epanet-plus 0.2.1__cp311-cp311-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

epanet-src/qualreact.c

@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+/*
+******************************************************************************
+Project:      OWA EPANET
+Version:      2.3
+Module:       qualreact.c
+Description:  computes water quality reactions within pipes and tanks
+Authors:      see AUTHORS
+Copyright:    see AUTHORS
+License:      see LICENSE
+Last Updated: 12/16/2024
+******************************************************************************
+*/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include "types.h"
+
+// Exported functions
+char    setreactflag(Project *);
+double  getucf(double);
+void    ratecoeffs(Project *);
+void    reactpipes(Project *, long);
+void    reacttanks(Project *, long);
+double  mixtank(Project *, int, double, double ,double);
+
+// Imported functions
+extern  void addseg(Project *, int, double, double);
+extern  void reversesegs(Project *, int);
+
+// Local functions
+static double  piperate(Project *, int);
+static double  pipereact(Project *, int, double, double, long);
+static double  tankreact(Project *, double, double, double, long);
+static double  bulkrate(Project *, double, double, double);
+static double  wallrate(Project *, double, double, double, double);
+
+static void    tankmix1(Project *, int, double, double, double);
+static void    tankmix2(Project *, int, double, double, double);
+static void    tankmix3(Project *, int, double, double, double);
+static void    tankmix4(Project *, int, double, double, double);
+
+
+char setreactflag(Project *pr)
+/*
+**-----------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   none
+**   Output:  returns 1 for reactive WQ constituent, 0 otherwise
+**   Purpose: checks if reactive chemical being simulated
+**-----------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network *net = &pr->network;
+    int i;
+
+    if (pr->quality.Qualflag == TRACE) return 0;
+    else if (pr->quality.Qualflag == AGE)   return 1;
+    else
+    {
+        for (i = 1; i <= net->Nlinks; i++)
+        {
+            if (net->Link[i].Type <= PIPE)
+            {
+                if (net->Link[i].Kb != 0.0 || net->Link[i].Kw != 0.0) return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        for (i = 1; i <= net->Ntanks; i++)
+        {
+            if (net->Tank[i].Kb != 0.0) return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+double getucf(double order)
+/*
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   order = bulk reaction order
+**   Output:  returns a unit conversion factor
+**   Purpose: converts bulk reaction rates from per Liter to
+**            per FT3 basis
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    if (order < 0.0)  order = 0.0;
+    if (order == 1.0) return (1.0);
+    else return (1. / pow(LperFT3, (order - 1.0)));
+}
+
+
+void ratecoeffs(Project *pr)
+/*
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   none
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: determines wall reaction coeff. for each pipe
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network  *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality  *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int k;
+    double kw;
+
+    for (k = 1; k <= net->Nlinks; k++)
+    {
+        kw = net->Link[k].Kw;
+        if (kw != 0.0)  kw = piperate(pr, k);
+        net->Link[k].Rc = kw;
+        qual->PipeRateCoeff[k] = 0.0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+void reactpipes(Project *pr, long dt)
+/*
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   dt = time step
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: reacts water within each pipe over a time step.
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network  *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality  *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int k;
+    Pseg seg;
+    double cseg, rsum, vsum;
+
+    // Examine each link in network
+    for (k = 1; k <= net->Nlinks; k++)
+    {
+        // Skip non-pipe links (pumps & valves)
+        if (net->Link[k].Type != PIPE) continue;
+        rsum = 0.0;
+        vsum = 0.0;
+
+        // Examine each segment of the pipe
+        seg = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+        while (seg != NULL)
+        {
+            // React segment over time dt
+            cseg = seg->c;
+            seg->c = pipereact(pr, k, seg->c, seg->v, dt);
+
+            // Update reaction component of mass balance
+            qual->MassBalance.reacted += (cseg - seg->c) * seg->v;
+
+            // Accumulate volume-weighted reaction rate
+            if (qual->Qualflag == CHEM)
+            {
+                rsum += fabs(seg->c - cseg) * seg->v;
+                vsum += seg->v;
+            }
+            seg = seg->prev;
+        }
+
+        // Normalize volume-weighted reaction rate
+        if (vsum > 0.0) qual->PipeRateCoeff[k] = rsum / vsum / dt * SECperDAY;
+        else qual->PipeRateCoeff[k] = 0.0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+void  reacttanks(Project *pr, long dt)
+/*
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   dt = time step
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: reacts water within each tank over a time step.
