fluxfem 0.1.1a0__py3-none-any.whl

fluxfem/core/weakform.py

@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+import jax.numpy as jnp
+import jax
+
+from ..physics import operators as _ops
+
+
+class Expr:
+    """Expression tree node evaluated against a FormContext."""
+
+    def __init__(self, op: str, *args):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "op", op)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "args", args)
+
+    def eval(self, ctx, params=None, u_elem=None):
+        return _eval_expr(self, ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+
+    def _binop(self, other, op):
+        return Expr(op, self, _as_expr(other))
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self._binop(other, "add")
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return _as_expr(other)._binop(self, "add")
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self._binop(other, "sub")
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        return _as_expr(other)._binop(self, "sub")
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return self._binop(other, "mul")
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return _as_expr(other)._binop(self, "mul")
+
+    def __matmul__(self, other):
+        return self._binop(other, "matmul")
+
+    def __rmatmul__(self, other):
+        return _as_expr(other)._binop(self, "matmul")
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return self._binop(other, "inner")
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return _as_expr(other)._binop(self, "inner")
+
+    def __pow__(self, power, modulo=None):
+        if modulo is not None:
+            raise ValueError("modulo is not supported for Expr exponentiation.")
+        return Expr("pow", self, _as_expr(power))
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return Expr("neg", self)
+
+    @property
+    def T(self):
+        return Expr("transpose", self)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class FieldRef(Expr):
+    """Symbolic reference to trial/test/unknown field, optionally by name."""
+
+    role: str
+    name: str | None = None
+
+    def __init__(self, role: str, name: str | None = None):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "role", role)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "name", name)
+        super().__init__("field", role, name)
+
+    @property
+    def val(self):
+        return Expr("value", self)
+
+    @property
+    def grad(self):
+        return Expr("grad", self)
+
+    @property
+    def sym_grad(self):
+        return Expr("sym_grad", self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, FieldRef):
+            return Expr("outer", self, other)
+        return Expr("mul", Expr("value", self), _as_expr(other))
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, FieldRef):
+            return Expr("outer", other, self)
+        return Expr("mul", _as_expr(other), Expr("value", self))
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return Expr("add", Expr("value", self), _as_expr(other))
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return Expr("add", _as_expr(other), Expr("value", self))
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return Expr("sub", Expr("value", self), _as_expr(other))
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        return Expr("sub", _as_expr(other), Expr("value", self))
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, FieldRef):
+            return Expr("inner", self, other)
+        return Expr("sdot", self, _as_expr(other))
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, FieldRef):
+            return Expr("inner", other, self)
+        return Expr("sdot", _as_expr(other), self)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParamRef(Expr):
+    """Symbolic reference to params passed into the kernel."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("param")
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str):
+        return Expr("getattr", self, name)
+
+
+@jax.tree_util.register_pytree_node_class
+class Params:
+    """Simple params container with attribute access (JAX pytree)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        self._data = dict(kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str):
+        try:
+            return self._data[name]
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            raise AttributeError(name) from exc
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def tree_flatten(self):
+        keys = tuple(sorted(self._data.keys()))
+        values = tuple(self._data[k] for k in keys)
+        return values, keys
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tree_unflatten(cls, keys, values):
+        return cls(**dict(zip(keys, values)))
+
+
+def trial_ref(name: str | None = "u") -> FieldRef:
+    """Create a symbolic trial field reference."""
+    return FieldRef(role="trial", name=name)
+
+
+def test_ref(name: str | None = "v") -> FieldRef:
+    """Create a symbolic test field reference."""
+    return FieldRef(role="test", name=name)
+
+
+def unknown_ref(name: str | None = "u") -> FieldRef:
+    """Create a symbolic unknown (current solution) field reference."""
+    return FieldRef(role="unknown", name=name)
+
+
+def param_ref() -> ParamRef:
+    """Create a symbolic params reference."""
