gsMap 1.71__py3-none-any.whl → 1.71.1__py3-none-any.whl

gsMap/utils/jackknife.py

@@ -1,514 +1,514 @@
-'''
-(c) 2014 Brendan Bulik-Sullivan and Hilary Finucane
-
-Fast block jackknives.
-
-Everything in this module deals with 2D numpy arrays. 1D data are represented as arrays
-with dimension (N, 1) or (1, N), to avoid bugs arising from numpy treating (N, ) as
-a fundamentally different shape from (N, 1). The convention in this module is for the
-first dimension to represent # of data points (or # of blocks in a block jackknife, since
-a block is like a datapoint), and for the second dimension to represent the dimensionality
-of the data.
-
-'''
-
-from __future__ import division
-import numpy as np
-from scipy.optimize import nnls
-np.seterr(divide='raise', invalid='raise')
-xrange = range
-
-def _check_shape(x, y):
-    '''Check that x and y have the correct shapes (for regression jackknives).'''
-    if len(x.shape) != 2 or len(y.shape) != 2:
-        raise ValueError('x and y must be 2D arrays.')
-    if x.shape[0] != y.shape[0]:
-        raise ValueError(
-            'Number of datapoints in x != number of datapoints in y.')
-    if y.shape[1] != 1:
-        raise ValueError('y must have shape (n_snp, 1)')
-    n, p = x.shape
-    if p > n:
-        raise ValueError('More dimensions than datapoints.')
-
-    return (n, p)
-
-
-def _check_shape_block(xty_block_values, xtx_block_values):
-    '''Check that xty_block_values and xtx_block_values have correct shapes.'''
-    if xtx_block_values.shape[0:2] != xty_block_values.shape:
-        raise ValueError(
-            'Shape of xty_block_values must equal shape of first two dimensions of xty_block_values.')
-    if len(xtx_block_values.shape) < 3:
-        raise ValueError('xtx_block_values must be a 3D array.')
-    if xtx_block_values.shape[1] != xtx_block_values.shape[2]:
-        raise ValueError(
-            'Last two axes of xtx_block_values must have same dimension.')
-
-    return xtx_block_values.shape[0:2]
-
-
-class Jackknife(object):
-
-    '''
-    Base class for jackknife objects. Input involves x,y, so this base class is tailored
-    for statistics computed from independent and dependent variables (e.g., regressions).
-    The __delete_vals_to_pseudovalues__ and __jknife__ methods will still be useful for other
-    sorts of statistics, but the __init__ method will need to be overriden.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
-        Independent variable.
-    y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
-        Dependent variable.
-    n_blocks : int
-        Number of jackknife blocks
-    *args, **kwargs :
-        Arguments for inheriting jackknives.
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-    n_blocks : int
-        Number of jackknife blocks
-    p : int
-        Dimensionality of the independent varianble
-    N : int
-        Number of datapoints (equal to x.shape[0])
-
-    Methods
-    -------
-    jknife(pseudovalues):
-        Computes jackknife estimate and variance from the jackknife pseudovalues.
-    delete_vals_to_pseudovalues(delete_vals, est):
-        Converts delete values and the whole-data estimate to pseudovalues.
-    get_separators():
-        Returns (approximately) evenly-spaced jackknife block boundaries.
-    '''
-
-    def __init__(self, x, y, n_blocks=None, separators=None):
-        self.N, self.p = _check_shape(x, y)
-        if separators is not None:
-            if max(separators) != self.N:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Max(separators) must be equal to number of data points.')
-            if min(separators) != 0:
-                raise ValueError('Max(separators) must be equal to 0.')
-            self.separators = sorted(separators)
-            self.n_blocks = len(separators) - 1
-        elif n_blocks is not None:
-            self.n_blocks = n_blocks
-            self.separators = self.get_separators(self.N, self.n_blocks)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('Must specify either n_blocks are separators.')
-
-        if self.n_blocks > self.N:
-            raise ValueError('More blocks than data points.')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def jknife(cls, pseudovalues):
-        '''
-        Converts pseudovalues to jackknife estimate and variance.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        pseudovalues : np.matrix pf floats with shape (n_blocks, p)
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        jknife_est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-            Jackknifed estimate.
-        jknife_var : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-            Variance of jackknifed estimate.
-        jknife_se : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-            Standard error of jackknifed estimate, equal to sqrt(jknife_var).
