gstaichi 0.1.20.dev0__cp310-cp310-macosx_15_0_arm64.whl → 0.1.25.dev0__cp310-cp310-macosx_15_0_arm64.whl

{taichi → gstaichi}/lang/ast/ast_transformer.py

@@ -2,46 +2,42 @@
 
 import ast
 import collections.abc
-import dataclasses
-import inspect
 import itertools
-import math
-import operator
-import re
 import warnings
 from ast import unparse
-from collections import ChainMap
 from typing import Any, Iterable, Type
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from taichi._lib import core as _ti_core
-from taichi.lang import _ndarray, any_array, expr, impl, kernel_arguments, matrix, mesh
-from taichi.lang import ops as ti_ops
-from taichi.lang._ndrange import _Ndrange, ndrange
-from taichi.lang.argpack import ArgPackType
-from taichi.lang.ast.ast_transformer_utils import (
+from gstaichi._lib import core as _ti_core
+from gstaichi.lang import expr, impl, matrix, mesh
+from gstaichi.lang import ops as ti_ops
+from gstaichi.lang._ndrange import _Ndrange
+from gstaichi.lang.ast.ast_transformer_utils import (
     ASTTransformerContext,
     Builder,
     LoopStatus,
     ReturnStatus,
+    get_decorator,
 )
-from taichi.lang.ast.symbol_resolver import ASTResolver
-from taichi.lang.exception import (
-    TaichiIndexError,
-    TaichiRuntimeTypeError,
-    TaichiSyntaxError,
-    TaichiTypeError,
+from gstaichi.lang.ast.ast_transformers.call_transformer import CallTransformer
+from gstaichi.lang.ast.ast_transformers.function_def_transformer import (
+    FunctionDefTransformer,
+)
+from gstaichi.lang.exception import (
+    GsTaichiIndexError,
+    GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError,
+    GsTaichiSyntaxError,
+    GsTaichiTypeError,
     handle_exception_from_cpp,
 )
-from taichi.lang.expr import Expr, make_expr_group
-from taichi.lang.field import Field
-from taichi.lang.matrix import Matrix, MatrixType, Vector
-from taichi.lang.snode import append, deactivate, length
-from taichi.lang.struct import Struct, StructType
-from taichi.lang.util import is_taichi_class, to_taichi_type
-from taichi.types import annotations, ndarray_type, primitive_types, texture_type
-from taichi.types.utils import is_integral
+from gstaichi.lang.expr import Expr, make_expr_group
+from gstaichi.lang.field import Field
+from gstaichi.lang.matrix import Matrix, MatrixType
+from gstaichi.lang.snode import append, deactivate, length
+from gstaichi.lang.struct import Struct, StructType
+from gstaichi.types import primitive_types
+from gstaichi.types.utils import is_integral
 
 
 def reshape_list(flat_list: list[Any], target_shape: Iterable[int]) -> list[Any]:
@@ -108,13 +104,13 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         """
         is_local = isinstance(target, ast.Name)
         if is_local and target.id in ctx.kernel_args:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
                 f'Kernel argument "{target.id}" is immutable in the kernel. '
                 f"If you want to change its value, please create a new variable."
             )
         anno = impl.expr_init(annotation)
         if is_static_assign:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError("Static assign cannot be used on annotated assignment")
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Static assign cannot be used on annotated assignment")
         if is_local and not ctx.is_var_declared(target.id):
             var = ti_ops.cast(value, anno)
             var = impl.expr_init(var)
@@ -122,7 +118,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         else:
             var = build_stmt(ctx, target)
             if var.ptr.get_rvalue_type() != anno:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("Static assign cannot have type overloading")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Static assign cannot have type overloading")
             var._assign(value)
         return var
 
@@ -133,7 +129,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
 
         # Keep all generated assign statements and compose single one at last.
         # The variable is introduced to support chained assignments.
-        # Ref https://github.com/taichi-dev/taichi/issues/2659.
+        # Ref https://github.com/taichi-dev/gstaichi/issues/2659.
         values = node.value.ptr if is_static_assign else impl.expr_init(node.value.ptr)
 
         for node_target in node.targets:
@@ -176,10 +172,10 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                 values = values[0]
 
         if not isinstance(values, collections.abc.Sequence):
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Cannot unpack type: {type(values)}")
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Cannot unpack type: {type(values)}")
 
         if len(values) != len(targets):
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError("The number of targets is not equal to value length")
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("The number of targets is not equal to value length")
 
         for i, target in enumerate(targets):
             ASTTransformer.build_assign_basic(ctx, target, values[i], is_static_assign)
@@ -199,13 +195,13 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         """
         is_local = isinstance(target, ast.Name)
         if is_local and target.id in ctx.kernel_args:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
                 f'Kernel argument "{target.id}" is immutable in the kernel. '
                 f"If you want to change its value, please create a new variable."
             )
         if is_static_assign:
             if not is_local:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("Static assign cannot be used on elements in arrays")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Static assign cannot be used on elements in arrays")
             ctx.create_variable(target.id, value)
             var = value
         elif is_local and not ctx.is_var_declared(target.id):
@@ -216,8 +212,8 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
             try:
                 var._assign(value)
             except AttributeError:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                    f"Variable '{unparse(target).strip()}' cannot be assigned. Maybe it is not a Taichi object?"
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
+                    f"Variable '{unparse(target).strip()}' cannot be assigned. Maybe it is not a GsTaichi object?"
                 )
         return var
 
