elasticipy 3.0.0__py3-none-any.whl → 4.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

Elasticipy/FourthOrderTensor.py

@@ -1,1779 +1,16 @@
-import numpy as np
-import re
-
-from Elasticipy.SecondOrderTensor import SymmetricSecondOrderTensor, rotation_to_matrix, is_orix_rotation, \
-    SecondOrderTensor, ALPHABET
-from Elasticipy.SecondOrderTensor import _orientation_shape, _is_single_rotation
-from Elasticipy.StressStrainTensors import StrainTensor, StressTensor
-from Elasticipy.SphericalFunction import SphericalFunction, HyperSphericalFunction
-from scipy.spatial.transform import Rotation
-from Elasticipy.CrystalSymmetries import SYMMETRIES
-from copy import deepcopy
-
-a = np.sqrt(2)
-_voigt_to_kelvin_matrix = np.array([[1, 1, 1, a, a, a],
-                                    [1, 1, 1, a, a, a],
-                                    [1, 1, 1, a, a, a],
-                                    [a, a, a, 2, 2, 2],
-                                    [a, a, a, 2, 2, 2],
-                                    [a, a, a, 2, 2, 2],])
-
-
-def _parse_tensor_components(prefix, **kwargs):
-    pattern = r'^{}(\d{{2}})$'.format(prefix)
-    value = dict()
-    for k, v in kwargs.items():
-        match = re.match(pattern, k)  # Extract 'C11' to '11' and so
-        if match:
-            value[match.group(1)] = v
-    return value
-
-
-def _indices2str(ij):
-    return f'{ij[0] + 1}{ij[1] + 1}'
-
-
-def voigt_indices(i, j):
-    """
-    Translate the two-index notation to one-index notation
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    i : int or np.ndarray
-        First index
-    j : int or np.ndarray
-        Second index
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Index in the vector of length 6
-    """
-    voigt_mat = np.array([[0, 5, 4],
-                          [5, 1, 3],
-                          [4, 3, 2]])
-    return voigt_mat[i, j]
-
-
-def unvoigt_index(i):
-    """
-    Translate the one-index notation to two-index notation
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    i : int or np.ndarray
-        Index to translate
-    """
-    inverse_voigt_mat = np.array([[0, 0],
-                                  [1, 1],
-                                  [2, 2],
-                                  [1, 2],
-                                  [0, 2],
-                                  [0, 1]])
-    return inverse_voigt_mat[i]
-
-
-def _compute_unit_strain_along_direction(S, m, n, direction='longitudinal'):
-    if not isinstance(S, ComplianceTensor):
-        S = S.inv()
-    if direction == 'transverse':
-        ein_str = 'ijkl,pi,pj,pk,pl->p'
-        return np.einsum(ein_str, S.full_tensor(), m, m, n, n)
-    elif direction == 'longitudinal':
-        ein_str = 'ijkl,pi,pk,pj,pl->p'
-        return np.einsum(ein_str, S.full_tensor(), m, m, n, n)
-    else:
-        ein_str = 'ijkk,pi,pj->p'
-        return np.einsum(ein_str, S.full_tensor(), m, m)
-
-
-def _isotropic_matrix(C11, C12, C44):
-    return np.array([[C11, C12, C12, 0, 0, 0],
-                     [C12, C11, C12, 0, 0, 0],
-                     [C12, C12, C11, 0, 0, 0],
-                     [0, 0, 0, C44, 0, 0],
-                     [0, 0, 0, 0, C44, 0],
-                     [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, C44]])
-
-
-def _check_definite_positive(mat):
-    try:
-        np.linalg.cholesky(mat)
-    except np.linalg.LinAlgError:
-        eigen_val = np.linalg.eigvals(mat)
-        raise ValueError('The input matrix is not definite positive (eigenvalues: {})'.format(eigen_val))
-
-
-def _rotate_tensor(full_tensor, rotation):
-    rot_mat = rotation_to_matrix(rotation)
-    str_ein = '...im,...jn,...ko,...lp,mnop->...ijkl'
-    return np.einsum(str_ein, rot_mat, rot_mat, rot_mat, rot_mat, full_tensor)
-
-
-class SymmetricTensor:
-    """
-    Template class for manipulating symmetric fourth-order tensors.
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-    matrix : np.ndarray
-        (6,6) matrix gathering all the components of the tensor, using the Voigt notation.
-    symmetry : str
-        Symmetry of the tensor
-
-    """
-    tensor_name = 'Symmetric'
-    voigt_map = np.ones((6, 6))
-    C11_C12_factor = 0.5
-    C46_C56_factor = 1.0
-    component_prefix = 'C'
-
-    def __init__(self, M, phase_name=None, symmetry='Triclinic', orientations=None,
-                 check_symmetry=True, check_positive_definite=False):
-        """
-        Construct of stiffness tensor from a (6,6) matrix.
