evalscope 0.9.0__py3-none-any.whl → 0.10.1__py3-none-any.whl

evalscope/benchmarks/ifeval/instructions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1477 @@
+# Copyright 2023 The Google Research Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Library of instructions."""
+
+import collections
+import json
+import logging
+import random
+import re
+import string
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+from evalscope.benchmarks.ifeval import instructions_util
+
+_InstructionArgsDtype = Optional[Dict[str, Union[int, str, Sequence[str]]]]
+
+_LANGUAGES = instructions_util.LANGUAGE_CODES
+
+# The relational operation for comparison.
+_COMPARISON_RELATION = ('less than', 'at least')
+
+# The maximum number of sentences.
+_MAX_NUM_SENTENCES = 20
+
+# The number of placeholders.
+_NUM_PLACEHOLDERS = 4
+
+# The number of bullet lists.
+_NUM_BULLETS = 5
+
+# The options of constrained response.
+_CONSTRAINED_RESPONSE_OPTIONS = (
+    'My answer is yes.',
+    'My answer is no.',
+    'My answer is maybe.',
+)
+
+# The options of starter keywords.
+_STARTER_OPTIONS = (
+    'I would say',
+    'My answer is',
+    'I believe',
+    'In my opinion',
+    'I think',
+    'I reckon',
+    'I feel',
+    'From my perspective',
+    'As I see it',
+    'According to me',
+    "As far as I'm concerned",
+    'To my understanding',
+    'In my view',
+    'My take on it is',
+    'As per my perception',
+)
+
+# The options of ending keywords.
+# TODO(jeffreyzhou) add more ending options
+_ENDING_OPTIONS = ('Any other questions?', 'Is there anything else I can help with?')
+
+# The number of highlighted sections.
+_NUM_HIGHLIGHTED_SECTIONS = 4
+
+# The section splitter.
+_SECTION_SPLITER = ('Section', 'SECTION')
+
+# The number of sections.
+_NUM_SECTIONS = 5
+
+# The number of paragraphs.
+_NUM_PARAGRAPHS = 5
+
+# The postscript marker.
+_POSTSCRIPT_MARKER = ('P.S.', 'P.P.S')
+
+# The number of keywords.
+_NUM_KEYWORDS = 2
+
+# The occurrences of a single keyword.
+_KEYWORD_FREQUENCY = 3
+
+# The occurrences of a single letter.
+_LETTER_FREQUENCY = 10
+
+# The occurrences of words with all capital letters.
+_ALL_CAPITAL_WORD_FREQUENCY = 20
+
+# The number of words in the response.
+_NUM_WORDS_LOWER_LIMIT = 100
+_NUM_WORDS_UPPER_LIMIT = 500
+
+
+class Instruction:
+    """An instruction template."""
+
+    def __init__(self, instruction_id):
+        self.id = instruction_id
+
+    def build_description(self, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError('`build_description` not implemented.')
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('`get_instruction_args` not implemented.')
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('`get_instruction_args_keys` not implemented.')
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError('`check_following` not implemented.')
+
+
+class ResponseLanguageChecker(Instruction):
+    """Check the language of the entire response."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, language=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          language: A string representing the expected language of the response. The
+            language has to comply to the 97 types defined in
+            `langid.py` (https://pypi.org/project/langid/1.1.5/), which follows
+            ISO 639-1 codes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes);
+            for example, `en` for English, `zh` for Chinese, `fr` for French.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._language = language
+        if self._language is None:
+            self._language = random.choice(list(_LANGUAGES.keys()))
+        # TODO(tianjianlu): opens the description generation to more choices.
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your ENTIRE response should be in {language} language, no other '
+                                     + 'language is allowed.')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(language=_LANGUAGES[self._language])
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'language': self._language}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['language']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Check if the language of the entire response follows the instruction.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the language of `value` follows instruction; otherwise False.
+        """
+        assert isinstance(value, str)
+        import langdetect
+        try:
+            return langdetect.detect(value) == self._language
+        except langdetect.LangDetectException as e:
+            # Count as instruction is followed.
+            logging.error('Unable to detect language for text %s due to %s', value, e)  # refex: disable=pytotw.037
+            return True
+
+
+class NumberOfSentences(Instruction):
+    """Check the number of sentences."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, num_sentences=None, relation=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_sentences: An integer specifying the number of sentences as a
+            threshold.
+          relation: A string in (`less than`, `at least`), defining the relational
+            operator for comparison.
