit */
+                if (W_ratio > O_ratio)
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "Decompression Speed : %5.3f @ %4.1f MB/s  vs  %5.3f @ %4.1f MB/s   : not enough for level %i\n",
+                         W_ratio, (double)testResult.dSpeed / MB_UNIT,
+                         O_ratio, (double)winners[cLevel].result.dSpeed / MB_UNIT,
+                         cLevel);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (W_ratio < O_ratio)
+                DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "Solution %4.3f selected over %4.3f at level %i, due to better secondary statistics \n",
+                                W_ratio, O_ratio, cLevel);
+
+            winners[cLevel].result = testResult;
+            winners[cLevel].params = params;
+            BMK_print_cLevelEntry(stdout, cLevel, params, testResult, buf.srcSize);
+
+            better = 1;
+    }   }
+
+    return better;
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Compression Level Table Generation Functions
+**************************************/
+
+#define PARAMTABLELOG   25
+#define PARAMTABLESIZE (1<<PARAMTABLELOG)
+#define PARAMTABLEMASK (PARAMTABLESIZE-1)
+static BYTE g_alreadyTested[PARAMTABLESIZE] = {0};   /* init to zero */
+
+static BYTE* NB_TESTS_PLAYED(paramValues_t p)
+{
+    ZSTD_compressionParameters const cParams = pvalsToCParams(sanitizeParams(p));
+    unsigned long long const h64 = XXH64(&cParams, sizeof(cParams), 0);
+    return &g_alreadyTested[(h64 >> 3) & PARAMTABLEMASK];
+}
+
+static void playAround(FILE* f,
+                       winnerInfo_t* winners,
+                       paramValues_t p,
+                       const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx)
+{
+    int nbVariations = 0;
+    UTIL_time_t const clockStart = UTIL_getTime();
+
+    while (UTIL_clockSpanMicro(clockStart) < g_maxVariationTime) {
+        if (nbVariations++ > g_maxNbVariations) break;
+
+        do {
+            int i;
+            for(i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                paramVaryOnce(FUZ_rand(&g_rand) % (strt_ind + 1),
+                              ((FUZ_rand(&g_rand) & 1) << 1) - 1,
+                              &p);
+            }
+        } while (!paramValid(p));
+
+        /* exclude faster if already played params */
+        if (FUZ_rand(&g_rand) & ((1 << *NB_TESTS_PLAYED(p))-1))
+            continue;
+
+        /* test */
+        {   BYTE* const b = NB_TESTS_PLAYED(p);
+            (*b)++;
+        }
+        if (!BMK_seed(winners, p, buf, ctx)) continue;
+
+        /* improvement found => search more */
+        BMK_saveAndPrint_cLevelTable(f, winners, buf.srcSize);
+        playAround(f, winners, p, buf, ctx);
+    }
+
+}
+
+static void
+BMK_selectRandomStart( FILE* f,
+                       winnerInfo_t* winners,
+                       const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx)
+{
+    U32 const id = FUZ_rand(&g_rand) % (NB_LEVELS_TRACKED+1);
+    if ((id==0) || (winners[id].params.vals[wlog_ind]==0)) {
+        /* use some random entry */
+        paramValues_t const p = adjustParams(cParamsToPVals(pvalsToCParams(randomParams())), /* defaults nonCompression parameters */
+                                             buf.srcSize, 0);
+        playAround(f, winners, p, buf, ctx);
+    } else {
+        playAround(f, winners, winners[id].params, buf, ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* BMK_generate_cLevelTable() :
+ * test a large number of configurations
+ * and distribute them across compression levels according to speed conditions.
+ * display and save all intermediate results into rfName = "grillResults.txt".
+ * the function automatically stops after g_timeLimit_s.
+ * this function cannot error, it directly exit() in case of problem.