@@ -415,495 +411,25 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
             elif isinstance(sub_node, ast.Str):
                 str_spec += sub_node.s
             else:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("Invalid value for fstring.")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Invalid value for fstring.")
 
         args.insert(0, str_spec)
         node.ptr = impl.ti_format(*args)
         return node.ptr
 
     @staticmethod
-    def build_call_if_is_builtin(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node, args, keywords):
-        from taichi.lang import matrix_ops  # pylint: disable=C0415
-
-        func = node.func.ptr
-        replace_func = {
-            id(print): impl.ti_print,
-            id(min): ti_ops.min,
-            id(max): ti_ops.max,
-            id(int): impl.ti_int,
-            id(bool): impl.ti_bool,
-            id(float): impl.ti_float,
-            id(any): matrix_ops.any,
-            id(all): matrix_ops.all,
-            id(abs): abs,
-            id(pow): pow,
-            id(operator.matmul): matrix_ops.matmul,
-        }
-
-        # Builtin 'len' function on Matrix Expr
-        if id(func) == id(len) and len(args) == 1:
-            if isinstance(args[0], Expr) and args[0].ptr.is_tensor():
-                node.ptr = args[0].get_shape()[0]
-                return True
-
-        if id(func) in replace_func:
-            node.ptr = replace_func[id(func)](*args, **keywords)
-            return True
-        return False
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def build_call_if_is_type(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node, args, keywords):
-        func = node.func.ptr
-        if id(func) in primitive_types.type_ids:
-            if len(args) != 1 or keywords:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("A primitive type can only decorate a single expression.")
-            if is_taichi_class(args[0]):
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("A primitive type cannot decorate an expression with a compound type.")
-
-            if isinstance(args[0], expr.Expr):
-                if args[0].ptr.is_tensor():
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError("A primitive type cannot decorate an expression with a compound type.")
-                node.ptr = ti_ops.cast(args[0], func)
-            else:
-                node.ptr = expr.Expr(args[0], dtype=func)
-            return True
-        return False
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def is_external_func(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, func) -> bool:
-        if ctx.is_in_static_scope():  # allow external function in static scope
-            return False
-        if hasattr(func, "_is_taichi_function") or hasattr(func, "_is_wrapped_kernel"):  # taichi func/kernel
-            return False
-        if hasattr(func, "__module__") and func.__module__ and func.__module__.startswith("taichi."):
-            return False
-        return True
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def warn_if_is_external_func(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node):
-        func = node.func.ptr
-        if not ASTTransformer.is_external_func(ctx, func):
-            return
-        name = unparse(node.func).strip()
-        warnings.warn_explicit(
-            f"\x1b[38;5;226m"  # Yellow
-            f'Calling non-taichi function "{name}". '
-            f"Scope inside the function is not processed by the Taichi AST transformer. "
-            f"The function may not work as expected. Proceed with caution! "
-            f"Maybe you can consider turning it into a @ti.func?"
-            f"\x1b[0m",  # Reset
-            SyntaxWarning,
-            ctx.file,
-            node.lineno + ctx.lineno_offset,
-            module="taichi",
-        )
+    def build_Call(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.Call) -> Any | None:
+        return CallTransformer.build_Call(ctx, node, build_stmt, build_stmts)
 