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network  *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality  *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int i, k;
+    double c;
+    Pseg seg;
+    Stank *tank;
+
+    // Examine each tank in network
+    for (i = 1; i <= net->Ntanks; i++)
+    {
+        // Skip reservoirs
+        tank = &net->Tank[i];
+        if (tank->A == 0.0) continue;
+
+        // k is segment chain belonging to tank i
+        k = net->Nlinks + i;
+
+        // React each volume segment in the chain
+        seg = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+        while (seg != NULL)
+        {
+            c = seg->c;
+            seg->c = tankreact(pr, seg->c, seg->v, tank->Kb, dt);
+            qual->MassBalance.reacted += (c - seg->c) * seg->v;
+            seg = seg->prev;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+double piperate(Project *pr, int k)
+/*
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   k = link index
+**   Output:  returns reaction rate coeff. for 1st-order wall
+**            reactions or mass transfer rate coeff. for 0-order
+**            reactions
+**   Purpose: finds wall reaction rate coeffs.
+**--------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network *net = &pr->network;
+    Hydraul *hyd = &pr->hydraul;
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    double a, d, u, q, kf, kw, y, Re, Sh;
+
+    d = net->Link[k].Diam;   // Pipe diameter, ft
+
+    // Ignore mass transfer if Schmidt No. is 0
+    if (qual->Sc == 0.0)
+    {
+        if (qual->WallOrder == 0.0) return BIG;
+        else return (net->Link[k].Kw * (4.0 / d) / pr->Ucf[ELEV]);
+    }
+
+    // Compute Reynolds No.
+    // Flow rate made consistent with how it's saved to hydraulics file
+    q = (hyd->LinkStatus[k] <= CLOSED) ? 0.0 : hyd->LinkFlow[k];
+    a = PI * d * d / 4.0;         // pipe area
+    u = fabs(q) / a;              // flow velocity
+    Re = u * d / hyd->Viscos;     // Reynolds number
+
+    // Compute Sherwood No. for stagnant flow
+    // (mass transfer coeff. = Diffus./radius)
+    if (Re < 1.0) Sh = 2.0;
+
+    // Compute Sherwood No. for turbulent flow using the Notter-Sleicher formula.
+    else if (Re >= 2300.0) Sh = 0.0149 * pow(Re, 0.88) * pow(qual->Sc, 0.333);
+
+    // Compute Sherwood No. for laminar flow using Graetz solution formula.
+    else
+    {
+        y = d / net->Link[k].Len * Re * qual->Sc;
+        Sh = 3.65 + 0.0668 * y / (1.0 + 0.04 * pow(y, 0.667));
+    }
+
+    // Compute mass transfer coeff. (in ft/sec)
+    kf = Sh * qual->Diffus / d;
+
+    // For zero-order reaction, return mass transfer coeff.
+    if (qual->WallOrder == 0.0) return kf;
+
+    // For first-order reaction, return apparent wall coeff.