-        jknife_cov : np.matrix with shape (p, p)
-            Covariance matrix of jackknifed estimate.
-
-        '''
-        n_blocks = pseudovalues.shape[0]
-        jknife_cov = np.atleast_2d(np.cov(pseudovalues.T, ddof=1) / n_blocks)
-        jknife_var = np.atleast_2d(np.diag(jknife_cov))
-        jknife_se = np.atleast_2d(np.sqrt(jknife_var))
-        jknife_est = np.atleast_2d(np.mean(pseudovalues, axis=0))
-        return (jknife_est, jknife_var, jknife_se, jknife_cov)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def delete_values_to_pseudovalues(cls, delete_values, est):
-        '''
-        Converts whole-data estimate and delete values to pseudovalues.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Delete values.
-        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p):
-            Whole-data estimate.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        pseudovalues : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Psuedovalues.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError :
-            If est.shape != (1, delete_values.shape[1])
-
-        '''
-        n_blocks, p = delete_values.shape
-        if est.shape != (1, p):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'Different number of parameters in delete_values than in est.')
-
-        return n_blocks * est - (n_blocks - 1) * delete_values
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_separators(cls, N, n_blocks):
-        '''Define evenly-spaced block boundaries.'''
-        return np.floor(np.linspace(0, N, n_blocks + 1)).astype(int)
-
-
-class LstsqJackknifeSlow(Jackknife):
-
-    '''
-    Slow linear-regression block jackknife. This class computes delete values directly,
-    rather than forming delete values from block values. Useful for testing and for
-    non-negative least squares (which as far as I am aware does not admit a fast block
-    jackknife algorithm).
-
-    Inherits from Jackknife class.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
-        Independent variable.
-    y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
-        Dependent variable.
-    n_blocks : int
-        Number of jackknife blocks
-    nn: bool
-        Non-negative least-squares?
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-    est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        FWLS estimate.
-    jknife_est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        Jackknifed estimate.
-    jknife_var : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        Variance of jackknifed estimate.
-    jknife_se : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        Standard error of jackknifed estimate, equal to sqrt(jknife_var).
-    jknife_cov : np.matrix with shape (p, p)
-        Covariance matrix of jackknifed estimate.
-    delete_vals : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-        Jackknife delete values.
-
-    Methods
-    -------
-    delete_values(x, y, func, s):
-        Compute delete values of func(x, y) the slow way, with blocks defined by s.
-
-    '''
-
-    def __init__(self, x, y, n_blocks=None, nn=False, separators=None):
-        Jackknife.__init__(self, x, y, n_blocks, separators)
-        if nn:  # non-negative least squares
-            func = lambda x, y: np.atleast_2d(nnls(x, np.array(y).T[0])[0])
-        else:
-            func = lambda x, y: np.atleast_2d(
-                np.linalg.lstsq(x, np.array(y).T[0])[0])
-
-        self.est = func(x, y)
-        self.delete_values = self.delete_values(x, y, func, self.separators)
-        self.pseudovalues = self.delete_values_to_pseudovalues(
-            self.delete_values, self.est)
-        (self.jknife_est, self.jknife_var, self.jknife_se, self.jknife_cov) =\
-            self.jknife(self.pseudovalues)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def delete_values(cls, x, y, func, s):
-        '''
-        Compute delete values by deleting one block at a time.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
-            Independent variable.
-        y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
-            Dependent variable.
-        func : function (n, p) , (n, 1) --> (1, p)
-            Function of x and y to be jackknived.
-        s : list of ints
-            Block separators.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Delete block values (with n_blocks blocks defined by parameter s).
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError :
-            If x.shape[0] does not equal y.shape[0] or x and y are not 2D.
-
-        '''
-        _check_shape(x, y)
-        d = [func(np.vstack([x[0:s[i], ...], x[s[i + 1]:, ...]]), np.vstack([y[0:s[i], ...], y[s[i + 1]:, ...]]))
-             for i in xrange(len(s) - 1)]
-
-        return np.concatenate(d, axis=0)
-
-
-class LstsqJackknifeFast(Jackknife):
-
-    '''
-    Fast block jackknife for linear regression.
-
-    Inherits from Jackknife class.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
-        Independent variable.
-    y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
-        Dependent variable.
-    n_blocks : int
-        Number of jackknife blocks
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-    est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        FWLS estimate.
-    jknife_est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        Jackknifed estimate.
-    jknife_var : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        Variance of jackknifed estimate.