+    return ParamRef()
+
+
+def _as_expr(obj) -> Expr:
+    if isinstance(obj, Expr):
+        return obj
+    return Expr("lit", obj)
+
+
+def _eval_field(obj: Any, ctx, params):
+    if isinstance(obj, FieldRef):
+        if obj.name is not None:
+            mixed_fields = getattr(ctx, "fields", None)
+            if mixed_fields is not None and obj.name in mixed_fields:
+                group = mixed_fields[obj.name]
+                if hasattr(group, "trial") and obj.role == "trial":
+                    return group.trial
+                if hasattr(group, "test") and obj.role == "test":
+                    return group.test
+                if hasattr(group, "unknown") and obj.role == "unknown":
+                    return group.unknown if group.unknown is not None else group.trial
+            if obj.role == "trial" and getattr(ctx, "trial_fields", None) is not None:
+                if obj.name in ctx.trial_fields:
+                    return ctx.trial_fields[obj.name]
+            if obj.role == "test" and getattr(ctx, "test_fields", None) is not None:
+                if obj.name in ctx.test_fields:
+                    return ctx.test_fields[obj.name]
+            if obj.role == "unknown" and getattr(ctx, "unknown_fields", None) is not None:
+                if obj.name in ctx.unknown_fields:
+                    return ctx.unknown_fields[obj.name]
+            fields = getattr(ctx, "fields", None)
+            if fields is not None and obj.name in fields:
+                group = fields[obj.name]
+                if isinstance(group, dict):
+                    if obj.role in group:
+                        return group[obj.role]
+                    if "field" in group:
+                        return group["field"]
+                return group
+        if obj.role == "trial":
+            return ctx.trial
+        if obj.role == "test":
+            if hasattr(ctx, "test"):
+                return ctx.test
+            if hasattr(ctx, "v"):
+                return ctx.v
+            raise ValueError("Surface context is missing test field.")
+        if obj.role == "unknown":
+            return getattr(ctx, "unknown", ctx.trial)
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown field role: {obj.role}")
+    if isinstance(obj, Expr):
+        val = obj.eval(ctx, params)
+        if hasattr(val, "N"):
+            return val
+    raise TypeError("Expected a field reference for this operator.")
+
+
+def _eval_value(obj: Any, ctx, params, u_elem=None):
+    if isinstance(obj, FieldRef):
+        field = _eval_field(obj, ctx, params)
+        if obj.role == "unknown":
+            return _eval_unknown_value(obj, field, u_elem)
+        return field.N
+    if isinstance(obj, Expr):
+        return obj.eval(ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+    return obj
+
+
+def _extract_unknown_elem(field_ref: FieldRef, u_elem):
+    if u_elem is None:
+        raise ValueError("u_elem is required to evaluate unknown field value.")
+    if isinstance(u_elem, dict):
+        name = field_ref.name or "u"
+        if name not in u_elem:
+            raise ValueError(f"u_elem is missing key '{name}'.")
+        return u_elem[name]
+    return u_elem
+
+
+def _eval_unknown_value(field_ref: FieldRef, field, u_elem):
+    u_local = _extract_unknown_elem(field_ref, u_elem)
+    value_dim = int(getattr(field, "value_dim", 1))
+    if value_dim == 1:
+        return jnp.einsum("qa,a->q", field.N, u_local)
+    u_nodes = u_local.reshape((-1, value_dim))
+    return jnp.einsum("qa,ai->qi", field.N, u_nodes)
+
+
+def _eval_unknown_grad(field_ref: FieldRef, field, u_elem):
+    u_local = _extract_unknown_elem(field_ref, u_elem)
+    if u_local is None:
+        raise ValueError("u_elem is required to evaluate unknown field gradient.")
+    value_dim = int(getattr(field, "value_dim", 1))
+    if value_dim == 1:
+        return jnp.einsum("qaj,a->qj", field.gradN, u_local)
+    u_nodes = u_local.reshape((-1, value_dim))
+    return jnp.einsum("qaj,ai->qij", field.gradN, u_nodes)
+
+
+def grad(field) -> Expr:
+    """Return basis gradients for a scalar or vector FormField."""
+    return Expr("grad", _as_expr(field))
+
+
+def sym_grad(field) -> Expr:
+    """Return symmetric-gradient B-matrix for a vector FormField."""
+    return Expr("sym_grad", _as_expr(field))
+
+
+def dot(a, b) -> Expr:
+    """Dot product or vector load helper."""
+    return Expr("dot", _as_expr(a), _as_expr(b))
+
+
+def sdot(a, b) -> Expr:
+    """Surface dot product or vector load helper."""
+    return Expr("sdot", _as_expr(a), _as_expr(b))
+
+
+def ddot(a, b, c=None) -> Expr:
+    """Double contraction or a^T b c."""
