flyte 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl → 0.2.0a0__py3-none-any.whl

flyte/types/_type_engine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2287 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import collections
+import copy
+import dataclasses
+import datetime
+import enum
+import inspect
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import threading
+import typing
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from functools import lru_cache
+from types import GenericAlias
+from typing import Any, Dict, NamedTuple, Optional, Type, cast
+
+import msgpack
+from flyteidl.core import interface_pb2, literals_pb2, types_pb2
+from flyteidl.core.literals_pb2 import Binary, Literal, LiteralCollection, LiteralMap, Primitive, Scalar, Union, Void
+from flyteidl.core.types_pb2 import LiteralType, SimpleType, TypeAnnotation, TypeStructure, UnionType
+from fsspec.asyn import _run_coros_in_chunks  # pylint: disable=W0212
+from google.protobuf import json_format as _json_format
+from google.protobuf import struct_pb2
+from google.protobuf.json_format import MessageToDict as _MessageToDict
+from google.protobuf.json_format import ParseDict as _ParseDict
+from google.protobuf.message import Message
+from mashumaro.codecs.json import JSONDecoder, JSONEncoder
+from mashumaro.codecs.msgpack import MessagePackDecoder, MessagePackEncoder
+from mashumaro.jsonschema.models import Context, JSONSchema
+from mashumaro.jsonschema.plugins import BasePlugin
+from mashumaro.jsonschema.schema import Instance
+from mashumaro.mixins.json import DataClassJSONMixin
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, get_args, get_origin
+
+import flyte.storage as storage
+from flyte._hash import HashMethod
+from flyte._logging import logger
+from flyte._utils.helpers import load_proto_from_file
+from flyte.models import NativeInterface
+
+from ._utils import literal_types_match
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+MESSAGEPACK = "msgpack"
+CACHE_KEY_METADATA = "cache-key-metadata"
+SERIALIZATION_FORMAT = "serialization-format"
+
+DEFINITIONS = "definitions"
+TITLE = "title"
+
+_TYPE_ENGINE_COROS_BATCH_SIZE = int(os.environ.get("_F_TE_MAX_COROS", "10"))
+
+
+# In Mashumaro, the default encoder uses strict_map_key=False, while the default decoder uses strict_map_key=True.
+# This is relevant for cases like Dict[int, str]. If strict_map_key=False is not used,
+# the decoder will raise an error when trying to decode keys that are not strictly typed.
+def _default_msgpack_decoder(data: bytes) -> Any:
+    return msgpack.unpackb(data, strict_map_key=False)
+
+
+def modify_literal_uris(lit: Literal):
+    """
+    Modifies the literal object recursively to replace the URIs with the native paths in case they are of
+    type "flyte://"
+    """
+    from flyte.storage._remote_fs import RemoteFSPathResolver
+
+    if lit.HasField("collection"):
+        for literal in lit.collection.literals:
+            modify_literal_uris(literal)
+    elif lit.HasField("map"):
+        for k, v in lit.map.literals.items():
+            modify_literal_uris(v)
+    elif lit.HasField("scalar"):
+        if (
+            lit.scalar.HasField("blob")
+            and lit.scalar.blob.uri
+            and lit.scalar.blob.uri.startswith(RemoteFSPathResolver.protocol)
+        ):
+            lit.scalar.blob.uri = RemoteFSPathResolver.resolve_remote_path(lit.scalar.blob.uri)
+        elif lit.scalar.HasField("union"):
+            modify_literal_uris(lit.scalar.union.value)
+        elif (
+            lit.scalar.HasField("structured_dataset")
+            and lit.scalar.structured_dataset.uri
+            and lit.scalar.structured_dataset.uri.startswith(RemoteFSPathResolver.protocol)
+        ):
+            lit.scalar.structured_dataset.uri = RemoteFSPathResolver.resolve_remote_path(
+                lit.scalar.structured_dataset.uri
+            )
+
+
+class TypeTransformerFailedError(TypeError, AssertionError, ValueError): ...
+
+
+class TypeTransformer(typing.Generic[T]):
+    """
+    Base transformer type that should be implemented for every python native type that can be handled by flytekit
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, t: Type[T], enable_type_assertions: bool = True):
+        self._t = t
+        self._name = name
+        self._type_assertions_enabled = enable_type_assertions
+        self._msgpack_encoder: Dict[Type, MessagePackEncoder] = {}
+        self._msgpack_decoder: Dict[Type, MessagePackDecoder] = {}
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[T]:
+        """
+        This returns the python type
+        """
+        return self._t
+
+    @property
+    def type_assertions_enabled(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Indicates if the transformer wants type assertions to be enabled at the core type engine layer
+        """
+        return self._type_assertions_enabled
+
+    def isinstance_generic(self, obj, generic_alias):
+        origin = get_origin(generic_alias)  # list from list[int])
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, origin):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Value '{obj}' is not of container type {origin}")
+
+    def assert_type(self, t: Type[T], v: T):
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            import types
+
+            if isinstance(t, types.GenericAlias):
+                return self.isinstance_generic(v, t)
+
+        if not hasattr(t, "__origin__") and not isinstance(v, t):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Expected value of type {t} but got '{v}' of type {type(v)}")
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[T]) -> LiteralType:
+        """
+        Converts the python type to a Flyte LiteralType
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("Conversion to LiteralType should be implemented")
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: LiteralType) -> Type[T]:
+        """
+        Converts the Flyte LiteralType to a python object type.
+        """
+        raise ValueError("By default, transformers do not translate from Flyte types back to Python types")
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        """
+        Converts a given python_val to a Flyte Literal, assuming the given python_val matches the declared python_type.
+        Implementers should refrain from using type(python_val) instead rely on the passed in python_type. If these
+        do not match (or are not allowed) the Transformer implementer should raise an AssertionError, clearly stating
+        what was the mismatch
+        :param python_val: The actual value to be transformed
+        :param python_type: The assumed type of the value (this matches the declared type on the function)
+        :param expected: Expected Literal Type
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Conversion to Literal for python type {python_type} not implemented")
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> Optional[T]:
+        """
+        Converts the given Literal to a Python Type. If the conversion cannot be done an AssertionError should be raised
+        :param lv: The received literal Value
+        :param expected_python_type: Expected native python type that should be returned
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Conversion to python value expected type {expected_python_type} from literal not implemented"
+        )
+
+    def from_binary_idl(self, binary_idl_object: Binary, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> Optional[T]:
+        """
+        This function primarily handles deserialization for untyped dicts, dataclasses, Pydantic BaseModels, and
+         attribute access.
+
+        For untyped dict, dataclass, and pydantic basemodel:
+        Life Cycle (Untyped Dict as example):
+            python val -> msgpack bytes -> binary literal scalar -> msgpack bytes -> python val
+                          (to_literal)                             (from_binary_idl)
+
+        For attribute access:
+        Life Cycle:
+            python val -> msgpack bytes -> binary literal scalar -> resolved golang value -> binary literal scalar
+             -> msgpack bytes -> python val
+                          (to_literal)      (propeller attribute access)     (from_binary_idl)
+        """
+        if binary_idl_object.tag == MESSAGEPACK:
+            try:
+                decoder = self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type]
+            except KeyError:
+                decoder = MessagePackDecoder(expected_python_type, pre_decoder_func=_default_msgpack_decoder)
+                self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type] = decoder
+            python_val = decoder.decode(binary_idl_object.value)
+
+            return python_val
+        else:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Unsupported binary format `{binary_idl_object.tag}`")
+
+    def to_html(self, python_val: T, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> str:
+        """
+        Converts any python val (dataframe, int, float) to a html string, and it will be wrapped in the HTML div
+        """
+        return str(python_val)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{self._name} Transforms ({self._t}) to Flyte native"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.__repr__())
+
+
+class SimpleTransformer(TypeTransformer[T]):
+    """
+    A Simple implementation of a type transformer that uses simple lambdas to transform and reduces boilerplate
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        t: Type[T],
+        lt: types_pb2.LiteralType,
+        to_literal_transformer: typing.Callable[[T], Literal],
+        from_literal_transformer: typing.Callable[[Literal], Optional[T]],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(name, t)
+        self._type = t
+        self._lt = lt
+        self._to_literal_transformer = to_literal_transformer
+        self._from_literal_transformer = from_literal_transformer
+
+    @property
+    def base_type(self) -> Type:
+        return self._type
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Optional[Type[T]] = None) -> types_pb2.LiteralType:
+        return self._lt
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: Optional[LiteralType] = None) -> Literal:
+        if type(python_val) is not self._type:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                f"Expected value of type {self._type} but got '{python_val}' of type {type(python_val)}"
+            )
+        return self._to_literal_transformer(python_val)
+
+    def from_binary_idl(self, binary_idl_object: Binary, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> Optional[T]:
+        if binary_idl_object.tag == MESSAGEPACK:
+            if expected_python_type in [datetime.date, datetime.datetime, datetime.timedelta]:
+                """
+                MessagePack doesn't support datetime, date, and timedelta.
+                However, mashumaro's MessagePackEncoder and MessagePackDecoder can convert them to str and vice versa.
+                That's why we need to use mashumaro's MessagePackDecoder here.
+                """
+                try:
+                    decoder = self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type]
+                except KeyError:
+                    decoder = MessagePackDecoder(expected_python_type, pre_decoder_func=_default_msgpack_decoder)
+                    self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type] = decoder
+                python_val = decoder.decode(binary_idl_object.value)
+            else:
+                python_val = msgpack.loads(binary_idl_object.value)
+                r"""
+                In the case below, when using Union Transformer + Simple Transformer, then `a`
+                can be converted to int, bool, str and float if we use MessagePackDecoder[expected_python_type].
