fakesnow 0.9.35__py3-none-any.whl → 0.9.37__py3-none-any.whl

fakesnow/transforms/__init__.py

@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from pathlib import Path
-from string import Template
-from typing import ClassVar, cast
-
-import sqlglot
-from sqlglot import exp
-
 from fakesnow.transforms.merge import merge as merge
 from fakesnow.transforms.show import (
     show_columns as show_columns,
@@ -19,1361 +12,56 @@ from fakesnow.transforms.show import (
     show_users as show_users,
     show_warehouses as show_warehouses,
 )
-from fakesnow.variables import Variables
-
-SUCCESS_NOP = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT 'Statement executed successfully.' as status")
-
-
-def alias_in_join(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Select)
-        and (aliases := {e.args.get("alias"): e for e in expression.expressions if isinstance(e, exp.Alias)})
-        and (joins := expression.args.get("joins"))
-    ):
-        j: exp.Join
-        for j in joins:
-            if (
-                (on := j.args.get("on"))
-                and (col := on.this)
-                and (isinstance(col, exp.Column))
-                and (alias := aliases.get(col.this))
-                # don't rewrite col with table identifier
-                and not col.table
-            ):
-                col.args["this"] = alias.this
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def alter_table_strip_cluster_by(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Turn alter table cluster by into a no-op"""
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Alter)
-        and (actions := expression.args.get("actions"))
-        and len(actions) == 1
-        and (isinstance(actions[0], exp.Cluster))
-    ):
-        return SUCCESS_NOP
-    return expression
-
-
-def array_size(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.ArraySize):
-        # return null if not json array
-        jal = exp.Anonymous(this="json_array_length", expressions=[expression.this])
-        is_json_array = exp.EQ(
-            this=exp.Anonymous(this="json_type", expressions=[expression.this]),
-            expression=exp.Literal(this="ARRAY", is_string=True),
-        )
-        return exp.Case(ifs=[exp.If(this=is_json_array, true=jal)])
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def array_agg(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.ArrayAgg) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Window):
-        return exp.Anonymous(this="TO_JSON", expressions=[expression])
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Window) and isinstance(expression.this, exp.ArrayAgg):
-        return exp.Anonymous(this="TO_JSON", expressions=[expression])
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def array_agg_within_group(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert ARRAY_AGG(<expr>) WITHIN GROUP (<order-by-clause>) to ARRAY_AGG( <expr> <order-by-clause> )
-    Snowflake uses ARRAY_AGG(<expr>) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY <order-by-clause>)
-    to order the array, but DuckDB uses ARRAY_AGG( <expr> <order-by-clause> ).
-    See;
-        - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/array_agg
-        - https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates.html#order-by-clause-in-aggregate-functions
-    Note; Snowflake has following restriction;
-            If you specify DISTINCT and WITHIN GROUP, both must refer to the same column.
-          Transformation does not handle this restriction.
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.WithinGroup)
-        and (agg := expression.find(exp.ArrayAgg))
-        and (order := expression.expression)
-    ):
-        return exp.ArrayAgg(
-            this=exp.Order(
-                this=agg.this,
-                expressions=order.expressions,
-            )
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def create_clone(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform create table clone to create table as select."""
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Create)
-        and str(expression.args.get("kind")).upper() == "TABLE"
-        and (clone := expression.find(exp.Clone))
-    ):
-        return exp.Create(
-            this=expression.this,
-            kind="TABLE",
-            expression=exp.Select(
-                expressions=[
-                    exp.Star(),
-                ],
-                **{"from": exp.From(this=clone.this)},
-            ),
-        )
-    return expression
-
-
-# TODO: move this into a Dialect as a transpilation
-def create_database(expression: exp.Expression, db_path: Path | None = None) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform create database to attach database.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("CREATE database foo").transform(create_database).sql()
-        'ATTACH DATABASE ':memory:' as foo'
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression, with the database name stored in the create_db_name arg.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Create) and str(expression.args.get("kind")).upper() == "DATABASE":
-        ident = expression.find(exp.Identifier)
-        assert ident, f"No identifier in {expression.sql}"
-        db_name = ident.this
-        db_file = f"{db_path / db_name}.db" if db_path else ":memory:"
-
-        if_not_exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else ""
-
-        return exp.Command(
-            this="ATTACH",
-            expression=exp.Literal(this=f"{if_not_exists}DATABASE '{db_file}' AS {db_name}", is_string=True),
-            create_db_name=db_name,
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-SQL_DESCRIBE_TABLE = Template(
-    """
-SELECT
-    column_name AS "name",
-    CASE WHEN data_type = 'NUMBER' THEN 'NUMBER(' || numeric_precision || ',' || numeric_scale || ')'
-         WHEN data_type = 'TEXT' THEN 'VARCHAR(' || coalesce(character_maximum_length,16777216)  || ')'
-         WHEN data_type = 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ' THEN 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ(9)'