+    kw = net->Link[k].Kw / pr->Ucf[ELEV];        // Wall coeff, ft/sec
+    kw = (4.0 / d) * kw * kf / (kf + fabs(kw));   // Wall coeff, 1/sec
+    return kw;
+}
+
+
+double pipereact(Project *pr, int k, double c, double v, long dt)
+/*
+**------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   k = link index
+**            c = current quality in segment
+**            v = segment volume
+**            dt = time step
+**   Output:  returns new WQ value
+**   Purpose: computes new quality in a pipe segment after
+**            reaction occurs
+**------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network  *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality  *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    double cnew, dc, dcbulk, dcwall, rbulk, rwall;
+
+    // For water age (hrs), update concentration by timestep
+    if (qual->Qualflag == AGE)
+    {
+        dc = (double)dt / 3600.0;
+        cnew = c + dc;
+        cnew = MAX(0.0, cnew);
+        return cnew;
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise find bulk & wall reaction rates
+    rbulk = bulkrate(pr, c, net->Link[k].Kb, qual->BulkOrder) * qual->Bucf;
+    rwall = wallrate(pr, c, net->Link[k].Diam, net->Link[k].Kw, net->Link[k].Rc);
+
+    // Find change in concentration over timestep
+    dcbulk = rbulk * (double)dt;
+    dcwall = rwall * (double)dt;
+
+    // Update cumulative mass reacted
+    if (pr->times.Htime >= pr->times.Rstart)
+    {
+        qual->Wbulk += fabs(dcbulk) * v;
+        qual->Wwall += fabs(dcwall) * v;
+    }
+
+    // Update concentration
+    dc = dcbulk + dcwall;
+    cnew = c + dc;
+    cnew = MAX(0.0, cnew);
+    return cnew;
+}
+
+
+double tankreact(Project *pr, double c, double v, double kb, long dt)
+/*
+**-------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   c = current quality in tank
+**            v = tank volume
+**            kb = reaction coeff.
+**            dt = time step
+**   Output:  returns new WQ value
+**   Purpose: computes new quality in a tank after
+**            reaction occurs
+**-------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    double cnew, dc, rbulk;
+
+    // For water age, update concentration by timestep
+    if (qual->Qualflag == AGE)
+    {
+        dc = (double)dt / 3600.0;
+    }
+
+    // For chemical analysis apply bulk reaction rate
+    else
+    {
+        // Find bulk reaction rate
+        rbulk = bulkrate(pr, c, kb, qual->TankOrder) * qual->Tucf;
+
+        // Find concentration change & update quality
+        dc = rbulk * (double)dt;
+        if (pr->times.Htime >= pr->times.Rstart)
+        {
+            qual->Wtank += fabs(dc) * v;
+        }
+    }
+    cnew = c + dc;
+    cnew = MAX(0.0, cnew);
+    return cnew;
+}
+
+
+double bulkrate(Project *pr, double c, double kb, double order)
+/*
+**-----------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   c = current WQ concentration
+**            kb = bulk reaction coeff.
+**            order = bulk reaction order
+**   Output:  returns bulk reaction rate
+**   Purpose: computes bulk reaction rate (mass/volume/time)
+**-----------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    double c1;
+
+    // Find bulk reaction potential taking into account
+    // limiting potential & reaction order.
+
+    // Zero-order kinetics:
+    if (order == 0.0) c = 1.0;
+
+    // Michaelis-Menton kinetics:
+    else if (order < 0.0)
+    {
+        c1 = qual->Climit + SGN(kb) * c;
+        if (fabs(c1) < TINY) c1 = SGN(c1) * TINY;
+        c = c / c1;
+    }
+
+    // N-th order kinetics:
+    else
+    {
+        // Account for limiting potential
+        if (qual->Climit == 0.0) c1 = c;
+        else c1 = MAX(0.0, SGN(kb) * (qual->Climit - c));
+
+        // Compute concentration potential
+        if (order == 1.0) c = c1;
+        else if (order == 2.0) c = c1 * c;
+        else c = c1 * pow(MAX(0.0, c), order - 1.0);
+    }
+
+    // Reaction rate = bulk coeff. * potential
+    if (c < 0) c = 0;
+    return kb * c;
+}
+
+
+double wallrate(Project *pr, double c, double d, double kw, double kf)
+/*
+**------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   c = current WQ concentration
+**            d = pipe diameter
+**            kw = intrinsic wall reaction coeff.
+**            kf = mass transfer coeff. for 0-order reaction
+**                 (ft/sec) or apparent wall reaction coeff.
+**                 for 1-st order reaction (1/sec)
+**   Output:  returns wall reaction rate in mass/ft3/sec
+**   Purpose: computes wall reaction rate
+**------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    if (kw == 0.0 || d == 0.0) return (0.0);
+
+    if (qual->WallOrder == 0.0)             // 0-order reaction */
+    {
+        kf = SGN(kw) * c * kf;              //* Mass transfer rate (mass/ft2/sec)
+        kw = kw * SQR(pr->Ucf[ELEV]);       // Reaction rate (mass/ft2/sec)
+        if (fabs(kf) < fabs(kw)) kw = kf;   // Reaction mass transfer limited
+        return (kw * 4.0 / d);              // Reaction rate (mass/ft3/sec)
+    }
+    else return (c * kf);                   // 1st-order reaction
+}
+
+
+double mixtank(Project *pr, int n, double volin, double massin, double volout)
+/*
+**------------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   n      = node index
+**            volin  = inflow volume to tank over time step
+**            massin = mass inflow to tank over time step
+**            volout = outflow volume from tank over time step
+**   Output:  returns new quality for tank
+**   Purpose: mixes inflow with tank's contents to update its quality.
+**------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network *net = &pr->network;
+
+    int i;
+    double vnet;
+    i = n - net->Njuncs;
+    vnet = volin - volout;
+    switch (net->Tank[i].MixModel)
+    {
+        case MIX1: tankmix1(pr, i, volin, massin, vnet); break;
+        case MIX2: tankmix2(pr, i, volin, massin, vnet); break;
+        case FIFO: tankmix3(pr, i, volin, massin, vnet); break;
+        case LIFO: tankmix4(pr, i, volin, massin, vnet); break;
+    }
+    return net->Tank[i].C;
+}
+
+
+void tankmix1(Project *pr, int i, double vin, double win, double vnet)
+/*
+**---------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   i = tank index
+**            vin = inflow volume
+**            win = mass inflow
+**            vnet = inflow - outflow
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: updates quality in a complete mix tank model
+**---------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int k;
+    double vnew;
+    Pseg seg;
+    Stank *tank = &net->Tank[i];
+
+    k = net->Nlinks + i;
+    seg = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+    if (seg)
+    {
+       vnew = seg->v + vin;
+       if (vnew > 0.0) seg->c = (seg->c * seg->v + win) / vnew;
+       seg->v += vnet;
+       seg->v = MAX(0.0, seg->v);
+       tank->C = seg->c;
+       
+        // Account for mass lost in tank overflow
+        if (seg->v > tank->Vmax)
+        {
+            qual->MassBalance.outflow += ((seg->v) - tank->Vmax) * tank->C;
+            seg->v = tank->Vmax;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+void tankmix2(Project *pr, int i, double vin, double win, double vnet)
+/*
+**------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   i = tank index
+**            vin = inflow volume
+**            win = mass inflow
+**            vnet = inflow - outflow
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: updates quality in a 2-compartment tank model
+**------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network  *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality  *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int    k;
+    double vt,          // Transferred volume
+           vmz,         // Full mixing zone volume
+           vsz;         // Full stagnant zone volume
+    Pseg   mixzone,     // Mixing zone segment
+           stagzone;    // Stagnant zone segment
+    Stank  *tank = &pr->network.Tank[i];
+
+    // Identify segments for each compartment
+    k = net->Nlinks + i;
+    mixzone = qual->LastSeg[k];
+    stagzone = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+    if (mixzone == NULL || stagzone == NULL) return;
+
+    // Full mixing zone volume
+    vmz = tank->V1frac * tank->Vmax;
+
+    // Tank is filling
+    vt = 0.0;
+    if (vnet > 0.0)
+    {
+        vt = MAX(0.0, (mixzone->v + vnet - vmz));
+        if (vin > 0.0)
+        {
+            mixzone->c = ((mixzone->c) * (mixzone->v) + win) /
+                         (mixzone->v + vin);
+        }
+        if (vt > 0.0)
+        {
+            stagzone->c = ((stagzone->c) * (stagzone->v) +
+                           (mixzone->c) * vt) / (stagzone->v + vt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Tank is emptying
+    else if (vnet < 0.0)
+    {
+        if (stagzone->v > 0.0) vt = MIN(stagzone->v, (-vnet));
+        if (vin + vt > 0.0)
+        {
+            mixzone->c = ((mixzone->c) * (mixzone->v) + win +
+                          (stagzone->c) * vt) / (mixzone->v + vin + vt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update segment volumes
+    if (vt > 0.0)
+    {
+        if (vnet > 0.0)
+        {
+           mixzone->v = vmz;
+           stagzone->v += vt;
+            
+            // Account for mass lost in overflow from stagnant zone
+            vsz = (tank->Vmax) - vmz;
+            if (stagzone->v > vsz)
+            {
+                qual->MassBalance.outflow += ((stagzone->v) - vsz) * stagzone->c;
+                stagzone->v = vsz;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            stagzone->v = MAX(0.0, ((stagzone->v) - vt));
+            mixzone->v = vmz + vt + vnet;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        mixzone->v += vnet;
+        mixzone->v = MIN(mixzone->v, vmz);
+        mixzone->v = MAX(0.0, mixzone->v);
+        if (vmz - mixzone->v > 0.0) stagzone->v = 0.0;
+    }
+
+    // Use quality of mixing zone to represent quality of
+    // tank since this is where outflow begins to flow from
+    tank->C = mixzone->c;
+}
+
+
+void tankmix3(Project *pr, int i, double vin, double win, double vnet)
+/*
+**----------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   i = tank index
+**            vin = inflow volume
+**            win = mass inflow
+**            vnet = inflow - outflow
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: Updates quality in a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) tank model.
+**----------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network *net = &pr->network;
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int k;
+    double vout, vseg;
+    double cin, vsum, wsum;
+    Pseg seg;
+    Stank *tank = &pr->network.Tank[i];
+
+    k = net->Nlinks + i;
+    if (qual->LastSeg[k] == NULL || qual->FirstSeg[k] == NULL) return;
+
+    // Add new last segment for flow entering the tank
+    if (vin > 0.0)
+    {
+        // ... increase segment volume if inflow has same quality as segment
+        cin = win / vin;
+        seg = qual->LastSeg[k];
+        if (fabs(seg->c - cin) < qual->Ctol) seg->v += vin;
+
+        // ... otherwise add a new last segment to the tank
+        else addseg(pr, k, vin, cin);
+    }
+
+    // Find volume leaving tank, adjusted so its volume doesn't exceed Vmax
+    vout = vin - vnet;
+    if (tank->V >= tank->Vmax && vnet > 0.0) vout = vin;
+
+    // Withdraw outflow from first segment
+    vsum = 0.0;
+    wsum = 0.0;
+    while (vout > 0.0)
+    {
+        seg = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+        if (seg == NULL)  break;
+        vseg = seg->v;            // Flow volume from leading seg
+        vseg = MIN(vseg, vout);
+        if (seg == qual->LastSeg[k]) vseg = vout;
+        vsum += vseg;
+        wsum += (seg->c) * vseg;
+        vout -= vseg;                       // Remaining flow volume
+        if (vout >= 0.0 && vseg >= seg->v)  // Seg used up
+        {
+            if (seg->prev)
+            {
+                qual->FirstSeg[k] = seg->prev;
+                seg->prev = qual->FreeSeg;
+                qual->FreeSeg = seg;
+            }
+        }
+        else seg->v -= vseg;      // Remaining volume in segment
+    }
+
+    // Use quality withdrawn from 1st segment
+    // to represent overall quality of tank
+    if      (vsum > 0.0)                tank->C = wsum / vsum;
+    else if (qual->FirstSeg[k] == NULL) tank->C = 0.0;
+    else                                tank->C = qual->FirstSeg[k]->c;
+    
+    // Account for mass lost in overflow from 1st segment
+    if (tank->V >= tank->Vmax && vnet > 0.0)
+        qual->MassBalance.outflow += vnet * tank->C;
+}
+
+
+void tankmix4(Project *pr, int i, double vin, double win, double vnet)
+/*
+**----------------------------------------------------------
+**   Input:   i = tank index
+**            vin = inflow volume
+**            win = mass inflow
+**            vnet = inflow - outflow
+**   Output:  none
+**   Purpose: Updates quality in a Last In-First Out (LIFO) tank model.