-
-        The input matrix must be symmetric, otherwise an error is thrown (except if check_symmetry==False, see below)
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        M : np.ndarray
-            (6,6) matrix corresponding to the stiffness tensor, written using the Voigt notation, or array of shape
-            (3,3,3,3).
-        phase_name : str, default None
-            Name to display
-        symmetry : str, default Triclinic
-            Name of the crystal's symmetry
-        check_symmetry : bool, optional
-            Whether to check or not that the input matrix is symmetric.
-        check_positive_definite : bool, optional
-            Whether to check or not that the input matrix is definite positive
-        """
-        M = np.asarray(M)
-        if M.shape == (6, 6):
-            matrix = M
-        elif M.shape == (3, 3, 3, 3):
-            matrix = self._full_to_matrix(M)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('The input matrix must of shape (6,6)')
-        if check_symmetry and not np.all(np.isclose(matrix, matrix.T)):
-            raise ValueError('The input matrix must be symmetric')
-        if check_positive_definite:
-            _check_definite_positive(matrix)
-
-        self.matrix = matrix
-        self.phase_name = phase_name
-        self.symmetry = symmetry
-        self.orientations = orientations
-
-        for i in range(0, 6):
-            for j in range(0, 6):
-                def getter(obj, I=i, J=j):
-                    return obj.matrix[I, J]
-
-                getter.__doc__ = f"Returns the ({i + 1},{j + 1}) component of the {self.tensor_name} matrix."
-                component_name = 'C{}{}'.format(i + 1, j + 1)
-                setattr(self.__class__, component_name, property(getter))  # Dynamically create the property
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        if self.phase_name is None:
-            heading = '{} tensor (in Voigt notation):\n'.format(self.tensor_name)
-        else:
-            heading = '{} tensor (in Voigt notation) for {}:\n'.format(self.tensor_name, self.phase_name)
-        print_symmetry = '\nSymmetry: {}'.format(self.symmetry)
-        msg = heading + self.matrix.__str__() + print_symmetry
-        if self.orientations is not None:
-            shape = self.shape
-            if len(shape) == 1:
-                msg = msg + '\n{} orientations'.format(shape[0])
-            else:
-                msg = msg + '\n{} orientations'.format(shape)
-        return msg
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        o = self.orientations
-        if o is None:
-            return 1
-        else:
-            if is_orix_rotation(o):
-                return o.shape[0]
-            else:
-                return len(o)
-
-    @property
-    def shape(self):
-        """
-        Return the shape of the tensor array
-        Returns
-        -------
-        tuple
-            Shape of the tensor array
-        """
-        o = self.orientations
-        if o is None:
-            return None
-        else:
-            return _orientation_shape(o)
-
-    def full_tensor(self):
-        """
-        Returns the full (unvoigted) tensor, as a [3, 3, 3, 3] array
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        np.ndarray
-            Full tensor (4-index notation)
-        """
-        i, j, k, ell = np.indices((3, 3, 3, 3))
-        ij = voigt_indices(i, j)
-        kl = voigt_indices(k, ell)
-        m = self.matrix[ij, kl] / self.voigt_map[ij, kl]
-        if self.orientations is None:
-            return m
-        else:
-            return _rotate_tensor(m, self.orientations)
-
-    def flatten(self):
-        """
-        Flatten the tensor
-
-        If the tensor has (m,n,o...,r) orientations, the flattened tensor will have m*n*o*...*r orientations
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        SymmetricTensor
-            Flattened tensor
-        """
-        tensor_flat = self._unrotate()
-        o = self.orientations
-        if is_orix_rotation(o):
-            o_flat = o.flatten()
-        else:
-            o_flat = o
-        tensor_flat.orientations = o_flat
-        return tensor_flat
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _full_to_matrix(cls, full_tensor):
-        ij, kl = np.indices((6, 6))
-        i, j = unvoigt_index(ij).T
-        k, ell = unvoigt_index(kl).T
-        return full_tensor[i, j, k, ell] * cls.voigt_map[ij, kl]
-
-    def rotate(self, rotation):
-        """
-        Apply a single rotation to a tensor, and return its component into the rotated frame.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        rotation : Rotation or orix.quaternion.rotation.Rotation
-            Rotation to apply
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        SymmetricTensor
-            Rotated tensor
-        """
-        if _is_single_rotation(rotation):
-            rotated_tensor = _rotate_tensor(self.full_tensor(), rotation)
-            rotated_matrix = self._full_to_matrix(rotated_tensor)
-            return self.__class__(rotated_matrix)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('The rotation to apply must be single')
-
-    @property
-    def ndim(self):
-        """
-        Returns the dimensionality of the tensor (number of dimensions in the orientation array)
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        int
-            Number of dimensions
-        """
-        shape = self.shape
-        if shape:
-            return len(shape)
-        else:
-            return 0
-
-    def mean(self, axis=None):
-        """
-        Compute the mean value of the tensor T, considering the orientations
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        axis : int or list of int or tuple of int, optional
-            axis along which to compute the mean. If None, the mean is computed on the flattened tensor
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            If no axis is given, the result will be of shape (3,3,3,3).