+            Two relational comparisons are supported for now:
+            if 'less than', the actual number of sentences < the threshold;
+            if 'at least', the actual number of sentences >= the threshold.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        # The number of sentences as a threshold for comparison.
+        self._num_sentences_threshold = num_sentences
+        if self._num_sentences_threshold is None or self._num_sentences_threshold < 0:
+            self._num_sentences_threshold = random.randint(1, _MAX_NUM_SENTENCES)
+
+        if relation is None:
+            self._comparison_relation = random.choice(_COMPARISON_RELATION)
+        elif relation not in _COMPARISON_RELATION:
+            raise ValueError('The supported relation for comparison must be in '
+                             f'{_COMPARISON_RELATION}, but {relation} is given.')
+        else:
+            self._comparison_relation = relation
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your response should contain {relation} {num_sentences} sentences.')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(
+            relation=self._comparison_relation,
+            num_sentences=self._num_sentences_threshold,
+        )
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {
+            'num_sentences': self._num_sentences_threshold,
+            'relation': self._comparison_relation,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_sentences', 'relation']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Check if the number of sentences follows the instruction.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the response follows the instruction.
+
+        Raise:
+            ValueError if the string in `instruction_args` is not in
+            [`less_than`, `at_least`].
+        """
+        num_sentences = instructions_util.count_sentences(value)
+        if self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[0]:
+            return num_sentences < self._num_sentences_threshold
+        elif self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[1]:
+            return num_sentences >= self._num_sentences_threshold
+
+
+class PlaceholderChecker(Instruction):
+    """Check the placeholders in template writing."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, num_placeholders=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_placeholders: An integer denoting the minimum number of
+            placeholders required in the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._num_placeholders = num_placeholders
+        if self._num_placeholders is None or self._num_placeholders < 0:
+            self._num_placeholders = random.randint(1, _NUM_PLACEHOLDERS)
+        self._description_pattern = ('The response must contain at least {num_placeholders} placeholders '
+                                     + 'represented by square brackets, such as [address].')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(num_placeholders=self._num_placeholders)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'num_placeholders': self._num_placeholders}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_placeholders']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Check if the number of placeholders follows the instruction.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the actual number of placeholders in the response is greater than
+          or equal to `num_placeholders`; otherwise, False.
+        """
+        placeholders = re.findall(r'\[.*?\]', value)
+        num_placeholders = len(placeholders)
+        return num_placeholders >= self._num_placeholders
+
+
+class BulletListChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the bullet list in the prompt."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, num_bullets=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_bullets: An integer specifying the exact number of bullet lists
+            that is required to appear in the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._num_bullets = num_bullets
+        if self._num_bullets is None or self._num_bullets < 0:
+            self._num_bullets = random.randint(1, _NUM_BULLETS)
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your answer must contain exactly {num_bullets} bullet points. '
+                                     + 'Use the markdown bullet points such as:\n' + '* This is point 1. \n'
+                                     + '* This is point 2')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(num_bullets=self._num_bullets)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'num_bullets': self._num_bullets}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_bullets']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        r"""Check if the number of bullet lists meets the requirement.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response. The response is expected to
+            contain some bullet lists that start with `\*`.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the actual number of bullet lists in the response meets the
+          requirement.
+        """
+        bullet_lists = re.findall(r'^\s*\*[^\*].*$', value, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        bullet_lists_2 = re.findall(r'^\s*-.*$', value, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        num_bullet_lists = len(bullet_lists) + len(bullet_lists_2)
+        return num_bullet_lists == self._num_bullets
+
+
+class ConstrainedResponseChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the constrained response."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        # A sequence of string(s) representing the options of the expected response.
+        self._constrained_responses = _CONSTRAINED_RESPONSE_OPTIONS
+        self._description_pattern = ('Answer with one of the following options: {response_options}')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(response_options=self._constrained_responses)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response matches the constrained options.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the actual response contains one of the options in the constrained
+          responses; otherwise False.
+        """
+        value = value.strip()
+        for constrained_response in self._constrained_responses:
+            if constrained_response in value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+class ConstrainedStartChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the response start."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, starter=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          starter: A string representing the keyword that the response should start
+            with.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._starter = starter.strip() if isinstance(starter, str) else starter
+        if self._starter is None:
+            self._starter = random.choice(_STARTER_OPTIONS)
+        self._description_pattern = ('During the conversation, when it is your turn, '
+                                     + 'please always start with {starter}')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(starter=self._starter)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'starter': self._starter}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['starter']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response starts with the constrained keyword or phrase.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the response starts with the given phrase or keyword that is
+          contained in `instruction_args`; otherwise, False.