     @staticmethod
-    # Parses a formatted string and extracts format specifiers from it, along with positional and keyword arguments.
-    # This function produces a canonicalized formatted string that includes solely empty replacement fields, e.g. 'qwerty {} {} {} {} {}'.
-    # Note that the arguments can be used multiple times in the string.
-    # e.g.:
-    # origin input: 'qwerty {1} {} {1:.3f} {k:.4f} {k:}'.format(1.0, 2.0, k=k)
-    # raw_string: 'qwerty {1} {} {1:.3f} {k:.4f} {k:}'
-    # raw_args: [1.0, 2.0]
-    # raw_keywords: {'k': <ti.Expr>}
-    # return value: ['qwerty {} {} {} {} {}', 2.0, 1.0, ['__ti_fmt_value__', 2.0, '.3f'], ['__ti_fmt_value__', <ti.Expr>, '.4f'], <ti.Expr>]
-    def canonicalize_formatted_string(raw_string: str, *raw_args: list, **raw_keywords: dict):
-        raw_brackets = re.findall(r"{(.*?)}", raw_string)
-        brackets = []
-        unnamed = 0
-        for bracket in raw_brackets:
-            item, spec = bracket.split(":") if ":" in bracket else (bracket, None)
-            if item.isdigit():
-                item = int(item)
-            # handle unnamed positional args
-            if item == "":
-                item = unnamed
-                unnamed += 1
-            # handle empty spec
-            if spec == "":
-                spec = None
-            brackets.append((item, spec))
-
-        # check for errors in the arguments
-        max_args_index = max([t[0] for t in brackets if isinstance(t[0], int)], default=-1)
-        if max_args_index + 1 != len(raw_args):
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                f"Expected {max_args_index + 1} positional argument(s), but received {len(raw_args)} instead."
-            )
-        brackets_keywords = [t[0] for t in brackets if isinstance(t[0], str)]
-        for item in brackets_keywords:
-            if item not in raw_keywords:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Keyword '{item}' not found.")
-        for item in raw_keywords:
-            if item not in brackets_keywords:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Keyword '{item}' not used.")
-
-        # reorganize the arguments based on their positions, keywords, and format specifiers
-        args = []
-        for item, spec in brackets:
-            new_arg = raw_args[item] if isinstance(item, int) else raw_keywords[item]
-            if spec is not None:
-                args.append(["__ti_fmt_value__", new_arg, spec])
-            else:
-                args.append(new_arg)
-        # put the formatted string as the first argument to make ti.format() happy
-        args.insert(0, re.sub(r"{.*?}", "{}", raw_string))
-        return args
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def expand_node_args_dataclasses(args: tuple[ast.AST, ...]) -> tuple[ast.AST, ...]:
-        args_new = []
-        for arg in args:
-            val = arg.ptr
-            if dataclasses.is_dataclass(val):
-                dataclass_type = val
-                for field in dataclasses.fields(dataclass_type):
-                    child_name = f"__ti_{arg.id}_{field.name}"
-                    load_ctx = ast.Load()
-                    arg_node = ast.Name(
-                        id=child_name,
-                        ctx=load_ctx,
-                        lineno=arg.lineno,
-                        end_lineno=arg.end_lineno,
-                        col_offset=arg.col_offset,
-                        end_col_offset=arg.end_col_offset,
-                    )
-                    args_new.append(arg_node)
-            else:
-                args_new.append(arg)
-        return tuple(args_new)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def build_Call(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.Call):
-        if ASTTransformer.get_decorator(ctx, node) in ["static", "static_assert"]:
-            with ctx.static_scope_guard():
-                build_stmt(ctx, node.func)
-                build_stmts(ctx, node.args)
-                build_stmts(ctx, node.keywords)
-        else:
-            build_stmt(ctx, node.func)
-            # creates variable for the dataclass itself (as well as other variables,
-            # not related to dataclasses). Necessary for calling further child functions
-            build_stmts(ctx, node.args)
-            node.args = ASTTransformer.expand_node_args_dataclasses(node.args)
-            # create variables for the now-expanded dataclass members
-            build_stmts(ctx, node.args)
-            build_stmts(ctx, node.keywords)
-
-        args = []
-        for arg in node.args:
-            if isinstance(arg, ast.Starred):
-                arg_list = arg.ptr
-                if isinstance(arg_list, Expr) and arg_list.is_tensor():
-                    # Expand Expr with Matrix-type return into list of Exprs
-                    arg_list = [Expr(x) for x in ctx.ast_builder.expand_exprs([arg_list.ptr])]
-
-                for i in arg_list:
-                    args.append(i)
-            else:
-                args.append(arg.ptr)
-        keywords = dict(ChainMap(*[keyword.ptr for keyword in node.keywords]))
-        func = node.func.ptr
-
-        if id(func) in [id(print), id(impl.ti_print)]:
-            ctx.func.has_print = True
-
-        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(node.func.value.ptr, str) and node.func.attr == "format":
-            raw_string = node.func.value.ptr
-            args = ASTTransformer.canonicalize_formatted_string(raw_string, *args, **keywords)
-            node.ptr = impl.ti_format(*args)
-            return node.ptr
-
-        if id(func) == id(Matrix) or id(func) == id(Vector):
-            node.ptr = matrix.make_matrix(*args, **keywords)
-            return node.ptr
-
-        if ASTTransformer.build_call_if_is_builtin(ctx, node, args, keywords):
-            return node.ptr
-
-        if ASTTransformer.build_call_if_is_type(ctx, node, args, keywords):
-            return node.ptr
-
-        if hasattr(node.func, "caller"):
-            node.ptr = func(node.func.caller, *args, **keywords)
-            return node.ptr
-        ASTTransformer.warn_if_is_external_func(ctx, node)
-        try:
-            node.ptr = func(*args, **keywords)
-        except TypeError as e:
-            module = inspect.getmodule(func)
-            error_msg = re.sub(r"\bExpr\b", "Taichi Expression", str(e))
-            msg = f"TypeError when calling `{func.__name__}`: {error_msg}."
-            if ASTTransformer.is_external_func(ctx, node.func.ptr):
-                args_has_expr = any([isinstance(arg, Expr) for arg in args])
-                if args_has_expr and (module == math or module == np):
-                    exec_str = f"from taichi import {func.__name__}"
-                    try:
-                        exec(exec_str, {})
-                    except:
-                        pass
-                    else:
-                        msg += f"\nDid you mean to use `ti.{func.__name__}` instead of `{module.__name__}.{func.__name__}`?"
-            raise TaichiTypeError(msg)
-
-        if getattr(func, "_is_taichi_function", False):
-            ctx.func.has_print |= func.func.has_print
-
-        return node.ptr
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def build_FunctionDef(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.FunctionDef):
-        if ctx.visited_funcdef:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                f"Function definition is not allowed in 'ti.{'kernel' if ctx.is_kernel else 'func'}'."
-            )
-        ctx.visited_funcdef = True
-
-        args = node.args
-        assert args.vararg is None
-        assert args.kwonlyargs == []
-        assert args.kw_defaults == []
-        assert args.kwarg is None
-
-        def decl_and_create_variable(
-            annotation, name, arg_features, invoke_later_dict, prefix_name, arg_depth
-        ) -> tuple[bool, Any]:
-            full_name = prefix_name + "_" + name
-            if not isinstance(annotation, primitive_types.RefType):
-                ctx.kernel_args.append(name)
-            if isinstance(annotation, ArgPackType):
-                kernel_arguments.push_argpack_arg(name)
-                d = {}
-                items_to_put_in_dict = []
-                for j, (_name, anno) in enumerate(annotation.members.items()):
-                    result, obj = decl_and_create_variable(
-                        anno, _name, arg_features[j], invoke_later_dict, full_name, arg_depth + 1
-                    )
-                    if not result:
-                        d[_name] = None
-                        items_to_put_in_dict.append((full_name + "_" + _name, _name, obj))
-                    else:
-                        d[_name] = obj
-                argpack = kernel_arguments.decl_argpack_arg(annotation, d)
-                for item in items_to_put_in_dict:
-                    invoke_later_dict[item[0]] = argpack, item[1], *item[2]
-                return True, argpack
-            if annotation == annotations.template or isinstance(annotation, annotations.template):
-                return True, ctx.global_vars[name]
-            if isinstance(annotation, annotations.sparse_matrix_builder):
-                return False, (
-                    kernel_arguments.decl_sparse_matrix,
-                    (
-                        to_taichi_type(arg_features),
-                        full_name,
-                    ),
-                )
-            if isinstance(annotation, ndarray_type.NdarrayType):
-                return False, (
-                    kernel_arguments.decl_ndarray_arg,
-                    (
-                        to_taichi_type(arg_features[0]),
-                        arg_features[1],
-                        full_name,
-                        arg_features[2],
-                        arg_features[3],
-                    ),
-                )
-            if isinstance(annotation, texture_type.TextureType):
-                return False, (kernel_arguments.decl_texture_arg, (arg_features[0], full_name))
-            if isinstance(annotation, texture_type.RWTextureType):
-                return False, (
-                    kernel_arguments.decl_rw_texture_arg,