-            Otherwise, if T.ndim=m, and len(axis)=n, the returned value will be of shape (...,3,3,3,3), with ndim=m-n+4
-        """
-        if axis is None:
-            axis = tuple([i for i in range(self.ndim)])
-        return np.mean(self.full_tensor(), axis=axis)
-
-    def _unrotate(self):
-        unrotated_tensor = deepcopy(self)
-        unrotated_tensor.orientations = None
-        return unrotated_tensor
-
-    def __add__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, np.ndarray):
-            if other.shape == (6, 6):
-                mat = self.matrix + other
-            elif other.shape == (3, 3, 3, 3):
-                mat = self._full_to_matrix(self.full_tensor() + other)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError('The input argument must be either a 6x6 matrix or a (3,3,3,3) array.')
-        elif isinstance(other, SymmetricTensor):
-            if type(other) == type(self):
-                mat = self.matrix + other.matrix
-            else:
-                raise ValueError('The two tensors to add must be of the same class.')
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('I don''t know how to add {} with {}.'.format(type(self), type(other)))
-        return self.__class__(mat)
-
-    def __sub__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, SymmetricTensor):
-            return self.__add__(-other.matrix)
-        else:
-            return self.__add__(-other)
-
-    def __mul__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, SymmetricSecondOrderTensor):
-            return SymmetricSecondOrderTensor(self * other.matrix)
-        elif isinstance(other, np.ndarray):
-            if other.shape == (3, 3):
-                # other is a single tensor
-                matrix = np.einsum('...ijkl,kl->...ij', self.full_tensor(), other)
-                return SecondOrderTensor(matrix)
-            elif self.shape is None:
-                # other is an array, but self is single
-                matrix = np.einsum('ijkl,...kl->...ij', self.full_tensor(), other)
-                return SecondOrderTensor(matrix)
-            elif (self.ndim >= (other.ndim - 2)) and self.shape[-other.ndim+2:]==other.shape[:-2]:
-                # self.shape==(m,n,o,p) and other.shape==(o,p,3,3)
-                indices_0 = ALPHABET[:self.ndim]
-                indices_1 = indices_0[-other.ndim+2:]
-                ein_str = indices_0 + 'IJKL,' + indices_1 + 'KL->' + indices_0 + 'IJ'
-                matrix = np.einsum(ein_str, self.full_tensor(), other)
-                return SecondOrderTensor(matrix)
-            elif self.shape == other.shape[:-2]:
-                # other and self are arrays of the same shape
-                matrix = np.einsum('...ijkl,...kl->...ij', self.full_tensor(), other)
-                return SecondOrderTensor(matrix)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError('The arrays to multiply could not be broadcast with shapes {} and {}'.format(self.shape, other.shape[:-2]))
-        elif isinstance(other, Rotation) or is_orix_rotation(other):
-            if _is_single_rotation(other):
-                return self.rotate(other)
-            else:
-                return self.__class__(self.matrix, symmetry=self.symmetry, orientations=other,
-                                      phase_name=self.phase_name)
-        else:
-            return self.__class__(self.matrix * other, symmetry=self.symmetry)
-
-    def transpose_array(self):
-        """
-        Transpose the orientations of the tensor array
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-            The same tensor, but with transposed orientations
-        """
-        ndim = self.ndim
-        if ndim==0 or ndim==1:
-            return self
-        else:
-            new_tensor = self._unrotate()
-            new_order = np.flip(range(ndim))
-            new_tensor.orientations = self.orientations.transpose(*new_order)
-            return new_tensor
-
-    def __rmul__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, (Rotation, float, int, np.number)) or is_orix_rotation(other):
-            return self * other
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError('A fourth order tensor can be left-multiplied by rotations or scalar only.')
-
-    def __truediv__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, (float, int, np.number)):
-            return self.__class__(self.matrix / other, symmetry=self.symmetry)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, SymmetricTensor):
-            return np.all(self.matrix == other.matrix) and np.all(self.orientations == other.orientations)
-        elif isinstance(other, np.ndarray) and other.shape == (6, 6):
-            return np.all(self.matrix == other)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError('The element to compare with must be a fourth-order tensor '
-                                      'or an array of shape (6,6).')
-
-    def matmul(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, SecondOrderTensor):
-            other_matrix = other.matrix
-        else:
-            other_matrix = other
-        indices_0= 'abcdefgh'
-        indices_1= indices_0.upper()
-        indices_0 = indices_0[:self.ndim]
-        indices_1 = indices_1[:other_matrix.ndim-2]
-        ein_str = indices_0 + 'ijkl,' + indices_1 +'kl->' + indices_0 + indices_1 + 'ij'
-        new_mat = np.einsum(ein_str, self.full_tensor(), other_matrix)
-        return StrainTensor(new_mat)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _matrixFromCrystalSymmetry(cls, symmetry='Triclinic', point_group=None, diad='y', prefix=None, **kwargs):
-        if prefix is None:
-            prefix = cls.component_prefix
-        values = _parse_tensor_components(prefix, **kwargs)
-        C = np.zeros((6, 6))
-        symmetry = symmetry.capitalize()
-        if ((symmetry == 'tetragonal') or (symmetry == 'trigonal')) and (point_group is None):
-            raise ValueError('For tetragonal and trigonal symmetries, the point group is mandatory.')
-        tetra_1 = ['4', '-4', '4/m']
-        tetra_2 = ['4mm', '-42m', '422', '4/mmm']
-        trigo_1 = ['3', '-3']
-        trigo_2 = ['32', '-3m', '3m']
-        if point_group is not None:
-            if (point_group in tetra_1) or (point_group in tetra_2):
-                symmetry = 'Tetragonal'
-            elif (point_group in trigo_1) or (point_group in trigo_2):
-                symmetry = 'Trigonal'
-        symmetry_description = SYMMETRIES[symmetry]
-        if symmetry == 'Tetragonal':
-            if point_group in tetra_1:
-                symmetry_description = symmetry_description[', '.join(tetra_1)]
-            else:
-                symmetry_description = symmetry_description[', '.join(tetra_2)]
-        elif symmetry == 'Trigonal':
-            if point_group in trigo_1:
-                symmetry_description = symmetry_description[', '.join(trigo_1)]
-            else:
-                symmetry_description = symmetry_description[', '.join(trigo_2)]
-        elif symmetry == 'Monoclinic':
-            symmetry_description = symmetry_description["Diad || " + diad]
-        for required_field in symmetry_description.required:
-            C[required_field] = values[_indices2str(required_field)]
-
-        # Now apply relationships between components
-        for equality in symmetry_description.equal:
-            for index in equality[1]:
-                C[index] = C[equality[0]]
-        for opposite in symmetry_description.opposite:
-            for index in opposite[1]:
-                C[index] = -C[opposite[0]]
-        C11_C12 = symmetry_description.C11_C12
-        if C11_C12:
-            for index in C11_C12:
-                C[index] = (C[0, 0] - C[0, 1]) * cls.C11_C12_factor
-
-        if symmetry == 'Trigonal':
-            C[3, 5] = cls.C46_C56_factor * C[3, 5]
-            C[4, 5] = cls.C46_C56_factor * C[4, 5]
-
-        return C + np.tril(C.T, -1)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromCrystalSymmetry(cls, symmetry='Triclinic', point_group=None, diad='y', phase_name=None, prefix=None,
-                            **kwargs):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from limited number of components, taking advantage of crystallographic symmetries
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        symmetry : str, default Triclinic
-            Name of the crystallographic symmetry
-        point_group : str
-            Point group of the considered crystal. Only used (and mandatory) for tetragonal and trigonal symmetries.
-        diad : str {'x', 'y'}, default 'x'
-            Alignment convention. Sets whether x||a or y||b. Only used for monoclinic symmetry.
-        phase_name : str, default None
-            Name to use when printing the tensor
-        prefix : str, default None
-            Define the prefix to use when providing the components. By default, it is 'C' for stiffness tensors, 'S' for
-            compliance.
-        kwargs
-            Keywords describing all the necessary components, depending on the crystal's symmetry and the type of tensor.
-            For Stiffness, they should be named as 'Cij' (e.g. C11=..., C12=...).
-            For Comliance, they should be named as 'Sij' (e.g. S11=..., S12=...).
-            See examples below. The behaviour can be overriten with the prefix option (see above)
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        StiffnessTensor.isotropic : creates an isotropic stiffness tensor from two paremeters (e.g. E and v).
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        The relationships between the tensor's components depend on the crystallogrpahic symmetry [1]_.
-
-        References
-        ----------
-        .. [1] Nye, J. F. Physical Properties of Crystals. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> from Elasticipy.FourthOrderTensor import StiffnessTensor\n
-        >>> StiffnessTensor.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='monoclinic', diad='y', phase_name='TiNi',
-        ...                                     C11=231, C12=127, C13=104,
-        ...                                     C22=240, C23=131, C33=175,
-        ...                                     C44=81, C55=11, C66=85,
-        ...                                     C15=-18, C25=1, C35=-3, C46=3)
-        Stiffness tensor (in Voigt notation) for TiNi:
-        [[231. 127. 104.   0. -18.   0.]
-         [127. 240. 131.   0.   1.   0.]
-         [104. 131. 175.   0.  -3.   0.]
-         [  0.   0.   0.  81.   0.   3.]
-         [-18.   1.  -3.   0.  11.   0.]
-         [  0.   0.   0.   3.   0.  85.]]