-         WHEN data_type = 'TIMESTAMP_TZ' THEN 'TIMESTAMP_TZ(9)'
-         WHEN data_type = 'TIME' THEN 'TIME(9)'
-         WHEN data_type = 'BINARY' THEN 'BINARY(8388608)'
-        ELSE data_type END AS "type",
-    'COLUMN' AS "kind",
-    CASE WHEN is_nullable = 'YES' THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END AS "null?",
-    column_default AS "default",
-    'N' AS "primary key",
-    'N' AS "unique key",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "check",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "expression",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "comment",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "policy name",
-    NULL::JSON AS "privacy domain",
-FROM _fs_information_schema._fs_columns
-WHERE table_catalog = '${catalog}' AND table_schema = '${schema}' AND table_name = '${table}'
-ORDER BY ordinal_position
-"""
-)
-
-SQL_DESCRIBE_INFO_SCHEMA = Template(
-    """
-SELECT
-    column_name AS "name",
-    column_type as "type",
-    'COLUMN' AS "kind",
-    CASE WHEN "null" = 'YES' THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END AS "null?",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "default",
-    'N' AS "primary key",
-    'N' AS "unique key",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "check",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "expression",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "comment",
-    NULL::VARCHAR AS "policy name",
-    NULL::JSON AS "privacy domain",
-FROM (DESCRIBE ${view})
-"""
+from fakesnow.transforms.transforms import (
+    SUCCESS_NOP as SUCCESS_NOP,
+    alias_in_join as alias_in_join,
+    alter_table_strip_cluster_by as alter_table_strip_cluster_by,
+    array_agg as array_agg,
+    array_agg_within_group as array_agg_within_group,
+    array_size as array_size,
+    create_clone as create_clone,
+    create_database as create_database,
+    create_user as create_user,
+    dateadd_date_cast as dateadd_date_cast,
+    dateadd_string_literal_timestamp_cast as dateadd_string_literal_timestamp_cast,
+    datediff_string_literal_timestamp_cast as datediff_string_literal_timestamp_cast,
+    describe_table as describe_table,
+    drop_schema_cascade as drop_schema_cascade,
+    extract_comment_on_columns as extract_comment_on_columns,
+    extract_comment_on_table as extract_comment_on_table,
+    extract_text_length as extract_text_length,
+    flatten as flatten,
+    flatten_value_cast_as_varchar as flatten_value_cast_as_varchar,
+    float_to_double as float_to_double,
+    identifier as identifier,
+    indices_to_json_extract as indices_to_json_extract,
+    information_schema_databases as information_schema_databases,
+    information_schema_fs_columns as information_schema_fs_columns,
+    information_schema_fs_tables as information_schema_fs_tables,
+    information_schema_fs_views as information_schema_fs_views,
+    integer_precision as integer_precision,
+    json_extract_cased_as_varchar as json_extract_cased_as_varchar,
+    json_extract_cast_as_varchar as json_extract_cast_as_varchar,
+    json_extract_precedence as json_extract_precedence,
+    object_construct as object_construct,
+    random as random,
+    regex_replace as regex_replace,
+    regex_substr as regex_substr,
+    sample as sample,
+    semi_structured_types as semi_structured_types,
+    set_schema as set_schema,
+    sha256 as sha256,
+    split as split,
+    tag as tag,
+    timestamp_ntz as timestamp_ntz,
+    to_date as to_date,
+    to_decimal as to_decimal,
+    to_timestamp as to_timestamp,
+    to_timestamp_ntz as to_timestamp_ntz,
+    trim_cast_varchar as trim_cast_varchar,
+    try_parse_json as try_parse_json,
+    try_to_decimal as try_to_decimal,
+    update_variables as update_variables,
+    upper_case_unquoted_identifiers as upper_case_unquoted_identifiers,
+    values_columns as values_columns,
 )
-
-
-def describe_table(
-    expression: exp.Expression, current_database: str | None = None, current_schema: str | None = None
-) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Redirect to the information_schema._fs_columns to match snowflake.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/desc-table
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Describe)
-        and (kind := expression.args.get("kind"))
-        and isinstance(kind, str)
-        and kind.upper() in ("TABLE", "VIEW")
-        and (table := expression.find(exp.Table))
-    ):
-        catalog = table.catalog or current_database
-        schema = table.db or current_schema
-
-        if schema and schema.upper() == "_FS_INFORMATION_SCHEMA":
-            # describing an information_schema view
-            # (schema already transformed from information_schema -> _fs_information_schema)
-            return sqlglot.parse_one(SQL_DESCRIBE_INFO_SCHEMA.substitute(view=f"{schema}.{table.name}"), read="duckdb")
-
-        return sqlglot.parse_one(
-            SQL_DESCRIBE_TABLE.substitute(catalog=catalog, schema=schema, table=table.name),
-            read="duckdb",
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def drop_schema_cascade(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:  #
-    """Drop schema cascade.
-
-    By default duckdb won't delete a schema if it contains tables, whereas snowflake will.
-    So we add the cascade keyword to mimic snowflake's behaviour.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("DROP SCHEMA schema1").transform(remove_comment).sql()
-        'DROP SCHEMA schema1 cascade'
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if (
-        not isinstance(expression, exp.Drop)
-        or not (kind := expression.args.get("kind"))
-        or not isinstance(kind, str)
-        or kind.upper() != "SCHEMA"
-    ):
-        return expression
-
-    new = expression.copy()
-    new.args["cascade"] = True
-    return new
-
-
-def dateadd_date_cast(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Cast result of DATEADD to DATE if the given expression is a cast to DATE
-       and unit is either DAY, WEEK, MONTH or YEAR to mimic Snowflake's DATEADD
-       behaviour.