-                    (arg_features[0], arg_features[1], arg_features[2], full_name),
-                )
-            if isinstance(annotation, MatrixType):
-                return True, kernel_arguments.decl_matrix_arg(annotation, name, arg_depth)
-            if isinstance(annotation, StructType):
-                return True, kernel_arguments.decl_struct_arg(annotation, name, arg_depth)
-            return True, kernel_arguments.decl_scalar_arg(annotation, name, arg_depth)
-
-        def transform_as_kernel() -> None:
-            if node.returns is not None:
-                if not isinstance(node.returns, ast.Constant):
-                    for return_type in ctx.func.return_type:
-                        kernel_arguments.decl_ret(return_type)
-            impl.get_runtime().compiling_callable.finalize_rets()
-
-            invoke_later_dict: dict[str, tuple[Any, str, Any]] = dict()
-            create_variable_later = dict()
-            for i, arg in enumerate(args.args):
-                argument = ctx.func.arguments[i]
-                if isinstance(argument.annotation, ArgPackType):
-                    kernel_arguments.push_argpack_arg(argument.name)
-                    d = {}
-                    items_to_put_in_dict: list[tuple[str, str, Any]] = []
-                    for j, (name, anno) in enumerate(argument.annotation.members.items()):
-                        result, obj = decl_and_create_variable(
-                            anno, name, ctx.arg_features[i][j], invoke_later_dict, "__argpack_" + name, 1
-                        )
-                        if not result:
-                            d[name] = None
-                            items_to_put_in_dict.append(("__argpack_" + name, name, obj))
-                        else:
-                            d[name] = obj
-                    argpack = kernel_arguments.decl_argpack_arg(ctx.func.arguments[i].annotation, d)
-                    for item in items_to_put_in_dict:
-                        invoke_later_dict[item[0]] = argpack, item[1], *item[2]
-                    create_variable_later[arg.arg] = argpack
-                elif dataclasses.is_dataclass(argument.annotation):
-                    arg_features = ctx.arg_features[i]
-                    ctx.create_variable(argument.name, argument.annotation)
-                    for field_idx, field in enumerate(dataclasses.fields(argument.annotation)):
-                        flat_name = f"__ti_{argument.name}_{field.name}"
-                        result, obj = decl_and_create_variable(
-                            field.type,
-                            flat_name,
-                            arg_features[field_idx],
-                            invoke_later_dict,
-                            "",
-                            0,
-                        )
-                        if result:
-                            ctx.create_variable(flat_name, obj)
-                        else:
-                            decl_type_func, type_args = obj
-                            obj = decl_type_func(*type_args)
-                            ctx.create_variable(flat_name, obj)
-                else:
-                    result, obj = decl_and_create_variable(
-                        argument.annotation,
-                        argument.name,
-                        ctx.arg_features[i] if ctx.arg_features is not None else None,
-                        invoke_later_dict,
-                        "",
-                        0,
-                    )
-                    if result:
-                        ctx.create_variable(arg.arg, obj)
-                    else:
-                        decl_type_func, type_args = obj
-                        obj = decl_type_func(*type_args)
-                        ctx.create_variable(arg.arg, obj)
-            for k, v in invoke_later_dict.items():
-                argpack, name, func, params = v
-                argpack[name] = func(*params)
-            for k, v in create_variable_later.items():
-                ctx.create_variable(k, v)
-
-            impl.get_runtime().compiling_callable.finalize_params()
-            # remove original args
-            node.args.args = []
-
-        if ctx.is_kernel:  # ti.kernel
-            transform_as_kernel()
-
-        else:  # ti.func
-            if ctx.is_real_function:
-                transform_as_kernel()
-            else:
-                for data_i, data in enumerate(ctx.argument_data):
-                    argument = ctx.func.arguments[data_i]
-                    if isinstance(argument.annotation, annotations.template):
-                        ctx.create_variable(argument.name, data)
-                        continue
-
-                    elif dataclasses.is_dataclass(argument.annotation):
-                        dataclass_type = argument.annotation
-                        for field in dataclasses.fields(dataclass_type):
-                            data_child = getattr(data, field.name)
-                            if not isinstance(
-                                data_child,
-                                (
-                                    _ndarray.ScalarNdarray,
-                                    matrix.VectorNdarray,
-                                    matrix.MatrixNdarray,
-                                    any_array.AnyArray,
-                                ),
-                            ):
-                                raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                                    f"Argument {argument.name} of type {dataclass_type} {field.type} is not recognized."
-                                )
-                            field.type.check_matched(data_child.get_type(), field.name)
-                            var_name = f"__ti_{argument.name}_{field.name}"
-                            ctx.create_variable(var_name, data_child)
-                        continue
-
-                    # Ndarray arguments are passed by reference.
-                    if isinstance(argument.annotation, (ndarray_type.NdarrayType)):
-                        if not isinstance(
-                            data,
-                            (
-                                _ndarray.ScalarNdarray,
-                                matrix.VectorNdarray,
-                                matrix.MatrixNdarray,
-                                any_array.AnyArray,
-                            ),
-                        ):
-                            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                                f"Argument {arg.arg} of type {argument.annotation} is not recognized."
-                            )
-                        argument.annotation.check_matched(data.get_type(), argument.name)
-                        ctx.create_variable(argument.name, data)
-                        continue
-
-                    # Matrix arguments are passed by value.
-                    if isinstance(argument.annotation, (MatrixType)):
-                        var_name = argument.name
-                        # "data" is expected to be an Expr here,
-                        # so we simply call "impl.expr_init_func(data)" to perform:
-                        #
-                        # TensorType* t = alloca()
-                        # assign(t, data)
-                        #
-                        # We created local variable "t" - a copy of the passed-in argument "data"
-                        if not isinstance(data, expr.Expr) or not data.ptr.is_tensor():
-                            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                                f"Argument {var_name} of type {argument.annotation} is expected to be a Matrix, but got {type(data)}."
-                            )
-
-                        element_shape = data.ptr.get_rvalue_type().shape()
-                        if len(element_shape) != argument.annotation.ndim:
-                            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                                f"Argument {var_name} of type {argument.annotation} is expected to be a Matrix with ndim {argument.annotation.ndim}, but got {len(element_shape)}."
-                            )
-
-                        assert argument.annotation.ndim > 0
-                        if element_shape[0] != argument.annotation.n:
-                            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                                f"Argument {var_name} of type {argument.annotation} is expected to be a Matrix with n {argument.annotation.n}, but got {element_shape[0]}."
-                            )
-
-                        if argument.annotation.ndim == 2 and element_shape[1] != argument.annotation.m:
-                            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
-                                f"Argument {var_name} of type {argument.annotation} is expected to be a Matrix with m {argument.annotation.m}, but got {element_shape[0]}."
-                            )
-
-                        ctx.create_variable(var_name, impl.expr_init_func(data))
-                        continue
-
-                    if id(argument.annotation) in primitive_types.type_ids:
-                        var_name = argument.name
-                        ctx.create_variable(var_name, impl.expr_init_func(ti_ops.cast(data, argument.annotation)))
-                        continue
-                    # Create a copy for non-template arguments,
-                    # so that they are passed by value.
-                    var_name = argument.name
-                    ctx.create_variable(var_name, impl.expr_init_func(data))
-                for v in ctx.func.orig_arguments:
-                    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(v.annotation):
-                        ctx.create_variable(v.name, v.annotation)
-
-        with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
-            build_stmts(ctx, node.body)
-
-        return None
+    def build_FunctionDef(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.FunctionDef) -> None:
+        FunctionDefTransformer.build_FunctionDef(ctx, node, build_stmts)
 