-    jknife_se : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-        Standard error of jackknifed estimate, equal to sqrt(jknife_var).
-    jknife_cov : np.matrix with shape (p, p)
-        Covariance matrix of jackknifed estimate.
-    delete_vals : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-        Jackknife delete values.
-
-    Methods
-    -------
-    block_values(x, y, n_blocks) :
-        Computes block values for the regression y~x.
-    block_values_to_est(block_values) :
-        Computes whole-data estimate from block values.
-    block_values_to_pseudovalues(block_values, est) :
-        Computes pseudovalues and delete values in a single pass over the block values.
-
-    '''
-
-    def __init__(self, x, y, n_blocks=None, separators=None):
-        Jackknife.__init__(self, x, y, n_blocks, separators)
-        xty, xtx = self.block_values(x, y, self.separators)
-        self.est = self.block_values_to_est(xty, xtx)
-        self.delete_values = self.block_values_to_delete_values(xty, xtx)
-        self.pseudovalues = self.delete_values_to_pseudovalues(
-            self.delete_values, self.est)
-        (self.jknife_est, self.jknife_var, self.jknife_se, self.jknife_cov) =\
-            self.jknife(self.pseudovalues)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def block_values(cls, x, y, s):
-        '''
-        Compute block values.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
-            Independent variable.
-        y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
-            Dependent variable.
-        n_blocks : int
-            Number of jackknife blocks
-        s : list of ints
-            Block separators.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        xty_block_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Block values of X^T Y.
-        xtx_block_values : 3d np array with shape (n_blocks, p, p)
-            Block values of X^T X.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError :
-            If x.shape[0] does not equal y.shape[0] or x and y are not 2D.
-
-        '''
-        n, p = _check_shape(x, y)
-        n_blocks = len(s) - 1
-        xtx_block_values = np.zeros((n_blocks, p, p))
-        xty_block_values = np.zeros((n_blocks, p))
-        for i in range(n_blocks):
-            xty_block_values[i, ...] = np.dot(
-                x[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...].T, y[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...]).reshape((1, p))
-            xtx_block_values[i, ...] = np.dot(
-                x[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...].T, x[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...])
-
-        return (xty_block_values, xtx_block_values)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def block_values_to_est(cls, xty_block_values, xtx_block_values):
-        '''
-        Converts block values to the whole-data linear regression estimate.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        xty_block_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Block values of X^T Y.
-        xtx_block_values : 3D np.array with shape (n_blocks, p, p)
-            Block values of X^T X
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-            Whole data estimate.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        LinAlgError :
-            If design matrix is singular.
-        ValueError :
-            If the last two dimensions of xtx_block_values are not equal or if the first two
-        dimensions of xtx_block_values do not equal the shape of xty_block_values.
-
-        '''
-        n_blocks, p = _check_shape_block(xty_block_values, xtx_block_values)
-        xty = np.sum(xty_block_values, axis=0)
-        xtx = np.sum(xtx_block_values, axis=0)
-        return np.linalg.solve(xtx, xty).reshape((1, p))
-
-    @classmethod
-    def block_values_to_delete_values(cls, xty_block_values, xtx_block_values):
-        '''
-        Converts block values to delete values.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        xty_block_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Block values of X^T Y.
-        xtx_block_values : 3D np.array with shape (n_blocks, p, p)
-            Block values of X^T X
-        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-            Whole data estimate
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Delete Values.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        LinAlgError :
-            If delete design matrix is singular.
-        ValueError :
-            If the last two dimensions of xtx_block_values are not equal or if the first two
-        dimensions of xtx_block_values do not equal the shape of xty_block_values.
-
-        '''
-        n_blocks, p = _check_shape_block(xty_block_values, xtx_block_values)
-        delete_values = np.zeros((n_blocks, p))
-        xty_tot = np.sum(xty_block_values, axis=0)
-        xtx_tot = np.sum(xtx_block_values, axis=0)
-        for j in range(n_blocks):
-            delete_xty = xty_tot - xty_block_values[j]
-            delete_xtx = xtx_tot - xtx_block_values[j]
-            delete_values[j, ...] = np.linalg.solve(
-                delete_xtx, delete_xty).reshape((1, p))
-
-        return delete_values
-
-
-class RatioJackknife(Jackknife):
-
-    '''
-    Block jackknife ratio estimate.
-
-    Jackknife.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    est : float or np.array with shape (1, p)
-        Whole data ratio estimate
-    numer_delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-        Delete values for the numerator.