+ */
+static void BMK_generate_cLevelTable(const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx)
+{
+    paramValues_t params;
+    winnerInfo_t winners[NB_LEVELS_TRACKED+1];
+    const char* const rfName = "grillResults.txt";
+    FILE* const f = fopen(rfName, "w");
+
+    /* init */
+    assert(g_singleRun==0);
+    memset(winners, 0, sizeof(winners));
+    if (f==NULL) { DISPLAY("error opening %s \n", rfName); exit(1); }
+
+    if (g_target) {
+        BMK_init_level_constraints(g_target * MB_UNIT);
+    } else {
+        /* baseline config for level 1 */
+        paramValues_t const l1params = cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_getCParams(1, buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize));
+        BMK_benchResult_t testResult;
+        BMK_benchParam(&testResult, buf, ctx, l1params);
+        BMK_init_level_constraints((int)((testResult.cSpeed * 31) / 32));
+    }
+
+    /* populate initial solution */
+    {   const int maxSeeds = g_noSeed ? 1 : ZSTD_maxCLevel();
+        int i;
+        for (i=0; i<=maxSeeds; i++) {
+            params = cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_getCParams(i, buf.maxBlockSize, 0));
+            BMK_seed(winners, params, buf, ctx);
+    }   }
+    BMK_saveAndPrint_cLevelTable(f, winners, buf.srcSize);
+
+    /* start tests */
+    {   const UTIL_time_t grillStart = UTIL_getTime();
+        do {
+            BMK_selectRandomStart(f, winners, buf, ctx);
+        } while (BMK_timeSpan_s(grillStart) < g_timeLimit_s);
+    }
+
+    /* end summary */
+    BMK_saveAndPrint_cLevelTable(f, winners, buf.srcSize);
+    DISPLAY("grillParams operations completed \n");
+
+    /* clean up*/
+    fclose(f);
+}
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Single Benchmark Functions
+**************************************/
+
+static int
+benchOnce(const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx, const int cLevel)
+{
+    BMK_benchResult_t testResult;
+    g_params = adjustParams(overwriteParams(cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_getCParams(cLevel, buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize)), g_params), buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize);
+
+    if (BMK_benchParam(&testResult, buf, ctx, g_params)) {
+        DISPLAY("Error during benchmarking\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    BMK_printWinner(stdout, CUSTOM_LEVEL, testResult, g_params, buf.srcSize);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int benchSample(double compressibility, int cLevel)
+{
+    const char* const name = "Sample 10MB";
+    size_t const benchedSize = 10 MB;
+    void* const srcBuffer = malloc(benchedSize);
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    buffers_t buf;
+    contexts_t ctx;
+
+    if(srcBuffer == NULL) {
+        DISPLAY("Out of Memory\n");
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    RDG_genBuffer(srcBuffer, benchedSize, compressibility, 0.0, 0);
+
+    if(createBuffersFromMemory(&buf, srcBuffer, 1, &benchedSize)) {
+        DISPLAY("Buffer Creation Error\n");
+        free(srcBuffer);
+        return 3;
+    }
+
+    if(createContexts(&ctx, NULL)) {
+        DISPLAY("Context Creation Error\n");
+        freeBuffers(buf);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* bench */
+    DISPLAY("\r%79s\r", "");
+    DISPLAY("using %s %i%%: \n", name, (int)(compressibility*100));
+
+    if(g_singleRun) {
+        ret = benchOnce(buf, ctx, cLevel);
+    } else {
+        BMK_generate_cLevelTable(buf, ctx);
+    }
+
+    freeBuffers(buf);
+    freeContexts(ctx);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* benchFiles() :
+ * note: while this function takes a table of filenames,
+ * in practice, only the first filename will be used */
+static int benchFiles(const char** fileNamesTable, int nbFiles,
+                      const char* dictFileName, int cLevel)
+{
+    buffers_t buf;
+    contexts_t ctx;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if (createBuffers(&buf, fileNamesTable, nbFiles)) {
+        DISPLAY("unable to load files\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (createContexts(&ctx, dictFileName)) {
+        DISPLAY("unable to load dictionary\n");
+        freeBuffers(buf);
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    DISPLAY("\r%79s\r", "");
+    if (nbFiles == 1) {
+        DISPLAY("using %s : \n", fileNamesTable[0]);
+    } else {
+        DISPLAY("using %d Files : \n", nbFiles);
+    }
+
+    if (g_singleRun) {
+        ret = benchOnce(buf, ctx, cLevel);
+    } else {
+        BMK_generate_cLevelTable(buf, ctx);
+    }
+
+    freeBuffers(buf);
+    freeContexts(ctx);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Local Optimization Functions
+**************************************/
+
+/* One iteration of hill climbing. Specifically, it first tries all
+ * valid parameter configurations w/ manhattan distance 1 and picks the best one
+ * failing that, it progressively tries candidates further and further away (up to #dim + 2)
+ * if it finds a candidate exceeding winnerInfo, it will repeat. Otherwise, it will stop the
+ * current stage of hill climbing.
+ * Each iteration of hill climbing proceeds in 2 'phases'. Phase 1 climbs according to
+ * the resultScore function, which is effectively a linear increase in reward until it reaches
+ * the constraint-satisfying value, it which point any excess results in only logarithmic reward.
+ * This aims to find some constraint-satisfying point.
+ * Phase 2 optimizes in accordance with what the original function sets out to maximize, with
+ * all feasible solutions valued over all infeasible solutions.
+ */
+
+/* sanitize all params here.