     @staticmethod
     def build_Return(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.Return) -> None:
         if not ctx.is_real_function:
             if ctx.is_in_non_static_control_flow():
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("Return inside non-static if/for is not supported")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Return inside non-static if/for is not supported")
         if node.value is not None:
             build_stmt(ctx, node.value)
         if node.value is None or node.value.ptr is None:
@@ -911,9 +437,9 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                 ctx.returned = ReturnStatus.ReturnedVoid
             return None
         if ctx.is_kernel or ctx.is_real_function:
-            # TODO: check if it's at the end of a kernel, throw TaichiSyntaxError if not
+            # TODO: check if it's at the end of a kernel, throw GsTaichiSyntaxError if not
             if ctx.func.return_type is None:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
                     f'A {"kernel" if ctx.is_kernel else "function"} '
                     "with a return value must be annotated "
                     "with a return type, e.g. def func() -> ti.f32"
@@ -926,19 +452,19 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                 if id(return_type) in primitive_types.type_ids:
                     if isinstance(ptr, Expr):
                         if ptr.is_tensor() or ptr.is_struct() or ptr.element_type() not in primitive_types.all_types:
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(str(return_type), ptr)
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(str(return_type), ptr)
                     elif not isinstance(ptr, (float, int, np.floating, np.integer)):
-                        raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(str(return_type), ptr)
+                        raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(str(return_type), ptr)
                     return_exprs += [ti_ops.cast(expr.Expr(ptr), return_type).ptr]
                 elif isinstance(return_type, MatrixType):
                     values = ptr
                     if isinstance(values, Matrix):
                         if values.ndim != ctx.func.return_type.ndim:
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError(
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError(
                                 f"Return matrix ndim mismatch, expecting={return_type.ndim}, got={values.ndim}."
                             )
                         elif return_type.get_shape() != values.get_shape():
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError(
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError(
                                 f"Return matrix shape mismatch, expecting={return_type.get_shape()}, got={values.get_shape()}."
                             )
                         values = (
@@ -948,23 +474,23 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                         )
                     elif isinstance(values, Expr):
                         if not values.is_tensor():
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.to_string(), ptr)
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.to_string(), ptr)
                         elif (
                             return_type.dtype in primitive_types.real_types
                             and not values.element_type() in primitive_types.all_types
                         ):
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), values.element_type())
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), values.element_type())
                         elif (
                             return_type.dtype in primitive_types.integer_types
                             and not values.element_type() in primitive_types.integer_types
                         ):
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), values.element_type())
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), values.element_type())
                         elif len(values.get_shape()) != return_type.ndim:
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError(
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError(
                                 f"Return matrix ndim mismatch, expecting={return_type.ndim}, got={len(values.get_shape())}."
                             )
                         elif return_type.get_shape() != values.get_shape():
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError(
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError(
                                 f"Return matrix shape mismatch, expecting={return_type.get_shape()}, got={values.get_shape()}."
                             )
                         values = [values]
@@ -977,27 +503,27 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                             np.floating,
                             np.integer,
                         ):
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), dt)
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), dt)
                         elif return_type.dtype in primitive_types.integer_types and dt not in (int, np.integer):
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), dt)
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(return_type.dtype.to_string(), dt)
                         elif ndim != return_type.ndim:
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError(
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError(
                                 f"Return matrix ndim mismatch, expecting={return_type.ndim}, got={ndim}."
                             )
                         elif return_type.get_shape() != shape:
-                            raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError(
+                            raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError(
                                 f"Return matrix shape mismatch, expecting={return_type.get_shape()}, got={shape}."
                             )
                         values = [values]
                     return_exprs += [ti_ops.cast(exp, return_type.dtype) for exp in values]
                 elif isinstance(return_type, StructType):
                     if not isinstance(ptr, Struct) or not isinstance(ptr, return_type):
-                        raise TaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(str(return_type), ptr)
+                        raise GsTaichiRuntimeTypeError.get_ret(str(return_type), ptr)
                     values = ptr
                     assert isinstance(values, Struct)
                     return_exprs += expr._get_flattened_ptrs(values)
                 else:
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError("The return type is not supported now!")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("The return type is not supported now!")
             ctx.ast_builder.create_kernel_exprgroup_return(
                 expr.make_expr_group(return_exprs), _ti_core.DebugInfo(ctx.get_pos_info(node))
             )
@@ -1065,7 +591,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         # For the first case, the AST (simplified) is like node = Attribute(value=Subscript(value=x, slice=[i, j]),
         # attr="append"), when we build_stmt(node.value)(build the expression of the Subscript i.e. x[i, j]),
         # it should build the expression of node.value.value (i.e. x) and node.value.slice (i.e. [i, j]), and raise a
-        # TaichiIndexError because the dimension of the field is not equal to the number of the indices. Therefore,
+        # GsTaichiIndexError because the dimension of the field is not equal to the number of the indices. Therefore,
         # when we meet the error, we can detect whether it is a method of Dynamic SNode and build the expression if
         # it is by calling build_attribute_if_is_dynamic_snode_method. If we find that it is not a method of Dynamic
         # SNode, we raise the error again.
@@ -1079,7 +605,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
             build_stmt(ctx, node.value)
         except Exception as e:
             e = handle_exception_from_cpp(e)
-            if isinstance(e, TaichiIndexError):
+            if isinstance(e, GsTaichiIndexError):
                 node.value.ptr = None
                 if ASTTransformer.build_attribute_if_is_dynamic_snode_method(ctx, node):
                     return node.ptr
@@ -1113,7 +639,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                         )
                     )
             else:
-                from taichi.lang import (  # pylint: disable=C0415
+                from gstaichi.lang import (  # pylint: disable=C0415
                     matrix_ops as tensor_ops,
                 )
 