-    denom_delete_values: np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-        Delete values for the denominator.
-
-    Methods
-    -------
-    delete_vals_to_pseudovalues(est, denom, num):
-        Converts denominator/ numerator delete values and the whole-data estimate to
-        pseudovalues.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    FloatingPointError :
-        If any entry of denom_delete_values is zero.
-
-    Note that it is possible for the denominator to cross zero (i.e., be both positive
-    and negative) and still have a finite ratio estimate and SE, for example if the
-    numerator is fixed to 0 and the denominator is either -1 or 1. If the denominator
-    is noisily close to zero, then it is unlikely that the denominator will yield zero
-    exactly (and therefore yield an inf or nan), but delete values will be of the form
-    (numerator / close to zero) and -(numerator / close to zero), i.e., (big) and -(big),
-    and so the jackknife will (correctly) yield huge SE.
-
-    '''
-
-    def __init__(self, est, numer_delete_values, denom_delete_values):
-        if numer_delete_values.shape != denom_delete_values.shape:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'numer_delete_values.shape != denom_delete_values.shape.')
-        if len(numer_delete_values.shape) != 2:
-            raise ValueError('Delete values must be matrices.')
-        if len(est.shape) != 2 or est.shape[0] != 1 or est.shape[1] != numer_delete_values.shape[1]:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'Shape of est does not match shape of delete values.')
-
-        self.n_blocks = numer_delete_values.shape[0]
-        self.est = est
-        self.pseudovalues = self.delete_values_to_pseudovalues(self.est,
-                                                               denom_delete_values, numer_delete_values)
-        (self.jknife_est, self.jknife_var, self.jknife_se, self.jknife_cov) =\
-            self.jknife(self.pseudovalues)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def delete_values_to_pseudovalues(cls, est, denom, numer):
-        '''
-        Converts delete values to pseudovalues.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
-            Whole-data ratio estimate.
-        denom : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Denominator delete values.
-        numer : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
-            Numerator delete values.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        pseudovalues :
-            Ratio Jackknife Pseudovalues.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError :
-            If numer.shape != denom.shape.
-
-        '''
-        n_blocks, p = denom.shape
-        pseudovalues = np.zeros((n_blocks, p))
-        for j in range(0, n_blocks):
-            pseudovalues[j, ...] = n_blocks * est - \
-                (n_blocks - 1) * numer[j, ...] / denom[j, ...]
-
-        return pseudovalues
+'''
+(c) 2014 Brendan Bulik-Sullivan and Hilary Finucane
+
+Fast block jackknives.
+
+Everything in this module deals with 2D numpy arrays. 1D data are represented as arrays
+with dimension (N, 1) or (1, N), to avoid bugs arising from numpy treating (N, ) as
+a fundamentally different shape from (N, 1). The convention in this module is for the
+first dimension to represent # of data points (or # of blocks in a block jackknife, since
+a block is like a datapoint), and for the second dimension to represent the dimensionality
+of the data.
+
+'''
+
+from __future__ import division
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.optimize import nnls
+np.seterr(divide='raise', invalid='raise')
+xrange = range
+
+def _check_shape(x, y):
+    '''Check that x and y have the correct shapes (for regression jackknives).'''
+    if len(x.shape) != 2 or len(y.shape) != 2:
+        raise ValueError('x and y must be 2D arrays.')
+    if x.shape[0] != y.shape[0]:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Number of datapoints in x != number of datapoints in y.')
+    if y.shape[1] != 1:
+        raise ValueError('y must have shape (n_snp, 1)')
+    n, p = x.shape
+    if p > n:
+        raise ValueError('More dimensions than datapoints.')
+
+    return (n, p)
+
+
+def _check_shape_block(xty_block_values, xtx_block_values):
+    '''Check that xty_block_values and xtx_block_values have correct shapes.'''
+    if xtx_block_values.shape[0:2] != xty_block_values.shape:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Shape of xty_block_values must equal shape of first two dimensions of xty_block_values.')
+    if len(xtx_block_values.shape) < 3:
+        raise ValueError('xtx_block_values must be a 3D array.')
+    if xtx_block_values.shape[1] != xtx_block_values.shape[2]:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Last two axes of xtx_block_values must have same dimension.')
+
+    return xtx_block_values.shape[0:2]
+
+
+class Jackknife(object):
+
+    '''
+    Base class for jackknife objects. Input involves x,y, so this base class is tailored
+    for statistics computed from independent and dependent variables (e.g., regressions).