+ * all generation after random should be sanitized. (maybe sanitize random)
+ */
+static winnerInfo_t climbOnce(const constraint_t target,
+                memoTable_t* mtAll,
+                const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx,
+                const paramValues_t init)
+{
+    /*
+     * cparam - currently considered 'center'
+     * candidate - params to benchmark/results
+     * winner - best option found so far.
+     */
+    paramValues_t cparam = init;
+    winnerInfo_t candidateInfo, winnerInfo;
+    int better = 1;
+    int feas = 0;
+
+    winnerInfo = initWinnerInfo(init);
+    candidateInfo = winnerInfo;
+
+    {   winnerInfo_t bestFeasible1 = initWinnerInfo(cparam);
+        DEBUGOUTPUT("Climb Part 1\n");
+        while(better) {
+            int offset;
+            size_t i, dist;
+            const size_t varLen = mtAll[cparam.vals[strt_ind]].varLen;
+            better = 0;
+            DEBUGOUTPUT("Start\n");
+            cparam = winnerInfo.params;
+            candidateInfo.params = cparam;
+             /* all dist-1 candidates */
+            for (i = 0; i < varLen; i++) {
+                for (offset = -1; offset <= 1; offset += 2) {
+                    CHECKTIME(winnerInfo);
+                    candidateInfo.params = cparam;
+                    paramVaryOnce(mtAll[cparam.vals[strt_ind]].varArray[i],
+                                  offset,
+                                  &candidateInfo.params);
+
+                    if(paramValid(candidateInfo.params)) {
+                        int res;
+                        res = benchMemo(&candidateInfo.result, buf, ctx,
+                            sanitizeParams(candidateInfo.params), target, &winnerInfo.result, mtAll, feas);
+                        DEBUGOUTPUT("Res: %d\n", res);
+                        if(res == BETTER_RESULT) { /* synonymous with better when called w/ infeasibleBM */
+                            winnerInfo = candidateInfo;
+                            better = 1;
+                            if(compareResultLT(bestFeasible1.result, winnerInfo.result, target, buf.srcSize)) {
+                                bestFeasible1 = winnerInfo;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }  /* for (offset = -1; offset <= 1; offset += 2) */
+            }   /* for (i = 0; i < varLen; i++) */
+
+            if(better) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (dist = 2; dist < varLen + 2; dist++) { /* varLen is # dimensions */
+                for (i = 0; i < (1ULL << varLen) / varLen + 2; i++) {
+                    int res;
+                    CHECKTIME(winnerInfo);
+                    candidateInfo.params = cparam;
+                    /* param error checking already done here */
+                    paramVariation(&candidateInfo.params, mtAll, (U32)dist);
+
+                    res = benchMemo(&candidateInfo.result,
+                                buf, ctx,
+                                sanitizeParams(candidateInfo.params), target,
+                                &winnerInfo.result, mtAll, feas);
+                    DEBUGOUTPUT("Res: %d\n", res);
+                    if (res == BETTER_RESULT) { /* synonymous with better in this case*/
+                        winnerInfo = candidateInfo;
+                        better = 1;
+                        if (compareResultLT(bestFeasible1.result, winnerInfo.result, target, buf.srcSize)) {
+                            bestFeasible1 = winnerInfo;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (better) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }   /* for(dist = 2; dist < varLen + 2; dist++) */
+
+            if (!better) { /* infeas -> feas -> stop */
+                if (feas) return winnerInfo;
+                feas = 1;
+                better = 1;
+                winnerInfo = bestFeasible1; /* note with change, bestFeasible may not necessarily be feasible, but if one has been benchmarked, it will be. */
+                DEBUGOUTPUT("Climb Part 2\n");
+            }
+        }
+        winnerInfo = bestFeasible1;
+    }
+
+    return winnerInfo;
+}
+
+/* Optimizes for a fixed strategy */
+
+/* flexible parameters: iterations of failed climbing (or if we do non-random, maybe this is when everything is close to visited)
+   weight more on visit for bad results, less on good results/more on later results / ones with more failures.
+   allocate memoTable here.