-
-    Snowflake;
-        SELECT DATEADD(DAY, 3, '2023-03-03'::DATE) as D;
-            D: 2023-03-06 (DATE)
-    DuckDB;
-        SELECT CAST('2023-03-03' AS DATE) + INTERVAL 3 DAY AS D
-            D: 2023-03-06 00:00:00 (TIMESTAMP)
-    """
-
-    if not isinstance(expression, exp.DateAdd):
-        return expression
-
-    if expression.unit is None:
-        return expression
-
-    if not isinstance(expression.unit.this, str):
-        return expression
-
-    if (unit := expression.unit.this.upper()) and unit.upper() not in {"DAY", "WEEK", "MONTH", "YEAR"}:
-        return expression
-
-    if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Cast):
-        return expression
-
-    if expression.this.to.this != exp.DataType.Type.DATE:
-        return expression
-
-    return exp.Cast(
-        this=expression,
-        to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.DATE, nested=False, prefix=False),
-    )
-
-
-def dateadd_string_literal_timestamp_cast(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Snowflake's DATEADD function implicitly casts string literals to
-    timestamps regardless of unit.
-    """
-    if not isinstance(expression, exp.DateAdd):
-        return expression
-
-    if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) or not expression.this.is_string:
-        return expression
-
-    new_dateadd = expression.copy()
-    new_dateadd.set(
-        "this",
-        exp.Cast(
-            this=expression.this,
-            # TODO: support TIMESTAMP_TYPE_MAPPING of TIMESTAMP_LTZ/TZ
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, nested=False, prefix=False),
-        ),
-    )
-
-    return new_dateadd
-
-
-def datediff_string_literal_timestamp_cast(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Snowflake's DATEDIFF function implicitly casts string literals to
-    timestamps regardless of unit.
-    """
-
-    if not isinstance(expression, exp.DateDiff):
-        return expression
-
-    op1 = expression.this.copy()
-    op2 = expression.expression.copy()
-
-    if isinstance(op1, exp.Literal) and op1.is_string:
-        op1 = exp.Cast(
-            this=op1,
-            # TODO: support TIMESTAMP_TYPE_MAPPING of TIMESTAMP_LTZ/TZ
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, nested=False, prefix=False),
-        )
-
-    if isinstance(op2, exp.Literal) and op2.is_string:
-        op2 = exp.Cast(
-            this=op2,
-            # TODO: support TIMESTAMP_TYPE_MAPPING of TIMESTAMP_LTZ/TZ
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, nested=False, prefix=False),
-        )
-
-    new_datediff = expression.copy()
-    new_datediff.set("this", op1)
-    new_datediff.set("expression", op2)
-
-    return new_datediff
-
-
-def extract_comment_on_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Extract column comments, removing it from the Expression.
-
-    duckdb doesn't support comments. So we remove them from the expression and store them in the column_comment arg.
-    We also replace the transform the expression to NOP if the statement can't be executed by duckdb.
-
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression, with any comment stored in the new 'table_comment' arg.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Alter) and (actions := expression.args.get("actions")):
-        new_actions: list[exp.Expression] = []
-        col_comments: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
-        for a in actions:
-            if isinstance(a, exp.AlterColumn) and (comment := a.args.get("comment")):
-                col_comments.append((a.name, comment.this))
-            else:
-                new_actions.append(a)
-        if not new_actions:
-            expression = SUCCESS_NOP.copy()
-        else:
-            expression.set("actions", new_actions)
-        expression.args["col_comments"] = col_comments
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def extract_comment_on_table(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Extract table comment, removing it from the Expression.
-
-    duckdb doesn't support comments. So we remove them from the expression and store them in the table_comment arg.
-    We also replace the transform the expression to NOP if the statement can't be executed by duckdb.
-
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression, with any comment stored in the new 'table_comment' arg.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Create) and (table := expression.find(exp.Table)):
-        comment = None
-        if props := cast(exp.Properties, expression.args.get("properties")):
-            other_props = []
-            for p in props.expressions:
-                if isinstance(p, exp.SchemaCommentProperty) and (isinstance(p.this, (exp.Literal, exp.Var))):
-                    comment = p.this.this
-                else:
-                    other_props.append(p)
-
-            new = expression.copy()
-            new_props: exp.Properties = new.args["properties"]
-            new_props.set("expressions", other_props)
-            new.args["table_comment"] = (table, comment)
-            return new
-    elif (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Comment)
-        and (cexp := expression.args.get("expression"))
-        and (table := expression.find(exp.Table))
-    ):
-        new = SUCCESS_NOP.copy()
-        new.args["table_comment"] = (table, cexp.this)
-        return new
-    elif (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Alter)
-        and (sexp := expression.find(exp.AlterSet))
-        and (scp := sexp.find(exp.SchemaCommentProperty))
-        and isinstance(scp.this, exp.Literal)
-        and (table := expression.find(exp.Table))
-    ):
-        new = SUCCESS_NOP.copy()
-        new.args["table_comment"] = (table, scp.this.this)
-        return new
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def extract_text_length(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Extract length of text columns.
-
-    duckdb doesn't have fixed-sized text types. So we capture the size of text types and store that in the
-    character_maximum_length arg.
-
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The original expression, with any text lengths stored in the new 'text_lengths' arg.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, (exp.Create, exp.Alter)):
-        text_lengths = []
-
-        # exp.Select is for a ctas, exp.Schema is a plain definition
-        if cols := expression.find(exp.Select, exp.Schema):
-            expressions = cols.expressions
-        else:
-            # alter table
-            expressions = expression.args.get("actions") or []
-        for e in expressions:
-            if dts := [
-                dt for dt in e.find_all(exp.DataType) if dt.this in (exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
-            ]:
-                col_name = e.alias if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) else e.name
-                if len(dts) == 1 and (dt_size := dts[0].find(exp.DataTypeParam)):
-                    size = (
-                        isinstance(dt_size.this, exp.Literal)
-                        and isinstance(dt_size.this.this, str)
-                        and int(dt_size.this.this)
-                    )
-                else:
-                    size = 16777216
-                text_lengths.append((col_name, size))
-
-        if text_lengths:
-            expression.args["text_lengths"] = text_lengths
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def flatten(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Flatten an array.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/flatten
-
-    TODO: support objects.
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Lateral)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode)
-        and (alias := expression.args.get("alias"))
-        # always true; when no explicit alias provided this will be flattened
-        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
-    ):
-        explode_expression = expression.this.this.expression
-
-        value = exp.Cast(
-            this=explode_expression,
-            to=exp.DataType(
-                this=exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY,
-                expressions=[exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.JSON, nested=False, prefix=False)],
-                nested=True,
-            ),
-        )
-
-        return exp.Subquery(
-            this=exp.Select(
-                expressions=[
-                    exp.Unnest(
-                        expressions=[value],
-                        alias=exp.Identifier(this="VALUE", quoted=False),
-                    ),
-                    exp.Alias(
-                        this=exp.Sub(
-                            this=exp.Anonymous(
-                                this="generate_subscripts", expressions=[value, exp.Literal(this="1", is_string=False)]
-                            ),
-                            expression=exp.Literal(this="1", is_string=False),
-                        ),
-                        alias=exp.Identifier(this="INDEX", quoted=False),
-                    ),
-                ],
-            ),
-            alias=exp.TableAlias(this=alias.this),
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def flatten_value_cast_as_varchar(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Return raw unquoted string when flatten VALUE is cast to varchar.
-
-    Returns a raw string using the Duckdb ->> operator, aka the json_extract_string function, see
-    https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/json#json-extraction-functions
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Column)
-        and expression.this.name.upper() == "VALUE"
-        and expression.to.this in [exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT]
-        and (select := expression.find_ancestor(exp.Select))
-        and select.find(exp.Explode)
-    ):
-        return exp.JSONExtractScalar(this=expression.this, expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=[exp.JSONPathRoot()]))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def float_to_double(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert float to double for 64 bit precision.
-
-    Snowflake floats are all 64 bit (ie: double)
-    see https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-numeric#float-float4-float8
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.DataType) and expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT:
-        expression.args["this"] = exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def identifier(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert identifier function to an identifier.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifier-literal
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, str)
-        and expression.this.upper() == "IDENTIFIER"
-    ):
-        expression = exp.Identifier(this=expression.expressions[0].this, quoted=False)
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def indices_to_json_extract(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert indices on objects and arrays to json_extract or json_extract_string
-
-    Supports Snowflake array indices, see
-    https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured#accessing-elements-of-an-array-by-index-or-by-slice
-    and object indices, see
-    https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured#accessing-elements-of-an-object-by-key
-
-    Duckdb uses the -> operator, aka the json_extract function, see
-    https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/json#json-extraction-functions
-
-    This works for Snowflake arrays too because we convert them to JSON in duckdb.
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Bracket)
-        and len(expression.expressions) == 1
-        and (index := expression.expressions[0])
-        and isinstance(index, exp.Literal)
-        and index.this
-    ):
-        if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast) and expression.parent.to.this == exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR:
-            # If the parent is a cast to varchar, we need to use JSONExtractScalar
-            # to get the unquoted string value.
-            klass = exp.JSONExtractScalar
-        else:
-            klass = exp.JSONExtract
-        if index.is_string:
-            return klass(this=expression.this, expression=exp.Literal(this=f"$.{index.this}", is_string=True))
-        else:
-            return klass(this=expression.this, expression=exp.Literal(this=f"$[{index.this}]", is_string=True))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def information_schema_fs_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Redirect to the _FS_COLUMNS view which has metadata that matches snowflake.
-
-    Because duckdb doesn't store character_maximum_length or character_octet_length.
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Table)
-        and expression.db
-        and expression.db.upper() == "INFORMATION_SCHEMA"
-        and expression.name
-        and expression.name.upper() == "COLUMNS"
-    ):
-        expression.set("this", exp.Identifier(this="_FS_COLUMNS", quoted=False))
-        expression.set("db", exp.Identifier(this="_FS_INFORMATION_SCHEMA", quoted=False))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def information_schema_databases(
-    expression: exp.Expression,
-    current_schema: str | None = None,
-) -> exp.Expression:
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Table)
-        and (
-            expression.db.upper() == "INFORMATION_SCHEMA"
-            or (current_schema and current_schema.upper() == "INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
-        )
-        and expression.name.upper() == "DATABASES"
-    ):
-        return exp.Table(
-            this=exp.Identifier(this="DATABASES", quoted=False),
-            db=exp.Identifier(this="_FS_INFORMATION_SCHEMA", quoted=False),
-        )
-    return expression
-
-
-def information_schema_fs_tables(
-    expression: exp.Expression,
-) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Use _FS_TABLES to access additional metadata columns (eg: comment)."""
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Select)
-        and (tbl := expression.find(exp.Table))
-        and tbl.db.upper() == "INFORMATION_SCHEMA"
-        and tbl.name.upper() == "TABLES"
-    ):
-        tbl.set("this", exp.Identifier(this="_FS_TABLES", quoted=False))
-        tbl.set("db", exp.Identifier(this="_FS_INFORMATION_SCHEMA", quoted=False))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def information_schema_fs_views(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Use _FS_VIEWS to return Snowflake's version instead of duckdb's."""
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Select)
-        and (tbl := expression.find(exp.Table))
-        and tbl.db.upper() == "INFORMATION_SCHEMA"
-        and tbl.name.upper() == "VIEWS"
-    ):
-        tbl.set("this", exp.Identifier(this="_FS_VIEWS", quoted=False))
-        tbl.set("db", exp.Identifier(this="_FS_INFORMATION_SCHEMA", quoted=False))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-NUMBER_38_0 = [
-    exp.DataTypeParam(this=exp.Literal(this="38", is_string=False)),
-    exp.DataTypeParam(this=exp.Literal(this="0", is_string=False)),
-]
-
-
-def integer_precision(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert integers and number(38,0) to bigint.
-
-    So fetch_all will return int and dataframes will return them with a dtype of int64.
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.DataType)
-        and expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL
-        and (not expression.expressions or expression.expressions == NUMBER_38_0)
-    ) or expression.this in (exp.DataType.Type.INT, exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT, exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT):
-        return exp.DataType(
-            this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT,
-            nested=False,
-            prefix=False,
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def json_extract_cased_as_varchar(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert json to varchar inside JSONExtract.
-
-    Snowflake case conversion (upper/lower) turns variant into varchar. This
-    mimics that behaviour within get_path.
-
-    TODO: a generic version that works on any variant, not just JSONExtract
-
-    Returns a raw string using the Duckdb ->> operator, aka the json_extract_string function, see
-    https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/json#json-extraction-functions
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, (exp.Upper, exp.Lower))
-        and (gp := expression.this)
-        and isinstance(gp, exp.JSONExtract)
-        and (path := gp.expression)
-        and isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath)
-    ):
-        expression.set("this", exp.JSONExtractScalar(this=gp.this, expression=path))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def json_extract_cast_as_varchar(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Return raw unquoted string when casting json extraction to varchar.
-
-    Returns a raw string using the Duckdb ->> operator, aka the json_extract_string function, see
-    https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/json#json-extraction-functions
-    """
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast)
-        and (je := expression.this)
-        and isinstance(je, exp.JSONExtract)
-        and (path := je.expression)
-        and isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath)
-    ):
-        je.replace(exp.JSONExtractScalar(this=je.this, expression=path))
-    return expression
-
-
-def json_extract_precedence(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Associate json extract operands to avoid duckdb operators of higher precedence transforming the expression.
-
-    See https://github.com/tekumara/fakesnow/issues/53
-    """
-    if isinstance(expression, (exp.JSONExtract, exp.JSONExtractScalar)):
-        return exp.Paren(this=expression)
-    return expression
-
-
-def random(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert random() and random(seed).
-
-    Snowflake random() is an signed 64 bit integer.
-    Duckdb random() is a double between 0 and 1 and uses setseed() to set the seed.
-    """
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select) and (rand := expression.find(exp.Rand)):
-        # shift result to between min and max signed 64bit integer
-        new_rand = exp.Cast(
-            this=exp.Paren(
-                this=exp.Mul(
-                    this=exp.Paren(this=exp.Sub(this=exp.Rand(), expression=exp.Literal(this="0.5", is_string=False))),
-                    expression=exp.Literal(this="9223372036854775807", is_string=False),
-                )
-            ),
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, nested=False, prefix=False),
-        )
-
-        rand.replace(new_rand)
-
-        # convert seed to double between 0 and 1 by dividing by max INTEGER (int32)
-        # (not max BIGINT (int64) because we don't have enough floating point precision to distinguish seeds)
-        # then attach to SELECT as the seed arg
-        # (we can't attach it to exp.Rand because it will be rendered in the sql)
-        if rand.this and isinstance(rand.this, exp.Literal):
-            expression.args["seed"] = f"{rand.this}/2147483647-0.5"
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def sample(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.TableSample) and not expression.args.get("method"):
-        # set snowflake default (bernoulli) rather than use the duckdb default (system)
-        # because bernoulli works better at small row sizes like we have in tests
-        expression.set("method", exp.Var(this="BERNOULLI"))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def object_construct(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert OBJECT_CONSTRUCT to TO_JSON.
-
-    Internally snowflake stores OBJECT types as a json string, so the Duckdb JSON type most closely matches.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
-    """
-
-    if not isinstance(expression, exp.Struct):
-        return expression
-
-    non_null_expressions = []
-    for e in expression.expressions:
-        if not (isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ)):
-            non_null_expressions.append(e)
-            continue
-
-        left = e.left
-        right = e.right
-
-        left_is_null = isinstance(left, exp.Null)
-        right_is_null = isinstance(right, exp.Null)
-
-        if left_is_null or right_is_null:
-            continue
-
-        non_null_expressions.append(e)
-
-    new_struct = expression.copy()
-    new_struct.set("expressions", non_null_expressions)
-    return exp.Anonymous(this="TO_JSON", expressions=[new_struct])
-
-
-def regex_replace(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform regex_replace expressions from snowflake to duckdb."""
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.RegexpReplace) and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Literal):
-        if len(expression.args) > 3:
-            # see https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/regexp_replace
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                "REGEXP_REPLACE with additional parameters (eg: <position>, <occurrence>, <parameters>)"
-            )
-
-        # pattern: snowflake requires escaping backslashes in single-quoted string constants, but duckdb doesn't
-        # see https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-regexp#label-regexp-escape-character-caveats
-        expression.args["expression"] = exp.Literal(
-            this=expression.expression.this.replace("\\\\", "\\"), is_string=True
-        )
-
-        if not expression.args.get("replacement"):
-            # if no replacement string, the snowflake default is ''
-            expression.args["replacement"] = exp.Literal(this="", is_string=True)
-
-        # snowflake regex replacements are global
-        expression.args["modifiers"] = exp.Literal(this="g", is_string=True)
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def regex_substr(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform regex_substr expressions from snowflake to duckdb.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/regexp_substr
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.RegexpExtract):
-        subject = expression.this
-
-        # pattern: snowflake requires escaping backslashes in single-quoted string constants, but duckdb doesn't
-        # see https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-regexp#label-regexp-escape-character-caveats
-        pattern = expression.expression
-        pattern.args["this"] = pattern.this.replace("\\\\", "\\")
-
-        # number of characters from the beginning of the string where the function starts searching for matches
-        position = expression.args["position"] or exp.Literal(this="1", is_string=False)
-
-        # which occurrence of the pattern to match
-        occurrence = expression.args["occurrence"]
-        occurrence = int(occurrence.this) if occurrence else 1
-
-        # the duckdb dialect increments bracket (ie: index) expressions by 1 because duckdb is 1-indexed,
-        # so we need to compensate by subtracting 1
-        occurrence = exp.Literal(this=str(occurrence - 1), is_string=False)
-
-        if parameters := expression.args["parameters"]:
-            # 'e' parameter doesn't make sense for duckdb
-            regex_parameters = exp.Literal(this=parameters.this.replace("e", ""), is_string=True)
-        else:
-            regex_parameters = exp.Literal(is_string=True)
-
-        group_num = expression.args["group"]
-        if not group_num:
-            if isinstance(regex_parameters.this, str) and "e" in regex_parameters.this:
-                group_num = exp.Literal(this="1", is_string=False)
-            else:
-                group_num = exp.Literal(this="0", is_string=False)
-
-        expression = exp.Bracket(
-            this=exp.Anonymous(
-                this="regexp_extract_all",
-                expressions=[
-                    # slice subject from position onwards
-                    exp.Bracket(this=subject, expressions=[exp.Slice(this=position)]),
-                    pattern,
-                    group_num,
-                    regex_parameters,
-                ],
-            ),
-            # select index of occurrence
-            expressions=[occurrence],
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-# TODO: move this into a Dialect as a transpilation
-def set_schema(expression: exp.Expression, current_database: str | None) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform USE SCHEMA/DATABASE to SET schema.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("USE SCHEMA bar").transform(set_schema, current_database="foo").sql()
-        "SET schema = 'foo.bar'"
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("USE SCHEMA foo.bar").transform(set_schema).sql()
-        "SET schema = 'foo.bar'"
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("USE DATABASE marts").transform(set_schema).sql()
-        "SET schema = 'marts.main'"
-
-        See tests for more examples.
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: A SET schema expression if the input is a USE
-            expression, otherwise expression is returned as-is.
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Use)
-        and (kind := expression.args.get("kind"))
-        and isinstance(kind, exp.Var)
-        and kind.name
-        and kind.name.upper() in ["SCHEMA", "DATABASE"]
-    ):
-        assert expression.this, f"No identifier for USE expression {expression}"
-
-        if kind.name.upper() == "DATABASE":
-            # duckdb's default schema is main
-            database = expression.this.name
-            return exp.Command(
-                this="SET", expression=exp.Literal.string(f"schema = '{database}.main'"), set_database=database
-            )
-        else:
-            # SCHEMA
-            if db := expression.this.args.get("db"):  # noqa: SIM108
-                db_name = db.name
-            else:
-                # isn't qualified with a database
-                db_name = current_database
-
-            # assertion always true because check_db_schema is called before this
-            assert db_name
-
-            schema = expression.this.name
-            return exp.Command(
-                this="SET", expression=exp.Literal.string(f"schema = '{db_name}.{schema}'"), set_schema=schema
-            )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def split(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """
-    Convert output of duckdb str_split from varchar[] to JSON array to match Snowflake.
-    """
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Split):
-        return exp.Anonymous(this="to_json", expressions=[expression])
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def tag(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Handle tags. Transfer tags into upserts of the tag table.
-
-    duckdb doesn't support tags. In lieu of a full implementation, for now we make it a NOP.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("ALTER TABLE table1 SET TAG foo='bar'").transform(tag).sql()
-        "SELECT 'Statement executed successfully.'"
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Alter) and (actions := expression.args.get("actions")):
-        for a in actions:
-            if isinstance(a, exp.AlterSet) and a.args.get("tag"):
-                return SUCCESS_NOP
-    elif (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Command)
-        and (cexp := expression.args.get("expression"))
-        and isinstance(cexp, str)
-        and "SET TAG" in cexp.upper()
-    ):
-        # alter table modify column set tag
-        return SUCCESS_NOP
-    elif (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Create)
-        and (kind := expression.args.get("kind"))
-        and isinstance(kind, str)
-        and kind.upper() == "TAG"
-    ):
-        return SUCCESS_NOP
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def to_date(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert to_date() to a cast.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_date
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT to_date(to_timestamp(0))").transform(to_date).sql()
-        "SELECT CAST(DATE_TRUNC('day', TO_TIMESTAMP(0)) AS DATE)"
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, str)
-        and expression.this.upper() == "TO_DATE"
-    ):
-        return exp.Cast(
-            this=expression.expressions[0],
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.DATE, nested=False, prefix=False),
-        )
-    return expression
-
-
-def _get_to_number_args(e: exp.ToNumber) -> tuple[exp.Expression | None, exp.Expression | None, exp.Expression | None]:
-    arg_format = e.args.get("format")
-    arg_precision = e.args.get("precision")
-    arg_scale = e.args.get("scale")
-
-    _format = None
-    _precision = None
-    _scale = None
-
-    # to_number(value, <format>, <precision>, <scale>)
-    if arg_format:
-        if arg_format.is_string:
-            # to_number('100', 'TM9' ...)
-            _format = arg_format
-
-            # to_number('100', 'TM9', 10 ...)
-            if arg_precision:
-                _precision = arg_precision
-
-                # to_number('100', 'TM9', 10, 2)
-                if arg_scale:
-                    _scale = arg_scale
-        else:
-            # to_number('100', 10, ...)
-            # arg_format is not a string, so it must be precision.
-            _precision = arg_format
-
-            # to_number('100', 10, 2)
-            # And arg_precision must be scale
-            if arg_precision:
-                _scale = arg_precision
-    elif arg_precision:
-        _precision = arg_precision
-        if arg_scale:
-            _scale = arg_scale
-
-    return _format, _precision, _scale
-
-
-def _to_decimal(expression: exp.Expression, cast_node: type[exp.Cast]) -> exp.Expression:
-    expressions: list[exp.Expression] = expression.expressions
-
-    if len(expressions) > 1 and expressions[1].is_string:
-        # see https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_decimal#arguments
-        raise NotImplementedError(f"{expression.this} with format argument")
-
-    precision = expressions[1] if len(expressions) > 1 else exp.Literal(this="38", is_string=False)
-    scale = expressions[2] if len(expressions) > 2 else exp.Literal(this="0", is_string=False)
-
-    return cast_node(
-        this=expressions[0],
-        to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL, expressions=[precision, scale], nested=False, prefix=False),
-    )
-
-
-def to_decimal(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform to_decimal, to_number, to_numeric expressions from snowflake to duckdb.
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_decimal
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.ToNumber):
-        format_, precision, scale = _get_to_number_args(expression)
-        if format_:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f"{expression.this} with format argument")
-
-        if not precision:
-            precision = exp.Literal(this="38", is_string=False)
-        if not scale:
-            scale = exp.Literal(this="0", is_string=False)
-
-        return exp.Cast(
-            this=expression.this,
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL, expressions=[precision, scale], nested=False, prefix=False),
-        )
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, str)
-        and expression.this.upper() in ["TO_DECIMAL", "TO_NUMERIC"]
-    ):
-        return _to_decimal(expression, exp.Cast)
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def try_to_decimal(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform try_to_decimal, try_to_number, try_to_numeric expressions from snowflake to duckdb.
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/try_to_decimal
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, str)
-        and expression.this.upper() in ["TRY_TO_DECIMAL", "TRY_TO_NUMBER", "TRY_TO_NUMERIC"]
-    ):
-        return _to_decimal(expression, exp.TryCast)
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def to_timestamp(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert to_timestamp(seconds) to timestamp without timezone (ie: TIMESTAMP_NTZ).
-
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.UnixToTime):
-        return exp.Cast(
-            this=expression,
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, nested=False, prefix=False),
-        )
-    return expression
-
-
-def to_timestamp_ntz(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert to_timestamp_ntz to to_timestamp (StrToTime).
-
-    Because it's not yet supported by sqlglot, see https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/issues/2748
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous) and (
-        isinstance(expression.this, str) and expression.this.upper() == "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ"
-    ):
-        return exp.StrToTime(
-            this=expression.expressions[0],
-            format=exp.Literal(this="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", is_string=True),
-        )
-    return expression
-
-
-def timestamp_ntz(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert timestamp_ntz (snowflake) to timestamp (duckdb).
-
-    NB: timestamp_ntz defaults to nanosecond precision (ie: NTZ(9)). The duckdb equivalent is TIMESTAMP_NS.
-    However we use TIMESTAMP (ie: microsecond precision) here rather than TIMESTAMP_NS to avoid
-    https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/issues/7980 in test_write_pandas_timestamp_ntz.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.DataType) and expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ:
-        return exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def trim_cast_varchar(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Snowflake's TRIM casts input to VARCHAR implicitly."""
-
-    if not (isinstance(expression, exp.Trim)):
-        return expression
-
-    operand = expression.this
-    if isinstance(operand, exp.Cast) and operand.to.this in [exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT]:
-        return expression
-
-    return exp.Trim(
-        this=exp.Cast(this=operand, to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, nested=False, prefix=False))
-    )
-
-
-def try_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert TRY_PARSE_JSON() to TRY_CAST(... as JSON).
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("select try_parse_json('{}')").transform(parse_json).sql()
-        "SELECT TRY_CAST('{}' AS JSON)"
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and isinstance(expression.this, str)
-        and expression.this.upper() == "TRY_PARSE_JSON"
-    ):
-        expressions = expression.expressions
-        return exp.TryCast(
-            this=expressions[0],
-            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.JSON, nested=False),
-        )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def semi_structured_types(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert OBJECT, ARRAY, and VARIANT types to duckdb compatible types.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("CREATE TABLE table1 (name object)").transform(semi_structured_types).sql()
-        "CREATE TABLE table1 (name JSON)"
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.DataType) and expression.this in [
-        exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY,
-        exp.DataType.Type.OBJECT,
-        exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT,
-    ]:
-        new = expression.copy()
-        new.args["this"] = exp.DataType.Type.JSON
-        return new
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def upper_case_unquoted_identifiers(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Upper case unquoted identifiers.
-
-    Snowflake represents case-insensitivity using upper-case identifiers in cursor results.
-    duckdb uses lowercase. We convert all unquoted identifiers to uppercase to match snowflake.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("select name, name as fname from table1").transform(upper_case_unquoted_identifiers).sql()
-        'SELECT NAME, NAME AS FNAME FROM TABLE1'
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not expression.quoted and isinstance(expression.this, str):
-        new = expression.copy()
-        new.set("this", expression.this.upper())
-        return new
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def values_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Support column1, column2 expressions in VALUES.
-
-    Snowflake uses column1, column2 .. for unnamed columns in VALUES. Whereas duckdb uses col0, col1 ..
-    See https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/values#examples
-    """
-
-    if (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Values)
-        and not expression.alias
-        and expression.find_ancestor(exp.Select)
-        and (values := expression.find(exp.Tuple))
-    ):
-        num_columns = len(values.expressions)
-        columns = [exp.Identifier(this=f"COLUMN{i + 1}", quoted=True) for i in range(num_columns)]
-        expression.set("alias", exp.TableAlias(this=exp.Identifier(this="_", quoted=False), columns=columns))
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def create_user(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Transform CREATE USER to a query against the global database's information_schema._fs_users table.
-
-    https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-user
-    """
-    # XXX: this is a placeholder. We need to implement the full CREATE USER syntax, but
-    #      sqlglot doesnt yet support Create for snowflake.
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.Command) and expression.this == "CREATE":
-        sub_exp = expression.expression.strip()
-        if sub_exp.upper().startswith("USER"):
-            _, name, *ignored = sub_exp.split(" ")
-            if ignored:
-                raise NotImplementedError(f"`CREATE USER` with {ignored}")
-            return sqlglot.parse_one(
-                f"INSERT INTO _fs_global._fs_information_schema._fs_users (name) VALUES ('{name}')", read="duckdb"
-            )
-
-    return expression
-
-
-def update_variables(
-    expression: exp.Expression,
-    variables: Variables,
-) -> exp.Expression:
-    if Variables.is_variable_modifier(expression):
-        variables.update_variables(expression)
-        return SUCCESS_NOP  # Nothing further to do if its a SET/UNSET operation.
-    return expression
-
-
-class SHA256(exp.Func):
-    _sql_names: ClassVar = ["SHA256"]
-    arg_types: ClassVar = {"this": True}
-
-
-def sha256(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
-    """Convert sha2() or sha2_hex() to sha256().
-
-    Convert sha2_binary() to unhex(sha256()).
-
-    Example:
-        >>> import sqlglot
-        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("insert into table1 (name) select sha2('foo')").transform(sha256).sql()
-        "INSERT INTO table1 (name) SELECT SHA256('foo')"
-    Args:
-        expression (exp.Expression): the expression that will be transformed.
-
-    Returns:
-        exp.Expression: The transformed expression.
-    """
-
-    if isinstance(expression, exp.SHA2) and expression.args.get("length", exp.Literal.number(256)).this == "256":
-        return SHA256(this=expression.this)
-    elif (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and expression.this.upper() == "SHA2_HEX"
-        and (
-            len(expression.expressions) == 1
-            or (len(expression.expressions) == 2 and expression.expressions[1].this == "256")
-        )
-    ):
-        return SHA256(this=expression.expressions[0])
-    elif (
-        isinstance(expression, exp.Anonymous)
-        and expression.this.upper() == "SHA2_BINARY"
-        and (
-            len(expression.expressions) == 1
-            or (len(expression.expressions) == 2 and expression.expressions[1].this == "256")
-        )
-    ):
-        return exp.Unhex(this=SHA256(this=expression.expressions[0]))
-
-    return expression