+    The __delete_vals_to_pseudovalues__ and __jknife__ methods will still be useful for other
+    sorts of statistics, but the __init__ method will need to be overriden.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
+        Independent variable.
+    y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
+        Dependent variable.
+    n_blocks : int
+        Number of jackknife blocks
+    *args, **kwargs :
+        Arguments for inheriting jackknives.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n_blocks : int
+        Number of jackknife blocks
+    p : int
+        Dimensionality of the independent varianble
+    N : int
+        Number of datapoints (equal to x.shape[0])
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    jknife(pseudovalues):
+        Computes jackknife estimate and variance from the jackknife pseudovalues.
+    delete_vals_to_pseudovalues(delete_vals, est):
+        Converts delete values and the whole-data estimate to pseudovalues.
+    get_separators():
+        Returns (approximately) evenly-spaced jackknife block boundaries.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y, n_blocks=None, separators=None):
+        self.N, self.p = _check_shape(x, y)
+        if separators is not None:
+            if max(separators) != self.N:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Max(separators) must be equal to number of data points.')
+            if min(separators) != 0:
+                raise ValueError('Max(separators) must be equal to 0.')
+            self.separators = sorted(separators)
+            self.n_blocks = len(separators) - 1
+        elif n_blocks is not None:
+            self.n_blocks = n_blocks
+            self.separators = self.get_separators(self.N, self.n_blocks)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Must specify either n_blocks are separators.')
+
+        if self.n_blocks > self.N:
+            raise ValueError('More blocks than data points.')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def jknife(cls, pseudovalues):
+        '''
+        Converts pseudovalues to jackknife estimate and variance.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        pseudovalues : np.matrix pf floats with shape (n_blocks, p)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        jknife_est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+            Jackknifed estimate.
+        jknife_var : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+            Variance of jackknifed estimate.
+        jknife_se : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+            Standard error of jackknifed estimate, equal to sqrt(jknife_var).
+        jknife_cov : np.matrix with shape (p, p)
+            Covariance matrix of jackknifed estimate.
+
+        '''
+        n_blocks = pseudovalues.shape[0]
+        jknife_cov = np.atleast_2d(np.cov(pseudovalues.T, ddof=1) / n_blocks)
+        jknife_var = np.atleast_2d(np.diag(jknife_cov))
+        jknife_se = np.atleast_2d(np.sqrt(jknife_var))
+        jknife_est = np.atleast_2d(np.mean(pseudovalues, axis=0))
+        return (jknife_est, jknife_var, jknife_se, jknife_cov)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def delete_values_to_pseudovalues(cls, delete_values, est):
+        '''
+        Converts whole-data estimate and delete values to pseudovalues.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Delete values.
+        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p):
+            Whole-data estimate.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pseudovalues : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Psuedovalues.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError :
+            If est.shape != (1, delete_values.shape[1])
+
+        '''
+        n_blocks, p = delete_values.shape
+        if est.shape != (1, p):
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Different number of parameters in delete_values than in est.')
+
+        return n_blocks * est - (n_blocks - 1) * delete_values
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_separators(cls, N, n_blocks):
+        '''Define evenly-spaced block boundaries.'''
+        return np.floor(np.linspace(0, N, n_blocks + 1)).astype(int)
+
+
+class LstsqJackknifeSlow(Jackknife):
+
+    '''
+    Slow linear-regression block jackknife. This class computes delete values directly,
+    rather than forming delete values from block values. Useful for testing and for
+    non-negative least squares (which as far as I am aware does not admit a fast block
+    jackknife algorithm).
+
+    Inherits from Jackknife class.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
+        Independent variable.
+    y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
+        Dependent variable.
+    n_blocks : int
+        Number of jackknife blocks
+    nn: bool
+        Non-negative least-squares?
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        FWLS estimate.
+    jknife_est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        Jackknifed estimate.
+    jknife_var : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        Variance of jackknifed estimate.
+    jknife_se : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        Standard error of jackknifed estimate, equal to sqrt(jknife_var).
+    jknife_cov : np.matrix with shape (p, p)
+        Covariance matrix of jackknifed estimate.
+    delete_vals : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+        Jackknife delete values.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    delete_values(x, y, func, s):
+        Compute delete values of func(x, y) the slow way, with blocks defined by s.