+
+                Life Cycle:
+                1 -> msgpack bytes -> (1, true, "1", 1.0)
+
+                Example Code:
+                @dataclass
+                class DC:
+                    a: Union[int, bool, str, float]
+                    b: Union[int, bool, str, float]
+
+                @task(container_image=custom_image)
+                def add(a: Union[int, bool, str, float],
+                    b: Union[int, bool, str, float]) -> Union[int, bool, str, float]:
+                    return a + b
+
+                @workflow
+                def wf(dc: DC) -> Union[int, bool, str, float]:
+                    return add(dc.a, dc.b)
+
+                wf(DC(1, 1))
+                """
+                assert isinstance(python_val, expected_python_type)
+
+            return python_val
+        else:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Unsupported binary format `{binary_idl_object.tag}`")
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> T:
+        expected_python_type = get_underlying_type(expected_python_type)
+
+        if expected_python_type is not self._type:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                f"Cannot convert to type {expected_python_type}, only {self._type} is supported"
+            )
+
+        if lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+            return self.from_binary_idl(lv.scalar.binary, expected_python_type)  # type: ignore
+
+        try:
+            res = self._from_literal_transformer(lv)
+            if type(res) is not self._type:
+                raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert literal {lv} to {self._type}")
+            return res
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Assume that this is because a property on `lv` was None
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert literal {lv} to {self._type}")
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: types_pb2.LiteralType) -> Type[T]:
+        if literal_type.HasField("simple") and literal_type.simple == self._lt.simple:
+            return self.python_type
+        raise ValueError(f"Transformer {self} cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+
+class RestrictedTypeError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class RestrictedTypeTransformer(TypeTransformer[T], ABC):
+    """
+    Types registered with the RestrictedTypeTransformer are not allowed to be converted to and from literals.
+     In other words,
+    Restricted types are not allowed to be used as inputs or outputs of tasks and workflows.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, t: Type[T]):
+        super().__init__(name, t)
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Optional[Type[T]] = None) -> LiteralType:
+        raise RestrictedTypeError(f"Transformer for type {self.python_type} is restricted currently")
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        raise RestrictedTypeError(f"Transformer for type {self.python_type} is restricted currently")
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> T:
+        raise RestrictedTypeError(f"Transformer for type {self.python_type} is restricted currently")
+
+
+class PydanticTransformer(TypeTransformer[BaseModel]):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("Pydantic Transformer", BaseModel, enable_type_assertions=False)
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[BaseModel]) -> LiteralType:
+        schema = t.model_json_schema()
+        fields = t.__annotations__.items()
+
+        literal_type = {}
+        for name, python_type in fields:
+            try:
+                literal_type[name] = TypeEngine.to_literal_type(python_type)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Field {} of type {} cannot be converted to a literal type. Error: {}".format(name, python_type, e)
+                )
+
+        # This is for attribute access in FlytePropeller.
+        ts = TypeStructure(tag="", dataclass_type=literal_type)
+
+        meta_struct = struct_pb2.Struct()
+        meta_struct.update(
+            {
+                CACHE_KEY_METADATA: {
+                    SERIALIZATION_FORMAT: MESSAGEPACK,
+                }
+            }
+        )
+
+        return LiteralType(
+            simple=SimpleType.STRUCT,
+            metadata=schema,
+            structure=ts,
+            annotation=TypeAnnotation(annotations=meta_struct),
+        )
+
+    async def to_literal(
+        self,
+        python_val: BaseModel,
+        python_type: Type[BaseModel],
+        expected: LiteralType,
+    ) -> Literal:
+        json_str = python_val.model_dump_json()
+        dict_obj = json.loads(json_str)
+        msgpack_bytes = msgpack.dumps(dict_obj)
+        return Literal(scalar=Scalar(binary=Binary(value=msgpack_bytes, tag=MESSAGEPACK)))
+
+    def from_binary_idl(self, binary_idl_object: Binary, expected_python_type: Type[BaseModel]) -> BaseModel:
+        if binary_idl_object.tag == MESSAGEPACK:
+            dict_obj = msgpack.loads(binary_idl_object.value, strict_map_key=False)
+            json_str = json.dumps(dict_obj)
+            python_val = expected_python_type.model_validate_json(
+                json_data=json_str, strict=False, context={"deserialize": True}
+            )
+            return python_val
+        else:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Unsupported binary format: `{binary_idl_object.tag}`")
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[BaseModel]) -> BaseModel:
+        """
+        There are two kinds of literal values to handle:
+        1. Protobuf Structs (from the UI)
+        2. Binary scalars (from other sources)
+        We need to account for both cases accordingly.
+        """
+        if lv and lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+            return self.from_binary_idl(lv.scalar.binary, expected_python_type)  # type: ignore
+
+        json_str = _json_format.MessageToJson(lv.scalar.generic)
+        python_val = expected_python_type.model_validate_json(json_str, strict=False, context={"deserialize": True})
+        return python_val
+
+
+class PydanticSchemaPlugin(BasePlugin):
+    """This allows us to generate proper schemas for Pydantic models."""
+
+    def get_schema(
+        self,
+        instance: Instance,
+        ctx: Context,
+        schema: JSONSchema | None = None,
+    ) -> JSONSchema | None:
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        try:
+            if issubclass(instance.type, BaseModel):
+                pydantic_schema = instance.type.model_json_schema()
+                return JSONSchema.from_dict(pydantic_schema)
+        except TypeError:
+            return None
+        return None
+
+
+class DataclassTransformer(TypeTransformer[object]):
+    """
+    The Dataclass Transformer provides a type transformer for dataclasses.
+
+    The dataclass is converted to and from MessagePack Bytes by the mashumaro library
+    and is transported between tasks using the Binary IDL representation.
+    Also, the type declaration will try to extract the JSON Schema for the
+    object, if possible, and pass it with the definition.
+
+    The lifecycle of the dataclass in the Flyte type system is as follows:
+
+    1. Serialization: The dataclass transformer converts the dataclass to MessagePack Bytes.
+        (1) Handle dataclass attributes to make them serializable with mashumaro.
+        (2) Use the mashumaro API to serialize the dataclass to MessagePack Bytes.
+        (3) Use MessagePack Bytes to create a Flyte Literal.
+        (4) Serialize the Flyte Literal to a Binary IDL Object.
+
+    2. Deserialization: The dataclass transformer converts the MessagePack Bytes back to a dataclass.
+        (1) Convert MessagePack Bytes to a dataclass using mashumaro.
+        (2) Handle dataclass attributes to ensure they are of the correct types.
+
+    TODO: Update the example using mashumaro instead of the older library
+
+    Example
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        @dataclass
+        class Test:
+           a: int
+           b: str
+
+        t = Test(a=10,b="e")
+        JSONSchema().dump(t.schema())
+
+    Output will look like
+
+    .. code-block:: json
+
+        {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#',
+         'definitions': {'TestSchema': {'properties': {'a': {'title': 'a',
+             'type': 'number',
+             'format': 'integer'},
+            'b': {'title': 'b', 'type': 'string'}},
+           'type': 'object',
+           'additionalProperties': False}},
+         '$ref': '#/definitions/TestSchema'}
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__("Object-Dataclass-Transformer", object)
+        self._json_encoder: Dict[Type, JSONEncoder] = {}
+        self._json_decoder: Dict[Type, JSONDecoder] = {}
+
+    def assert_type(self, expected_type: Type, v: T):
+        # Skip iterating all attributes in the dataclass if the type of v already matches the expected_type
+        expected_type = get_underlying_type(expected_type)
+        if type(v) is expected_type or issubclass(type(v), expected_type):
+            return
+
+        # @dataclass
+        # class Foo:
+        #     a: int = 0
+        #
+        # @task
+        # def t1(a: Foo):
+        #     ...
+        #
+        # In above example, the type of v may not equal to the expected_type in some cases
+        # For example,
+        # 1. The input of t1 is another dataclass (bar), then we should raise an error
+        # 2. when using flyte remote to execute the above task, the expected_type is guess_python_type (FooSchema)
+        #   by default.
+        # However, FooSchema is created by flytekit and it's not equal to the user-defined dataclass (Foo).
+        # Therefore, we should iterate all attributes in the dataclass and check the type of value in dataclass
+        #   matches the expected_type.
+        expected_fields_dict = {}
+
+        for f in dataclasses.fields(expected_type):
+            expected_fields_dict[f.name] = cast(type, f.type)
+
+        if isinstance(v, dict):
+            original_dict = v
+
+            # Find the Optional keys in expected_fields_dict
+            optional_keys = {k for k, t in expected_fields_dict.items() if UnionTransformer.is_optional_type(t)}
+
+            # Remove the Optional keys from the keys of original_dict
+            original_key = set(original_dict.keys()) - optional_keys
+            expected_key = set(expected_fields_dict.keys()) - optional_keys
+
+            # Check if original_key is missing any keys from expected_key
+            missing_keys = expected_key - original_key
+            if missing_keys:
+                raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                    f"The original fields are missing the following keys from the dataclass fields: "
+                    f"{list(missing_keys)}"
+                )
+
+            # Check if original_key has any extra keys that are not in expected_key
+            extra_keys = original_key - expected_key
+            if extra_keys:
+                raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                    f"The original fields have the following extra keys that are not in dataclass fields:"
+                    f" {list(extra_keys)}"
+                )
+
+            for k, v in original_dict.items():
+                if k in expected_fields_dict:
+                    if isinstance(v, dict):
+                        self.assert_type(expected_fields_dict[k], v)
+                    else:
+                        expected_type = expected_fields_dict[k]
+                        original_type = type(v)
+                        if UnionTransformer.is_optional_type(expected_type):
+                            expected_type = UnionTransformer.get_sub_type_in_optional(expected_type)
+                        if original_type != expected_type:
+                            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                                f"Type of Val '{original_type}' is not an instance of {expected_type}"
+                            )
+
+        else:
+            for f in dataclasses.fields(type(v)):  # type: ignore
+                original_type = cast(type, f.type)
+                if f.name not in expected_fields_dict:
+                    raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                        f"Field '{f.name}' is not present in the expected dataclass fields {expected_type.__name__}"
+                    )
+                expected_type = expected_fields_dict[f.name]
+
+                if UnionTransformer.is_optional_type(original_type):
+                    original_type = UnionTransformer.get_sub_type_in_optional(original_type)
+                if UnionTransformer.is_optional_type(expected_type):
+                    expected_type = UnionTransformer.get_sub_type_in_optional(expected_type)
+
+                val = v.__getattribute__(f.name)
+                if dataclasses.is_dataclass(val):
+                    self.assert_type(expected_type, val)
+                elif original_type != expected_type:
+                    raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                        f"Type of Val '{original_type}' is not an instance of {expected_type}"
+                    )
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[T]) -> LiteralType:
+        """
+        Extracts the Literal type definition for a Dataclass and returns a type Struct.