+**----------------------------------------------------------
+*/
+{
+    Network *net  = &pr->network;
+    Quality *qual = &pr->quality;
+
+    int k;
+    double cin, vsum, wsum, vseg;
+    Pseg seg;
+    Stank *tank = &pr->network.Tank[i];
+
+    k = net->Nlinks + i;
+    if (qual->LastSeg[k] == NULL || qual->FirstSeg[k] == NULL) return;
+
+    // Find inflow concentration
+    if (vin > 0.0) cin = win / vin;
+    else           cin = 0.0;
+
+    // If tank filling, then create new last seg
+    tank->C = qual->LastSeg[k]->c;
+    seg = qual->LastSeg[k];
+    if (vnet > 0.0)
+    {
+        // ... inflow quality is same as last segment's quality,
+        //     so just add inflow volume to last segment
+        if (fabs(seg->c - cin) < qual->Ctol) seg->v += vnet;
+
+        // ... otherwise add a new last segment with inflow quality
+        else addseg(pr, k, vnet, cin);
+
+        // Update reported tank quality
+        tank->C = qual->LastSeg[k]->c;
+        
+        // If tank full then remove vnet from leading segments
+        if (tank->V >= tank->Vmax)
+        {
+            wsum = 0.0;
+            while (vnet > 0.0)
+            {
+                seg = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+                if (seg == NULL)  break;
+                vseg = seg->v;               // Flow volume from leading seg
+                vseg = MIN(vseg, vnet);
+                if (seg == qual->LastSeg[k]) vseg = vnet;
+                wsum += (seg->c) * vseg;
+                vnet -= vseg;               // Remaining flow volume
+                if (vnet >= 0.0 && vseg >= seg->v)  // Seg used up
+                {
+                    if (seg->prev)
+                    {
+                        qual->FirstSeg[k] = seg->prev;
+                        seg->prev = qual->FreeSeg;
+                        qual->FreeSeg = seg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else seg->v -= vseg;   // Remaining volume in segment
+            }
+            qual->MassBalance.outflow += wsum;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If tank emptying then remove last segments until vnet consumed
+    else if (vnet < 0.0)
+    {
+        vsum = 0.0;
+        wsum = 0.0;
+        vnet = -vnet;
+
+        // Reverse segment chain so segments are processed from last to first
+        reversesegs(pr, k);
+
+        // While there is still volume to remove
+        while (vnet > 0.0)
+        {
+            // ... start with reversed first segment
+            seg = qual->FirstSeg[k];
+            if (seg == NULL) break;
+
+            // ... find volume to remove from it
+            vseg = seg->v;
+            vseg = MIN(vseg, vnet);
+            if (seg == qual->LastSeg[k]) vseg = vnet;
+
+            // ... update total volume & mass removed
+            vsum += vseg;
+            wsum += (seg->c) * vseg;
+
+            // ... update remaining volume to remove
+            vnet -= vseg;
+
+            // ... if no more volume left in current segment
+            if (vnet >= 0.0 && vseg >= seg->v)
+            {
+                // ... replace current segment with previous one
+                if (seg->prev)
+                {
+                    qual->FirstSeg[k] = seg->prev;
+                    seg->prev = qual->FreeSeg;
+                    qual->FreeSeg = seg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ... otherwise reduce volume of current segment
+            else seg->v -= vseg;
+        }
+
+        // Restore original orientation of segment chain
+        reversesegs(pr, k);
+
+        // Reported tank quality is mixture of flow released and any inflow
+        tank->C = (wsum + win) / (vsum + vin);
+    }
+}