+ */
+static winnerInfo_t
+optimizeFixedStrategy(const buffers_t buf, const contexts_t ctx,
+                      const constraint_t target, paramValues_t paramTarget,
+                      const ZSTD_strategy strat,
+                      memoTable_t* memoTableArray, const int tries)
+{
+    int i = 0;
+
+    paramValues_t init;
+    winnerInfo_t winnerInfo, candidateInfo;
+    winnerInfo = initWinnerInfo(emptyParams());
+    /* so climb is given the right fixed strategy */
+    paramTarget.vals[strt_ind] = strat;
+    /* to pass ZSTD_checkCParams */
+    paramTarget = cParamUnsetMin(paramTarget);
+
+    init = paramTarget;
+
+    for(i = 0; i < tries; i++) {
+        DEBUGOUTPUT("Restart\n");
+        do {
+            randomConstrainedParams(&init, memoTableArray, strat);
+        } while(redundantParams(init, target, buf.maxBlockSize));
+        candidateInfo = climbOnce(target, memoTableArray, buf, ctx, init);
+        if (compareResultLT(winnerInfo.result, candidateInfo.result, target, buf.srcSize)) {
+            winnerInfo = candidateInfo;
+            BMK_printWinnerOpt(stdout, CUSTOM_LEVEL, winnerInfo.result, winnerInfo.params, target, buf.srcSize);
+            i = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+        CHECKTIME(winnerInfo);
+        i++;
+    }
+    return winnerInfo;
+}
+
+/* goes best, best-1, best+1, best-2, ... */
+/* return 0 if nothing remaining */
+static int nextStrategy(const int currentStrategy, const int bestStrategy)
+{
+    if(bestStrategy <= currentStrategy) {
+        int candidate = 2 * bestStrategy - currentStrategy - 1;
+        if(candidate < 1) {
+            candidate = currentStrategy + 1;
+            if(candidate > (int)ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX) {
+                return 0;
+            } else {
+                return candidate;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return candidate;
+        }
+    } else { /* bestStrategy >= currentStrategy */
+        int candidate = 2 * bestStrategy - currentStrategy;
+        if(candidate > (int)ZSTD_STRATEGY_MAX) {
+            candidate = currentStrategy - 1;
+            if(candidate < 1) {
+                return 0;
+            } else {
+                return candidate;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return candidate;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* experiment with playing with this and decay value */
+
+/* main fn called when using --optimize */
+/* Does strategy selection by benchmarking default compression levels
+ * then optimizes by strategy, starting with the best one and moving
+ * progressively moving further away by number
+ * args:
+ * fileNamesTable - list of files to benchmark
+ * nbFiles - length of fileNamesTable
+ * dictFileName - name of dictionary file if one, else NULL
+ * target - performance constraints (cSpeed, dSpeed, cMem)
+ * paramTarget - parameter constraints (i.e. restriction search space to where strategy = ZSTD_fast)
+ * cLevel - compression level to exceed (all solutions must be > lvl in cSpeed + ratio)
+ */
+
+static unsigned g_maxTries = 5;
+#define TRY_DECAY 1
+
+static int
+optimizeForSize(const char* const * const fileNamesTable, const size_t nbFiles,
+                const char* dictFileName,
+                constraint_t target, paramValues_t paramTarget,
+                const int cLevelOpt, const int cLevelRun,
+                const U32 memoTableLog)
+{
+    varInds_t varArray [NUM_PARAMS];
+    int ret = 0;
+    const size_t varLen = variableParams(paramTarget, varArray, dictFileName != NULL);
+    winnerInfo_t winner = initWinnerInfo(emptyParams());
+    memoTable_t* allMT = NULL;
+    paramValues_t paramBase;
+    contexts_t ctx;
+    buffers_t buf;
+    g_time = UTIL_getTime();
+
+    if (createBuffers(&buf, fileNamesTable, nbFiles)) {
+        DISPLAY("unable to load files\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (createContexts(&ctx, dictFileName)) {
+        DISPLAY("unable to load dictionary\n");
+        freeBuffers(buf);
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    if (nbFiles == 1) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Loading %s...       \r", fileNamesTable[0]);
+    } else {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "Loading %lu Files...       \r", (unsigned long)nbFiles);
+    }
+
+    /* sanitize paramTarget */
+    optimizerAdjustInput(&paramTarget, buf.maxBlockSize);
+    paramBase = cParamUnsetMin(paramTarget);
+
+    allMT = createMemoTableArray(paramTarget, varArray, varLen, memoTableLog);
+
+    if (!allMT) {
+        DISPLAY("MemoTable Init Error\n");
+        ret = 2;
+        goto _cleanUp;
+    }
+
+    /* default strictnesses */
+    if (g_strictness == PARAM_UNSET) {
+        if(g_optmode) {
+            g_strictness = 100;
+        } else {
+            g_strictness = 90;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if(0 >= g_strictness || g_strictness > 100) {
+            DISPLAY("Strictness Outside of Bounds\n");
+            ret = 4;
+            goto _cleanUp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* use level'ing mode instead of normal target mode */
+    if (g_optmode) {
+        winner.params = cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_getCParams(cLevelOpt, buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize));
+        if(BMK_benchParam(&winner.result, buf, ctx, winner.params)) {
+            ret = 3;
+            goto _cleanUp;
+        }
+
+        g_lvltarget = winner.result;
+        g_lvltarget.cSpeed = (g_lvltarget.cSpeed * g_strictness) / 100;