+        If possible also extracts the JSONSchema for the dataclass.
+        """
+
+        if is_annotated(t):
+            args = get_args(t)
+            logger.info(f"These annotations will be skipped for dataclasses = {args[1:]}")
+            # Drop all annotations and handle only the dataclass type passed in.
+            t = args[0]
+
+        schema = None
+        try:
+            # This produce JSON SCHEMA draft 2020-12
+            from mashumaro.jsonschema import build_json_schema
+
+            schema = build_json_schema(
+                self._get_origin_type_in_annotation(t), plugins=[PydanticSchemaPlugin()]
+            ).to_dict()
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(
+                f"Failed to extract schema for object {t}, error: {e}\n"
+                f"Possibly remove `DataClassJsonMixin` and `dataclass_json` decorator from dataclass declaration"
+            )
+
+        # Recursively construct the dataclass_type which contains the literal type of each field
+        literal_type = {}
+
+        hints = typing.get_type_hints(t)
+        # Get the type of each field from dataclass
+        for field in t.__dataclass_fields__.values():  # type: ignore
+            try:
+                name = field.name
+                python_type = hints.get(name, field.type)
+                literal_type[name] = TypeEngine.to_literal_type(python_type)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Field {} of type {} cannot be converted to a literal type. Error: {}".format(
+                        field.name, field.type, e
+                    )
+                )
+
+        # This is for attribute access in FlytePropeller.
+        ts = TypeStructure(tag="", dataclass_type=literal_type)
+
+        meta_struct = struct_pb2.Struct()
+        meta_struct.update(
+            {
+                CACHE_KEY_METADATA: {
+                    SERIALIZATION_FORMAT: MESSAGEPACK,
+                }
+            }
+        )
+        return types_pb2.LiteralType(
+            simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.STRUCT,
+            metadata=schema,
+            structure=ts,
+            annotation=TypeAnnotation(annotations=meta_struct),
+        )
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        if isinstance(python_val, dict):
+            msgpack_bytes = msgpack.dumps(python_val)
+            return Literal(scalar=Scalar(binary=Binary(value=msgpack_bytes, tag=MESSAGEPACK)))
+
+        if not dataclasses.is_dataclass(python_val):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                f"{type(python_val)} is not of type @dataclass, only Dataclasses are supported for "
+                f"user defined datatypes in Flytekit"
+            )
+
+        # The function looks up or creates a MessagePackEncoder specifically designed for the object's type.
+        # This encoder is then used to convert a data class into MessagePack Bytes.
+        try:
+            encoder = self._msgpack_encoder[python_type]
+        except KeyError:
+            encoder = MessagePackEncoder(python_type)
+            self._msgpack_encoder[python_type] = encoder
+
+        try:
+            msgpack_bytes = encoder.encode(python_val)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            # you can refer FlyteFile, FlyteDirectory and StructuredDataset to see how flyte types can be implemented.
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"{python_type} should inherit from mashumaro.types.SerializableType"
+                f" and implement _serialize and _deserialize methods."
+            )
+
+        return Literal(scalar=Scalar(binary=Binary(value=msgpack_bytes, tag=MESSAGEPACK)))
+
+    def _get_origin_type_in_annotation(self, python_type: Type[T]) -> Type[T]:
+        # dataclass will try to hash a python type when calling dataclass.schema(), but some types in the annotation are
+        # not hashable, such as Annotated[StructuredDataset, kwtypes(...)]. Therefore, we should just extract the origin
+        # type from annotated.
+        if get_origin(python_type) is list:
+            return typing.List[self._get_origin_type_in_annotation(get_args(python_type)[0])]  # type: ignore
+        elif get_origin(python_type) is dict:
+            return typing.Dict[  # type: ignore
+                self._get_origin_type_in_annotation(get_args(python_type)[0]),
+                self._get_origin_type_in_annotation(get_args(python_type)[1]),
+            ]
+        elif is_annotated(python_type):
+            return get_args(python_type)[0]
+        elif dataclasses.is_dataclass(python_type):
+            for field in dataclasses.fields(copy.deepcopy(python_type)):
+                field.type = self._get_origin_type_in_annotation(cast(type, field.type))
+        return python_type
+
+    def from_binary_idl(self, binary_idl_object: Binary, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> T:
+        if binary_idl_object.tag == MESSAGEPACK:
+            if issubclass(expected_python_type, DataClassJSONMixin):
+                dict_obj = msgpack.loads(binary_idl_object.value, strict_map_key=False)
+                json_str = json.dumps(dict_obj)
+                dc = expected_python_type.from_json(json_str)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                try:
+                    decoder = self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type]
+                except KeyError:
+                    decoder = MessagePackDecoder(expected_python_type, pre_decoder_func=_default_msgpack_decoder)
+                    self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type] = decoder
+                dc = decoder.decode(binary_idl_object.value)
+
+            return cast(T, dc)
+        else:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Unsupported binary format: `{binary_idl_object.tag}`")
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> T:
+        if not dataclasses.is_dataclass(expected_python_type):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                f"{expected_python_type} is not of type @dataclass, only Dataclasses are supported for "
+                "user defined datatypes in Flytekit"
+            )
+
+        if lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+            return self.from_binary_idl(lv.scalar.binary, expected_python_type)  # type: ignore
+
+        # todo: revisit this, it should always be a binary in v2.
+        json_str = _json_format.MessageToJson(lv.scalar.generic)
+
+        # The `from_json` function is provided from mashumaro's `DataClassJSONMixin`.
+        # It deserializes a JSON string into a data class, and supports additional functionality over JSONDecoder
+        # We can't use hasattr(expected_python_type, "from_json") here because we rely on mashumaro's API to
+        # customize the deserialization behavior for Flyte types.
+        if issubclass(expected_python_type, DataClassJSONMixin):
+            dc = expected_python_type.from_json(json_str)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            # The function looks up or creates a JSONDecoder specifically designed for the object's type.
+            # This decoder is then used to convert a JSON string into a data class.
+            try:
+                decoder = self._json_decoder[expected_python_type]
+            except KeyError:
+                decoder = JSONDecoder(expected_python_type)
+                self._json_decoder[expected_python_type] = decoder
+
+            dc = decoder.decode(json_str)
+
+        return cast(T, dc)
+
+    # This ensures that calls with the same literal type returns the same dataclass. For example, `pyflyte run``
+    # command needs to call guess_python_type to get the TypeEngine-derived dataclass. Without caching here, separate
+    # calls to guess_python_type would result in a logically equivalent (but new) dataclass, which
+    # TypeEngine.assert_type would not be happy about.
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: LiteralType) -> Type[T]:  # type: ignore
+        if literal_type.simple == SimpleType.STRUCT:
+            if literal_type.HasField("metadata"):
+                from google.protobuf import json_format
+
+                metadata = json_format.MessageToDict(literal_type.metadata)
+                if TITLE in metadata:
+                    schema_name = metadata[TITLE]
+                    return convert_mashumaro_json_schema_to_python_class(metadata, schema_name)
+        raise ValueError(f"Dataclass transformer cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+
+class ProtobufTransformer(TypeTransformer[Message]):
+    PB_FIELD_KEY = "pb_type"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("Protobuf-Transformer", Message)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def tag(expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> str:
+        return f"{expected_python_type.__module__}.{expected_python_type.__name__}"
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[T]) -> LiteralType:
+        return LiteralType(simple=SimpleType.STRUCT, metadata={ProtobufTransformer.PB_FIELD_KEY: self.tag(t)})
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        """
+        Convert the protobuf struct to literal.
+
+        This conversion supports two types of python_val:
+        1. google.protobuf.struct_pb2.Struct: A dictionary-like message
+        2. google.protobuf.struct_pb2.ListValue: An ordered collection of values
+
+        For details, please refer to the following issue:
+        https://github.com/flyteorg/flyte/issues/5959
+
+        Because the remote handling works without errors, we implement conversion with the logic as below:
+        https://github.com/flyteorg/flyte/blob/a87585ab7cbb6a047c76d994b3f127c4210070fd/flytepropeller/pkg/controller/nodes/attr_path_resolver.go#L72-L106
+        """
+        try:
+            if type(python_val) is struct_pb2.ListValue:
+                literals = []
+                for v in python_val:
+                    literal_type = TypeEngine.to_literal_type(type(v))
+                    # Recursively convert python native values to literals
+                    literal = await TypeEngine.to_literal(v, type(v), literal_type)
+                    literals.append(literal)
+                return Literal(collection=LiteralCollection(literals=literals))
+            else:
+                struct = struct_pb2.Struct()
+                struct.update(_MessageToDict(cast(Message, python_val)))
+                return Literal(scalar=Scalar(generic=struct))
+        except Exception:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Failed to convert to generic protobuf struct")
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> T:
+        if not (lv and lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("generic")):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Can only convert a generic literal to a Protobuf")
+
+        pb_obj = expected_python_type()
+        dictionary = _MessageToDict(lv.scalar.generic)
+        pb_obj = _ParseDict(dictionary, pb_obj)  # type: ignore
+        return pb_obj
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: LiteralType) -> Type[T]:
+        # avoid loading
+        raise ValueError(f"Transformer {self} cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+
+class EnumTransformer(TypeTransformer[enum.Enum]):
+    """
+    Enables converting a python type enum.Enum to LiteralType.EnumType
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(name="DefaultEnumTransformer", t=enum.Enum)
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[T]) -> LiteralType:
+        if is_annotated(t):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Flytekit does not currently have support \
+                    for FlyteAnnotations applied to enums. {t} cannot be \
+                    parsed."