+    if c is None:
+        return Expr("ddot", _as_expr(a), _as_expr(b))
+    return Expr("ddot", _as_expr(a), _as_expr(b), _as_expr(c))
+
+
+def inner(a, b) -> Expr:
+    """Inner product over the last axis."""
+    return Expr("inner", _as_expr(a), _as_expr(b))
+
+
+def action(v, s) -> Expr:
+    """Test-function action: v.val * s -> (q, n_ldofs)."""
+    return Expr("action", _as_expr(v), _as_expr(s))
+
+
+def gaction(v, q) -> Expr:
+    """Gradient action: v.grad · q -> (q, n_ldofs)."""
+    return Expr("gaction", _as_expr(v), _as_expr(q))
+
+
+def normal() -> Expr:
+    """Surface normal vector (from SurfaceFormContext)."""
+    return Expr("surface_normal")
+
+
+def ds() -> Expr:
+    """Surface quadrature measure (w * detJ)."""
+    return Expr("surface_measure")
+
+
+def dOmega() -> Expr:
+    """Volume quadrature measure (w * detJ)."""
+    return Expr("volume_measure")
+
+
+def I(dim: int) -> Expr:
+    """Identity matrix of size dim."""
+    return Expr("eye", dim)
+
+
+def det(a) -> Expr:
+    """Determinant of a square matrix."""
+    return Expr("det", _as_expr(a))
+
+
+def inv(a) -> Expr:
+    """Matrix inverse."""
+    return Expr("inv", _as_expr(a))
+
+
+def transpose(a) -> Expr:
+    """Swap the last two axes."""
+    return Expr("transpose", _as_expr(a))
+
+
+def log(a) -> Expr:
+    """Natural logarithm."""
+    return Expr("log", _as_expr(a))
+
+
+def transpose_last2(a) -> Expr:
+    """Swap the last two axes."""
+    return Expr("transpose_last2", _as_expr(a))
+
+
+def einsum(subscripts: str, *args) -> Expr:
+    """Einsum wrapper that supports Expr inputs."""
+    return Expr("einsum", subscripts, *[_as_expr(arg) for arg in args])
+
+
+def _call_user(fn, *args, params):
+    try:
+        return fn(*args, params)
+    except TypeError:
+        return fn(*args)
+
+
+def compile_bilinear(fn):
+    """get_compiled a bilinear weak form (u, v, params) -> Expr into a kernel."""
+    if isinstance(fn, Expr):
+        expr = fn
+    else:
+        u = trial_ref()
+        v = test_ref()
+        p = param_ref()
+        try:
+            expr = fn(u, v, p)
+        except TypeError:
+            expr = fn(u, v)
+
+    includes_measure = _expr_contains(expr, "volume_measure")
+    if not includes_measure:
+        raise ValueError("Volume bilinear form must include dOmega().")
+
+    def _form(ctx, params):
+        return _as_expr(expr).eval(ctx, params)
+
+    _form._includes_measure = includes_measure
+    return _form
+
+
+def compile_linear(fn):
+    """get_compiled a linear weak form (v, params) -> Expr into a kernel."""
+    if isinstance(fn, Expr):
+        expr = fn
+    else:
+        v = test_ref()
+        p = param_ref()
+        try:
+            expr = fn(v, p)
+        except TypeError:
+            expr = fn(v)
+
+    includes_measure = _expr_contains(expr, "volume_measure")
+    if not includes_measure:
+        raise ValueError("Volume linear form must include dOmega().")
+
+    def _form(ctx, params):
+        return _as_expr(expr).eval(ctx, params)
+
+    _form._includes_measure = includes_measure
+    return _form
+
+
+def _expr_contains(expr: Expr, op: str) -> bool:
+    if not isinstance(expr, Expr):
+        return False
+    if expr.op == op:
+        return True
+    return any(_expr_contains(arg, op) for arg in expr.args if isinstance(arg, Expr))
+
+
+def compile_surface_linear(fn):
+    """get_compiled a surface linear form into a kernel (ctx, params) -> ndarray."""
+    if isinstance(fn, Expr):
+        expr = fn
+    else:
+        v = test_ref()
+        p = param_ref()
+        expr = None
+        try:
+            expr = fn(v, p)
+        except TypeError:
+            try:
+                expr = fn(v)
+            except TypeError:
+                expr = None
+
+    if not isinstance(expr, Expr):
+        raise ValueError("Surface linear form must return an Expr; use ds() in the expression.")
+
+    includes_measure = _expr_contains(expr, "surface_measure")
+    if not includes_measure:
+        raise ValueError("Surface linear form must include ds().")
+
+    def _form(ctx, params):
+        return _as_expr(expr).eval(ctx, params)
+
+    _form._includes_measure = includes_measure  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    return _form
+
+
+class LinearForm:
+    """Linear form wrapper with volume/surface backends."""
+
+    def __init__(self, fn, *, kind: str):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.kind = kind
+
+    @classmethod
+    def volume(cls, fn):
+        return cls(fn, kind="volume")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def surface(cls, fn):
+        return cls(fn, kind="surface")
+
+    def get_compiled(self, *, ctx_kind: str | None = None):
+        kind = self.kind if ctx_kind is None else ctx_kind
+        if kind == "volume":
+            return compile_linear(self.fn)
+        if kind == "surface":
+            return compile_surface_linear(self.fn)
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown linear form kind: {kind}")
+
+
+class BilinearForm:
+    """Bilinear form wrapper (volume only for now)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, fn):
+        self.fn = fn
+
+    @classmethod
+    def volume(cls, fn):
+        return cls(fn)
+
+    def get_compiled(self):
+        return compile_bilinear(self.fn)
+
+
+class ResidualForm:
+    """Residual form wrapper (volume only for now)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, fn):
+        self.fn = fn
+
+    @classmethod
+    def volume(cls, fn):
+        return cls(fn)
+
+    def get_compiled(self):
+        return compile_residual(self.fn)
+
+
+def compile_residual(fn):
+    """get_compiled a residual weak form (v, u, params) -> Expr into a kernel."""
+    if isinstance(fn, Expr):
+        expr = fn
+    else:
+        v = test_ref()
+        u = unknown_ref()
+        p = param_ref()
+        try:
+            expr = fn(v, u, p)
+        except TypeError:
+            expr = fn(v, u)
+
+    includes_measure = _expr_contains(expr, "volume_measure")
+    if not includes_measure:
+        raise ValueError("Volume residual form must include dOmega().")
+
+    def _form(ctx, u_elem, params):
+        return _as_expr(expr).eval(ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+
+    _form._includes_measure = includes_measure
+    return _form
+
+
+def compile_mixed_residual(residuals: dict[str, Callable]):
+    """get_compiled mixed residuals keyed by field name."""
+    compiled = {}
+    includes_measure = {}
+    for name, fn in residuals.items():
+        if isinstance(fn, Expr):
+            expr = fn
+        else:
+            v = test_ref(name)
+            u = unknown_ref(name)
+            p = param_ref()
+            try:
+                expr = fn(v, u, p)
+            except TypeError:
+                expr = fn(v, u)
+        compiled[name] = _as_expr(expr)
+        includes_measure[name] = _expr_contains(compiled[name], "volume_measure")
+        if not includes_measure[name]:
+            raise ValueError(f"Mixed residual '{name}' must include dOmega().")
+
+    def _form(ctx, u_elem, params):
+        return {name: expr.eval(ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem) for name, expr in compiled.items()}
+
+    _form._includes_measure = includes_measure
+    return _form
+
+
+class MixedWeakForm:
+    """Container for mixed weak-form residuals keyed by field name."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *, residuals: dict[str, Callable]):
+        self.residuals = residuals
+
+    def get_compiled(self):
+        if not self.residuals:
+            raise ValueError("residuals are not defined")
+        return compile_mixed_residual(self.residuals)
+
+
+def _eval_expr(expr: Expr, ctx, params, u_elem=None):
+    op = expr.op
+    args = expr.args
+
+    if op == "lit":
+        return args[0]
+    if op == "param":
+        return params
+    if op == "getattr":
+        base = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        name = args[1]
+        if isinstance(base, dict):
+            return base[name]
+        return getattr(base, name)
+    if op == "field":
+        role, name = args
+        if name is not None:
+            if role == "trial" and getattr(ctx, "trial_fields", None) is not None:
+                if name in ctx.trial_fields:
+                    return ctx.trial_fields[name]
+            if role == "test" and getattr(ctx, "test_fields", None) is not None:
+                if name in ctx.test_fields:
+                    return ctx.test_fields[name]
+            if role == "unknown" and getattr(ctx, "unknown_fields", None) is not None:
+                if name in ctx.unknown_fields:
+                    return ctx.unknown_fields[name]
+            fields = getattr(ctx, "fields", None)
+            if fields is not None and name in fields:
+                group = fields[name]
+                if isinstance(group, dict):
+                    if role in group:
+                        return group[role]
+                    if "field" in group:
+                        return group["field"]
+                return group
+        if role == "trial":
+            return ctx.trial
+        if role == "test":
+            return ctx.test
+        if role == "unknown":
+            return getattr(ctx, "unknown", ctx.trial)
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown field role: {role}")
+    if op == "value":
+        field = _eval_field(args[0], ctx, params)
+        if isinstance(args[0], FieldRef) and args[0].role == "unknown":
+            return _eval_unknown_value(args[0], field, u_elem)
+        return field.N
+    if op == "grad":
+        field = _eval_field(args[0], ctx, params)
+        if isinstance(args[0], FieldRef) and args[0].role == "unknown":
+            return _eval_unknown_grad(args[0], field, u_elem)
+        return field.gradN
+    if op == "pow":
+        base = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        exp = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        return base**exp
+    if op == "eye":
+        return jnp.eye(int(args[0]))
+    if op == "det":
+        return jnp.linalg.det(_eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem))
+    if op == "inv":
+        return jnp.linalg.inv(_eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem))
+    if op == "transpose":
+        return jnp.swapaxes(_eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem), -1, -2)
+    if op == "log":
+        return jnp.log(_eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem))
+    if op == "surface_normal":
+        normal = getattr(ctx, "normal", None)
+        if normal is None:
+            raise ValueError("surface normal is not available in context")
+        return normal
+    if op == "surface_measure":
+        if not hasattr(ctx, "w") or not hasattr(ctx, "detJ"):
+            raise ValueError("surface measure requires surface context with w and detJ.")
+        return ctx.w * ctx.detJ
+    if op == "volume_measure":
+        if not hasattr(ctx, "w") or not hasattr(ctx, "test"):
+            raise ValueError("volume measure requires FormContext with w and test.detJ.")
+        return ctx.w * ctx.test.detJ
+    if op == "sym_grad":
+        field = _eval_field(args[0], ctx, params)
+        if isinstance(args[0], FieldRef) and args[0].role == "unknown":
+            if u_elem is None:
+                raise ValueError("u_elem is required to evaluate unknown sym_grad.")
+            u_local = _extract_unknown_elem(args[0], u_elem)
+            return _ops.sym_grad_u(field, u_local)
+        return _ops.sym_grad(field)
+    if op == "outer":
+        a, b = args
+        if not isinstance(a, FieldRef) or not isinstance(b, FieldRef):
+            raise TypeError("outer expects FieldRef operands.")
+        if a.role == b.role:
+            raise ValueError("outer requires one trial and one test field.")
+        test = a if a.role == "test" else b
+        trial = b if a.role == "test" else a
+        v_field = _eval_field(test, ctx, params)
+        u_field = _eval_field(trial, ctx, params)
+        if getattr(v_field, "value_dim", 1) != 1 or getattr(u_field, "value_dim", 1) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("u*v is only defined for scalar fields; use dot/inner for vectors.")
+        vN = v_field.N
+        uN = u_field.N
+        return jnp.einsum("qi,qj->qij", vN, uN)
+    if op == "add":
+        return _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem) + _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+    if op == "sub":
+        return _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem) - _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+    if op == "mul":
+        a = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        b = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        if hasattr(a, "ndim") and hasattr(b, "ndim"):
+            if a.ndim == 1 and b.ndim == 2 and a.shape[0] == b.shape[0]:
+                a = a[:, None]
+            elif b.ndim == 1 and a.ndim == 2 and b.shape[0] == a.shape[0]:
+                b = b[:, None]
+            elif a.ndim >= 2 and b.ndim == 1 and a.shape[0] == b.shape[0]:
+                b = b.reshape((b.shape[0],) + (1,) * (a.ndim - 1))
+            elif b.ndim >= 2 and a.ndim == 1 and b.shape[0] == a.shape[0]:
+                a = a.reshape((a.shape[0],) + (1,) * (b.ndim - 1))
+        return a * b
+    if op == "matmul":
+        a = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        b = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        if (
+            hasattr(a, "ndim")
+            and hasattr(b, "ndim")
+            and a.ndim == 3
+            and b.ndim == 3
+            and a.shape[0] == b.shape[0]
+            and a.shape[-1] == b.shape[-1]
+        ):
+            return jnp.einsum("qia,qja->qij", a, b)
+        return a @ b
+    if op == "neg":
+        return -_eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+    if op == "dot":
+        if isinstance(args[0], FieldRef):
+            return _ops.dot(_eval_field(args[0], ctx, params), _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem))
+        a = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        b = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        if hasattr(a, "ndim") and hasattr(b, "ndim") and a.ndim == 3 and b.ndim == 3 and a.shape[-1] == b.shape[-1]:
+            return jnp.einsum("qia,qja->qij", a, b)
+        return jnp.matmul(a, b)
+    if op == "sdot":
+        if isinstance(args[0], FieldRef):
+            return _ops.dot(_eval_field(args[0], ctx, params), _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem))
+        a = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        b = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        if hasattr(a, "ndim") and hasattr(b, "ndim") and a.ndim == 3 and b.ndim == 3 and a.shape[-1] == b.shape[-1]:
+            return jnp.einsum("qia,qja->qij", a, b)
+        return jnp.matmul(a, b)
+    if op == "ddot":
+        if len(args) == 2:
+            a = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+            b = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+            if (
+                hasattr(a, "ndim")
+                and hasattr(b, "ndim")
+                and a.ndim == 3
+                and b.ndim == 3
+                and a.shape[0] == b.shape[0]
+                and a.shape[1] == b.shape[1]
+            ):
+                return jnp.einsum("qik,qim->qkm", a, b)
+            return _ops.ddot(a, b)
+        return _ops.ddot(
+            _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem),
+            _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem),
+            _eval_value(args[2], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem),
+        )
+    if op == "inner":
+        a = _eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        b = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        return jnp.einsum("...i,...i->...", a, b)
+    if op == "action":
+        if isinstance(args[1], FieldRef):
+            raise ValueError("action expects a scalar expression; use u.val for unknowns.")
+        v_field = _eval_field(args[0], ctx, params)
+        s = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        value_dim = int(getattr(v_field, "value_dim", 1))
+        if value_dim == 1:
+            if v_field.N.ndim != 2:
+                raise ValueError("action expects scalar test field with N shape (q, ndofs).")
+            if hasattr(s, "ndim") and s.ndim not in (0, 1):
+                raise ValueError("action expects scalar s with shape (q,) or scalar.")
+            return v_field.N * s
+        if hasattr(s, "ndim") and s.ndim not in (1, 2):
+            raise ValueError("action expects vector s with shape (q, dim) or (dim,).")
+        return _ops.dot(v_field, s)
+    if op == "gaction":
+        v_field = _eval_field(args[0], ctx, params)
+        q = _eval_value(args[1], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem)
+        if v_field.gradN.ndim != 3:
+            raise ValueError("gaction expects test gradient with shape (q, ndofs, dim).")
+        if not hasattr(q, "ndim"):
+            raise ValueError("gaction expects q with shape (q, dim) or (q, dim, dim).")
+        if q.ndim == 2:
+            return jnp.einsum("qaj,qj->qa", v_field.gradN, q)
+        if q.ndim == 3:
+            if int(getattr(v_field, "value_dim", 1)) == 1:
+                raise ValueError("gaction tensor flux requires vector test field.")
+            return jnp.einsum("qij,qaj->qai", q, v_field.gradN).reshape(q.shape[0], -1)
+        raise ValueError("gaction expects q with shape (q, dim) or (q, dim, dim).")
+    if op == "transpose_last2":
+        return _ops.transpose_last2(_eval_value(args[0], ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem))
+    if op == "einsum":
+        subscripts = args[0]
+        operands = [_eval_value(arg, ctx, params, u_elem=u_elem) for arg in args[1:]]
+        return jnp.einsum(subscripts, *operands)
+
+    raise ValueError(f"Unknown Expr op: {op}")
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Expr",
+    "FieldRef",
+    "ParamRef",
+    "trial_ref",
+    "test_ref",
+    "unknown_ref",
+    "param_ref",
+    "Params",
+    "MixedWeakForm",
+    "ResidualForm",
+    "compile_bilinear",
+    "compile_linear",
+    "compile_residual",
+    "compile_mixed_residual",
+    "grad",
+    "sym_grad",
+    "dot",
+    "ddot",
+    "inner",
+    "action",
+    "gaction",
+    "I",
+    "det",
+    "inv",
+    "transpose",
+    "log",
+    "transpose_last2",
+    "einsum",
+]