+        g_lvltarget.dSpeed = (g_lvltarget.dSpeed * g_strictness) / 100;
+        g_lvltarget.cSize = (g_lvltarget.cSize * 100) / g_strictness;
+
+        target.cSpeed = (U32)g_lvltarget.cSpeed;
+        target.dSpeed = (U32)g_lvltarget.dSpeed;
+
+        BMK_printWinnerOpt(stdout, cLevelOpt, winner.result, winner.params, target, buf.srcSize);
+    }
+
+    /* Don't want it to return anything worse than the best known result */
+    if (g_singleRun) {
+        BMK_benchResult_t res;
+        g_params = adjustParams(overwriteParams(cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_getCParams(cLevelRun, buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize)), g_params), buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize);
+        if (BMK_benchParam(&res, buf, ctx, g_params)) {
+            ret = 45;
+            goto _cleanUp;
+        }
+        if(compareResultLT(winner.result, res, relaxTarget(target), buf.srcSize)) {
+            winner.result = res;
+            winner.params = g_params;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* bench */
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "\r%79s\r", "");
+    if(nbFiles == 1) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "optimizing for %s", fileNamesTable[0]);
+    } else {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "optimizing for %lu Files", (unsigned long)nbFiles);
+    }
+
+    if(target.cSpeed != 0) { DISPLAYLEVEL(2," - limit compression speed %u MB/s", (unsigned)(target.cSpeed >> 20)); }
+    if(target.dSpeed != 0) { DISPLAYLEVEL(2, " - limit decompression speed %u MB/s", (unsigned)(target.dSpeed >> 20)); }
+    if(target.cMem != (U32)-1) { DISPLAYLEVEL(2, " - limit memory %u MB", (unsigned)(target.cMem >> 20)); }
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, "\n");
+    init_clockGranularity();
+
+    {   paramValues_t CParams;
+
+        /* find best solution from default params */
+        {   const int maxSeeds = g_noSeed ? 1 : ZSTD_maxCLevel();
+            DEBUGOUTPUT("Strategy Selection\n");
+            if (paramTarget.vals[strt_ind] == PARAM_UNSET) {
+                BMK_benchResult_t candidate;
+                int i;
+                for (i=1; i<=maxSeeds; i++) {
+                    int ec;
+                    CParams = overwriteParams(cParamsToPVals(ZSTD_getCParams(i, buf.maxBlockSize, ctx.dictSize)), paramTarget);
+                    ec = BMK_benchParam(&candidate, buf, ctx, CParams);
+                    BMK_printWinnerOpt(stdout, i, candidate, CParams, target, buf.srcSize);
+
+                    if(!ec && compareResultLT(winner.result, candidate, relaxTarget(target), buf.srcSize)) {
+                        winner.result = candidate;
+                        winner.params = CParams;
+                    }
+
+                    CHECKTIMEGT(ret, 0, _displayCleanUp); /* if pass time limit, stop */
+                    /* if the current params are too slow, just stop. */
+                    if(target.cSpeed > candidate.cSpeed * 3 / 2) { break; }
+                }
+
+                BMK_printWinnerOpt(stdout, CUSTOM_LEVEL, winner.result, winner.params, target, buf.srcSize);
+            }
+        }
+
+        DEBUGOUTPUT("Real Opt\n");
+        /* start 'real' optimization */
+        {   int bestStrategy = (int)winner.params.vals[strt_ind];
+            if (paramTarget.vals[strt_ind] == PARAM_UNSET) {
+                int st = bestStrategy;
+                int tries = g_maxTries;
+
+                /* one iterations of hill climbing with the level-defined parameters. */
+                {   winnerInfo_t const w1 = climbOnce(target, allMT, buf, ctx, winner.params);
+                    if (compareResultLT(winner.result, w1.result, target, buf.srcSize)) {
+                        winner = w1;
+                    }
+                    CHECKTIMEGT(ret, 0, _displayCleanUp);
+                }
+
+                while(st && tries > 0) {
+                    winnerInfo_t wc;
+                    DEBUGOUTPUT("StrategySwitch: %s\n", g_stratName[st]);
+
+                    wc = optimizeFixedStrategy(buf, ctx, target, paramBase, st, allMT, tries);
+
+                    if(compareResultLT(winner.result, wc.result, target, buf.srcSize)) {
+                        winner = wc;
+                        tries = g_maxTries;
+                        bestStrategy = st;
+                    } else {
+                        st = nextStrategy(st, bestStrategy);
+                        tries -= TRY_DECAY;
+                    }
+                    CHECKTIMEGT(ret, 0, _displayCleanUp);
+                }
+            } else {
+                winner = optimizeFixedStrategy(buf, ctx, target, paramBase, paramTarget.vals[strt_ind], allMT, g_maxTries);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        /* no solution found */
+        if(winner.result.cSize == (size_t)-1) {
+            ret = 1;
+            DISPLAY("No feasible solution found\n");
+            goto _cleanUp;
+        }
+
+        /* end summary */
+_displayCleanUp:
+        if (g_displayLevel >= 0) {
+            BMK_displayOneResult(stdout, winner, buf.srcSize);
+        }
+        BMK_paramValues_into_commandLine(stdout, winner.params);
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(1, "grillParams size - optimizer completed \n");
+    }
+
+_cleanUp:
+    freeContexts(ctx);
+    freeBuffers(buf);
+    freeMemoTableArray(allMT);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  CLI parsing functions
+**************************************/
+
+/** longCommandWArg() :
+ *  check if *stringPtr is the same as longCommand.