+            )
+
+        values = [v.value for v in t]  # type: ignore
+        if not isinstance(values[0], str):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Only EnumTypes with value of string are supported")
+        return LiteralType(enum_type=types_pb2.EnumType(values=values))
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: enum.Enum, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        if type(python_val).__class__ != enum.EnumMeta:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Expected an enum")
+        if type(python_val.value) is not str:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Only string-valued enums are supported")
+
+        return Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(string_value=python_val.value)))  # type: ignore
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> T:
+        if lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+            return self.from_binary_idl(lv.scalar.binary, expected_python_type)  # type: ignore
+        return expected_python_type(lv.scalar.primitive.string_value)  # type: ignore
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: LiteralType) -> Type[enum.Enum]:
+        if literal_type.HasField("enum_type"):
+            return enum.Enum("DynamicEnum", {f"{i}": i for i in literal_type.enum_type.values})  # type: ignore
+        raise ValueError(f"Enum transformer cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+    def assert_type(self, t: Type[enum.Enum], v: T):
+        val = v.value if isinstance(v, enum.Enum) else v
+        if val not in [t_item.value for t_item in t]:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Value {v} is not in Enum {t}")
+
+
+def generate_attribute_list_from_dataclass_json_mixin(schema: dict, schema_name: typing.Any):
+    from flyte.io._dir import Dir
+    from flyte.io._file import File
+
+    attribute_list: typing.List[typing.Tuple[Any, Any]] = []
+    for property_key, property_val in schema["properties"].items():
+        if property_val.get("anyOf"):
+            property_type = property_val["anyOf"][0]["type"]
+        elif property_val.get("enum"):
+            property_type = "enum"
+        else:
+            property_type = property_val["type"]
+        # Handle list
+        if property_type == "array":
+            attribute_list.append((property_key, typing.List[_get_element_type(property_val["items"])]))  # type: ignore
+        # Handle dataclass and dict
+        elif property_type == "object":
+            if property_val.get("anyOf"):
+                # For optional with dataclass
+                sub_schemea = property_val["anyOf"][0]
+                sub_schemea_name = sub_schemea["title"]
+                if File.schema_match(property_val):
+                    attribute_list.append(
+                        (
+                            property_key,
+                            typing.cast(
+                                GenericAlias,
+                                File,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    continue
+                elif Dir.schema_match(property_val):
+                    attribute_list.append(
+                        (
+                            property_key,
+                            typing.cast(
+                                GenericAlias,
+                                Dir,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    continue
+                attribute_list.append(
+                    (
+                        property_key,
+                        typing.cast(
+                            GenericAlias, convert_mashumaro_json_schema_to_python_class(sub_schemea, sub_schemea_name)
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            elif property_val.get("additionalProperties"):
+                # For typing.Dict type
+                elem_type = _get_element_type(property_val["additionalProperties"])
+                attribute_list.append((property_key, typing.Dict[str, elem_type]))  # type: ignore
+            elif property_val.get("title"):
+                # For nested dataclass
+                sub_schemea_name = property_val["title"]
+                # Check Flyte offloaded types
+                if File.schema_match(property_val):
+                    attribute_list.append(
+                        (
+                            property_key,
+                            typing.cast(
+                                GenericAlias,
+                                File,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    continue
+                elif Dir.schema_match(property_val):
+                    attribute_list.append(
+                        (
+                            property_key,
+                            typing.cast(
+                                GenericAlias,
+                                Dir,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    continue
+                attribute_list.append(
+                    (
+                        property_key,
+                        typing.cast(
+                            GenericAlias, convert_mashumaro_json_schema_to_python_class(property_val, sub_schemea_name)
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                # For untyped dict
+                attribute_list.append((property_key, dict))  # type: ignore
+        elif property_type == "enum":
+            attribute_list.append([property_key, str])  # type: ignore
+        # Handle int, float, bool or str
+        else:
+            attribute_list.append([property_key, _get_element_type(property_val)])  # type: ignore
+    return attribute_list
+
+
+class TypeEngine(typing.Generic[T]):
+    """
+    Core Extensible TypeEngine of Flytekit. This should be used to extend the capabilities of FlyteKits type system.
+    Users can implement their own TypeTransformers and register them with the TypeEngine. This will allow special
+     handling
+    of user objects
+    """
+
+    _REGISTRY: typing.ClassVar[typing.Dict[type, TypeTransformer]] = {}
+    _RESTRICTED_TYPES: typing.ClassVar[typing.List[type]] = []
+    _DATACLASS_TRANSFORMER: typing.ClassVar[TypeTransformer] = DataclassTransformer()
+    _ENUM_TRANSFORMER: typing.ClassVar[TypeTransformer] = EnumTransformer()
+    lazy_import_lock: typing.ClassVar[threading.Lock] = threading.Lock()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(
+        cls,
+        transformer: TypeTransformer,
+        additional_types: Optional[typing.List[Type]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        This should be used for all types that respond with the right type annotation when you use type(...) function
+        """
+        types = [transformer.python_type, *(additional_types or [])]
+        for t in types:
+            if t in cls._REGISTRY:
+                existing = cls._REGISTRY[t]
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Transformer {existing.name} for type {t} is already registered."
+                    f" Cannot override with {transformer.name}"
+                )
+            cls._REGISTRY[t] = transformer
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register_restricted_type(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        type: Type[T],
+    ):
+        cls._RESTRICTED_TYPES.append(type)
+        cls.register(RestrictedTypeTransformer(name, type))  # type: ignore
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register_additional_type(cls, transformer: TypeTransformer[T], additional_type: Type[T], override=False):
+        if additional_type not in cls._REGISTRY or override:
+            cls._REGISTRY[additional_type] = transformer
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_transformer(cls, python_type: Type) -> Optional[TypeTransformer[T]]:
+        cls.lazy_import_transformers()
+        if is_annotated(python_type):
+            args = get_args(python_type)
+            for annotation in args:
+                if isinstance(annotation, TypeTransformer):
+                    return annotation
+            return cls.get_transformer(args[0])
+
+        if inspect.isclass(python_type) and issubclass(python_type, enum.Enum):
+            # Special case: prevent that for a type `FooEnum(str, Enum)`, the str transformer is used.
+            return cls._ENUM_TRANSFORMER
+
+        if hasattr(python_type, "__origin__"):
+            # If the type is a generic type, we should check the origin type. But consider the case like Iterator[JSON]
+            # or List[int] has been specifically registered; we should check for the entire type.
+            # The challenge is for StructuredDataset, example List[StructuredDataset] the column names is an OrderedDict
+            # are not hashable, thus looking up this type is not possible.
+            # In such as case, we will have to skip the "type" lookup and use the origin type only
+            try:
+                if python_type in cls._REGISTRY:
+                    return cls._REGISTRY[python_type]
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+            if python_type.__origin__ in cls._REGISTRY:
+                return cls._REGISTRY[python_type.__origin__]
+
+        # Handling UnionType specially - PEP 604
+        import types
+
+        if isinstance(python_type, types.UnionType):
+            return cls._REGISTRY[types.UnionType]
+
+        if python_type in cls._REGISTRY:
+            return cls._REGISTRY[python_type]
+
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_transformer(cls, python_type: Type) -> TypeTransformer:
+        """
+        Implements a recursive search for the transformer.
+        """
+        v = cls._get_transformer(python_type)
+        if v is not None:
+            return v
+
+        if hasattr(python_type, "__mro__"):
+            class_tree = inspect.getmro(python_type)
+            for t in class_tree:
+                v = cls._get_transformer(t)
+                if v is not None:
+                    return v
+
+        # dataclass type transformer is left for last to give users a chance to register a type transformer
+        # to handle dataclass-like objects as part of the mro evaluation.
+        #
+        # NB: keep in mind that there are no compatibility guarantees between these user-defined dataclass transformers
+        # and the flytekit one. This incompatibility is *not* a new behavior introduced by the recent type engine
+        # refactor (https://github.com/flyteorg/flytekit/pull/2815), but it is worth calling out explicitly as a known
+        # limitation nonetheless.
+        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(python_type):
+            return cls._DATACLASS_TRANSFORMER
+
+        display_pickle_warning(str(python_type))
+        from flyte.types._pickle import FlytePickleTransformer
+
+        return FlytePickleTransformer()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def lazy_import_transformers(cls):
+        """
+        Only load the transformers if needed.
+        """
+        with cls.lazy_import_lock:
+            # Avoid a race condition where concurrent threads may exit lazy_import_transformers before the transformers
+            # have been imported. This could be implemented without a lock if you assume python assignments are atomic
+            # and re-registering transformers is acceptable, but I decided to play it safe.
+            from flyte.io import lazy_import_structured_dataset_handler
+
+            # todo: bring in extras transformers (pytorch, etc.)
+            lazy_import_structured_dataset_handler()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_literal_type(cls, python_type: Type[T]) -> LiteralType:
+        """
+        Converts a python type into a flyte specific ``LiteralType``
+        """
+        transformer = cls.get_transformer(python_type)
+        res = transformer.get_literal_type(python_type)
+        return res
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_literal_checks(cls, python_val: typing.Any, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType):
+        if isinstance(python_val, tuple):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Tuples are not a supported type for individual values in Flyte - got a tuple -"
+                f" {python_val}. If using named tuple in an inner task, please, de-reference the"
+                "actual attribute that you want to use. For example, in NamedTuple('OP', x=int) then"
+                "return v.x, instead of v, even if this has a single element"
+            )
+        if (
+            (python_val is None and python_type is not type(None))
+            and expected
+            and expected.union_type is None
+            and python_type is not Any
+        ):
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Python value cannot be None, expected {python_type}/{expected}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def calculate_hash(cls, python_val: typing.Any, python_type: Type[T]) -> Optional[str]:
+        # In case the value is an annotated type we inspect the annotations and look for hash-related annotations.
+        hsh = None
+        if is_annotated(python_type):
+            # We are now dealing with one of two cases:
+            # 1. The annotated type is a `HashMethod`, which indicates that we should produce the hash using
+            #    the method indicated in the annotation.
+            # 2. The annotated type is being used for a different purpose other than calculating hash values,
+            #    in which case we should just continue.