+        """
+        response_pattern = r'^\s*' + self._starter + r'.*$'
+        response_with_constrained_start = re.search(response_pattern, value, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        return True if response_with_constrained_start else False
+
+
+class HighlightSectionChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the highlighted section."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, num_highlights=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_highlights: An integer specifying the minimum number of highlighted
+            sections.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._num_highlights = num_highlights
+        if self._num_highlights is None or self._num_highlights < 0:
+            self._num_highlights = random.randint(1, _NUM_HIGHLIGHTED_SECTIONS)
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('Highlight at least {num_highlights} sections in your answer with '
+                                     + 'markdown, i.e. *highlighted section*.')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(num_highlights=self._num_highlights)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'num_highlights': self._num_highlights}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_highlights']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the number of highlighted sections meets the requirement.
+
+        Args:
+          value: a string representing the response. The response is expected to
+            contain highlighted sections in the format of *highlighted*.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the actual number of highlighted sections in the format of
+          *highlighted sections* meets the minimum requirement; otherwise False.
+        """
+        num_highlights = 0
+        highlights = re.findall(r'\*[^\n\*]*\*', value)
+        double_highlights = re.findall(r'\*\*[^\n\*]*\*\*', value)
+        for highlight in highlights:
+            if highlight.strip('*').strip():
+                num_highlights += 1
+        for highlight in double_highlights:
+            if highlight.removeprefix('**').removesuffix('**').strip():
+                num_highlights += 1
+
+        return num_highlights >= self._num_highlights
+
+
+class SectionChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the sections."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, section_spliter=None, num_sections=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          section_spliter: A string represents the section spliter keyword that
+            marks a new section, i.e., `Section` or `SECTION`.
+          num_sections: An integer specifying the number of sections.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._section_spliter = (section_spliter.strip() if isinstance(section_spliter, str) else section_spliter)
+        if self._section_spliter is None:
+            self._section_spliter = random.choice(_SECTION_SPLITER)
+
+        self._num_sections = num_sections
+        if self._num_sections is None or self._num_sections < 0:
+            self._num_sections = random.randint(1, _NUM_SECTIONS)
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your response must have {num_sections} sections. Mark the beginning '
+                                     + 'of each section with {section_spliter} X, such as:\n' + '{section_spliter} 1\n'
+                                     + '[content of section 1]\n' + '{section_spliter} 2\n' + '[content of section 2]')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(num_sections=self._num_sections, section_spliter=self._section_spliter)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {
+            'section_spliter': self._section_spliter,
+            'num_sections': self._num_sections,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['section_spliter', 'num_sections']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks the response contains multiple sections.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response. The response is expected
+            to contain multiple sections (number of sections is greater than 1).
+            A new section starts with `Section 1`, where the number denotes the
+            section index.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the number of sections in the response is greater than or equal to
+          the minimum number of sections; otherwise, False.
+        """
+        section_splitter_patten = r'\s?' + self._section_spliter + r'\s?\d+\s?'
+        sections = re.split(section_splitter_patten, value)
+        num_sections = len(sections) - 1
+        return num_sections >= self._num_sections
+
+
+class ParagraphChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the paragraphs."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, num_paragraphs=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_paragraphs: An integer specifying the number of paragraphs.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._num_paragraphs = num_paragraphs
+        if self._num_paragraphs is None or self._num_paragraphs < 0:
+            self._num_paragraphs = random.randint(1, _NUM_PARAGRAPHS)
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('There should be {num_paragraphs} paragraphs. '
+                                     + 'Paragraphs are separated with the markdown divider: ***')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(num_paragraphs=self._num_paragraphs)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'num_paragraphs': self._num_paragraphs}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_paragraphs']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks the response contains required number of paragraphs.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response. The response may contain
+            paragraphs that are separated by the markdown divider: `***`.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the actual number of paragraphs is the same as required;
+          otherwise, False.