@@ -1128,7 +654,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         build_stmt(ctx, node.left)
         build_stmt(ctx, node.right)
         # pylint: disable-msg=C0415
-        from taichi.lang.matrix_ops import matmul
+        from gstaichi.lang.matrix_ops import matmul
 
         op = {
             ast.Add: lambda l, r: l + r,
@@ -1148,7 +674,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         try:
             node.ptr = op(node.left.ptr, node.right.ptr)
         except TypeError as e:
-            raise TaichiTypeError(str(e)) from None
+            raise GsTaichiTypeError(str(e)) from None
         return node.ptr
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1156,7 +682,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         build_stmt(ctx, node.target)
         build_stmt(ctx, node.value)
         if isinstance(node.target, ast.Name) and node.target.id in ctx.kernel_args:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError(
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
                 f'Kernel argument "{node.target.id}" is immutable in the kernel. '
                 f"If you want to change its value, please create a new variable."
             )
@@ -1243,36 +769,22 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         for i, node_op in enumerate(node.ops):
             if isinstance(node_op, (ast.Is, ast.IsNot)):
                 name = "is" if isinstance(node_op, ast.Is) else "is not"
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f'Operator "{name}" in Taichi scope is not supported.')
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f'Operator "{name}" in GsTaichi scope is not supported.')
             l = operands[i]
             r = operands[i + 1]
             op = ops.get(type(node_op))
 