+
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y, n_blocks=None, nn=False, separators=None):
+        Jackknife.__init__(self, x, y, n_blocks, separators)
+        if nn:  # non-negative least squares
+            func = lambda x, y: np.atleast_2d(nnls(x, np.array(y).T[0])[0])
+        else:
+            func = lambda x, y: np.atleast_2d(
+                np.linalg.lstsq(x, np.array(y).T[0])[0])
+
+        self.est = func(x, y)
+        self.delete_values = self.delete_values(x, y, func, self.separators)
+        self.pseudovalues = self.delete_values_to_pseudovalues(
+            self.delete_values, self.est)
+        (self.jknife_est, self.jknife_var, self.jknife_se, self.jknife_cov) =\
+            self.jknife(self.pseudovalues)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def delete_values(cls, x, y, func, s):
+        '''
+        Compute delete values by deleting one block at a time.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
+            Independent variable.
+        y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
+            Dependent variable.
+        func : function (n, p) , (n, 1) --> (1, p)
+            Function of x and y to be jackknived.
+        s : list of ints
+            Block separators.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Delete block values (with n_blocks blocks defined by parameter s).
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError :
+            If x.shape[0] does not equal y.shape[0] or x and y are not 2D.
+
+        '''
+        _check_shape(x, y)
+        d = [func(np.vstack([x[0:s[i], ...], x[s[i + 1]:, ...]]), np.vstack([y[0:s[i], ...], y[s[i + 1]:, ...]]))
+             for i in xrange(len(s) - 1)]
+
+        return np.concatenate(d, axis=0)
+
+
+class LstsqJackknifeFast(Jackknife):
+
+    '''
+    Fast block jackknife for linear regression.
+
+    Inherits from Jackknife class.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
+        Independent variable.
+    y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
+        Dependent variable.
+    n_blocks : int
+        Number of jackknife blocks
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        FWLS estimate.
+    jknife_est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        Jackknifed estimate.
+    jknife_var : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        Variance of jackknifed estimate.
+    jknife_se : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+        Standard error of jackknifed estimate, equal to sqrt(jknife_var).
+    jknife_cov : np.matrix with shape (p, p)
+        Covariance matrix of jackknifed estimate.
+    delete_vals : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+        Jackknife delete values.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    block_values(x, y, n_blocks) :
+        Computes block values for the regression y~x.
+    block_values_to_est(block_values) :
+        Computes whole-data estimate from block values.
+    block_values_to_pseudovalues(block_values, est) :
+        Computes pseudovalues and delete values in a single pass over the block values.
+
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y, n_blocks=None, separators=None):
+        Jackknife.__init__(self, x, y, n_blocks, separators)
+        xty, xtx = self.block_values(x, y, self.separators)
+        self.est = self.block_values_to_est(xty, xtx)
+        self.delete_values = self.block_values_to_delete_values(xty, xtx)
+        self.pseudovalues = self.delete_values_to_pseudovalues(
+            self.delete_values, self.est)
+        (self.jknife_est, self.jknife_var, self.jknife_se, self.jknife_cov) =\
+            self.jknife(self.pseudovalues)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def block_values(cls, x, y, s):
+        '''
+        Compute block values.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : np.matrix with shape (n, p)
+            Independent variable.
+        y : np.matrix with shape (n, 1)
+            Dependent variable.
+        n_blocks : int
+            Number of jackknife blocks
+        s : list of ints
+            Block separators.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        xty_block_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Block values of X^T Y.
+        xtx_block_values : 3d np array with shape (n_blocks, p, p)
+            Block values of X^T X.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError :
+            If x.shape[0] does not equal y.shape[0] or x and y are not 2D.
+
+        '''
+        n, p = _check_shape(x, y)
+        n_blocks = len(s) - 1
+        xtx_block_values = np.zeros((n_blocks, p, p))
+        xty_block_values = np.zeros((n_blocks, p))
+        for i in range(n_blocks):
+            xty_block_values[i, ...] = np.dot(
+                x[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...].T, y[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...]).reshape((1, p))
+            xtx_block_values[i, ...] = np.dot(
+                x[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...].T, x[s[i]:s[i + 1], ...])
+
+        return (xty_block_values, xtx_block_values)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def block_values_to_est(cls, xty_block_values, xtx_block_values):
+        '''
+        Converts block values to the whole-data linear regression estimate.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        xty_block_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Block values of X^T Y.