+ *  If yes, @return 1 and advances *stringPtr to the position which immediately follows longCommand.
+ * @return 0 and doesn't modify *stringPtr otherwise.
+ * from zstdcli.c
+ */
+static int longCommandWArg(const char** stringPtr, const char* longCommand)
+{
+    size_t const comSize = strlen(longCommand);
+    int const result = !strncmp(*stringPtr, longCommand, comSize);
+    if (result) *stringPtr += comSize;
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void errorOut(const char* msg)
+{
+    DISPLAY("%s \n", msg); exit(1);
+}
+
+/*! readU32FromChar() :
+ * @return : unsigned integer value read from input in `char` format.
+ *  allows and interprets K, KB, KiB, M, MB and MiB suffix.
+ *  Will also modify `*stringPtr`, advancing it to position where it stopped reading.
+ *  Note : function will exit() program if digit sequence overflows */
+static unsigned readU32FromChar(const char** stringPtr)
+{
+    const char errorMsg[] = "error: numeric value too large";
+    unsigned sign = 1;
+    unsigned result = 0;
+    if(**stringPtr == '-') { sign = (unsigned)-1; (*stringPtr)++; }
+    while ((**stringPtr >='0') && (**stringPtr <='9')) {
+        unsigned const max = (((unsigned)(-1)) / 10) - 1;
+        if (result > max) errorOut(errorMsg);
+        result *= 10;
+        assert(**stringPtr >= '0');
+        result += (unsigned)(**stringPtr - '0');
+        (*stringPtr)++ ;
+    }
+    if ((**stringPtr=='K') || (**stringPtr=='M')) {
+        unsigned const maxK = ((unsigned)(-1)) >> 10;
+        if (result > maxK) errorOut(errorMsg);
+        result <<= 10;
+        if (**stringPtr=='M') {
+            if (result > maxK) errorOut(errorMsg);
+            result <<= 10;
+        }
+        (*stringPtr)++;  /* skip `K` or `M` */
+        if (**stringPtr=='i') (*stringPtr)++;
+        if (**stringPtr=='B') (*stringPtr)++;
+    }
+    return result * sign;
+}
+
+static double readDoubleFromChar(const char** stringPtr)
+{
+    double result = 0, divide = 10;
+    while ((**stringPtr >='0') && (**stringPtr <='9')) {
+        result *= 10, result += **stringPtr - '0', (*stringPtr)++ ;
+    }
+    if(**stringPtr!='.') {
+        return result;
+    }
+    (*stringPtr)++;
+    while ((**stringPtr >='0') && (**stringPtr <='9')) {
+        result += (double)(**stringPtr - '0') / divide, divide *= 10, (*stringPtr)++ ;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int usage(const char* exename)
+{
+    DISPLAY( "Usage :\n");
+    DISPLAY( "      %s [arg] file\n", exename);
+    DISPLAY( "Arguments :\n");
+    DISPLAY( " file : path to the file used as reference (if none, generates a compressible sample)\n");
+    DISPLAY( " -H/-h  : Help (this text + advanced options)\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int usage_advanced(void)
+{
+    DISPLAY( "\nAdvanced options :\n");
+    DISPLAY( " -T#          : set level 1 speed objective \n");
+    DISPLAY( " -B#          : cut input into blocks of size # (default : single block) \n");
+    DISPLAY( " --optimize=  : same as -O with more verbose syntax (see README.md)\n");
+    DISPLAY( " -S           : Single run \n");
+    DISPLAY( " --zstd       : Single run, parameter selection same as zstdcli \n");
+    DISPLAY( " -P#          : generated sample compressibility (default : %.1f%%) \n", COMPRESSIBILITY_DEFAULT * 100);
+    DISPLAY( " -t#          : Caps runtime of operation in seconds (default : %u seconds (%.1f hours)) \n",
+                                (unsigned)g_timeLimit_s, (double)g_timeLimit_s / 3600);
+    DISPLAY( " -v           : Prints Benchmarking output\n");
+    DISPLAY( " -D           : Next argument dictionary file\n");
+    DISPLAY( " -s           : Separate Files\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int badusage(const char* exename)
+{
+    DISPLAY("Wrong parameters\n");
+    usage(exename);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#define PARSE_SUB_ARGS(stringLong, stringShort, variable) { \
+    if ( longCommandWArg(&argument, stringLong)             \
+      || longCommandWArg(&argument, stringShort) ) {        \
+          variable = readU32FromChar(&argument);            \
+          if (argument[0]==',') {                           \
+              argument++; continue;                         \
+          } else break;                                     \
+}   }
+
+/* 1 if successful parse, 0 otherwise */
+static int parse_params(const char** argptr, paramValues_t* pv) {
+    int matched = 0;
+    const char* argOrig = *argptr;
+    varInds_t v;
+    for(v = 0; v < NUM_PARAMS; v++) {
+        if ( longCommandWArg(argptr,g_shortParamNames[v])
+          || longCommandWArg(argptr, g_paramNames[v]) ) {
+            if(**argptr == '=') {
+                (*argptr)++;
+                pv->vals[v] = readU32FromChar(argptr);
+                matched = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        /* reset and try again */
+        *argptr = argOrig;
+    }
+    return matched;
+}
+
+/*-************************************
+*  Main
+**************************************/
+
+int main(int argc, const char** argv)
+{
+    int i,
+        filenamesStart=0,
+        result;
+    const char* exename=argv[0];