+        """
+        paragraphs = re.split(r'\s?\*\*\*\s?', value)
+        num_paragraphs = len(paragraphs)
+
+        for index, paragraph in enumerate(paragraphs):
+            if not paragraph.strip():
+                if index == 0 or index == len(paragraphs) - 1:
+                    num_paragraphs -= 1
+                else:
+                    return False
+
+        return num_paragraphs == self._num_paragraphs
+
+
+class PostscriptChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the postscript."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, postscript_marker=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          postscript_marker: A string containing the keyword that marks the start
+            of the postscript section.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._postscript_marker = (
+            postscript_marker.strip() if isinstance(postscript_marker, str) else postscript_marker)
+        if self._postscript_marker is None:
+            self._postscript_marker = random.choice(_POSTSCRIPT_MARKER)
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('At the end of your response, please explicitly add a postscript '
+                                     + 'starting with {postscript}')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(postscript=self._postscript_marker)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'postscript_marker': self._postscript_marker}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['postscript_marker']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response follows the postscript format.
+
+        Args:
+          value: a string representing the response. The response is expected to
+            contain a postscript section.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the response contains a postscript section starting with
+          the keyword containing in the `instruction_args`; otherwise False.
+        """
+        value = value.lower()
+        if self._postscript_marker == 'P.P.S':
+            postscript_pattern = r'\s*p\.\s?p\.\s?s.*$'
+        elif self._postscript_marker == 'P.S.':
+            postscript_pattern = r'\s*p\.\s?s\..*$'
+        else:
+            postscript_pattern = r'\s*' + self._postscript_marker.lower() + r'.*$'
+        postscript = re.findall(postscript_pattern, value, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        return True if postscript else False
+
+
+class RephraseChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the rephrase."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, original_message):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          original_message: A string representing the original message. The
+            rephrased response should only change its words/sentences in between
+            its two asterisks, for example, *change me*. Both original and rephrased
+            messages should contain the changes in the form of *change me*.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        if not self.is_change(original_message):
+            raise ValueError(f'Message {original_message} does not contain changes '
+                             'in the form of *change me*.')
+
+        self._reference_without_change = original_message
+        self._description = ('Rephrasing: Your rephrased response should only'
+                             + 'change the words/sentences in between two asterisks' + 'such as *change me*.')
+        return self._description
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'original_message': self._reference_without_change}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['original_message']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        r"""Checks if the rephrasing follows the instruction.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response, which is expected to rephras
+            the string of `instruction_args`.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if `value` and `instruction_args` only differ by the words/sentences
+          in between two asterisks such as *change me*; otherwise, False.
+        """
+
+        if not self.is_change(value):
+            raise ValueError(f'value {value} does not contain '
+                             'changes in the form of *change me*.')
+
+        response_without_changes = self.strip_changes(value)
+        reference_without_changes = self.strip_changes(self._reference_without_change)
+
+        return response_without_changes == reference_without_changes
+
+    def is_change(self, response):
+        """Check if there is change in the response in the form of *change me*."""
+        return re.search(r'\*.*\*', response)
+
+    def strip_changes(self, response):
+        """Strips off the changes."""
+        return re.sub(r'\*.*\*', '', response)
+
+
+class KeywordChecker(Instruction):
+    """Check the exisitence of certain keywords."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, keywords=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          keywords: A sequence of strings representing the keywords that are
+            expected in the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+
+        if not keywords:
+            self._keywords = instructions_util.generate_keywords(num_keywords=_NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        else:
+            self._keywords = keywords
+        self._keywords = sorted(self._keywords)
+
+        self._description_pattern = 'Include keywords {keywords} in the response.'
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(keywords=self._keywords)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'keywords': self._keywords}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['keywords']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Check if the response contain the expected keywords."""
+        for keyword in self._keywords:
+            if not re.search(keyword, value, flags=re.IGNORECASE):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class KeywordFrequencyChecker(Instruction):
+    """Check the keyword frequency."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, keyword=None, frequency=None, relation=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          keyword: A string representing a keyword that is expected in the response.
+          frequency: An integer specifying the number of times `keyword` is expected
+            to appear in the response.
+          relation: A string in (`less than`, `at least`), defining the relational
+            operator for comparison.
+            Two relational comparisons are supported for now:
+            if 'less than', the actual number of occurrences < frequency;
+            if 'at least', the actual number of occurrences >= frequency.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        if not keyword:
+            self._keyword = instructions_util.generate_keywords(num_keywords=1)[0]
+        else:
+            self._keyword = keyword.strip()
+
+        self._frequency = frequency
+        if self._frequency is None or self._frequency < 0:
+            self._frequency = random.randint(1, _KEYWORD_FREQUENCY)
+
+        if relation is None:
+            self._comparison_relation = random.choice(_COMPARISON_RELATION)
+        elif relation not in _COMPARISON_RELATION:
+            raise ValueError('The supported relation for comparison must be in '
+                             f'{_COMPARISON_RELATION}, but {relation} is given.')