+        xtx_block_values : 3D np.array with shape (n_blocks, p, p)
+            Block values of X^T X
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+            Whole data estimate.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        LinAlgError :
+            If design matrix is singular.
+        ValueError :
+            If the last two dimensions of xtx_block_values are not equal or if the first two
+        dimensions of xtx_block_values do not equal the shape of xty_block_values.
+
+        '''
+        n_blocks, p = _check_shape_block(xty_block_values, xtx_block_values)
+        xty = np.sum(xty_block_values, axis=0)
+        xtx = np.sum(xtx_block_values, axis=0)
+        return np.linalg.solve(xtx, xty).reshape((1, p))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def block_values_to_delete_values(cls, xty_block_values, xtx_block_values):
+        '''
+        Converts block values to delete values.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        xty_block_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Block values of X^T Y.
+        xtx_block_values : 3D np.array with shape (n_blocks, p, p)
+            Block values of X^T X
+        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+            Whole data estimate
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Delete Values.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        LinAlgError :
+            If delete design matrix is singular.
+        ValueError :
+            If the last two dimensions of xtx_block_values are not equal or if the first two
+        dimensions of xtx_block_values do not equal the shape of xty_block_values.
+
+        '''
+        n_blocks, p = _check_shape_block(xty_block_values, xtx_block_values)
+        delete_values = np.zeros((n_blocks, p))
+        xty_tot = np.sum(xty_block_values, axis=0)
+        xtx_tot = np.sum(xtx_block_values, axis=0)
+        for j in range(n_blocks):
+            delete_xty = xty_tot - xty_block_values[j]
+            delete_xtx = xtx_tot - xtx_block_values[j]
+            delete_values[j, ...] = np.linalg.solve(
+                delete_xtx, delete_xty).reshape((1, p))
+
+        return delete_values
+
+
+class RatioJackknife(Jackknife):
+
+    '''
+    Block jackknife ratio estimate.
+
+    Jackknife.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    est : float or np.array with shape (1, p)
+        Whole data ratio estimate
+    numer_delete_values : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+        Delete values for the numerator.
+    denom_delete_values: np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+        Delete values for the denominator.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    delete_vals_to_pseudovalues(est, denom, num):
+        Converts denominator/ numerator delete values and the whole-data estimate to
+        pseudovalues.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    FloatingPointError :
+        If any entry of denom_delete_values is zero.
+
+    Note that it is possible for the denominator to cross zero (i.e., be both positive
+    and negative) and still have a finite ratio estimate and SE, for example if the
+    numerator is fixed to 0 and the denominator is either -1 or 1. If the denominator
+    is noisily close to zero, then it is unlikely that the denominator will yield zero
+    exactly (and therefore yield an inf or nan), but delete values will be of the form
+    (numerator / close to zero) and -(numerator / close to zero), i.e., (big) and -(big),
+    and so the jackknife will (correctly) yield huge SE.
+
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, est, numer_delete_values, denom_delete_values):
+        if numer_delete_values.shape != denom_delete_values.shape:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'numer_delete_values.shape != denom_delete_values.shape.')
+        if len(numer_delete_values.shape) != 2:
+            raise ValueError('Delete values must be matrices.')
+        if len(est.shape) != 2 or est.shape[0] != 1 or est.shape[1] != numer_delete_values.shape[1]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Shape of est does not match shape of delete values.')
+
+        self.n_blocks = numer_delete_values.shape[0]
+        self.est = est
+        self.pseudovalues = self.delete_values_to_pseudovalues(self.est,
+                                                               denom_delete_values, numer_delete_values)
+        (self.jknife_est, self.jknife_var, self.jknife_se, self.jknife_cov) =\
+            self.jknife(self.pseudovalues)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def delete_values_to_pseudovalues(cls, est, denom, numer):
+        '''
+        Converts delete values to pseudovalues.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        est : np.matrix with shape (1, p)
+            Whole-data ratio estimate.
+        denom : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Denominator delete values.
+        numer : np.matrix with shape (n_blocks, p)
+            Numerator delete values.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pseudovalues :
+            Ratio Jackknife Pseudovalues.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError :
+            If numer.shape != denom.shape.
+
+        '''
+        n_blocks, p = denom.shape
+        pseudovalues = np.zeros((n_blocks, p))
+        for j in range(0, n_blocks):
+            pseudovalues[j, ...] = n_blocks * est - \
+                (n_blocks - 1) * numer[j, ...] / denom[j, ...]
+
+        return pseudovalues