             if op is None:
                 if type(node_op) in ops_static:
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError(f'"{type(node_op).__name__}" is only supported inside `ti.static`.')
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f'"{type(node_op).__name__}" is only supported inside `ti.static`.')
                 else:
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError(f'"{type(node_op).__name__}" is not supported in Taichi kernels.')
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f'"{type(node_op).__name__}" is not supported in GsTaichi kernels.')
             val = ti_ops.logical_and(val, op(l, r))
         if not isinstance(val, (bool, np.bool_)):
             val = ti_ops.cast(val, primitive_types.u1)
         node.ptr = val
         return node.ptr
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_decorator(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node) -> str:
-        if not isinstance(node, ast.Call):
-            return ""
-        for wanted, name in [
-            (impl.static, "static"),
-            (impl.static_assert, "static_assert"),
-            (impl.grouped, "grouped"),
-            (ndrange, "ndrange"),
-        ]:
-            if ASTResolver.resolve_to(node.func, wanted, ctx.global_vars):
-                return name
-        return ""
-
     @staticmethod
     def get_for_loop_targets(node: ast.Name | ast.Tuple | Any) -> list:
         """
@@ -1291,10 +803,10 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
             assert len(node.iter.args[0].args) == 1
             ndrange_arg = build_stmt(ctx, node.iter.args[0].args[0])
             if not isinstance(ndrange_arg, _Ndrange):
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("Only 'ti.ndrange' is allowed in 'ti.static(ti.grouped(...))'.")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Only 'ti.ndrange' is allowed in 'ti.static(ti.grouped(...))'.")
             targets = ASTTransformer.get_for_loop_targets(node)
             if len(targets) != 1:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Group for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Group for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
             target = targets[0]
             iter_time = 0
             alert_already = False
@@ -1311,7 +823,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                         SyntaxWarning,
                         ctx.file,
                         node.lineno + ctx.lineno_offset,
-                        module="taichi",
+                        module="gstaichi",
                     )
 
                 with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
@@ -1343,7 +855,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                         SyntaxWarning,
                         ctx.file,
                         node.lineno + ctx.lineno_offset,
-                        module="taichi",
+                        module="gstaichi",
                     )
 
                 with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
@@ -1365,7 +877,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
             loop_var = expr.Expr(ctx.ast_builder.make_id_expr(""))
             ctx.create_variable(loop_name, loop_var)
             if len(node.iter.args) not in [1, 2]:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Range should have 1 or 2 arguments, found {len(node.iter.args)}")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Range should have 1 or 2 arguments, found {len(node.iter.args)}")
             if len(node.iter.args) == 2:
                 begin_expr = expr.Expr(build_stmt(ctx, node.iter.args[0]))
                 end_expr = expr.Expr(build_stmt(ctx, node.iter.args[1]))
@@ -1407,7 +919,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
             I = impl.expr_init(ndrange_loop_var)
             targets = ASTTransformer.get_for_loop_targets(node)
             if len(targets) != len(ndrange_var.dimensions):
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
                     "Ndrange for loop with number of the loop variables not equal to "
                     "the dimension of the ndrange is not supported. "
                     "Please check if the number of arguments of ti.ndrange() is equal to "
@@ -1450,7 +962,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
 
             targets = ASTTransformer.get_for_loop_targets(node)
             if len(targets) != 1:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Group for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Group for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
             target = targets[0]
             mat = matrix.make_matrix([0] * len(ndrange_var.dimensions), dt=primitive_types.i32)
             target_var = impl.expr_init(mat)
@@ -1481,7 +993,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
             if is_grouped:
                 if len(targets) != 1:
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Group for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Group for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
                 target = targets[0]
                 loop_var = build_stmt(ctx, node.iter)
                 loop_indices = expr.make_var_list(size=len(loop_var.shape), ast_builder=ctx.ast_builder)
@@ -1507,7 +1019,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
     def build_mesh_for(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.For) -> None:
         targets = ASTTransformer.get_for_loop_targets(node)
         if len(targets) != 1:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError("Mesh for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Mesh for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
         target = targets[0]
 
         with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
@@ -1531,7 +1043,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
     def build_nested_mesh_for(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.For) -> None:
         targets = ASTTransformer.get_for_loop_targets(node)
         if len(targets) != 1:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError("Nested-mesh for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("Nested-mesh for should have 1 loop target, found {len(targets)}")
         target = targets[0]
 
         with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
@@ -1561,29 +1073,29 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
     @staticmethod
     def build_For(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.For) -> None:
         if node.orelse:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError("'else' clause for 'for' not supported in Taichi kernels")
-        decorator = ASTTransformer.get_decorator(ctx, node.iter)
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("'else' clause for 'for' not supported in GsTaichi kernels")
+        decorator = get_decorator(ctx, node.iter)
         double_decorator = ""
         if decorator != "" and len(node.iter.args) == 1:
-            double_decorator = ASTTransformer.get_decorator(ctx, node.iter.args[0])
+            double_decorator = get_decorator(ctx, node.iter.args[0])
 
