ethereum-execution 2.18.0rc6.dev2__py3-none-any.whl

ethereum/forks/homestead/blocks.py

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+"""
+A `Block` is a single link in the chain that is Ethereum. Each `Block` contains
+a `Header` and zero or more transactions. Each `Header` contains associated
+metadata like the block number, parent block hash, and how much gas was
+consumed by its transactions.
+
+Together, these blocks form a cryptographically secure journal recording the
+history of all state transitions that have happened since the genesis of the
+chain.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Tuple
+
+from ethereum_types.bytes import Bytes, Bytes8, Bytes32
+from ethereum_types.frozen import slotted_freezable
+from ethereum_types.numeric import U256, Uint
+
+from ethereum.crypto.hash import Hash32
+
+from .fork_types import Address, Bloom, Root
+from .transactions import Transaction
+
+
+@slotted_freezable
+@dataclass
+class Header:
+    """
+    Header portion of a block on the chain, containing metadata and
+    cryptographic commitments to the block's contents.
+    """
+
+    parent_hash: Hash32
+    """
+    Hash ([`keccak256`]) of the parent block's header, encoded with [RLP].
+
+    [`keccak256`]: ref:ethereum.crypto.hash.keccak256
+    [RLP]: https://ethereum.github.io/ethereum-rlp/src/ethereum_rlp/rlp.py.html
+    """
+
+    ommers_hash: Hash32
+    """
+    Hash ([`keccak256`]) of the ommers (uncle blocks) in this block, encoded
+    with [RLP].
+
+    [`keccak256`]: ref:ethereum.crypto.hash.keccak256
+    [RLP]: https://ethereum.github.io/ethereum-rlp/src/ethereum_rlp/rlp.py.html
+    """
+
+    coinbase: Address
+    """
+    Address of the miner who mined this block.
+
+    The coinbase address receives the block reward and all transaction fees
+    (gas price * gas used) from included transactions in the block.
+    """
+
+    state_root: Root
+    """
+    Root hash ([`keccak256`]) of the state trie after executing all
+    transactions in this block. It represents the state of the Ethereum Virtual
+    Machine (EVM) after all transactions in this block have been processed. It
+    is computed using the [`state_root()`] function, which computes the root
+    of the Merkle-Patricia [Trie] representing the Ethereum world state.
+
+    [`keccak256`]: ref:ethereum.crypto.hash.keccak256
+    [`state_root()`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.state.state_root
+    [Trie]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.trie.Trie
+    """
+
+    transactions_root: Root
+    """
+    Root hash ([`keccak256`]) of the transactions trie, which contains all
+    transactions included in this block in their original order. It is computed
+    using the [`root()`] function over the Merkle-Patricia [trie] of
+    transactions as the parameter.
+
+    [`keccak256`]: ref:ethereum.crypto.hash.keccak256
+    [`root()`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.trie.root
+    [Trie]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.trie.Trie
+    """
+
+    receipt_root: Root
+    """
+    Root hash ([`keccak256`]) of the receipts trie, which contains all receipts
+    for transactions in this block. It is computed using the [`root()`]
+    function over the Merkle-Patricia [trie] constructed from the receipts.
+
+    [`keccak256`]: ref:ethereum.crypto.hash.keccak256
+    [`root()`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.trie.root
+    [Trie]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.trie.Trie
+    """
+
+    bloom: Bloom
+    """
+    Bloom filter for logs generated by transactions in this block.
+    Constructed from all logs in the block using the [logs bloom] mechanism.
+
+    [logs bloom]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.bloom.logs_bloom
+    """
+
+    difficulty: Uint
+    """
+    Difficulty of the block, used in Proof-of-Work to determine the effort
+    required to mine the block. This value adjusts over time to maintain a
+    relatively constant block time and is computed using the
+    [`calculate_block_difficulty()`] function.
+
+    [`calculate_block_difficulty()`]:
+    ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.fork.calculate_block_difficulty
+    """
+
+    number: Uint
+    """
+    Block number, (height) in the chain.
+    """
+
+    gas_limit: Uint
+    """
+    Maximum gas allowed in this block. Pre [EIP-1559], this is the maximum
+    gas that could be consumed by all transactions in the block.
+
+    [EIP-1559]: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559
+    """
+
+    gas_used: Uint
+    """
+    Total gas used by all transactions in this block.
+    """
+
+    timestamp: U256
+    """
+    Timestamp of when the block was mined, in seconds since the unix epoch.
+    """
+
+    extra_data: Bytes
+    """
+    Arbitrary data included by the miner.
+    """
+
+    mix_digest: Bytes32
+    """
+    Mix hash used in the mining process, which is a cryptographic commitment
+    to the block's contents. It [validates][u] that PoW was done on the correct
+    block.
+
+    [u]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.fork.validate_proof_of_work
+    """
+
+    nonce: Bytes8
+    """
+    Nonce used in the mining process, which is a value that miners
+    increment to find a valid block hash. This is also used to [validate][v]
+    the proof-of-work for this block.
+
+    [v]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.fork.validate_proof_of_work
+    """
+
+
+@slotted_freezable
+@dataclass
+class Block:
+    """
+    A complete block on Ethereum, which is composed of a block [`header`],
+    a list of transactions, and a list of ommers (also known as uncle blocks).
+
+    The block [`header`] includes PoW-specific fields such as `difficulty`,
+    `nonce`, and `ommersHash`, which relate to the mining process. The
+    `coinbase` field denotes the address receiving mining and transaction
+    fees.
+
+    The header also contains commitments to the current state (`stateRoot`),
+    the transactions (`transactionsRoot`), and the transaction receipts
+    (`receiptsRoot`). It also includes a bloom filter which summarizes log
+    data from the transactions.
+
+    Ommers are used to provide rewards for near-valid mined blocks that didn't
+    become part of the canonical chain.
+
+    [`header`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.blocks.Header
+    """
+
+    header: Header
+    """
+    The block header containing metadata and cryptographic commitments. Refer
+    [headers] for more details on the fields included in the header.
+
+    [headers]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.blocks.Header
+    """
+
+    transactions: Tuple[Transaction, ...]
+    """
+    A tuple of transactions included in this block.
+    """
+
+    ommers: Tuple[Header, ...]
+    """
+    A tuple of ommers (uncle blocks) included in this block. Ommers are
+    blocks that were mined at the same time as this block but were not
+    included in the main chain.
+    """
+
+
+@slotted_freezable
+@dataclass
+class Log:
+    """
+    Data record produced during the execution of a transaction. Logs are used
+    by smart contracts to emit events (using the EVM log opcodes ([`LOG0`],
+    [`LOG1`], [`LOG2`], [`LOG3`] and [`LOG4`]), which can be efficiently
+    searched using the bloom filter in the block header.
+
+    [`LOG0`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.vm.instructions.log.log0
+    [`LOG1`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.vm.instructions.log.log1
+    [`LOG2`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.vm.instructions.log.log2
+    [`LOG3`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.vm.instructions.log.log3
+    [`LOG4`]: ref:ethereum.forks.homestead.vm.instructions.log.log4
+    """
+
+    address: Address
+    """
+    The address of the contract that emitted the log.
+    """
+
+    topics: Tuple[Hash32, ...]
+    """
+    A tuple of up to four topics associated with the log, used for filtering.
+    """
+
+    data: Bytes
+    """
+    The data payload of the log, which can contain any arbitrary data.
+    """
+
+
+@slotted_freezable
+@dataclass
+class Receipt:
+    """
+    Result of a transaction execution. Receipts are included in the receipts
+    trie.
+    """
+
+    post_state: Root
+    """
+    Root of the global state after executing this transaction.
+    """
+
+    cumulative_gas_used: Uint
+    """
+    Total gas used in the block up to and including this transaction.
+    """
+
+    bloom: Bloom
+    """
+    Bloom filter for logs generated by this transaction. This is a 2048-byte
+    bit array that allows for efficient filtering of logs.
+    """
+
+    logs: Tuple[Log, ...]
+    """
+    A tuple of logs generated by this transaction. Each log contains the
+    address of the contract that emitted it, a tuple of topics, and the data
+    payload.
+    """