+            for annotation in get_args(python_type)[1:]:
+                if not isinstance(annotation, HashMethod):
+                    continue
+                hsh = annotation.calculate(python_val)
+                break
+        return hsh
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def to_literal(
+        cls, python_val: typing.Any, python_type: Type[T], expected: types_pb2.LiteralType
+    ) -> literals_pb2.Literal:
+        transformer = cls.get_transformer(python_type)
+
+        if transformer.type_assertions_enabled:
+            transformer.assert_type(python_type, python_val)
+
+        lv = await transformer.to_literal(python_val, python_type, expected)
+
+        modify_literal_uris(lv)
+        calculated_hash = cls.calculate_hash(python_val, python_type) or ""
+        lv.hash = calculated_hash
+        return lv
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def unwrap_offloaded_literal(cls, lv: literals_pb2.Literal) -> literals_pb2.Literal:
+        if not lv.HasField("offloaded_metadata"):
+            return lv
+
+        literal_local_file = storage.get_random_local_path()
+        assert lv.offloaded_metadata.uri, "missing offloaded uri"
+        await storage.get(lv.offloaded_metadata.uri, str(literal_local_file))
+        input_proto = load_proto_from_file(literals_pb2.Literal, literal_local_file)
+        return input_proto
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def to_python_value(cls, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type) -> typing.Any:
+        """
+        Converts a Literal value with an expected python type into a python value.
+        """
+        # Initiate the process of loading the offloaded literal if offloaded_metadata is set
+        if lv.HasField("offloaded_metadata"):
+            lv = await cls.unwrap_offloaded_literal(lv)
+
+        transformer = cls.get_transformer(expected_python_type)
+        res = await transformer.to_python_value(lv, expected_python_type)
+        return res
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_html(cls, python_val: typing.Any, expected_python_type: Type[typing.Any]) -> str:
+        transformer = cls.get_transformer(expected_python_type)
+        if is_annotated(expected_python_type):
+            expected_python_type, *annotate_args = get_args(expected_python_type)
+            from flyte.types._renderer import Renderable
+
+            for arg in annotate_args:
+                if isinstance(arg, Renderable):
+                    return arg.to_html(python_val)
+        return transformer.to_html(python_val, expected_python_type)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def named_tuple_to_variable_map(cls, t: typing.NamedTuple) -> interface_pb2.VariableMap:
+        """
+        Converts a python-native ``NamedTuple`` to a flyte-specific VariableMap of named literals.
+        """
+        variables = {}
+        for idx, (var_name, var_type) in enumerate(t.__annotations__.items()):
+            literal_type = cls.to_literal_type(var_type)
+            variables[var_name] = interface_pb2.Variable(type=literal_type, description=f"{idx}")
+        return interface_pb2.VariableMap(variables=variables)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def literal_map_to_kwargs(
+        cls,
+        lm: LiteralMap,
+        python_types: typing.Optional[typing.Dict[str, type]] = None,
+        literal_types: typing.Optional[typing.Dict[str, interface_pb2.Variable]] = None,
+    ) -> typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        """
+        Given a ``LiteralMap`` (usually an input into a task - intermediate), convert to kwargs for the task
+        """
+        if python_types is None and literal_types is None:
+            raise ValueError("At least one of python_types or literal_types must be provided")
+
+        if literal_types:
+            python_interface_inputs: dict[str, Type[T]] = {
+                name: TypeEngine.guess_python_type(lt.type) for name, lt in literal_types.items()
+            }
+        else:
+            python_interface_inputs = python_types  # type: ignore
+
+        if not python_interface_inputs or len(python_interface_inputs) == 0:
+            return {}
+
+        if len(lm.literals) > len(python_interface_inputs):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Received more input values {len(lm.literals)}"
+                f" than allowed by the input spec {len(python_interface_inputs)}"
+            )
+        kwargs = {}
+        try:
+            for i, k in enumerate(lm.literals):
+                kwargs[k] = asyncio.create_task(TypeEngine.to_python_value(lm.literals[k], python_interface_inputs[k]))
+            await asyncio.gather(*kwargs.values())
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                f"Error converting input:\n"
+                f"Literal value: {lm.literals[k]}\n"
+                f"Expected Python type: {python_interface_inputs[k]}\n"
+                f"Exception: {e}"
+            )
+
+        kwargs = {k: v.result() for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not None}
+        return kwargs
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def dict_to_literal_map(
+        cls,
+        d: typing.Dict[str, typing.Any],
+        type_hints: Optional[typing.Dict[str, type]] = None,
+    ) -> LiteralMap:
+        """
+        Given a dictionary mapping string keys to python values and a dictionary containing guessed types for such
+        string keys,
+        convert to a LiteralMap.
+        """
+        type_hints = type_hints or {}
+        literal_map = {}
+        for k, v in d.items():
+            # The guessed type takes precedence over the type returned by the python runtime. This is needed
+            # to account for the type erasure that happens in the case of built-in collection containers, such as
+            # `list` and `dict`.
+            python_type = type_hints.get(k, type(v))
+            literal_map[k] = asyncio.create_task(
+                TypeEngine.to_literal(
+                    python_val=v,
+                    python_type=python_type,
+                    expected=TypeEngine.to_literal_type(python_type),
+                )
+            )
+        await asyncio.gather(*literal_map.values(), return_exceptions=True)
+        for idx, (k, v) in enumerate(literal_map.items()):
+            if literal_map[k].exception() is not None:
+                python_type = type_hints.get(k, type(d[k]))
+                e: BaseException = literal_map[k].exception()  # type: ignore
+                if isinstance(e, TypeError):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Error converting: Var:{k}, type:{type(v)}, into:{python_type}, received_value {v}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise e
+            literal_map[k] = v.result()
+
+        return LiteralMap(literals=literal_map)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_available_transformers(cls) -> typing.KeysView[Type]:
+        """
+        Returns all python types for which transformers are available
+        """
+        return cls._REGISTRY.keys()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def guess_python_types(
+        cls, flyte_variable_dict: typing.Dict[str, interface_pb2.Variable]
+    ) -> typing.Dict[str, Type[Any]]:
+        """
+        Transforms a dictionary of flyte-specific ``Variable`` objects to a dictionary of regular python values.
+        """
+        python_types = {}
+        for k, v in flyte_variable_dict.items():
+            python_types[k] = cls.guess_python_type(v.type)
+        return python_types
+
+    @classmethod
+    def guess_python_type(cls, flyte_type: LiteralType) -> Type[T]:
+        """
+        Transforms a flyte-specific ``LiteralType`` to a regular python value.
+        """
+        for _, transformer in cls._REGISTRY.items():
+            try:
+                return transformer.guess_python_type(flyte_type)
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.debug(f"Skipping transformer {transformer.name} for {flyte_type}")
+
+        # Because the dataclass transformer is handled explicitly in the get_transformer code, we have to handle it
+        # separately here too.
+        try:
+            return cls._DATACLASS_TRANSFORMER.guess_python_type(literal_type=flyte_type)
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.debug(f"Skipping transformer {cls._DATACLASS_TRANSFORMER.name} for {flyte_type}")
+        raise ValueError(f"No transformers could reverse Flyte literal type {flyte_type}")
+
+
+class ListTransformer(TypeTransformer[T]):
+    """
+    Transformer that handles a univariate typing.List[T]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("Typed List", list)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_sub_type(t: Type[T]) -> Type[T]:
+        """
+        Return the generic Type T of the List
+        """
+        if (sub_type := ListTransformer.get_sub_type_or_none(t)) is not None:
+            return sub_type
+
+        raise ValueError("Only generic univariate typing.List[T] type is supported.")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_sub_type_or_none(t: Type[T]) -> Optional[Type[T]]:
+        """
+        Return the generic Type T of the List, or None if the generic type cannot be inferred
+        """
+        if hasattr(t, "__origin__"):
+            # Handle annotation on list generic, eg:
+            # Annotated[typing.List[int], 'foo']
+            if is_annotated(t):
+                return ListTransformer.get_sub_type(get_args(t)[0])
+
+            if getattr(t, "__origin__") is list and hasattr(t, "__args__"):
+                return getattr(t, "__args__")[0]
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[T]) -> Optional[types_pb2.LiteralType]:
+        """
+        Only univariate Lists are supported in Flyte
+        """
+        try:
+            sub_type = TypeEngine.to_literal_type(self.get_sub_type(t))
+            return types_pb2.LiteralType(collection_type=sub_type)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Type of Generic List type is not supported, {e}")
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        if type(python_val) is not list:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Expected a list")
+
+        t = self.get_sub_type(python_type)
+        lit_list = [TypeEngine.to_literal(x, t, expected.collection_type) for x in python_val]
+
+        lit_list = await _run_coros_in_chunks(lit_list, batch_size=_TYPE_ENGINE_COROS_BATCH_SIZE)
+
+        return Literal(collection=LiteralCollection(literals=lit_list))
+
+    async def to_python_value(  # type: ignore
+        self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]
+    ) -> typing.Optional[typing.List[T]]:
+        if lv and lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+            return self.from_binary_idl(lv.scalar.binary, expected_python_type)  # type: ignore
+
+        try:
+            lits = lv.collection.literals
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(
+                (
+                    f"The expected python type is '{expected_python_type}' but the received Flyte literal value "
+                    f"is not a collection (Flyte's representation of Python lists)."
+                )
+            )
+
+        st = self.get_sub_type(expected_python_type)
+        result = [TypeEngine.to_python_value(x, st) for x in lits]
+        result = await _run_coros_in_chunks(result, batch_size=_TYPE_ENGINE_COROS_BATCH_SIZE)
+        return result  # type: ignore  # should be a list, thinks its a tuple
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: types_pb2.LiteralType) -> list:  # type: ignore
+        if literal_type.HasField("collection_type"):
+            ct: Type = TypeEngine.guess_python_type(literal_type.collection_type)
+            return typing.List[ct]  # type: ignore
+        raise ValueError(f"List transformer cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+
+@lru_cache
+def display_pickle_warning(python_type: str):
+    # This is a warning that is only displayed once per python type
+    logger.warning(
+        f"Unsupported Type {python_type} found, Flyte will default to use PickleFile as the transport. "
+        f"Pickle can only be used to send objects between the exact same version of Python, "
+        f"and we strongly recommend to use python type that flyte support."