+        else:
+            self._comparison_relation = relation
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('In your response, the word {keyword} should appear {relation} '
+                                     + '{frequency} times.')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(
+            keyword=self._keyword,
+            relation=self._comparison_relation,
+            frequency=self._frequency,
+        )
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {
+            'keyword': self._keyword,
+            'frequency': self._frequency,
+            'relation': self._comparison_relation,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['keyword', 'frequency', 'relation']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response contain the keyword with required frequency."""
+        actual_occurrences = len(re.findall(self._keyword, value, flags=re.IGNORECASE))
+
+        if self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[0]:
+            return actual_occurrences < self._frequency
+        elif self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[1]:
+            return actual_occurrences >= self._frequency
+
+
+class NumberOfWords(Instruction):
+    """Checks the number of words."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, num_words=None, relation=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_words: An integer specifying the number of words contained in the
+            response.
+          relation: A string in (`less than`, `at least`), defining the relational
+            operator for comparison.
+            Two relational comparisons are supported for now:
+            if 'less than', the actual number of words < num_words;
+            if 'at least', the actual number of words >= num_words.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+
+        self._num_words = num_words
+        if self._num_words is None or self._num_words < 0:
+            self._num_words = random.randint(_NUM_WORDS_LOWER_LIMIT, _NUM_WORDS_UPPER_LIMIT)
+
+        if relation is None:
+            self._comparison_relation = random.choice(_COMPARISON_RELATION)
+        elif relation not in _COMPARISON_RELATION:
+            raise ValueError('The supported relation for comparison must be in '
+                             f'{_COMPARISON_RELATION}, but {relation} is given.')
+        else:
+            self._comparison_relation = relation
+
+        self._description_pattern = 'Answer with {relation} {num_words} words.'
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(relation=self._comparison_relation, num_words=self._num_words)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'num_words': self._num_words, 'relation': self._comparison_relation}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_words', 'relation']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response contains the expected number of words."""
+        num_words = instructions_util.count_words(value)
+
+        if self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[0]:
+            return num_words < self._num_words
+        elif self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[1]:
+            return num_words >= self._num_words
+
+
+class JsonFormat(Instruction):
+    """Check the Json format."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        self._description_pattern = ('Entire output should be wrapped in JSON format. You can use markdown'
+                                     ' ticks such as ```.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        value = (
+            value.strip().removeprefix('```json').removeprefix('```Json').removeprefix('```JSON').removeprefix(
+                '```').removesuffix('```').strip())
+        try:
+            json.loads(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+
+class ParagraphFirstWordCheck(Instruction):
+    """Check the paragraph and the first word of the nth paragraph."""
+
+    def build_description(self, num_paragraphs=None, nth_paragraph=None, first_word=None):
+        r"""Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          num_paragraphs: An integer indicating the number of paragraphs expected
+            in the response. A paragraph is a subset of the string that is
+            expected to be separated by '\n\n'.
+          nth_paragraph: An integer indicating the paragraph number that we look at.
+            Note that n starts from 1.
+          first_word: A string that represent the first word of the bth paragraph.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._num_paragraphs = num_paragraphs
+        if self._num_paragraphs is None or self._num_paragraphs < 0:
+            self._num_paragraphs = random.randint(1, _NUM_PARAGRAPHS)
+
+        self._nth_paragraph = nth_paragraph
+        if (self._nth_paragraph is None or self._nth_paragraph <= 0 or self._nth_paragraph > self._num_paragraphs):
+            self._nth_paragraph = random.randint(1, self._num_paragraphs + 1)
+
+        self._first_word = first_word
+        if self._first_word is None:
+            self._first_word = instructions_util.generate_keywords(num_keywords=1)[0]
+        self._first_word = self._first_word.lower()
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('There should be {num_paragraphs} paragraphs. '
+                                     + 'Paragraphs and only paragraphs are separated with each other by two '
+                                     + "new lines as if it was '\\n\\n' in python. "
+                                     + 'Paragraph {nth_paragraph} must start with word {first_word}.')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(
+            num_paragraphs=self._num_paragraphs,
+            nth_paragraph=self._nth_paragraph,
+            first_word=self._first_word,
+        )
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {
+            'num_paragraphs': self._num_paragraphs,
+            'nth_paragraph': self._nth_paragraph,
+            'first_word': self._first_word,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_paragraphs', 'nth_paragraph', 'first_word']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks for required number of paragraphs and correct first word.