ethereum/forks/homestead/bloom.py

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+"""
+Ethereum Logs Bloom.
+
+.. contents:: Table of Contents
+    :backlinks: none
+    :local:
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+This modules defines functions for calculating bloom filters of logs. For the
+general theory of bloom filters see e.g. `Wikipedia
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter>`_. Bloom filters are used to allow
+for efficient searching of logs by address and/or topic, by rapidly
+eliminating blocks and receipts from their search.
+"""
+
+from typing import Tuple
+
+from ethereum_types.bytes import Bytes
+from ethereum_types.numeric import Uint
+
+from ethereum.crypto.hash import keccak256
+
+from .blocks import Log
+from .fork_types import Bloom
+
+
+def add_to_bloom(bloom: bytearray, bloom_entry: Bytes) -> None:
+    """
+    Add a bloom entry to the bloom filter (`bloom`).
+
+    The number of hash functions used is 3. They are calculated by taking the
+    least significant 11 bits from the first 3 16-bit words of the
+    `keccak_256()` hash of `bloom_entry`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    bloom :
+        The bloom filter.
+    bloom_entry :
+        An entry which is to be added to bloom filter.
+
+    """
+    hashed = keccak256(bloom_entry)
+
+    for idx in (0, 2, 4):
+        # Obtain the least significant 11 bits from the pair of bytes
+        # (16 bits), and set this bit in bloom bytearray.
+        # The obtained bit is 0-indexed in the bloom filter from the least
+        # significant bit to the most significant bit.
+        bit_to_set = Uint.from_be_bytes(hashed[idx : idx + 2]) & Uint(0x07FF)
+        # Below is the index of the bit in the bytearray (where 0-indexed
+        # byte is the most significant byte)
+        bit_index = 0x07FF - int(bit_to_set)
+
+        byte_index = bit_index // 8
+        bit_value = 1 << (7 - (bit_index % 8))
+        bloom[byte_index] = bloom[byte_index] | bit_value
+
+
+def logs_bloom(logs: Tuple[Log, ...]) -> Bloom:
+    """
+    Obtain the logs bloom from a list of log entries.
+
+    The address and each topic of a log are added to the bloom filter.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    logs :
+        List of logs for which the logs bloom is to be obtained.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    logs_bloom : `Bloom`
+        The logs bloom obtained which is 256 bytes with some bits set as per
+        the caller address and the log topics.
+
+    """
+    bloom: bytearray = bytearray(b"\x00" * 256)
+
+    for log in logs:
+        add_to_bloom(bloom, log.address)
+        for topic in log.topics:
+            add_to_bloom(bloom, topic)
+
+    return Bloom(bloom)