+    )
+
+
+def _add_tag_to_type(x: types_pb2.LiteralType, tag: str) -> types_pb2.LiteralType:
+    replica = types_pb2.LiteralType()
+    replica.CopyFrom(x)
+    replica.structure.CopyFrom(TypeStructure(tag=tag))
+    return replica
+
+
+def _type_essence(x: types_pb2.LiteralType) -> types_pb2.LiteralType:
+    if x.HasField("metadata") or x.HasField("structure") or x.HasField("annotation"):
+        x2 = types_pb2.LiteralType()
+        x2.CopyFrom(x)
+        x2.ClearField("metadata")
+        x2.ClearField("structure")
+        x2.ClearField("annotation")
+        return x2
+    return x
+
+
+def _are_types_castable(upstream: types_pb2.LiteralType, downstream: types_pb2.LiteralType) -> bool:
+    if upstream.HasField("collection_type"):
+        if not downstream.HasField("collection_type"):
+            return False
+
+        return _are_types_castable(upstream.collection_type, downstream.collection_type)
+
+    if upstream.HasField("map_value_type"):
+        if not downstream.HasField("map_value_type"):
+            return False
+
+        return _are_types_castable(upstream.map_value_type, downstream.map_value_type)
+
+    # TODO: Structured dataset type matching requires that downstream structured datasets
+    # are a strict sub-set of the upstream structured dataset.
+    if upstream.HasField("structured_dataset_type"):
+        if not downstream.HasField("structured_dataset_type"):
+            return False
+
+        usdt = upstream.structured_dataset_type
+        dsdt = downstream.structured_dataset_type
+
+        if usdt.format != dsdt.format:
+            return False
+
+        if usdt.external_schema_type != dsdt.external_schema_type:
+            return False
+
+        if usdt.external_schema_bytes != dsdt.external_schema_bytes:
+            return False
+
+        ucols = usdt.columns
+        dcols = dsdt.columns
+
+        if len(ucols) != len(dcols):
+            return False
+
+        for u, d in zip(ucols, dcols):
+            if u.name != d.name:
+                return False
+
+            if not _are_types_castable(u.literal_type, d.literal_type):
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+    if upstream.HasField("union_type"):
+        # for each upstream variant, there must be a compatible type downstream
+        for v in upstream.union_type.variants:
+            if not _are_types_castable(v, downstream):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    if downstream.HasField("union_type"):
+        # there must be a compatible downstream type
+        for v in downstream.union_type.variants:
+            if _are_types_castable(upstream, v):
+                return True
+
+    if upstream.HasField("enum_type"):
+        # enums are castable to string
+        if downstream.simple == SimpleType.STRING:
+            return True
+
+    if _type_essence(upstream) == _type_essence(downstream):
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def _is_union_type(t):
+    """Returns True if t is a Union type."""
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+        import types
+
+        UnionType = types.UnionType
+    else:
+        UnionType = None
+
+    return t is typing.Union or get_origin(t) is typing.Union or (UnionType and isinstance(t, UnionType))
+
+
+class UnionTransformer(TypeTransformer[T]):
+    """
+    Transformer that handles a typing.Union[T1, T2, ...]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("Typed Union", typing.Union)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_optional_type(t: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+        return _is_union_type(t) and type(None) in get_args(t)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_sub_type_in_optional(t: Type[T]) -> Type[T]:
+        """
+        Return the generic Type T of the Optional type
+        """
+        return get_args(t)[0]
+
+    def assert_type(self, t: Type[T], v: T):
+        python_type = get_underlying_type(t)
+        if _is_union_type(python_type):
+            for sub_type in get_args(python_type):
+                if sub_type == typing.Any:
+                    # this is an edge case
+                    return
+                try:
+                    sub_trans: TypeTransformer = TypeEngine.get_transformer(sub_type)
+                    if sub_trans.type_assertions_enabled:
+                        sub_trans.assert_type(sub_type, v)
+                        return
+                    else:
+                        return
+                except TypeTransformerFailedError:
+                    continue
+                except TypeError:
+                    continue
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Value {v} is not of type {t}")
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[T]) -> Optional[types_pb2.LiteralType]:
+        t = get_underlying_type(t)
+
+        try:
+            trans: typing.List[typing.Tuple[TypeTransformer, typing.Any]] = [
+                (TypeEngine.get_transformer(x), x) for x in get_args(t)
+            ]
+            # must go through TypeEngine.to_literal_type instead of trans.get_literal_type
+            # to handle Annotated
+            variants = [_add_tag_to_type(TypeEngine.to_literal_type(x), t.name) for (t, x) in trans]
+            return types_pb2.LiteralType(union_type=UnionType(variants=variants))
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Type of Generic Union type is not supported, {e}")
+
+    async def to_literal(
+        self, python_val: T, python_type: Type[T], expected: types_pb2.LiteralType
+    ) -> literals_pb2.Literal:
+        python_type = get_underlying_type(python_type)
+
+        potential_types = []
+        found_res = False
+        is_ambiguous = False
+        res = None
+        res_type = None
+        t = None
+        for i in range(len(get_args(python_type))):
+            try:
+                t = get_args(python_type)[i]
+                trans: TypeTransformer[T] = TypeEngine.get_transformer(t)
+                attempt = trans.to_literal(python_val, t, expected.union_type.variants[i])
+                res = await attempt
+                if found_res:
+                    logger.debug(f"Current type {get_args(python_type)[i]} old res {res_type}")
+                    is_ambiguous = True
+                res_type = _add_tag_to_type(trans.get_literal_type(t), trans.name)
+                found_res = True
+                potential_types.append(t)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(
+                    f"UnionTransformer failed attempt to convert from {python_val} to {t} error: {e}",
+                )
+                continue
+
+        if is_ambiguous:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Ambiguous choice of variant for union type.\n"
+                f"Potential types: {potential_types}\n"
+                "These types are structurally the same, because it's attributes have the same names and associated"
+                " types."
+            )
+
+        if found_res:
+            return Literal(scalar=Scalar(union=Union(value=res, type=res_type)))
+
+        raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert from {python_val} to {python_type}")
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[T]) -> Optional[typing.Any]:
+        expected_python_type = get_underlying_type(expected_python_type)
+
+        union_tag = None
+        union_type = None
+        if lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("union"):
+            union_type = lv.scalar.union.type
+            if union_type.HasField("structure"):
+                union_tag = union_type.structure.tag
+
+        found_res = False
+        is_ambiguous = False
+        cur_transformer = ""
+        res = None
+        res_tag = None
+        # This is serial, not actually async, but should be okay since it's more reasonable for Unions.
+        for v in get_args(expected_python_type):
+            try:
+                trans: TypeTransformer[T] = TypeEngine.get_transformer(v)
+                if union_tag is not None:
+                    if trans.name != union_tag:
+                        continue
+
+                    expected_literal_type = TypeEngine.to_literal_type(v)
+                    if not _are_types_castable(union_type, expected_literal_type):
+                        continue
+
+                    assert lv.scalar.HasField("union"), f"Literal {lv} is not a union"  # type checker
+
+                    if lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+                        res = await trans.to_python_value(lv, v)
+                    else:
+                        res = await trans.to_python_value(lv.scalar.union.value, v)
+
+                    if found_res:
+                        is_ambiguous = True
+                        cur_transformer = trans.name
+                        break
+                else:
+                    res = await trans.to_python_value(lv, v)
+                    if found_res:
+                        is_ambiguous = True
+                        cur_transformer = trans.name
+                        break
+                res_tag = trans.name
+                found_res = True
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(f"Failed to convert from {lv} to {v} with error: {e}")
+
+        if is_ambiguous:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Ambiguous choice of variant for union type. Both {res_tag} and {cur_transformer} transformers match"
+            )
+
+        if found_res:
+            return res
+
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot convert from {lv} to {expected_python_type} (using tag {union_tag})")
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: LiteralType) -> type:
+        if literal_type.HasField("union_type"):
+            return typing.Union[tuple(TypeEngine.guess_python_type(v) for v in literal_type.union_type.variants)]  # type: ignore
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Union transformer cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+
+class DictTransformer(TypeTransformer[dict]):
+    """
+    Transformer that transforms an univariate dictionary Dict[str, T] to a Literal Map or
+    transforms an untyped dictionary to a Binary Scalar Literal with a Struct Literal Type.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("Typed Dict", dict)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def extract_types(t: Optional[Type[dict]]) -> typing.Tuple:
+        if t is None:
+            return None, None
+
+        # Get the origin and type arguments.
+        _origin = get_origin(t)
+        _args = get_args(t)
+
+        # If not annotated or dict, return None, None.
+        if _origin is None:
+            return None, None
+
+        # If this is something like Annotated[dict[int, str], FlyteAnnotation("abc")],
+        # we need to check if there's a FlyteAnnotation in the metadata.
+        if _origin is Annotated:
+            # This case should never happen since Python's typing system requires at least two arguments
+            # for Annotated[...] - a type and an annotation. Including this check for completeness.
+            if not _args:
+                return None, None
+
+            first_arg = _args[0]
+            # Recursively process the first argument if it's Annotated (or dict).
+            return DictTransformer.extract_types(first_arg)
+
+        # If the origin is dict, return the type arguments if they exist.
+        if _origin is dict:
+            # _args can be ().
+            if _args is not None:
+                return _args  # type: ignore
+
+        # Otherwise, we do not support this type in extract_types.
+        raise ValueError(f"Trying to extract dictionary type information from a non-dict type {t}")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def dict_to_binary_literal(v: dict, python_type: Type[dict], allow_pickle: bool) -> Literal:
+        """
+        Converts a Python dictionary to a Flyte-specific ``Literal`` using MessagePack encoding.
+        Falls back to Pickle if encoding fails and `allow_pickle` is True.