+
+        Args:
+          value: a string representing the response. The response may contain
+            paragraphs that are separated by two new lines and the first word of
+            the nth paragraph will have to match a specified word.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if the number of paragraphs is the same as required and the first
+          word of the specified paragraph is the same as required. Otherwise, false.
+        """
+
+        paragraphs = re.split(r'\n\n', value)
+        num_paragraphs = len(paragraphs)
+
+        for paragraph in paragraphs:
+            if not paragraph.strip():
+                num_paragraphs -= 1
+
+        # check that index doesn't go out of bounds
+        if self._nth_paragraph <= num_paragraphs:
+            paragraph = paragraphs[self._nth_paragraph - 1].strip()
+            if not paragraph:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return False
+
+        first_word = ''
+        punctuation = {'.', ',', '?', '!', "'", '"'}
+
+        # get first word and remove punctuation
+        word = paragraph.split()[0].strip()
+        # TODO(jeffrey): make more complex?
+        word = word.lstrip("'")
+        word = word.lstrip('"')
+
+        for letter in word:
+            if letter in punctuation:
+                break
+            first_word += letter.lower()
+
+        return num_paragraphs == self._num_paragraphs and first_word == self._first_word
+
+
+# TODO(jeffrey) add relation - at least/at most?
+class KeySentenceChecker(Instruction):
+    """Check the existence of certain key sentences."""
+
+    def build_description(self, key_sentences=None, num_sentences=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          key_sentences: A sequences of strings representing the key sentences that
+            are expected in the response.
+          num_sentences: The number of key sentences that are expected to be seen in
+            the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+
+        if not key_sentences:
+            # TODO(jeffrey) make a generate sentences function? wonderwords package
+            self._key_sentences = set(['For now, this is fine.'])
+        else:
+            self._key_sentences = key_sentences
+
+        if not num_sentences:
+            self._num_sentences = random.randint(1, len(self._key_sentences))
+        else:
+            self._num_sentences = num_sentences
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('Include {num_sentences} of the following sentences {key_sentences}')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(num_sentences=self._num_sentences, key_sentences=self._key_sentences)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {
+            'num_sentences': self._num_sentences,
+            'key_sentences': list(self._key_sentences),
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['num_sentences', 'key_sentences']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response contains the expected key sentences."""
+        count = 0
+        sentences = instructions_util.split_into_sentences(value)
+        for sentence in self._key_sentences:
+            if sentence in sentences:
+                count += 1
+
+        return count == self._num_sentences
+
+
+class ForbiddenWords(Instruction):
+    """Checks that specified words are not used in response."""
+
+    def build_description(self, forbidden_words=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          forbidden_words: A sequences of strings representing words that are not
+            allowed in the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+
+        if not forbidden_words:
+            self._forbidden_words = instructions_util.generate_keywords(num_keywords=_NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        else:
+            self._forbidden_words = list(set(forbidden_words))
+        self._forbidden_words = sorted(self._forbidden_words)
+        self._description_pattern = ('Do not include keywords {forbidden_words} in the response.')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(forbidden_words=self._forbidden_words)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {'forbidden_words': self._forbidden_words}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['forbidden_words']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Check if the response does not contain the expected keywords."""
+        for word in self._forbidden_words:
+            if re.search(r'\b' + word + r'\b', value, flags=re.IGNORECASE):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class RephraseParagraph(Instruction):
+    """Checks that the paragraph is rephrased."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, original_paragraph, low, high):
+        """Builds the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          original_paragraph: A string presenting the original paragraph. The
+            rephrases response should have betweeb low-high words in common.
+          low: An integer presenting the lower bound of similar words.
+          high: An integer representing the upper bound of similar words.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        # TODO(jeffrey) make more encompassing
+        self._original_paragraph = original_paragraph
+        self._low = low
+        self._high = high
+
+        self._description = ('Rephrase the following paragraph: ' + '{original_paragraph}\nYour response should have '
+                             + 'between {low} and {high} of the same words. '
+                             + 'Words are the same if and only if all of the '
+                             + 'letters, ignoring cases, are the same. For '
+                             + "example, 'run' is the same as 'Run' but different " + "to 'ran'.")
+
+        return self._description.format(original_paragraph=original_paragraph, low=self._low, high=self._high)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return {
+            'original_paragraph': self._original_paragraph,
+            'low': self._low,
+            'high': self._high,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['original_paragraph', 'low', 'high']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        val_words = re.findall(r'\w+', value.lower())
+        original_words = re.findall(r'\w+', self._original_paragraph.lower())
+        similar_words = 0
+
+        dict_val = collections.Counter(val_words)
+        dict_original = collections.Counter(original_words)
+
+        for word in dict_original:
+            similar_words += min(dict_original[word], dict_val[word])
+
+        return similar_words >= self._low and similar_words <= self._high
+
+
+class TwoResponsesChecker(Instruction):
+    """Check that two responses were given."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        self._description_pattern = ('Give two different responses. Responses and only responses should'
+                                     ' be separated by 6 asterisk symbols: ******.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of `build_description`."""
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response has two different answers.
+
+        Args:
+          value: A string representing the response.
+
+        Returns:
+          True if two responses are detected and false otherwise.
+        """
+        valid_responses = list()
+        responses = value.split('******')
+        for index, response in enumerate(responses):
+            if not response.strip():
+                if index != 0 and index != len(responses) - 1:
+                    return False
+            else:
+                valid_responses.append(response)
+        return (len(valid_responses) == 2 and valid_responses[0].strip() != valid_responses[1].strip())
+
+
+class RepeatPromptThenAnswer(Instruction):
+    """Checks that Prompt is first repeated then answered."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, prompt_to_repeat=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          prompt_to_repeat: The prompt that is meant to be repeated.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        if not prompt_to_repeat:
+            raise ValueError('prompt_to_repeat must be set.')
+        else:
+            self._prompt_to_repeat = prompt_to_repeat
+        self._description_pattern = ('First repeat the request word for word without change,'
+                                     ' then give your answer (1. do not say any words or characters'
+                                     ' before repeating the request; 2. the request you need to repeat'
+                                     ' does not include this sentence)')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        return {'prompt_to_repeat': self._prompt_to_repeat}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['prompt_to_repeat']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        if value.strip().lower().startswith(self._prompt_to_repeat.strip().lower()):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+
+class EndChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks that the prompt ends with a given phrase."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, end_phrase=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          end_phrase: A string representing the phrase the response should end with.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._end_phrase = (end_phrase.strip() if isinstance(end_phrase, str) else end_phrase)
+        if self._end_phrase is None:
+            self._end_phrase = random.choice(_ENDING_OPTIONS)
+        self._description_pattern = ('Finish your response with this exact phrase {ender}. '
+                                     'No other words should follow this phrase.')
+        return self._description_pattern.format(ender=self._end_phrase)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        return {'end_phrase': self._end_phrase}
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['end_phrase']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response ends with the expected phrase."""
+        value = value.strip().strip('"').lower()
+        self._end_phrase = self._end_phrase.strip().lower()
+        return value.endswith(self._end_phrase)
+
+
+class TitleChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the response for a title."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your answer must contain a title, wrapped in double angular brackets,'
+                                     ' such as <<poem of joy>>.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response contains a title."""
+        pattern = r'<<[^\n]+>>'
+        re_pattern = re.compile(pattern)
+        titles = re.findall(re_pattern, value)
+
+        for title in titles:
+            if title.lstrip('<').rstrip('>').strip():
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+class LetterFrequencyChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks letter frequency."""
+
+    def build_description(self, *, letter=None, let_frequency=None, let_relation=None):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          letter: A string representing a letter that is expected in the response.
+          let_frequency: An integer specifying the number of times `keyword` is
+            expected to appear in the response.
+          let_relation: A string in (`less than`, `at least`), defining the
+            relational operator for comparison. Two relational comparisons are
+            supported for now; if 'less than', the actual number of
+            occurrences < frequency; if 'at least', the actual number of
+            occurrences >= frequency.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        if (not letter or len(letter) > 1 or ord(letter.lower()) < 97 or ord(letter.lower()) > 122):
+            self._letter = random.choice(list(string.ascii_letters))
+        else:
+            self._letter = letter.strip()
+        self._letter = self._letter.lower()
+
+        self._frequency = let_frequency
+        if self._frequency is None or self._frequency < 0:
+            self._frequency = random.randint(1, _LETTER_FREQUENCY)
+
+        if let_relation is None:
+            self._comparison_relation = random.choice(_COMPARISON_RELATION)
+        elif let_relation not in _COMPARISON_RELATION:
+            raise ValueError('The supported relation for comparison must be in '
+                             f'{_COMPARISON_RELATION}, but {let_relation} is given.')