+    const char* input_filename = NULL;
+    const char* dictFileName = NULL;
+    U32 main_pause = 0;
+    int cLevelOpt = 0, cLevelRun = 0;
+    int separateFiles = 0;
+    double compressibility = COMPRESSIBILITY_DEFAULT;
+    U32 memoTableLog = PARAM_UNSET;
+    constraint_t target = { 0, 0, (U32)-1 };
+
+    paramValues_t paramTarget = emptyParams();
+    g_params = emptyParams();
+
+    assert(argc>=1);   /* for exename */
+
+    for(i=1; i<argc; i++) {
+        const char* argument = argv[i];
+        DEBUGOUTPUT("%d: %s\n", i, argument);
+        assert(argument != NULL);
+
+        if(!strcmp(argument,"--no-seed")) { g_noSeed = 1; continue; }
+
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--optimize=")) {
+            g_optimizer = 1;
+            for ( ; ;) {
+                if(parse_params(&argument, &paramTarget)) { if(argument[0] == ',') { argument++; continue; } else break; }
+                PARSE_SUB_ARGS("compressionSpeed=" ,  "cSpeed=", target.cSpeed);
+                PARSE_SUB_ARGS("decompressionSpeed=", "dSpeed=", target.dSpeed);
+                PARSE_SUB_ARGS("compressionMemory=" , "cMem=", target.cMem);
+                PARSE_SUB_ARGS("strict=", "stc=", g_strictness);
+                PARSE_SUB_ARGS("maxTries=", "tries=", g_maxTries);
+                PARSE_SUB_ARGS("memoLimitLog=", "memLog=", memoTableLog);
+                if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "level=") || longCommandWArg(&argument, "lvl=")) { cLevelOpt = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); g_optmode = 1; if (argument[0]==',') { argument++; continue; } else break; }
+                if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "speedForRatio=") || longCommandWArg(&argument, "speedRatio=")) { g_ratioMultiplier = readDoubleFromChar(&argument); if (argument[0]==',') { argument++; continue; } else break; }
+
+                DISPLAY("invalid optimization parameter \n");
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (argument[0] != 0) {
+                DISPLAY("invalid --optimize= format\n");
+                return 1; /* check the end of string */
+            }
+            continue;
+        } else if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--zstd=")) {
+        /* Decode command (note : aggregated commands are allowed) */
+            g_singleRun = 1;
+            for ( ; ;) {
+                if(parse_params(&argument, &g_params)) { if(argument[0] == ',') { argument++; continue; } else break; }
+                if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "level=") || longCommandWArg(&argument, "lvl=")) { cLevelRun = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); g_params = emptyParams(); if (argument[0]==',') { argument++; continue; } else break; }
+
+                DISPLAY("invalid compression parameter \n");
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (argument[0] != 0) {
+                DISPLAY("invalid --zstd= format\n");
+                return 1; /* check the end of string */
+            }
+            continue;
+            /* if not return, success */
+
+        } else if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--display=")) {
+            /* Decode command (note : aggregated commands are allowed) */
+            memset(g_silenceParams, 1, sizeof(g_silenceParams));
+            for ( ; ;) {
+                int found = 0;
+                varInds_t v;
+                for(v = 0; v < NUM_PARAMS; v++) {
+                    if(longCommandWArg(&argument, g_shortParamNames[v]) || longCommandWArg(&argument, g_paramNames[v])) {
+                        g_silenceParams[v] = 0;
+                        found = 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                if(longCommandWArg(&argument, "compressionParameters") || longCommandWArg(&argument, "cParams")) {
+                    for(v = 0; v <= strt_ind; v++) {
+                        g_silenceParams[v] = 0;
+                    }
+                    found = 1;
+                }
+
+
+                if(found) {
+                    if(argument[0]==',') {
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                DISPLAY("invalid parameter name parameter \n");
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (argument[0] != 0) {
+                DISPLAY("invalid --display format\n");
+                return 1; /* check the end of string */
+            }
+            continue;
+        } else if (argument[0]=='-') {
+            argument++;
+
+            while (argument[0]!=0) {
+
+                switch(argument[0])
+                {
+                    /* Display help on usage */
+                case 'h' :
+                case 'H': usage(exename); usage_advanced(); return 0;
+
+                    /* Pause at the end (hidden option) */
+                case 'p': main_pause = 1; argument++; break;
+
+                    /* Sample compressibility (when no file provided) */
+                case 'P':
+                    argument++;
+                    {   U32 const proba32 = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                        compressibility = (double)proba32 / 100.;
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                    /* Run Single conf */