-        Symmetry: monoclinic
-
-        >>> from Elasticipy.FourthOrderTensor import ComplianceTensor\n
-        >>> ComplianceTensor.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='monoclinic', diad='y', phase_name='TiNi',
-        ...                                      S11=8, S12=-3, S13=-2,
-        ...                                      S22=8, S23=-5, S33=10,
-        ...                                      S44=12, S55=116, S66=12,
-        ...                                      S15=14, S25=-8, S35=0, S46=0)
-        Compliance tensor (in Voigt notation) for TiNi:
-        [[  8.  -3.  -2.   0.  14.   0.]
-         [ -3.   8.  -5.   0.  -8.   0.]
-         [ -2.  -5.  10.   0.   0.   0.]
-         [  0.   0.   0.  12.   0.   0.]
-         [ 14.  -8.   0.   0. 116.   0.]
-         [  0.   0.   0.   0.   0.  12.]]
-        Symmetry: monoclinic
-        """
-        matrix = cls._matrixFromCrystalSymmetry(point_group=point_group, diad=diad, symmetry=symmetry, prefix=prefix,
-                                                **kwargs)
-        return cls(matrix, symmetry=symmetry, phase_name=phase_name)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def hexagonal(cls, *, C11=0., C12=0., C13=0., C33=0., C44=0., phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from hexagonal symmetry.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11, C12 , C13, C33, C44 : float
-            Components of the tensor, using the Voigt notation
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Phase name to display
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        transverse_isotropic : creates a transverse-isotropic tensor from engineering parameters
-        cubic : create a tensor from cubic symmetry
-        tetragonal : create a tensor from tetragonal symmetry
-        """
-        return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='hexagonal', C11=C11, C12=C12, C13=C13, C33=C33, C44=C44,
-                                       phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def trigonal(cls, *, C11=0., C12=0., C13=0., C14=0., C33=0., C44=0., C15=0., phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from trigonal symmetry.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11, C12, C13, C14, C33, C44 : float
-            Components of the tensor, using the Voigt notation
-        C15 : float, optional
-            C15 component of the tensor, only used for point groups 3 and -3.
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Phase name to display
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        tetragonal : create a tensor from tetragonal symmetry
-        orthorhombic : create a tensor from orthorhombic symmetry
-        """
-        return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(point_group='3', C11=C11, C12=C12, C13=C13, C14=C14, C15=C15,
-                                       C33=C33, C44=C44, phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def tetragonal(cls, *, C11=0., C12=0., C13=0., C33=0., C44=0., C16=0., C66=0., phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from tetragonal symmetry.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11,  C12, C13, C33, C44, C66 : float
-            Components of the tensor, using the Voigt notation
-        C16 : float, optional
-            C16 component in Voigt notation (for point groups 4, -4 and 4/m only)
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Phase name to display
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        trigonal : create a tensor from trigonal symmetry
-        orthorhombic : create a tensor from orthorhombic symmetry
-        """
-        return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(point_group='4', C11=C11, C12=C12, C13=C13, C16=C16,
-                                       C33=C33, C44=C44, C66=C66, phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def cubic(cls, *, C11=0., C12=0., C44=0., phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from cubic symmetry.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11 , C12, C44 : float
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Phase name to display
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        hexagonal : create a tensor from hexagonal symmetry
-        orthorhombic : create a tensor from orthorhombic symmetry
-        """
-        return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='cubic', C11=C11, C12=C12, C44=C44, phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def orthorhombic(cls, *, C11=0., C12=0., C13=0., C22=0., C23=0., C33=0., C44=0., C55=0., C66=0., phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from orthorhombic symmetry.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11, C12, C13, C22, C23, C33, C44, C55, C66 : float
-            Components of the tensor, using the Voigt notation
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Phase name to display
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        monoclinic : create a tensor from monoclinic symmetry
-        orthorhombic : create a tensor from orthorhombic symmetry
-        """
-        return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='orthorhombic',
-                                       C11=C11, C12=C12, C13=C13, C22=C22, C23=C23, C33=C33, C44=C44, C55=C55, C66=C66,
-                                       phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def monoclinic(cls, *, C11=0., C12=0., C13=0., C22=0., C23=0., C33=0., C44=0., C55=0., C66=0.,
-                   C15=None, C25=None, C35=None, C46=None,
-                   C16=None, C26=None, C36=None, C45=None,
-                   phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create a fourth-order tensor from monoclinic symmetry. It automatically detects whether the components are given
-        according to the Y or Z diad, depending on the input arguments.
-
-        For Diad || y, C15, C25, C35 and C46 must be provided.