         if decorator == "static":
             if double_decorator == "static":
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError("'ti.static' cannot be nested")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("'ti.static' cannot be nested")
             with ctx.loop_scope_guard(is_static=True):
                 return ASTTransformer.build_static_for(ctx, node, double_decorator == "grouped")
         with ctx.loop_scope_guard():
             if decorator == "ndrange":
                 if double_decorator != "":
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError("No decorator is allowed inside 'ti.ndrange")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("No decorator is allowed inside 'ti.ndrange")
                 return ASTTransformer.build_ndrange_for(ctx, node)
             if decorator == "grouped":
                 if double_decorator == "static":
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError("'ti.static' is not allowed inside 'ti.grouped'")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("'ti.static' is not allowed inside 'ti.grouped'")
                 elif double_decorator == "ndrange":
                     return ASTTransformer.build_grouped_ndrange_for(ctx, node)
                 elif double_decorator == "grouped":
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError("'ti.grouped' cannot be nested")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("'ti.grouped' cannot be nested")
                 else:
                     return ASTTransformer.build_struct_for(ctx, node, is_grouped=True)
             elif (
@@ -1597,7 +1109,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                 if isinstance(node.iter.ptr, mesh.MeshElementField):
                     if not _ti_core.is_extension_supported(impl.default_cfg().arch, _ti_core.Extension.mesh):
                         raise Exception(
-                            "Backend " + str(impl.default_cfg().arch) + " doesn't support MeshTaichi extension"
+                            "Backend " + str(impl.default_cfg().arch) + " doesn't support MeshGsTaichi extension"
                         )
                     return ASTTransformer.build_mesh_for(ctx, node)
                 if isinstance(node.iter.ptr, mesh.MeshRelationAccessProxy):
@@ -1608,7 +1120,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
     @staticmethod
     def build_While(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.While) -> None:
         if node.orelse:
-            raise TaichiSyntaxError("'else' clause for 'while' not supported in Taichi kernels")
+            raise GsTaichiSyntaxError("'else' clause for 'while' not supported in GsTaichi kernels")
 
         with ctx.loop_scope_guard():
             stmt_dbg_info = _ti_core.DebugInfo(ctx.get_pos_info(node))
@@ -1627,7 +1139,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
     @staticmethod
     def build_If(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, node: ast.If) -> ast.If | None:
         build_stmt(ctx, node.test)
-        is_static_if = ASTTransformer.get_decorator(ctx, node.test) == "static"
+        is_static_if = get_decorator(ctx, node.test) == "static"
 
         if is_static_if:
             if node.test.ptr:
@@ -1668,15 +1180,15 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
 
         if has_tensor_type:
             if isinstance(node.test.ptr, expr.Expr) and node.test.ptr.is_tensor():
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(
                     "Using conditional expression for element-wise select operation on "
-                    "Taichi vectors/matrices is deprecated and removed starting from Taichi v1.5.0 "
+                    "GsTaichi vectors/matrices is deprecated and removed starting from GsTaichi v1.5.0 "
                     'Please use "ti.select" instead.'
                 )
             node.ptr = ti_ops.select(node.test.ptr, node.body.ptr, node.orelse.ptr)
             return node.ptr
 
-        is_static_if = ASTTransformer.get_decorator(ctx, node.test) == "static"
+        is_static_if = get_decorator(ctx, node.test) == "static"
 
         if is_static_if:
             if node.test.ptr:
@@ -1721,17 +1233,17 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
         for entry in entries:
             if isinstance(entry, str):
                 msg += entry
-            elif isinstance(entry, _ti_core.Expr):
+            elif isinstance(entry, _ti_core.ExprCxx):
                 ty = entry.get_rvalue_type()
                 if ty in primitive_types.real_types:
                     msg += "%f"
                 elif ty in primitive_types.integer_types:
                     msg += "%d"
                 else:
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Unsupported data type: {type(ty)}")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Unsupported data type: {type(ty)}")
                 args.append(entry)
             else:
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"Unsupported type: {type(entry)}")
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"Unsupported type: {type(entry)}")
         return msg, args
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1749,7 +1261,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                 elif isinstance(msg, collections.abc.Sequence) and len(msg) > 0 and msg[0] == "__ti_format__":
                     msg, extra_args = ASTTransformer.ti_format_list_to_assert_msg(msg)
                 else:
-                    raise TaichiSyntaxError(f"assert info must be constant or formatted string, not {type(msg)}")
+                    raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(f"assert info must be constant or formatted string, not {type(msg)}")
         else:
             msg = unparse(node.test)
         test = build_stmt(ctx, node.test)
@@ -1766,7 +1278,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                     "You are trying to `break` a static `for` loop, "
                     "but the `break` statement is inside a non-static `if`. "
                 )
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(msg)
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(msg)
             ctx.set_loop_status(LoopStatus.Break)
         else:
             ctx.ast_builder.insert_break_stmt(_ti_core.DebugInfo(ctx.get_pos_info(node)))
@@ -1782,7 +1294,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
                     "You are trying to `continue` a static `for` loop, "
                     "but the `continue` statement is inside a non-static `if`. "
                 )
-                raise TaichiSyntaxError(msg)
+                raise GsTaichiSyntaxError(msg)
             ctx.set_loop_status(LoopStatus.Continue)
         else:
             ctx.ast_builder.insert_continue_stmt(_ti_core.DebugInfo(ctx.get_pos_info(node)))
@@ -1796,7 +1308,7 @@ class ASTTransformer(Builder):
 build_stmt = ASTTransformer()
 
 
-def build_stmts(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, stmts: list):
+def build_stmts(ctx: ASTTransformerContext, stmts: list[ast.stmt]):
     with ctx.variable_scope_guard():
         for stmt in stmts:
             if ctx.returned != ReturnStatus.NoReturn or ctx.loop_status() != LoopStatus.Normal: