fiqus 2025.11.0__py3-none-any.whl → 2026.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

fiqus/mesh_generators/MeshConductorAC_CC.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1305 @@
+"""
+MeshConductorAC_CC.py
+
+2D mesh generator for the coated-conductor (CACCC) model.
+
+Assumptions / contract with GeometryConductorAC_CC
+--------------------------------------------------
+- Geometry is axis-aligned: x = tape width, y = tape thickness.
+- The imported .xao file must contain the physical groups expected by this
+  module (e.g. HTS, optional HTS_Grooves, Substrate, SilverTop/Bottom,
+  CopperTop/Bottom/Left/Right, Air, Air_Outer, Air_Inner, and boundary/interface
+  curve groups).
+
+Meshing strategy
+----------------
+- HTS: structured (transfinite) meshing. If HTS is striated, filaments are
+  meshed as transfinite quads, while grooves can remain unstructured triangles
+  (but with aligned boundary node counts).
+- Copper: uniform target element size via a background field (single knob:
+  copper_elem_scale). We intentionally avoid transfinite on copper to preserve
+  uniform spacing.
+- Air: optionally controlled by air_boundary_mesh_size_ratio on Air_Outer.
+  Boundary sizing can act as a fallback when no background field is used.
+"""
+
+
+import os
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+
+import gmsh
+
+from fiqus.data import RegionsModelFiQuS  # noqa: F401  (used later for regions)
+from fiqus.utils.Utils import GmshUtils, FilesAndFolders  # noqa: F401
+from fiqus.data.RegionsModelFiQuS import RegionsModel  # noqa: F401
+from fiqus.data.DataConductor import CC, Conductor
+
+
+from fiqus.mesh_generators.MeshConductorAC_Strand import Mesh as BaseMesh
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("FiQuS")
+
+occ = gmsh.model.occ
+
+
+class Mesh(BaseMesh):
+    """
+    Mesh generator for the CACCC (coated-conductor) 2D cross-section.
+    This class reuses the conductor-AC base Mesh from
+    MeshConductorAC_Strand.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fdm, verbose: bool = True) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize the CACCC mesh generator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        fdm : object
+            FiQuS data model instance.
+        verbose : bool, optional
+            If True, gmsh terminal output is enabled. Defaults to True.
+        """
+        super().__init__(fdm, verbose)
+
+        # Shortcuts to CACCC-specific geometry and mesh sections.
+        # These correspond to DataFiQuSConductorAC_CC.CACCCGeometry
+        # and DataFiQuSConductorAC_CC.CACCCMesh.
+        self.cc_geom = self.cacdm.geometry
+        self.cc_mesh = self.cacdm.mesh
+
+        # Pull the CC strand from conductors
+        conductor_dict = self.fdm.conductors
+        selected_conductor_name = self.fdm.magnet.solve.conductor_name
+        if selected_conductor_name in conductor_dict:
+            selected_conductor: Conductor = conductor_dict[selected_conductor_name]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Conductor name: {selected_conductor_name} not present in the conductors section"
+            )
+        strand = selected_conductor.strand
+
+        if not isinstance(strand, CC):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected strand type 'CC' for CACCC mesh, got {type(strand)}"
+            )
+
+        self.cc_strand = strand  # CC instance (HTS_width, HTS_thickness, etc.)
+
+        # Helper dictionaries populated in generate_mesh().
+        # They will be reused in later steps (mesh size fields, regions, ...).
+        self.physical_surfaces_by_name: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+        self.physical_curves_by_name:   Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+        self.physical_points_by_name:   Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+
+        # HTS base mesh sizes (x and y) computed from geometry + mesh parameters.
+        self.hts_base_size_x: Optional[float] = None
+        self.hts_base_size_y: Optional[float] = None
+
+        # Canonical number of nodes along the tape width (x-direction),
+        # used for HTS and later propagated to other layers.
+        self.horizontal_nodes_x: Optional[int] = None
+
+        # Equivalent superconducting width (sum of filament widths only)
+        # and corresponding reference horizontal element size.
+        self.equiv_hts_filament_width: Optional[float] = None
+        self.hts_ref_size_x_filaments: Optional[float] = None
+
+        # Horizontal element densities (elements per unit length) for
+        # HTS filaments and grooves.
+        self.hts_density_x_filaments: Optional[float] = None
+        self.hts_density_x_grooves: Optional[float] = None
+
+        # Per-surface horizontal node counts (top/bottom HTS edges).
+        # Keys are surface tags (2D entities).
+        self.hts_nodes_x_filaments: Dict[int, int] = {}
+        self.hts_nodes_x_grooves: Dict[int, int] = {}
+
+        # Approximate vertical discretisation per stacked layer
+        # (Substrate, Silver*, CopperTop/Bottom, HTS). These are
+        # derived from the HTS vertical reference size and the
+        # per-layer *_elem_scale parameters.
+        self.vertical_elems_by_layer:   Dict[str, int] = {}
+        self.layer_base_size_y:       Dict[str, float] = {}
+
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+    # Internal helpers: physical groups & mesh parameters
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+    def _collect_physical_groups(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Populate helper dictionaries for physical groups (surfaces/curves/points).
+
+        This method scans all physical groups present in the current gmsh model
+        and fills:
+        - self.physical_surfaces_by_name  (dim=2)
+        - self.physical_curves_by_name    (dim=1)
+        - self.physical_points_by_name    (dim=0)
+
+        Keys are the physical names (strings). Values store both:
+        - phys_tag  : used later in the .regions file / GetDP mappings
+        - entities  : used for meshing constraints (curve/surface tags)
+
+            {
+                "dim": <int>,        # 0, 1 or 2
+                "phys_tag": <int>,   # physical group tag
+                "entities": [int],   # list of entity tags (points/curves/surfaces)
+            }
+
+        The method is idempotent and can be called multiple times after
+        gmsh.model.occ.synchronize().
+        """
+
+        self.physical_surfaces_by_name.clear()
+        self.physical_curves_by_name.clear()
+        self.physical_points_by_name.clear()
+
+        phys_groups = gmsh.model.getPhysicalGroups()
+
+        for dim, pg_tag in phys_groups:
+
+            name = gmsh.model.getPhysicalName(dim, pg_tag)
+            entity_tags: List[int] = gmsh.model.getEntitiesForPhysicalGroup(dim, pg_tag)
+
+            meta: Dict[str, Any]   = { "dim": dim, "phys_tag": pg_tag, "entities": entity_tags }
+            if dim == 2:
+                self.physical_surfaces_by_name[name] = meta
+
+            elif dim == 1:
+                self.physical_curves_by_name[name]   = meta
+
+            elif dim == 0:
+                self.physical_points_by_name[name]   = meta
+
+
+
+    def _compute_hts_and_layer_mesh_parameters(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Compute the HTS base mesh sizes and approximate vertical
+        discretisation parameters for the stacked metal layers.
+
+        HTS:
+            - Uses HTS_n_elem_width / HTS_n_elem_thickness to define
+              base element sizes hts_base_size_x / hts_base_size_y.
+
+        Other layers (Substrate, Silver*, CopperTop/Bottom):
+            - Derive a default element count from the HTS vertical
+              reference size h_ref = hts_base_size_y and the layer
+              thickness (from geometry bounding boxes).
+            - Multiply that default count by the YAML *_elem_scale
+              (substrate_elem_scale, silver_elem_scale,
+              copper_elem_scale) when provided.
+            - Store the final counts and corresponding base sizes in:
+                * self.vertical_elems_by_layer[layer_name]
+                * self.layer_base_size_y[layer_name]
+        """
+
+        # HTS geometry and mesh parameters
+        s     = self.cc_strand
+
+        W     = s.HTS_width
+        T_hts = s.HTS_thickness
+        n_w   = self.cc_mesh.HTS_n_elem_width
+        n_t   = self.cc_mesh.HTS_n_elem_thickness
+
+        # Canonical node count along width: used for HTS and for all
+        # tape-internal horizontal boundaries.
+        self.horizontal_nodes_x = int(n_w) + 1
+
+        # Base HTS element sizes.
+        self.hts_base_size_x = W / float(n_w)
+        self.hts_base_size_y = T_hts / float(n_t)
+
+        # Initialise per-layer containers
+        self.vertical_elems_by_layer = {}
+        self.layer_base_size_y = {}
+
+        # Register HTS itself as reference.
+        self.vertical_elems_by_layer["HTS"] = int(n_t)
+        self.layer_base_size_y["HTS"] = self.hts_base_size_y
+
+        # Reference vertical size from HTS.
+        h_ref = self.hts_base_size_y
+
+        # Definition of stacked layers and which YAML scale to use.
+        # CopperLeft/Right are not part of the vertical stack and are
+        # deliberately ignored here.
+        layer_definitions = {
+            "Substrate":    ("substrate_elem_scale", "substrate layer"),
+            "SilverBottom": ("silver_elem_scale",    "silver bottom layer"),
+            "SilverTop":    ("silver_elem_scale",    "silver top layer"),
+            "CopperBottom": ("copper_elem_scale",    "copper bottom layer"),
+            "CopperTop":    ("copper_elem_scale",    "copper top layer"),
+        }
+
+        for layer_name, (scale_attr, layer_desc) in layer_definitions.items():
+
+            meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get(layer_name)
+
+            # Safety block for optional layers that may be missing.
+            if meta is None:
+                continue
+
+            surface_tags = list(meta.get("entities", []))
+
+
+            # Assumption: layers are axis-aligned (x = width, y = thickness).
+            # We infer layer thickness from the y-extent of OCC bounding boxes.
+            #
+            # Note on *_elem_scale semantics:
+            # *_elem_scale scales the *number of elements* (larger -> finer,
+            # smaller -> coarser), not the characteristic length directly.
+            #
+            # Compute thickness in the stacking (y) direction from the union of
+            # all surfaces in this layer.
+
+            min_y = float("inf")
+            max_y = float("-inf")
+
+            for surf_tag in surface_tags:
+                _, ymin, _, _, ymax, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(2, surf_tag)
+                if ymin < min_y:
+                    min_y = ymin
+                if ymax > max_y:
+                    max_y = ymax
+
+            thickness = max_y - min_y
+
+            # Default element count if we used the same vertical size
+            # as the HTS: n_default ~ thickness / h_ref.
+            n_default = max(1, int(round(thickness / h_ref)))
+
+            # Apply YAML scale factor on the element count, if provided.
+            scale_value = getattr(self.cc_mesh, scale_attr, None)
+            if scale_value is None or scale_value <= 0.0:
+                n_layer    = n_default
+                scale_used = 1.0
+                
+            else:
+                n_layer    = max(1, int(round(float(scale_value) * n_default)))
+                scale_used = float(scale_value)
+
+            # Corresponding base element size in this layer.
+            h_layer = thickness / float(n_layer)
+
+            # Store results
+            self.vertical_elems_by_layer[layer_name] = n_layer
+            self.layer_base_size_y[layer_name]       = h_layer
+
+
+
+    def _apply_air_boundary_mesh_size(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the air mesh size from the outer air boundary curve only
+        (physical group 'Air_Outer').
+
+        The size is:
+            h_air = air_boundary_mesh_size_ratio * HTS_width
+
+        With MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary=1, this boundary size propagates
+        naturally into the air region.
+
+        Note:
+        - If a background mesh field is active, it may override point-based
+          sizes in parts of the domain. We still set boundary sizing to keep
+          behaviour robust as a fallback/default when fields are absent.
+        """
+
+        ratio = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "air_boundary_mesh_size_ratio", None)
+        if ratio is None or float(ratio) <= 0.0:
+            return
+
+        if getattr(self.cc_strand, "HTS_width", None) is None:
+            raise ValueError("HTS_width is not defined; cannot compute air boundary size.")
+
+        h_air = float(ratio) * float(self.cc_strand.HTS_width)
+
+        meta = self.physical_curves_by_name.get("Air_Outer")
+        if meta is None:
+            logger.warning("[Mesh-CC] No 'Air_Outer' physical group found.")
+            return
+
+        curve_tags = list(meta.get("entities", []))
+
+        point_tags: list[int] = []
+        for ctag in curve_tags:
+            down_tags, _ = gmsh.model.getAdjacencies(1, ctag)  # points on curve
+            point_tags.extend(down_tags)
+
+        point_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(point_tags))
+
+        gmsh.model.mesh.setSize([(0, ptag) for ptag in point_tags], h_air)
+
+        # Make boundary sizing propagate into air
+        gmsh.option.setNumber("Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints", 1)
+        gmsh.option.setNumber("Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary", 1)
+
+        logger.info("[Mesh-CC] Air outer boundary size set: h_air=%.6g (ratio=%.6g)", h_air, float(ratio))
+
+
+
+
+    def _apply_uniform_copper_mesh_field(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Uniform copper sizing with a single knob, and *no* copper-to-air
+        transition logic.
+
+        - Copper size: controlled by copper_elem_scale (relative to HTS base size).
+        - Air size: optionally set as a constant target value (h_air) inside the
+          background field, with an additional boundary-based air knob handled
+          separately on 'Air_Outer'.
+        - Background field: Min( constant_air , copper_inside_only )
+
+        Result:
+        - "Uniform copper" here means the *target size inside copper* is constant.
+          Shared boundaries may still be influenced by transfinite node-count
+          constraints from neighbouring layers.
+        - Air is controlled by a coarse constant target size (or by boundary sizing
+          if the field is not used / as a fallback).
+        """
+
+        copper_layers = ["CopperTop", "CopperBottom", "CopperLeft", "CopperRight"]
+
+        copper_surface_tags: list[int] = []
+        for name in copper_layers:
+            copper_surface_tags.extend(self._get_layer_surface_tags(name))
+        copper_surface_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(copper_surface_tags))
+
+        if not copper_surface_tags:
+            logger.info("[Mesh-CC] No copper surfaces found; skipping copper mesh field.")
+            return
+
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Copper size from single knob: copper_elem_scale
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        scale_value = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "copper_elem_scale", None)
+        if scale_value is None or float(scale_value) <= 0.0:
+            scale_value = 1.0
+        scale_value = float(scale_value)
+
+        if self.hts_base_size_x is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "hts_base_size_x not computed; cannot derive copper target size."
+            )
+
+        h_base = float(self.hts_base_size_x)
+        h_cu = h_base / scale_value
+
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Air size from outer-circle knob: air_boundary_mesh_size_ratio
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        ratio = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "air_boundary_mesh_size_ratio", None)
+        if ratio is not None and getattr(self.cc_strand, "HTS_width", None) is not None:
+            h_air = float(ratio) * float(self.cc_strand.HTS_width)
+        else:
+            # Fallback if knob is not present
+            h_air = 20.0 * h_base
+
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Field A: constant air size everywhere
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        f_air = gmsh.model.mesh.field.add("MathEval")
+        gmsh.model.mesh.field.setString(f_air, "F", f"{h_air}")
+
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Field B: constant size inside copper only (Restrict).
+        # Restrict applies the copper size only inside the listed copper surfaces;
+        # outside those surfaces it returns a very large value, so Min(air, restrict)
+        # naturally selects the air target in the air domain.
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        f_cu_const = gmsh.model.mesh.field.add("MathEval")
+        gmsh.model.mesh.field.setString(f_cu_const, "F", f"{h_cu}")
+
+        f_cu_inside = gmsh.model.mesh.field.add("Restrict")
+        gmsh.model.mesh.field.setNumber(f_cu_inside, "InField", f_cu_const)
+        gmsh.model.mesh.field.setNumbers(f_cu_inside, "SurfacesList", copper_surface_tags)
+
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Background = min(air everywhere, copper inside)
+        # --------------------------------------------------------------
+        f_min = gmsh.model.mesh.field.add("Min")
+        gmsh.model.mesh.field.setNumbers(f_min, "FieldsList", [f_air, f_cu_inside])
+        gmsh.model.mesh.field.setAsBackgroundMesh(f_min)
+
+        # Let fine boundary sizes propagate into neighbouring domains (air grading).
+        gmsh.option.setNumber("Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints", 1)
+        gmsh.option.setNumber("Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary", 1)
+
+        logger.info(
+            "[Mesh-CC] Air+copper constant background mesh: "
+            "h_air=%.6g (ratio=%s), h_cu=%.6g (scale=%.6g, h_base=%.6g)",
+            h_air,
+            str(ratio),
+            h_cu,
+            scale_value,
+            h_base,
+        )
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+    # Internal helpers: access to physical surfaces
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+    def _get_layer_surface_tags(self, layer_name: str) -> List[int]:
+        """
+        Return surface tags for a given 2D layer physical group.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        layer_name : str
+            Name of the 2D physical group, e.g. "Substrate", "SilverTop".
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        list of int
+            List of surface tags 
+        """
+        meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get(layer_name)
+        if not meta:
+            return []
+        return list(meta.get("entities", []))
+
+
+
+    def _get_hts_surface_tags(self) -> List[int]:
+        """
+        Return surface tags for HTS-related regions.
+
+        We treat:
+        - "HTS"            : all HTS filaments together (monolithic or striated).
+        - "HTS_Grooves"    : groove surfaces (if present, created as
+                             "HTS_Grooves" physical group by geometry).
+
+        as a single logical HTS layer for transfinite meshing. This
+        ensures that filaments and grooves (if any) share a consistent
+        structured discretisation.
+        """
+        tags: List[int] = []
+
+        meta_hts = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get("HTS")
+        if meta_hts:
+            tags.extend(meta_hts.get("entities", []))
+
+        meta_grooves = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get("HTS_Grooves")
+        if meta_grooves:
+            tags.extend(meta_grooves.get("entities", []))
+
+        # De-duplicate while preserving order.
+        return list(dict.fromkeys(tags))
+    
+
+
+    def _apply_transfinite_to_hts(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Build a structured (transfinite) mesh for HTS filaments, and keep
+        groove regions (HTS_Grooves) unstructured.
+
+        - Filaments ("HTS" physical group):
+            * Horizontal edges: transfinite with 'Bump' distribution.
+            * Vertical edges: uniform spacing.
+            * Surfaces: transfinite + recombine -> quadrilateral mesh.
+
+        - Grooves ("HTS_Grooves" physical group):
+            * Boundary curves still get transfinite node counts so that
+              they align with neighbouring HTS and metal layers.
+            * BUT we do NOT call setTransfiniteSurface / setRecombine,
+              so the interior of grooves is meshed as unstructured triangles.
+        """
+        # All HTS-related 2D surfaces (filaments + grooves).
+        surface_tags = self._get_hts_surface_tags()
+
+        # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Step 1: total filament width and reference Δx.
+        # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        filament_meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get("HTS", {})
+        filament_surface_tags: List[int] = list(
+            filament_meta.get("entities", [])
+        )
+
+        equiv_width_filaments = 0.0
+        for surf_tag in filament_surface_tags:
+            xmin, _, _, xmax, _, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(2, surf_tag)
+            dx = xmax - xmin
+            if dx > 0.0:
+                equiv_width_filaments += dx
+
+        n_tot = float(self.cc_mesh.HTS_n_elem_width)
+
+        # Reset per-surface maps by default.
+        self.hts_nodes_x_filaments = {}
+        self.hts_nodes_x_grooves = {}
+
+        if equiv_width_filaments > 0.0 and n_tot > 0.0:
+            # Reference horizontal cell size in superconducting material:
+            #   Δx_ref = W_SC / N_tot
+            # where W_SC is the sum of all filament widths.
+            h_ref_x = equiv_width_filaments / n_tot
+            self.equiv_hts_filament_width = equiv_width_filaments
+            self.hts_ref_size_x_filaments = h_ref_x
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "[Mesh-CC] HTS equivalent filament width = %.6g, "
+                "HTS reference horizontal size (filaments) = %.6g",
+                equiv_width_filaments,
+                h_ref_x,
+            )
+
+            # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+            # Step 2: horizontal element densities in filaments and grooves.
+            # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+            # Elements per unit length in filaments:
+            #   λ_fil = N_tot / W_SC  (≈ 1 / Δx_ref)
+            lambda_fil = n_tot / equiv_width_filaments
+
+            # Groove density ratio (fewer elements in grooves).
+            groove_ratio = getattr(
+                self.cc_mesh, "HTS_groove_elem_density_ratio", None
+            )
+            if groove_ratio is None or groove_ratio <= 0.0:
+                groove_ratio = 0.25
+
+            lambda_groove = groove_ratio * lambda_fil
+
+            self.hts_density_x_filaments = lambda_fil
+            self.hts_density_x_grooves = lambda_groove
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "[Mesh-CC] HTS filament density (lambda_fil) = %.6g, "
+                "groove density ratio = %.6g, "
+                "groove density (lambda_groove) = %.6g",
+                lambda_fil,
+                groove_ratio,
+                lambda_groove,
+            )
+
+            # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+            # Step 3: per-surface horizontal node counts.
+            # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+            groove_min_elems = getattr(
+                self.cc_mesh, "HTS_groove_min_elems", None
+            )
+            if groove_min_elems is None or groove_min_elems < 1:
+                groove_min_elems = 1
+
+            # --- Filaments: N_i ≈ λ_fil * width_i ---
+            for surf_tag in filament_surface_tags:
+                xmin, _, _, xmax, _, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(2, surf_tag)
+                width = xmax - xmin
+                if width <= 0.0:
+                    continue
+
+                n_elem_f = max(1, int(round(lambda_fil * width)))
+                n_nodes_x_f = n_elem_f + 1  # nodes = elements + 1
+
+                self.hts_nodes_x_filaments[surf_tag] = n_nodes_x_f
+
+                logger.debug(
+                    "[Mesh-CC] HTS filament surface %d: width = %.6g, "
+                    "n_elem = %d, n_nodes_x = %d",
+                    surf_tag,
+                    width,
+                    n_elem_f,
+                    n_nodes_x_f,
+                )
+
+            # --- Grooves: fewer elements per unit length ---
+            groove_meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get(
+                "HTS_Grooves", {}
+            )
+            groove_surface_tags: List[int] = list(
+                groove_meta.get("entities", [])
+            )
+
+            for surf_tag in groove_surface_tags:
+                xmin, _, _, xmax, _, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(2, surf_tag)
+                width = xmax - xmin
+                if width <= 0.0:
+                    continue
+
+                n_elem_g = int(round(lambda_groove * width))
+                n_elem_g = max(groove_min_elems, n_elem_g)
+                n_nodes_x_g = n_elem_g + 1
+
+                self.hts_nodes_x_grooves[surf_tag] = n_nodes_x_g
+
+                logger.debug(
+                    "[Mesh-CC] HTS groove surface %d: width = %.6g, "
+                    "n_elem = %d, n_nodes_x = %d",
+                    surf_tag,
+                    width,
+                    n_elem_g,
+                    n_nodes_x_g,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            # Fallback: no HTS-specific filament logic.
+            self.equiv_hts_filament_width = None
+            self.hts_ref_size_x_filaments = None
+            self.hts_density_x_filaments  = None
+            self.hts_density_x_grooves    = None
+            self.hts_nodes_x_filaments    = {}
+            self.hts_nodes_x_grooves      = {}
+
+        # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Step 4: Apply transfinite curves.
+        #
+        # - Horizontal curves (dx >= dy): 'Bump' with surf_n_nodes_x nodes.
+        # - Vertical curves (dy > dx): uniform 'Progression' with n_nodes_y.
+        #
+        # Then:
+        #   - setTransfiniteSurface + Recombine ONLY for filament surfaces.
+        #   - Grooves: NO setTransfiniteSurface / NO Recombine -> unstructured.
+        # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        # Global vertical node count (same for all HTS surfaces).
+        n_t = self.cc_mesh.HTS_n_elem_thickness
+        n_nodes_y = int(n_t) + 1
+
+        # Fallback horizontal node count if per-surface info is missing.
+        n_w = self.cc_mesh.HTS_n_elem_width
+        fallback_n_nodes_x = (
+            self.horizontal_nodes_x
+            if self.horizontal_nodes_x is not None
+            else int(n_w) + 1
+        )
+
+        # Bump coefficient for clustering along width.
+        bump_coef = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "bump_coef", None)
+        if bump_coef is None or bump_coef <= 0.0:
+            bump_coef = 0.01
+
+        # Re-build sets of filament and groove surfaces for classification.
+        filament_meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get("HTS", {})
+        filament_surface_set = set(filament_meta.get("entities", []))
+
+        groove_meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name.get("HTS_Grooves", {})
+        groove_surface_set = set(groove_meta.get("entities", []))
+
+        # Track all HTS boundary curves so other routines can skip them.
+        self.hts_boundary_curves = set()
+
+        for surf_tag in surface_tags:
+            # Horizontal node count for this specific surface.
+            if surf_tag in self.hts_nodes_x_filaments:
+                surf_n_nodes_x = self.hts_nodes_x_filaments[surf_tag]
+            elif surf_tag in self.hts_nodes_x_grooves:
+                surf_n_nodes_x = self.hts_nodes_x_grooves[surf_tag]
+            else:
+                surf_n_nodes_x = fallback_n_nodes_x
+
+            # Get boundary curves of this HTS region.
+            boundary = gmsh.model.getBoundary(
+                [(2, surf_tag)], oriented=False, recursive=False
+            )
+            curve_tags = [c[1] for c in boundary if c[0] == 1]
+            curve_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(curve_tags))
+
+            for ctag in curve_tags:
+                xmin, ymin, _, xmax, ymax, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(1, ctag)
+                dx = abs(xmax - xmin)
+                dy = abs(ymax - ymin)
+
+                # Mark as HTS boundary curve.
+                self.hts_boundary_curves.add(ctag)
+
+                if dx >= dy:
+                    # Horizontal curve -> controls columns (along tape width).
+                    gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                        ctag,
+                        surf_n_nodes_x,
+                        "Bump",
+                        float(bump_coef),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Vertical curve -> controls rows (through thickness).
+                    gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                        ctag,
+                        n_nodes_y,
+                        "Progression",
+                        1.0,
+                    )
+
+            # --- Surface-level transfinite / recombine behaviour ---
+            if surf_tag in filament_surface_set:
+                # Filaments: fully structured quads.
+                gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteSurface(surf_tag)
+                gmsh.model.mesh.setRecombine(2, surf_tag)
+            elif surf_tag in groove_surface_set:
+                # Grooves: DO NOT set transfinite surface and DO NOT recombine.
+                # The 2D mesher will generate an unstructured triangular mesh
+                # inside, but boundary node distributions are still honoured.
+                continue
+            else:
+                # Should not happen (all HTS surfaces are either filament
+                # or groove), but keep a safe fallback.
+                gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteSurface(surf_tag)
+
+
+    def _apply_horizontal_boundary_subdivisions_for_side_copper(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply transfinite subdivisions along the tape width direction for
+        CopperLeft / CopperRight so that their horizontal boundaries use the
+        same column pattern as the HTS / stacked layers.
+        """
+
+        # Canonical horizontal node count along the tape width.
+        n_nodes_horizontal = self.horizontal_nodes_x
+        if n_nodes_horizontal is None or n_nodes_horizontal <= 1:
+            # Fallback to HTS_n_elem_width + 1 if something went wrong.
+            n_w = self.cc_mesh.HTS_n_elem_width
+            n_nodes_horizontal = int(n_w) + 1
+
+        # Air surfaces: used to detect copper-air edges that we want
+        # to keep coarser than the internal tape interfaces.
+        air_surface_tags = set(self._get_layer_surface_tags("Air"))
+
+        layer_names = ["CopperLeft", "CopperRight"]
+
+        for layer_name in layer_names:
+            surface_tags = self._get_layer_surface_tags(layer_name)
+
+            for surf_tag in surface_tags:
+                boundary = gmsh.model.getBoundary(
+                    [(2, surf_tag)], oriented=False, recursive=False
+                )
+                curve_tags = [c[1] for c in boundary if c[0] == 1]
+                curve_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(curve_tags))
+
+                for ctag in curve_tags:
+                    xmin, ymin, _, xmax, ymax, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(1, ctag)
+                    dx = abs(xmax - xmin)
+                    dy = abs(ymax - ymin)
+
+                    # Only curves that run mainly along x (tape width).
+                    if dx >= dy:
+                        # Check if this horizontal edge touches air.
+                        higher_dim_tags, _ = gmsh.model.getAdjacencies(1, ctag)
+
+                        if any(s in air_surface_tags for s in higher_dim_tags):
+                            # Copper–air edge: keep this much coarser than internal
+                            # tape interfaces to avoid over-refining the surrounding air.
+                            # Heuristic: ~2.5% of the internal column count.
+                            n_outer = max(
+                                2, int(round(0.025 * n_nodes_horizontal))
+                            )
+                            gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                                ctag,
+                                n_outer,
+                                "Progression",
+                                1.0,
+                            )
+                            continue
+
+                        # Internal horizontal interface: align with tape columns.
+                        gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                            ctag,
+                            n_nodes_horizontal,
+                            "Progression",
+                            1.0,
+                        )
+
+
+    def _apply_vertical_boundary_subdivisions_for_side_copper(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply transfinite node counts to vertical boundary curves of
+        CopperLeft / CopperRight that are adjacent to the Air region.
+        """
+        # Requires _compute_hts_and_layer_mesh_parameters() to have run
+        # (hts_base_size_y set).
+        h_ref = self.hts_base_size_y
+
+        # YAML scale for copper; <= 0 or None -> use 1.0 (no extra scaling)
+        scale_value = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "copper_elem_scale", None)
+        if scale_value is None or scale_value <= 0.0:
+            scale_value = 1.0
+
+        # Air surfaces, to detect copper-air vertical edges
+        air_surface_tags = set(self._get_layer_surface_tags("Air"))
+
+        layer_names = ["CopperLeft", "CopperRight"]
+
+        for layer_name in layer_names:
+            surface_tags = self._get_layer_surface_tags(layer_name)
+
+            for surf_tag in surface_tags:
+                boundary = gmsh.model.getBoundary( [(2, surf_tag)], oriented=False, recursive=False )
+                curve_tags = [ c[1] for c in boundary if c[0] == 1 ]
+                curve_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(curve_tags))
+
+                for ctag in curve_tags:
+                    xmin, ymin, _, xmax, ymax, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(1, ctag)
+                    dx = abs(xmax - xmin)
+                    dy = abs(ymax - ymin)
+
+                    # We only care about vertical curves here.
+                    if dy <= dx:
+                        continue
+
+                    # Check if this vertical curve touches Air.
+                    higher_dim_tags, _ = gmsh.model.getAdjacencies(1, ctag)
+                    if not any(s in air_surface_tags for s in higher_dim_tags):
+                        # Internal copper-tape edge: stacked-layer logic handles it.
+                        continue
+
+                    thickness = dy
+                    n_default = max(1, int(round(thickness / h_ref)))
+                    n_layer   = max(1, int(round(scale_value * n_default)))
+                    n_nodes_vertical = n_layer + 1
+
+                    gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                        ctag,
+                        n_nodes_vertical,
+                        "Progression",
+                        1.0,
+                    )
+
+
+    def _apply_vertical_boundary_subdivisions_to_non_hts_layers(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply transfinite node counts to boundary curves of non-HTS, non-copper
+        stacked layers (Substrate, Silver*), based on:
+        - vertical_elems_by_layer[layer] for vertical curves (thickness dir),
+        - self.horizontal_nodes_x for horizontal curves (width dir).
+
+        Copper is intentionally excluded here to preserve more uniform copper
+        node spacing controlled by the background sizing field.
+        """
+
+        # Horizontal node count along the tape width.
+        n_nodes_horizontal = self.horizontal_nodes_x
+
+        # Set of all HTS-related surfaces: used to avoid overriding
+        # transfinite settings on HTS boundary curves.
+        hts_surface_tags = set(self._get_hts_surface_tags())
+
+        # Non-HTS stacked layers that we want to control in the vertical
+        # (thickness) direction and in the horizontal (width) direction
+        # via the canonical column count.
+        layer_names = [
+            "Substrate",
+            "SilverBottom",
+            "SilverTop",
+        ]
+
+
+        for layer_name in layer_names:
+            n_layer = self.vertical_elems_by_layer.get(layer_name)
+
+            if n_layer is None:
+                continue
+
+            surface_tags = self._get_layer_surface_tags(layer_name)
+
+            # Number of nodes on vertical curves = number of elements + 1
+            n_nodes_vertical = int(n_layer) + 1
+
+            for surf_tag in surface_tags:
+                # Get boundary curves of this surface
+                boundary   = gmsh.model.getBoundary( [(2, surf_tag)], oriented=False, recursive=False )
+                curve_tags = [c[1] for c in boundary if c[0] == 1]
+                curve_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(curve_tags))
+
+                for ctag in curve_tags:
+                    # If this curve is shared with an HTS surface,
+                    # skip it so the HTS progression is preserved.
+                    higher_dim_tags, _ = gmsh.model.getAdjacencies(1, ctag)
+                    if any(s in hts_surface_tags for s in higher_dim_tags):
+                        logger.debug(
+                            "[Mesh-CC]'%s' curve %d touches HTS; "
+                            "skipping non-HTS transfinite constraint.",
+                            layer_name,
+                            ctag,
+                        )
+                        continue
+
+                    xmin, ymin, _, xmax, ymax, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(1, ctag)
+                    dx = abs(xmax - xmin)
+                    dy = abs(ymax - ymin)
+
+                    if dy > dx:
+                        # Predominantly vertical curve: control thickness direction
+                        gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                            ctag, n_nodes_vertical, "Progression", 1.0
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        # Predominantly horizontal curve: enforce common columns.
+                        # For SilverTop outer boundary, use a Bump distribution to mimic HTS clustering.
+                        if layer_name == "SilverTop":
+                            bump_coef = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "bump_coef", None)
+
+                            if bump_coef is None or float(bump_coef) <= 0.0:
+                                # Fallback: reuse HTS bump coefficient (or default)
+                                bump_coef = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "bump_coef", None)
+
+                            if bump_coef is None or float(bump_coef) <= 0.0:
+                                bump_coef = 0.01
+
+                            gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                                ctag, n_nodes_horizontal, "Bump", float(bump_coef)
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                                ctag, n_nodes_horizontal, "Progression", 1.0
+                            )
+
+
+
+
+    def _apply_progression_on_substrate_vertical_sides(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply a 'Progression' distribution on the vertical side boundary
+        curves of the substrate, clustering nodes toward the HTS side (top in y).
+        """
+        r = getattr(self.cc_mesh, "substrate_side_progression", None)
+        if r is None:
+            return
+
+        r = float(r)
+        if r <= 1.0:
+            return
+
+        n_layer = self.vertical_elems_by_layer.get("Substrate")
+        if n_layer is None:
+            return
+        n_nodes_vertical = int(n_layer) + 1
+
+        substrate_surface_tags = self._get_layer_surface_tags("Substrate")
+        if not substrate_surface_tags:
+            return
+
+        # All HTS-related surfaces (HTS + grooves) to detect the top interface curve.
+        hts_surface_tags = set(self._get_hts_surface_tags())
+
+        # Collect candidate curves: substrate boundary curves that are vertical
+        # and do NOT touch HTS (so we keep the HTS/substrate interface unchanged).
+        candidate_curve_tags: list[int] = []
+
+        for surf_tag in substrate_surface_tags:
+            boundary = gmsh.model.getBoundary(
+                [(2, surf_tag)], oriented=False, recursive=False
+            )
+            curve_tags = [c[1] for c in boundary if c[0] == 1]
+            curve_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(curve_tags))
+
+            for ctag in curve_tags:
+                # Skip curves that touch HTS surfaces (top interface).
+                higher_dim_tags, _ = gmsh.model.getAdjacencies(1, ctag)
+                if any(s in hts_surface_tags for s in higher_dim_tags):
+                    continue
+
+                xmin, ymin, _, xmax, ymax, _ = gmsh.model.getBoundingBox(1, ctag)
+                dx = abs(xmax - xmin)
+                dy = abs(ymax - ymin)
+
+                # Only vertical-ish curves (substrate left/right sides).
+                if dy <= dx:
+                    continue
+
+                candidate_curve_tags.append(ctag)
+
+        candidate_curve_tags = list(dict.fromkeys(candidate_curve_tags))
+        if not candidate_curve_tags:
+            logger.info(
+                "[Mesh-CC] No substrate vertical side curves found for Progression."
+            )
+            return
+
+        # Apply progression with refinement toward *top end* (larger y).
+        for ctag in candidate_curve_tags:
+            endpoints = gmsh.model.getBoundary(
+                [(1, ctag)], oriented=True, recursive=False
+            )
+            point_tags = [p[1] for p in endpoints if p[0] == 0]
+
+            if len(point_tags) < 2:
+                continue
+
+            p_start = point_tags[0]
+            p_end = point_tags[-1]
+
+            _, y0, _ = gmsh.model.getValue(0, p_start, [])
+            _, y1, _ = gmsh.model.getValue(0, p_end, [])
+
+            # Progression behaviour:
+            # - ratio > 1 -> smallest segments near start
+            # - ratio < 1 -> smallest segments near end
+            #
+            # Note: refinement direction depends on curve orientation.
+            # We infer which endpoint is "top" by comparing point y-coordinates
+            # and invert the progression ratio accordingly.
+            #
+            # We want smallest segments near the *top* (higher y).
+            if y0 >= y1:
+                prog = r
+            else:
+                prog = 1.0 / r
+
+            gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(
+                ctag,
+                n_nodes_vertical,
+                "Progression",
+                float(prog),
+            )
+
+
+
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+    #                           Public API
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+    def generate_mesh(self, geom_folder: str) -> None:
+
+        geo_unrolled_path = os.path.join(geom_folder, f"{self.magnet_name}.xao")
+
+        # The .xao file is produced by GeometryConductorAC_CC and must contain the
+        # expected physical group names used throughout this meshing routine
+        # (HTS, optional HTS_Grooves, metal layers, Air, Air_Outer, etc.).
+        gmsh.open(geo_unrolled_path)
+        occ.synchronize()
+
+        logger.debug("[Mesh-CC] OCC model synchronized after loading geometry file.")
+
+        # Collect all physical groups into helper dictionaries that will
+        # be reused in later steps (mesh fields, regions, ...).
+        self._collect_physical_groups()
+
+        # HTS base mesh sizes and vertical element counts.
+        self._compute_hts_and_layer_mesh_parameters()
+
+        # Transfinite meshing for HTS (filaments + grooves or monolithic).
+        self._apply_transfinite_to_hts()
+
+        # Apply transfinite constraints only to non-copper stacked layers
+        # (Substrate, Silver*) so we do not distort copper node spacing.
+        self._apply_vertical_boundary_subdivisions_to_non_hts_layers()
+
+        # Refine substrate vertical sides near the HTS side using Progression.
+        # This overrides the uniform 'Progression, 1.0' set above for those curves.
+        self._apply_progression_on_substrate_vertical_sides()
+
+
+        # Copper is handled by a uniform size field (no transfinite on copper curves).
+        self._apply_uniform_copper_mesh_field()
+
+
+
+        # -----------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Global mesh size scaling and actual 2D mesh generation
+        # -----------------------------------------------------------------
+        scaling_global = self.cc_mesh.scaling_global
+
+        # MeshSizeFactor scales characteristic lengths (point sizes, background
+        # field values, etc.). Transfinite constraints are node *counts* and are
+        # not affected by this factor.
+        gmsh.option.setNumber("Mesh.MeshSizeFactor", float(scaling_global))
+
+        # Boundary-based air sizing knob (fallback/default behaviour).
+        # Note: a background field (if active) can override sizes in parts of the
+        # domain; this still provides a robust air sizing rule when fields are not used.
+        self._apply_air_boundary_mesh_size()
+
+        # -----------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Generate 1D first to "freeze" transfinite curve discretisations,
+        # then generate 2D. This avoids Gmsh re-meshing/compacting 1D curves
+        # when strong background fields are present.
+        # -----------------------------------------------------------------
+        gmsh.model.mesh.generate(1)
+        gmsh.model.mesh.generate(2)
+
+        # Generate cohomology basis functions (cuts) for transport current handling with h-phi-formulation
+        self.generate_cuts()
+
+        # Generate region file for easy access to physical groups from, e.g., the .pro template
+        self.generate_regions_file()
+
+        # Save the mesh to <magnet_name>.msh and optionally launch the GUI.
+        gui = getattr(self.fdm.run, "launch_gui", False)
+        self.save_mesh(gui=gui)
+
+        logger.info( "[Mesh-CC] Mesh generation and saving complete. Mesh file: '%s'.", self.mesh_file )
+
+
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Generation of .regions file
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def generate_regions_file(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Construct the .regions YAML file for the 2D CACCC conductor model.
+        """
+        # Initialise the RegionsModel container
+        rm = RegionsModel()
+
+        # Powered - HTS
+        rm.powered["HTS"] = RegionsModelFiQuS.Powered()
+        powered = rm.powered["HTS"]
+
+        # Initialise list-valued fields
+        for fld in ("vol", "surf", "surf_th", "surf_in", "surf_out", "curve", "surf_insul"):
+            getattr(powered, fld).names   = []
+            getattr(powered, fld).numbers = []
+
+        # Terminal volume placeholders (not used in 2D but required structurally)
+        powered.vol_in  = RegionsModelFiQuS.Region(name=None, number=None)
+        powered.vol_out = RegionsModelFiQuS.Region(name=None, number=None)
+
+        # Convention: for 2D models we store surface physical tags in the "vol"
+        # fields to keep the RegionsModel structure compatible with 3D templates
+        # and existing .pro logic.
+        if "HTS" in self.physical_surfaces_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name["HTS"]
+            powered.vol.names   = ["HTS"]
+            powered.vol.numbers = [meta["phys_tag"]]
+
+        # HTS boundary curves
+        for edge_name in ["HTS_Upper", "HTS_Lower", "HTS_LeftEdge", "HTS_RightEdge"]:
+            if edge_name in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+                meta = self.physical_curves_by_name[edge_name]
+                powered.surf_th.names.append(edge_name)
+                powered.surf_th.numbers.append(meta["phys_tag"])
+
+
+        # Induced - Substrate + Stabilizer layers
+        rm.induced["Stabilizer"] = RegionsModelFiQuS.Induced()
+        induced = rm.induced["Stabilizer"]
+
+        # Initialise all induced list-valued fields
+        for fld in ("vol", "surf_th", "surf_in", "surf_out", "cochain"):
+            getattr(induced, fld).names   = []
+            getattr(induced, fld).numbers = []
+
+        # Metallic layer volumes (2D surfaces)
+        metal_layers = [
+            "Substrate",
+            "SilverTop", "SilverBottom",
+            "CopperTop", "CopperBottom",
+            "CopperLeft", "CopperRight",
+        ]
+
+        for layer in metal_layers:
+            if layer in self.physical_surfaces_by_name:
+                meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name[layer]
+                induced.vol.names.append(layer)
+                induced.vol.numbers.append(meta["phys_tag"])
+
+        # Outer air boundary shared with the stabilizer
+        if "Air_Outer" in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_curves_by_name["Air_Outer"]
+            induced.surf_out.names   = ["Air_Outer"]
+            induced.surf_out.numbers = [meta["phys_tag"]]
+
+        # Metallic layer boundary edges
+        edge_suffixes = ["Upper", "Lower", "LeftEdge", "RightEdge"]
+
+        for layer in metal_layers:
+            for suffix in edge_suffixes:
+                name = f"{layer}_{suffix}"
+                if name in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+                    meta = self.physical_curves_by_name[name]
+                    induced.surf_th.names.append(name)
+                    induced.surf_th.numbers.append(meta["phys_tag"])
+
+        # Explicit interface curves between layers
+        interface_groups = [
+            "Buffer Layer",
+            "HTS_Silver_Interface",
+            "HTS_CopperTop_Interface",
+            "HTS_CopperLeft_Interface",
+            "HTS_CopperRight_Interface",
+            "SilverTop_CopperTop_Interface",
+            "SilverBottom_CopperBottom_Interface",
+            "Substrate_SilverBottom_Interface",
+            "Substrate_CopperBottom_Interface",
+            "Substrate_CopperLeft_Interface",
+            "Substrate_CopperRight_Interface",
+        ]
+
+        for name in interface_groups:
+            if name in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+                meta = self.physical_curves_by_name[name]
+                induced.surf_th.names.append(name)
+                induced.surf_th.numbers.append(meta["phys_tag"])
+
+
+        # Air region
+        if "Air" in self.physical_surfaces_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_surfaces_by_name["Air"]
+            rm.air.vol.name   = "Air"
+            rm.air.vol.number = meta["phys_tag"]
+
+        if "Air_Outer" in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_curves_by_name["Air_Outer"]
+            rm.air.surf.name   = "Air_Outer"
+            rm.air.surf.number = meta["phys_tag"]
+
+        if "Air_Inner" in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_curves_by_name["Air_Inner"]
+            rm.air.line.name   = "Air_Inner"
+            rm.air.line.number = meta["phys_tag"]
+
+        if "Gauging_point" in self.physical_points_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_points_by_name["Gauging_point"]
+            rm.air.point.names   = ["Gauging_point"]
+            rm.air.point.numbers = [meta["phys_tag"]]
+
+        # Cut for transport current
+        if "Cut" in self.physical_curves_by_name:
+            meta = self.physical_curves_by_name["Cut"]
+            rm.air.cochain.names   = ["Cut"]
+            rm.air.cochain.numbers = [meta["phys_tag"]]
+
+
+        # Write the regions file and log
+        FilesAndFolders.write_data_to_yaml(self.regions_file, rm.model_dump())
+        logger.info(f"[Mesh-CC] Regions file written to: {self.regions_file}")
+
+
+    def generate_cuts(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Generate cohomology basis functions for the CACCC model.
+        """
+        # Transport current cut
+        air_inner = self.physical_curves_by_name["Air_Inner"]
+        air_surf = self.physical_surfaces_by_name["Air"]
+        
+        # Request one 1D cut cycle (homology) and the corresponding 1D cohomology
+        # basis inside the Air surface. This supports transport-current handling in
+        # h-phi formulations.
+        gmsh.model.mesh.addHomologyRequest(
+            "Homology", domainTags=[air_inner["phys_tag"]], dims=[1]
+        )
+        gmsh.model.mesh.addHomologyRequest(
+            "Cohomology", domainTags=[air_surf["phys_tag"]], dims=[1]
+        )
+
+        # computeHomology() returns tags of generated chains/physical groups.
+        # The indexing below follows Gmsh's returned ordering for our request pair.
+        cuts = gmsh.model.mesh.computeHomology()
+
+        # Rearrange so that positive currents have deterministic orientation.
+        gmsh.model.mesh.clearHomologyRequests()
+        gmsh.plugin.setString(
+            "HomologyPostProcessing",
+            "PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains",
+            str(cuts[1][1]),
+        )
+        gmsh.plugin.setString(
+            "HomologyPostProcessing",
+            "PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains2",
+            str(cuts[0][1]),
+        )
+        gmsh.plugin.run("HomologyPostProcessing")
+
+        # Store the physical group tag for later use (e.g. writing to the regions file).
+        # The "+1" matches the physical group id created by the post-processing plugin.
+        meta: Dict[str, Any] = {"dim": 1, "phys_tag": cuts[1][1] + 1}
+        self.physical_curves_by_name["Cut"] = meta