-        For Diad || z, C16, C26, C36 and C45 must be provided.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11, C12 , C13, C22, C23, C33, C44, C55, C66 : float
-            Components of the tensor, using the Voigt notation
-        C15 : float, optional
-            C15 component of the tensor (if Diad || y)
-        C25 : float, optional
-            C25 component of the tensor (if Diad || y)
-        C35 : float, optional
-            C35 component of the tensor (if Diad || y)
-        C46 : float, optional
-            C46 component of the tensor (if Diad || y)
-        C16 : float, optional
-            C16 component of the tensor (if Diad || z)
-        C26 : float, optional
-            C26 component of the tensor (if Diad || z)
-        C36 : float, optional
-            C36 component of the tensor (if Diad || z)
-        C45 : float, optional
-            C45 component of the tensor (if Diad || z)
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Name to display
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        triclinic : create a tensor from triclinic symmetry
-        orthorhombic : create a tensor from orthorhombic symmetry
-        """
-        diad_y = not (None in (C15, C25, C35, C46))
-        diad_z = not (None in (C16, C26, C36, C45))
-        if diad_y and diad_z:
-            raise KeyError('Ambiguous diad. Provide either C15, C25, C35 and C46; or C16, C26, C36 and C45')
-        elif diad_y:
-            return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='monoclinic', diad='y',
-                                           C11=C11, C12=C12, C13=C13, C22=C22, C23=C23, C33=C33, C44=C44, C55=C55,
-                                           C66=C66,
-                                           C15=C15, C25=C25, C35=C35, C46=C46, phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-        elif diad_z:
-            return cls.fromCrystalSymmetry(symmetry='monoclinic', diad='z',
-                                           C11=C11, C12=C12, C13=C13, C22=C22, C23=C23, C33=C33, C44=C44, C55=C55,
-                                           C66=C66,
-                                           C16=C16, C26=C26, C36=C36, C45=C45, phase_name=phase_name, prefix='C')
-        else:
-            raise KeyError('For monoclinic symmetry, one should provide either C15, C25, C35 and C46, '
-                           'or C16, C26, C36 and C45.')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def triclinic(cls, C11=0., C12=0., C13=0., C14=0., C15=0., C16=0.,
-                  C22=0., C23=0., C24=0., C25=0., C26=0.,
-                  C33=0., C34=0., C35=0., C36=0.,
-                  C44=0., C45=0., C46=0.,
-                  C55=0., C56=0.,
-                  C66=0., phase_name=None):
-        """
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        C11 , C12 , C13 , C14 , C15 , C16 , C22 , C23 , C24 , C25 , C26 , C33 , C34 , C35 , C36 , C44 , C45 , C46 , C55 , C56 , C66 : float
-            Components of the tensor
-        phase_name : str, optional
-            Name to display
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        FourthOrderTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        monoclinic : create a tensor from monoclinic symmetry
-        orthorhombic : create a tensor from orthorhombic symmetry
-        """
-        matrix = np.array([[C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16],
-                           [C12, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26],
-                           [C13, C23, C33, C34, C35, C36],
-                           [C14, C24, C34, C44, C45, C46],
-                           [C15, C25, C35, C45, C55, C56],
-                           [C16, C26, C36, C46, C56, C66]])
-        return cls(matrix, phase_name=phase_name)
-
-    def save_to_txt(self, filename, matrix_only=False):
-        """
-        Save the tensor to a text file.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        filename : str
-            Filename to save the tensor to.
-        matrix_only : bool, False
-            If true, only the components of tje stiffness tensor is saved (no data about phase nor symmetry)
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        from_txt_file : create a tensor from text file
-
-        """
-        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-            if not matrix_only:
-                if self.phase_name is not None:
-                    f.write(f"Phase Name: {self.phase_name}\n")
-                f.write(f"Symmetry: {self.symmetry}\n")
-            for row in self.matrix:
-                f.write("  " + "  ".join(f"{value:8.2f}" for value in row) + "\n")
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_txt_file(cls, filename):
-        """
-        Load the tensor from a text file.
-
-        The two first lines can have data about phase name and symmetry, but this is not mandatory.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        filename : str
-            Filename to load the tensor from.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        SymmetricTensor
-            The reconstructed tensor read from the file.
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        save_to_txt : create a tensor from text file
-
-        """
-        with open(filename, 'r') as f:
-            lines = f.readlines()
-
-        # Initialize defaults
-        phase_name = None
-        symmetry = 'Triclinic'
-        matrix_start_index = 0
-
-        # Parse phase name if available
-        if lines and lines[0].startswith("Phase Name:"):
-            phase_name = lines[0].split(": ", 1)[1].strip()
-            matrix_start_index += 1
-
-        # Parse symmetry if available
-        if len(lines) > matrix_start_index and lines[matrix_start_index].startswith("Symmetry:"):
-            symmetry = lines[matrix_start_index].split(": ", 1)[1].strip()
-            matrix_start_index += 1
-
-        # Parse matrix
-        matrix = np.loadtxt(lines[matrix_start_index:])
-
-        # Return the reconstructed object
-        return cls(matrix, phase_name=phase_name, symmetry=symmetry)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, item):
-        if self.orientations is None:
-            raise IndexError('The tensor has no orientation, therefore it cannot be indexed.')