+        else:
+            self._comparison_relation = let_relation
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('In your response, the letter {letter} should appear {let_relation}'
+                                     ' {let_frequency} times.')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(
+            letter=self._letter,
+            let_frequency=self._frequency,
+            let_relation=self._comparison_relation,
+        )
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of build description."""
+        return {
+            'letter': self._letter,
+            'let_frequency': self._frequency,
+            'let_relation': self._comparison_relation,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['letter', 'let_frequency', 'let_relation']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks that the response contains the letter at the right frequency."""
+        value = value.lower()
+        letters = collections.Counter(value)
+
+        if self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[0]:
+            return letters[self._letter] < self._frequency
+        else:
+            return letters[self._letter] >= self._frequency
+
+
+class CapitalLettersEnglishChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks that the response is in english and is in all capital letters."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your entire response should be in English, and in all capital letters.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks that the response is in English and in all capital letters."""
+        assert isinstance(value, str)
+        import langdetect
+        try:
+            return value.isupper() and langdetect.detect(value) == 'en'
+        except langdetect.LangDetectException as e:
+            # Count as instruction is followed.
+            logging.error('Unable to detect language for text %s due to %s', value, e)  # refex: disable=pytotw.037
+            return True
+
+
+class LowercaseLettersEnglishChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks that the response is in english and is in all lowercase letters."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        self._description_pattern = ('Your entire response should be in English, and in all lowercase'
+                                     ' letters. No capital letters are allowed.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks that the response is in English and in all lowercase letters."""
+        assert isinstance(value, str)
+        import langdetect
+        try:
+            return value.islower() and langdetect.detect(value) == 'en'
+        except langdetect.LangDetectException as e:
+            # Count as instruction is followed.
+            logging.error('Unable to detect language for text %s due to %s', value, e)  # refex: disable=pytotw.037
+            return True
+
+
+class CommaChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks the response for no commas."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        self._description_pattern = ('In your entire response, refrain from the use of any commas.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks that the response does not contain commas."""
+        return not re.search(r'\,', value)
+
+
+class CapitalWordFrequencyChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks frequency of words with all capital letters."""
+
+    def build_description(
+        self,
+        capital_frequency=None,
+        capital_relation=None,
+    ):
+        """Build the instruction description.
+
+        Args:
+          capital_frequency: An integer that represents the number of words that
+            should be in all capital letters.
+          capital_relation: A string that is 'at least' or 'at most' that refers to
+            the frequency.
+
+        Returns:
+          A string representing the instruction description.
+        """
+        self._frequency = capital_frequency
+        if self._frequency is None:
+            self._frequency = random.randint(1, _ALL_CAPITAL_WORD_FREQUENCY)
+
+        self._comparison_relation = capital_relation
+        if capital_relation is None:
+            self._comparison_relation = random.choice(_COMPARISON_RELATION)
+        elif capital_relation not in _COMPARISON_RELATION:
+            raise ValueError('The supported relation for comparison must be in '
+                             f'{_COMPARISON_RELATION}, but {capital_relation} is given.')
+
+        self._description_pattern = ('In your response, words with all capital letters should appear'
+                                     ' {relation} {frequency} times.')
+
+        return self._description_pattern.format(frequency=self._frequency, relation=self._comparison_relation)
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of build description."""
+        return {
+            'capital_frequency': self._frequency,
+            'capital_relation': self._comparison_relation,
+        }
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return ['capital_frequency', 'capital_relation']
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks the frequency of words with all capital letters."""
+        # Hyphenated words will count as one word
+        words = instructions_util.nltk.word_tokenize(value)
+        capital_words = [word for word in words if word.isupper()]
+
+        capital_words = len(capital_words)
+
+        if self._comparison_relation == _COMPARISON_RELATION[0]:
+            return capital_words < self._frequency
+        else:
+            return capital_words >= self._frequency
+
+
+class QuotationChecker(Instruction):
+    """Checks response is wrapped with double quotation marks."""
+
+    def build_description(self):
+        """Build the instruction description."""
+        self._description_pattern = ('Wrap your entire response with double quotation marks.')
+        return self._description_pattern
+
+    def get_instruction_args(self):
+        """Returns the keyword args of build description."""
+        return None
+
+    def get_instruction_args_keys(self):
+        """Returns the args keys of `build_description`."""
+        return []
+
+    def check_following(self, value):
+        """Checks if the response is wrapped with double quotation marks."""
+        value = value.strip()
+        return len(value) > 1 and value[0] == '"' and value[-1] == '"'