+        """
+        from flyte.types._pickle import FlytePickle
+
+        try:
+            # Handle dictionaries with non-string keys (e.g., Dict[int, Type])
+            encoder = MessagePackEncoder(python_type)
+            msgpack_bytes = encoder.encode(v)
+            return Literal(scalar=Scalar(binary=Binary(value=msgpack_bytes, tag=MESSAGEPACK)))
+        except TypeError as e:
+            if allow_pickle:
+                remote_path = await FlytePickle.to_pickle(v)
+                return Literal(
+                    scalar=Scalar(
+                        generic=_json_format.Parse(json.dumps({"pickle_file": remote_path}), struct_pb2.Struct())
+                    ),
+                    metadata={"format": "pickle"},
+                )
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert `{v}` to Flyte Literal.\nError Message: {e}")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_pickle(python_type: Type[dict]) -> bool:
+        _origin = get_origin(python_type)
+        metadata: typing.Tuple = ()
+        if _origin is Annotated:
+            metadata = get_args(python_type)[1:]
+
+        for each_metadata in metadata:
+            if isinstance(each_metadata, OrderedDict):
+                allow_pickle = each_metadata.get("allow_pickle", False)
+                return allow_pickle
+
+        return False
+
+    def get_literal_type(self, t: Type[dict]) -> LiteralType:
+        """
+        Transforms a native python dictionary to a flyte-specific ``LiteralType``
+        """
+        tp = DictTransformer.extract_types(t)
+
+        if tp:
+            if tp[0] is str:
+                try:
+                    sub_type = TypeEngine.to_literal_type(cast(type, tp[1]))
+                    return types_pb2.LiteralType(map_value_type=sub_type)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Type of Generic List type is not supported, {e}")
+        return types_pb2.LiteralType(
+            simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.STRUCT,
+            annotation=TypeAnnotation(annotations={CACHE_KEY_METADATA: {SERIALIZATION_FORMAT: MESSAGEPACK}}),
+        )
+
+    async def to_literal(self, python_val: typing.Any, python_type: Type[dict], expected: LiteralType) -> Literal:
+        if type(python_val) is not dict:
+            raise TypeTransformerFailedError("Expected a dict")
+
+        allow_pickle = False
+
+        if get_origin(python_type) is Annotated:
+            allow_pickle = DictTransformer.is_pickle(python_type)
+
+        if expected and expected.HasField("simple") and expected.simple == SimpleType.STRUCT:
+            return await self.dict_to_binary_literal(python_val, python_type, allow_pickle)
+
+        lit_map = {}
+        for k, v in python_val.items():
+            if type(k) is not str:
+                raise ValueError("Flyte MapType expects all keys to be strings")
+            # TODO: log a warning for Annotated objects that contain HashMethod
+
+            _, v_type = self.extract_types(python_type)
+            lit_map[k] = TypeEngine.to_literal(v, cast(type, v_type), expected.map_value_type)
+        vals = await _run_coros_in_chunks(list(lit_map.values()), batch_size=_TYPE_ENGINE_COROS_BATCH_SIZE)
+        for idx, k in zip(range(len(vals)), lit_map.keys()):
+            lit_map[k] = vals[idx]
+
+        return Literal(map=LiteralMap(literals=lit_map))
+
+    async def to_python_value(self, lv: Literal, expected_python_type: Type[dict]) -> dict:
+        if lv and lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("binary"):
+            return self.from_binary_idl(lv.scalar.binary, expected_python_type)  # type: ignore
+
+        if lv and lv.HasField("map"):
+            tp = DictTransformer.extract_types(expected_python_type)
+
+            if tp is None or len(tp) == 0 or tp[0] is None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "TypeMismatch: Cannot convert to python dictionary from Flyte Literal Dictionary as the given "
+                    "dictionary does not have sub-type hints or they do not match with the originating dictionary "
+                    "source. Flytekit does not currently support implicit conversions"
+                )
+            if tp[0] is not str:
+                raise TypeError("TypeMismatch. Destination dictionary does not accept 'str' key")
+            py_map = {}
+            for k, v in lv.map.literals.items():
+                py_map[k] = TypeEngine.to_python_value(v, cast(Type, tp[1]))
+
+            vals = await _run_coros_in_chunks(list(py_map.values()), batch_size=_TYPE_ENGINE_COROS_BATCH_SIZE)
+            for idx, k in zip(range(len(vals)), py_map.keys()):
+                py_map[k] = vals[idx]
+
+            return py_map
+
+        # for empty generic we have to explicitly test for lv.scalar.generic is not None as empty dict
+        # evaluates to false
+        # pr: han-ru is this part still necessary?
+        if lv and lv.HasField("scalar") and lv.scalar.HasField("generic"):
+            if lv.metadata and lv.metadata.get("format", None) == "pickle":
+                from flyte.types._pickle import FlytePickle
+
+                uri = json.loads(_json_format.MessageToJson(lv.scalar.generic)).get("pickle_file")
+                return await FlytePickle.from_pickle(uri)
+
+            try:
+                """
+                Handles the case where Flyte Console provides input as a protobuf struct.
+                When resolving an attribute like 'dc.dict_int_ff', FlytePropeller retrieves a dictionary.
+                Mashumaro's decoder can convert this dictionary to the expected Python object if the correct type
+                 is provided.
+                Since Flyte Types handle their own deserialization, the dictionary is automatically converted to
+                 the expected Python object.
+
+                Example Code:
+                @dataclass
+                class DC:
+                    dict_int_ff: Dict[int, FlyteFile]
+
+                @workflow
+                def wf(dc: DC):
+                    t_ff(dc.dict_int_ff)
+
+                Life Cycle:
+                json str            -> protobuf struct         -> resolved protobuf struct   -> dictionary
+                             -> expected Python object
+                (console user input)   (console output)           (propeller)
+                                  (flytekit dict transformer)  (mashumaro decoder)
+
+                Related PR:
+                - Title: Override Dataclass Serialization/Deserialization Behavior for FlyteTypes via Mashumaro
+                - Link: https://github.com/flyteorg/flytekit/pull/2554
+                - Title: Binary IDL With MessagePack
+                - Link: https://github.com/flyteorg/flytekit/pull/2760
+                """
+
+                dict_obj = json.loads(_json_format.MessageToJson(lv.scalar.generic))
+                msgpack_bytes = msgpack.dumps(dict_obj)
+
+                try:
+                    decoder = self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type]
+                except KeyError:
+                    decoder = MessagePackDecoder(expected_python_type, pre_decoder_func=_default_msgpack_decoder)
+                    self._msgpack_decoder[expected_python_type] = decoder
+
+                return decoder.decode(msgpack_bytes)
+            except TypeError:
+                raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert from {lv} to {expected_python_type}")
+
+        raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert from {lv} to {expected_python_type}")
+
+    def guess_python_type(self, literal_type: LiteralType) -> Union[Type[dict], typing.Dict[Type, Type]]:
+        if literal_type.HasField("map_value_type"):
+            mt: typing.Type = TypeEngine.guess_python_type(literal_type.map_value_type)
+            return typing.Dict[str, mt]  # type: ignore
+
+        if literal_type.simple == SimpleType.STRUCT:
+            if not literal_type.HasField("metadata"):
+                return dict  # type: ignore
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Dictionary transformer cannot reverse {literal_type}")
+
+
+def convert_mashumaro_json_schema_to_python_class(schema: dict, schema_name: typing.Any) -> Type[T]:
+    """
+    Generate a model class based on the provided JSON Schema
+    :param schema: dict representing valid JSON schema
+    :param schema_name: dataclass name of return type
+    """
+
+    attribute_list = generate_attribute_list_from_dataclass_json_mixin(schema, schema_name)
+    return dataclasses.make_dataclass(schema_name, attribute_list)
+
+
+def _get_element_type(element_property: typing.Dict[str, str]) -> Type:
+    from flyte.io._dir import Dir
+    from flyte.io._file import File
+
+    if File.schema_match(element_property):
+        return File
+    elif Dir.schema_match(element_property):
+        return Dir
+    element_type = (
+        [e_property["type"] for e_property in element_property["anyOf"]]  # type: ignore
+        if element_property.get("anyOf")
+        else element_property["type"]
+    )
+    element_format = element_property["format"] if "format" in element_property else None
+
+    if isinstance(element_type, list):
+        # Element type of Optional[int] is [integer, None]
+        return typing.Optional[_get_element_type({"type": element_type[0]})]  # type: ignore
+
+    if element_type == "string":
+        return str
+    elif element_type == "integer":
+        return int
+    elif element_type == "boolean":
+        return bool
+    elif element_type == "number":
+        if element_format == "integer":
+            return int
+        else:
+            return float
+    return str
+
+
+# pr: han-ru is this still needed?
+def dataclass_from_dict(cls: type, src: typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]) -> typing.Any:
+    """
+    Utility function to construct a dataclass object from dict
+    """
+    field_types_lookup = {field.name: field.type for field in dataclasses.fields(cls)}
+
+    constructor_inputs = {}
+    for field_name, value in src.items():
+        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(field_types_lookup[field_name]):
+            constructor_inputs[field_name] = dataclass_from_dict(cast(type, field_types_lookup[field_name]), value)
+        else:
+            constructor_inputs[field_name] = value
+
+    return cls(**constructor_inputs)
+
+
+def strict_type_hint_matching(input_val: typing.Any, target_literal_type: LiteralType) -> typing.Type:
+    """
+    Try to be smarter about guessing the type of the input (and hence the transformer).
+    If the literal type from the transformer for type(v), matches the literal type of the interface, then we
+    can use type(). Otherwise, fall back to guess python type from the literal type.
+    Raises ValueError, like in case of [1,2,3] type() will just give `list`, which won't work.
+    Raises ValueError also if the transformer found for the raw type doesn't have a literal type match.
+    """
+    native_type = type(input_val)
+    transformer: TypeTransformer = TypeEngine.get_transformer(native_type)
+    inferred_literal_type = transformer.get_literal_type(native_type)
+    # note: if no good match, transformer will be the pickle transformer, but type will not match unless it's the
+    # pickle type so will fall back to normal guessing
+    if literal_types_match(inferred_literal_type, target_literal_type):
+        return type(input_val)
+
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"Transformer for {native_type} returned literal type {inferred_literal_type} "
+        f"which doesn't match {target_literal_type}"
+    )
+
+
+def _check_and_covert_float(lv: literals_pb2.Literal) -> float:
+    if lv.scalar.primitive.HasField("float_value"):
+        return lv.scalar.primitive.float_value
+    elif lv.scalar.primitive.HasField("integer"):
+        return float(lv.scalar.primitive.integer)
+    raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert literal {lv} to float")
+
+
+def _handle_flyte_console_float_input_to_int(lv: Literal) -> int:
+    """
+    Flyte Console is written by JavaScript and JavaScript has only one number type which is Number.