-        else:
-            return self._unrotate() * self.orientations[item]
-
-
-class StiffnessTensor(SymmetricTensor):
-    """
-    Class for manipulating fourth-order stiffness tensors.
-    """
-    tensor_name = 'Stiffness'
-    C11_C12_factor = 0.5
-
-    def __init__(self, S, check_positive_definite=True, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(S, check_positive_definite=check_positive_definite, **kwargs)
-
-    def __mul__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, StrainTensor):
-            new_tensor = super().__mul__(other)
-            return StressTensor(new_tensor.matrix)
-        elif isinstance(other, StressTensor):
-            raise ValueError('You cannot multiply a stiffness tensor with a Stress tensor.')
-        else:
-            return super().__mul__(other)
-
-    def inv(self):
-        """
-        Compute the reciprocal compliance tensor
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ComplianceTensor
-            Reciprocal tensor
-        """
-        C = np.linalg.inv(self.matrix)
-        return ComplianceTensor(C, symmetry=self.symmetry, phase_name=self.phase_name, orientations=self.orientations)
-
-    @property
-    def Young_modulus(self):
-        """
-        Directional Young's modulus
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        SphericalFunction
-            Young's modulus
-        """
-
-        def compute_young_modulus(n):
-            eps = _compute_unit_strain_along_direction(self, n, n)
-            return 1 / eps
-
-        return SphericalFunction(compute_young_modulus)
-
-    @property
-    def shear_modulus(self):
-        """
-        Directional shear modulus
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        HyperSphericalFunction
-            Shear modulus
-        """
-
-        def compute_shear_modulus(m, n):
-            eps = _compute_unit_strain_along_direction(self, m, n)
-            return 1 / (4 * eps)
-
-        return HyperSphericalFunction(compute_shear_modulus)
-
-    @property
-    def Poisson_ratio(self):
-        """
-        Directional Poisson's ratio
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        HyperSphericalFunction
-            Poisson's ratio
-        """
-
-        def compute_PoissonRatio(m, n):
-            eps1 = _compute_unit_strain_along_direction(self, m, m)
-            eps2 = _compute_unit_strain_along_direction(self, m, n, direction='transverse')
-            return -eps2 / eps1
-
-        return HyperSphericalFunction(compute_PoissonRatio)
-
-    @property
-    def linear_compressibility(self):
-        """
-        Compute the directional linear compressibility.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        SphericalFunction
-            Directional linear compressibility
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        bulk_modulus : bulk modulus of the material
-        """
-
-        def compute_linear_compressibility(n):
-            return _compute_unit_strain_along_direction(self, n, n, direction='spherical')
-
-        return SphericalFunction(compute_linear_compressibility)
-
-    @property
-    def bulk_modulus(self):
-        """
-        Compute the bulk modulus of the material
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Bulk modulus
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        linear_compressibility : directional linear compressibility
-        """
-        return self.inv().bulk_modulus
-
-    def Voigt_average(self):
-        """
-        Compute the Voigt average of the stiffness tensor. If the tensor contains no orientation, we assume isotropic
-        behaviour. Otherwise, the mean is computed over all orientations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-            Voigt average of stiffness tensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        Reuss_average : compute the Reuss average
-        Hill_average : compute the Voigt-Reuss-Hill average
-        average : generic function for calling either the Voigt, Reuss or Hill average
-        """
-        if self.orientations is None:
-            c = self.matrix
-            C11 = (c[0, 0] + c[1, 1] + c[2, 2]) / 5 \
-                  + (c[0, 1] + c[0, 2] + c[1, 2]) * 2 / 15 \
-                  + (c[3, 3] + c[4, 4] + c[5, 5]) * 4 / 15
-            C12 = (c[0, 0] + c[1, 1] + c[2, 2]) / 15 \
-                  + (c[0, 1] + c[0, 2] + c[1, 2]) * 4 / 15 \
-                  - (c[3, 3] + c[4, 4] + c[5, 5]) * 2 / 15
-            C44 = (c[0, 0] + c[1, 1] + c[2, 2] - c[0, 1] - c[0, 2] - c[1, 2]) / 15 + (c[3, 3] + c[4, 4] + c[5, 5]) / 5
-            mat = _isotropic_matrix(C11, C12, C44)
-            return StiffnessTensor(mat, symmetry='isotropic', phase_name=self.phase_name)
-        else:
-            return StiffnessTensor(self.mean())
-
-    def Reuss_average(self):
-        """
-        Compute the Reuss average of the stiffness tensor. If the tensor contains no orientation, we assume isotropic
-        behaviour. Otherwise, the mean is computed over all orientations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-            Reuss average of stiffness tensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        Voigt_average : compute the Voigt average
-        Hill_average : compute the Voigt-Reuss-Hill average
-        average : generic function for calling either the Voigt, Reuss or Hill average
-        """
-        return self.inv().Reuss_average().inv()
-
-    def Hill_average(self):
-        """
-        Compute the (Voigt-Reuss-)Hill average of the stiffness tensor. If the tensor contains no orientation, we assume
-        isotropic behaviour. Otherwise, the mean is computed over all orientations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-            Voigt-Reuss-Hill average of tensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        Voigt_average : compute the Voigt average
-        Reuss_average : compute the Reuss average
-        average : generic function for calling either the Voigt, Reuss or Hill average
-        """
-        Reuss = self.Reuss_average()
-        Voigt = self.Voigt_average()
-        return (Reuss + Voigt) * 0.5
-
-    def average(self, method):
-        """
-        Compute either the Voigt, Reuss, or Hill average of the stiffness tensor.