+                case 'S':
+                    g_singleRun = 1;
+                    argument++;
+                    for ( ; ; ) {
+                        switch(*argument)
+                        {
+                        case 'w':
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[wlog_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 'c':
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[clog_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 'h':
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[hlog_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 's':
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[slog_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 'l':  /* search length */
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[mml_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 't':  /* target length */
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[tlen_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 'S':  /* strategy */
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[strt_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 'f':  /* forceAttachDict */
+                            argument++;
+                            g_params.vals[fadt_ind] = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                            continue;
+                        case 'L':
+                            {   argument++;
+                                cLevelRun = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                                g_params = emptyParams();
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        default : ;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+
+                    /* target level1 speed objective, in MB/s */
+                case 'T':
+                    argument++;
+                    g_target = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                    break;
+
+                    /* cut input into blocks */
+                case 'B':
+                    argument++;
+                    g_blockSize = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                    DISPLAY("using %u KB block size \n", (unsigned)(g_blockSize>>10));
+                    break;
+
+                    /* caps runtime (in seconds) */
+                case 't':
+                    argument++;
+                    g_timeLimit_s = readU32FromChar(&argument);
+                    break;
+
+                case 's':
+                    argument++;
+                    separateFiles = 1;
+                    break;
+
+                case 'q':
+                    while (argument[0] == 'q') { argument++; g_displayLevel--; }
+                    break;
+
+                case 'v':
+                    while (argument[0] == 'v') { argument++; g_displayLevel++; }
+                    break;
+
+                /* load dictionary file (only applicable for optimizer rn) */
+                case 'D':
+                    if(i == argc - 1) { /* last argument, return error. */
+                        DISPLAY("Dictionary file expected but not given : %d\n", i);
+                        return 1;
+                    } else {
+                        i++;
+                        dictFileName = argv[i];
+                        argument += strlen(argument);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                    /* Unknown command */
+                default : return badusage(exename);
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }   /* if (argument[0]=='-') */
+
+        /* first provided filename is input */
+        if (!input_filename) { input_filename=argument; filenamesStart=i; continue; }
+    }
+
+    /* Welcome message */
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(2, WELCOME_MESSAGE);
+
+    if (filenamesStart==0) {
+        if (g_optimizer) {
+            DISPLAY("Optimizer Expects File\n");
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            result = benchSample(compressibility, cLevelRun);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if(separateFiles) {
+            for(i = 0; i < argc - filenamesStart; i++) {
+                if (g_optimizer) {
+                    result = optimizeForSize(argv+filenamesStart + i, 1, dictFileName, target, paramTarget, cLevelOpt, cLevelRun, memoTableLog);
+                    if(result) { DISPLAY("Error on File %d", i); return result; }
+                } else {
+                    result = benchFiles(argv+filenamesStart + i, 1, dictFileName, cLevelRun);
+                    if(result) { DISPLAY("Error on File %d", i); return result; }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (g_optimizer) {
+                assert(filenamesStart < argc);
+                result = optimizeForSize(argv+filenamesStart, (size_t)(argc-filenamesStart), dictFileName, target, paramTarget, cLevelOpt, cLevelRun, memoTableLog);
+            } else {
+                result = benchFiles(argv+filenamesStart, argc-filenamesStart, dictFileName, cLevelRun);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (main_pause) { int unused; printf("press enter...\n"); unused = getchar(); (void)unused; }
+
+    return result;
+}