+    Sometimes it keeps track of trailing 0s and sometimes it doesn't.
+    We have to convert float to int back in the following example.
+
+    Example Code:
+    @dataclass
+    class DC:
+        a: int
+
+    @workflow
+    def wf(dc: DC):
+        t_int(a=dc.a)
+
+    Life Cycle:
+    json str            -> protobuf struct         -> resolved float    -> float
+    -> int
+    (console user input)   (console output)           (propeller)          (flytekit simple transformer)
+      (_handle_flyte_console_float_input_to_int)
+    """
+    if lv.scalar.primitive.HasField("integer"):
+        return lv.scalar.primitive.integer
+
+    if lv.scalar.primitive.HasField("float_value"):
+        logger.info(f"Converting literal float {lv.scalar.primitive.float_value} to int, might have precision loss.")
+        return int(lv.scalar.primitive.float_value)
+
+    raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert literal {lv} to int")
+
+
+def _check_and_convert_void(lv: Literal) -> None:
+    if not lv.scalar.HasField("none_type"):
+        raise TypeTransformerFailedError(f"Cannot convert literal {lv} to None")
+    return None
+
+
+IntTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "int",
+    int,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.INTEGER),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(integer=x))),
+    _handle_flyte_console_float_input_to_int,
+)
+
+FloatTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "float",
+    float,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.FLOAT),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(float_value=x))),
+    _check_and_covert_float,
+)
+
+BoolTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "bool",
+    bool,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.BOOLEAN),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(boolean=x))),
+    lambda x: x.scalar.primitive.boolean,
+)
+
+StrTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "str",
+    str,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.STRING),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(string_value=x))),
+    lambda x: x.scalar.primitive.string_value if x.scalar.primitive.HasField("string_value") else None,
+)
+
+DatetimeTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "datetime",
+    datetime.datetime,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.DATETIME),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(datetime=x))),
+    lambda x: x.scalar.primitive.datetime.ToDatetime().replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+    if x.scalar.primitive.HasField("datetime")
+    else None,
+)
+
+TimedeltaTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "timedelta",
+    datetime.timedelta,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.DURATION),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(duration=x))),
+    lambda x: x.scalar.primitive.duration.ToTimedelta() if x.scalar.primitive.HasField("duration") else None,
+)
+
+DateTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "date",
+    datetime.date,
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.DATETIME),
+    lambda x: Literal(
+        scalar=Scalar(primitive=Primitive(datetime=datetime.datetime.combine(x, datetime.time.min)))
+    ),  # convert datetime to date
+    lambda x: x.scalar.primitive.datetime.date() if x.scalar.primitive.HasField("datetime") else None,
+)
+
+NoneTransformer = SimpleTransformer(
+    "none",
+    type(None),
+    types_pb2.LiteralType(simple=types_pb2.SimpleType.NONE),
+    lambda x: Literal(scalar=Scalar(none_type=Void())),
+    lambda x: _check_and_convert_void(x),
+)
+
+
+def _register_default_type_transformers():
+    from types import UnionType
+
+    TypeEngine.register(IntTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(FloatTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(StrTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(DatetimeTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(DateTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(TimedeltaTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(BoolTransformer)
+    TypeEngine.register(NoneTransformer, [None])
+    TypeEngine.register(ListTransformer())
+    TypeEngine.register(UnionTransformer(), [UnionType])
+    TypeEngine.register(DictTransformer())
+    TypeEngine.register(EnumTransformer())
+    TypeEngine.register(ProtobufTransformer())
+    TypeEngine.register(PydanticTransformer())
+
+    # inner type is. Also unsupported are typing's Tuples. Even though you can look inside them, Flyte's type system
+    # doesn't support these currently.
+    # Confusing note: typing.NamedTuple is in here even though task functions themselves can return them. We just mean
+    # that the return signature of a task can be a NamedTuple that contains another NamedTuple inside it.
+    # Also, it's not entirely true that Flyte IDL doesn't support tuples. We can always fake them as structs, but we'll
+    # hold off on doing that for now, as we may amend the IDL formally to support tuples.
+    TypeEngine.register_restricted_type("non typed tuple", tuple)
+    TypeEngine.register_restricted_type("non typed tuple", typing.Tuple)
+    TypeEngine.register_restricted_type("named tuple", NamedTuple)
+
+
+class LiteralsResolver(collections.UserDict):
+    """
+    LiteralsResolver is a helper class meant primarily for use with the FlyteRemote experience or any other situation
+    where you might be working with LiteralMaps. This object allows the caller to specify the Python type that should
+    correspond to an element of the map.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        literals: typing.Dict[str, Literal],
+        variable_map: Optional[Dict[str, interface_pb2.Variable]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param literals: A Python map of strings to Flyte Literal models.
+        :param variable_map: This map should be basically one side (either input or output) of the Flyte
+          TypedInterface model and is used to guess the Python type through the TypeEngine if a Python type is not
+          specified by the user. TypeEngine guessing is flaky though, so calls to get() should specify the as_type
+          parameter when possible.
+        """
+        super().__init__(literals)
+        if literals is None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot instantiate LiteralsResolver without a map of Literals.")
+        self._literals = literals
+        self._variable_map = variable_map
+        self._native_values: Dict[str, type] = {}
+        self._type_hints: Dict[str, type] = {}
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.literals:
+            if len(self.literals) == len(self.native_values):
+                return str(self.native_values)
+            if self.native_values:
+                header = "Partially converted to native values, call get(key, <type_hint>) to convert rest...\n"
+                strs = []
+                for key, literal in self._literals.items():
+                    if key in self._native_values:
+                        strs.append(f"{key}: " + str(self._native_values[key]) + "\n")
+                    else:
+                        lit_txt = str(self._literals[key])
+                        lit_txt = textwrap.indent(lit_txt, " " * (len(key) + 2))
+                        strs.append(f"{key}: \n" + lit_txt)
+
+                return header + "{\n" + textwrap.indent("".join(strs), " " * 2) + "\n}"
+            else:
+                return str(self.literals)
+        return "{}"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__str__()
+
+    @property
+    def native_values(self) -> typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        return self._native_values
+
+    @property
+    def variable_map(self) -> Optional[Dict[str, interface_pb2.Variable]]:
+        return self._variable_map
+
+    @property
+    def literals(self):
+        return self._literals
+
+    def update_type_hints(self, type_hints: typing.Dict[str, typing.Type]):
+        self._type_hints.update(type_hints)
+
+    def get_literal(self, key: str) -> Literal:
+        if key not in self._literals:
+            raise ValueError(f"Key {key} is not in the literal map")
+
+        return self._literals[key]
+
+    def as_python_native(self, python_interface: NativeInterface) -> typing.Any:
+        """
+        This should return the native Python representation, compatible with unpacking.
+        This function relies on Python interface outputs being ordered correctly.
+
+        :param python_interface: Only outputs are used but easier to pass the whole interface.
+        """
+        if len(self.literals) == 0:
+            return None
+
+        if self.variable_map is None:
+            raise AssertionError(f"Variable map is empty in literals resolver with {self.literals}")
+
+        # Trigger get() on everything to make sure native values are present using the python interface as type hint
+        for lit_key, lit in self.literals.items():
+            asyncio.run(self.get(lit_key, as_type=python_interface.outputs.get(lit_key)))
+
+        # if 1 item, then return 1 item
+        if len(self.native_values) == 1:
+            return next(iter(self.native_values.values()))
+
+        # if more than 1 item, then return a tuple - can ignore naming the tuple unless it becomes a problem
+        # This relies on python_interface.outputs being ordered correctly.
+        res = cast(typing.Tuple[typing.Any, ...], ())
+        for var_name, _ in python_interface.outputs.items():
+            if var_name not in self.native_values:
+                raise ValueError(f"Key {var_name} is not in the native values")
+
+            res += (self.native_values[var_name],)
+
+        return res
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str):
+        # First check to see if it's even in the literal map.
+        if key not in self._literals:
+            raise ValueError(f"Key {key} is not in the literal map")
+
+        # Return the cached value if it's cached
+        if key in self._native_values:
+            return self._native_values[key]
+
+        return self.get(key)
+
+    async def get(self, attr: str, as_type: Optional[typing.Type] = None) -> typing.Any:  # type: ignore
+        """
+        This will get the ``attr`` value from the Literal map, and invoke the TypeEngine to convert it into a Python
+        native value. A Python type can optionally be supplied. If successful, the native value will be cached and
+        future calls will return the cached value instead.
+
+        :param attr:
+        :param as_type:
+        :return: Python native value from the LiteralMap
+        """
+        if attr not in self._literals:
+            raise AttributeError(f"Attribute {attr} not found")
+        if attr in self.native_values:
+            return self.native_values[attr]
+
+        if as_type is None:
+            if attr in self._type_hints:
+                as_type = self._type_hints[attr]
+            else:
+                if self.variable_map and attr in self.variable_map:
+                    try:
+                        as_type = TypeEngine.guess_python_type(self.variable_map[attr].type)
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        logger.error(f"Could not guess a type for Variable {self.variable_map[attr]}")
+                        raise e
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("as_type argument not supplied and Variable map not specified in LiteralsResolver")
+        val = await TypeEngine.to_python_value(self._literals[attr], cast(Type, as_type))
+        self._native_values[attr] = val
+        return val
+
+
+_register_default_type_transformers()
+
+
+def is_annotated(t: Type) -> bool:
+    return get_origin(t) is Annotated
+
+
+def get_underlying_type(t: Type) -> Type:
+    """Return the underlying type for annotated types or the type itself"""
+    if is_annotated(t):
+        return get_args(t)[0]
+    return t