-
-        This function is just a shortcut for Voigt_average(), Reuss_average(), or Hill_average() and Hill_average().
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        method : str {'Voigt', 'Reuss', 'Hill'}
-        Method to use to compute the average.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        Voigt_average : compute the Voigt average
-        Reuss_average : compute the Reuss average
-        Hill_average : compute the Voigt-Reuss-Hill average
-        """
-        method = method.capitalize()
-        if method in ('Voigt', 'Reuss', 'Hill'):
-            fun = getattr(self, method + '_average')
-            return fun()
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError('Only Voigt, Reus, and Hill are implemented.')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def isotropic(cls, E=None, nu=None, lame1=None, lame2=None, phase_name=None):
-        """
-        Create an isotropic stiffness tensor from two elasticity coefficients, namely: E, nu, lame1, or lame2. Exactly
-        two of these coefficients must be provided.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        E : float, None
-            Young modulus
-        nu : float, None
-            Poisson ratio
-        lame1 : float, None
-            First Lamé coefficient
-        lame2 : float, None
-            Second Lamé coefficient
-        phase_name : str, None
-            Name to print
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-            Corresponding isotropic stiffness tensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        transverse_isotropic : create a transverse-isotropic tensor
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        On can check that the shear modulus for steel is around 82 GPa:
-
-        >>> from Elasticipy.FourthOrderTensor import StiffnessTensor
-        >>> C=StiffnessTensor.isotropic(E=210e3, nu=0.28)
-        >>> C.shear_modulus
-        Hyperspherical function
-        Min=82031.24999999997, Max=82031.25000000006
-        """
-        argument_vector = np.array([E, nu, lame1, lame2])
-        if np.count_nonzero(argument_vector) != 2:
-            raise ValueError("Exactly two values are required among E, nu, lame1 and lame2.")
-        if E is not None:
-            if nu is not None:
-                lame1 = E * nu / ((1 + nu) * (1 - 2 * nu))
-                lame2 = E / (1 + nu) / 2
-            elif lame1 is not None:
-                R = np.sqrt(E ** 2 + 9 * lame1 ** 2 + 2 * E * lame1)
-                lame2 = (E - 3 * lame1 + R) / 4
-            elif lame2 is not None:
-                lame1 = lame2 * (E - 2 * lame2) / (3 * lame2 - E)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError('Either nu, lame1 or lame2 must be provided.')
-        elif nu is not None:
-            if lame1 is not None:
-                lame2 = lame1 * (1 - 2 * nu) / (2 * nu)
-            elif lame2 is not None:
-                lame1 = 2 * lame2 * nu / (1 - 2 * nu)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError('Either lame1 or lame2 must be provided.')
-        C11 = lame1 + 2 * lame2
-        C12 = lame1
-        C44 = lame2
-        matrix = _isotropic_matrix(C11, C12, C44)
-        return StiffnessTensor(np.array(matrix), symmetry='isotropic', phase_name=phase_name)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def orthotropic(cls, *, Ex, Ey, Ez, nu_yx, nu_zx, nu_zy, Gxy, Gxz, Gyz, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Create a stiffness tensor corresponding to orthotropic symmetry, given the engineering constants.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        Ex : float
-            Young modulus along the x axis
-        Ey : float
-            Young modulus along the y axis
-        Ez : float
-            Young modulus along the z axis
-        nu_yx : float
-            Poisson ratio between x and y axes
-        nu_zx : float
-            Poisson ratio between x and z axes
-        nu_zy : float
-            Poisson ratio between y and z axes
-        Gxy : float
-            Shear modulus in the x-y plane
-        Gxz : float
-            Shear modulus in the x-z plane
-        Gyz : float
-            Shear modulus in the y-z plane
-        kwargs : dict, optional
-            Keyword arguments to pass to the StiffnessTensor constructor
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        transverse_isotropic : create a stiffness tensor for transverse-isotropic symmetry
-        """
-        tri_sup = np.array([[1 / Ex, -nu_yx / Ey, -nu_zx / Ez, 0, 0, 0],
-                            [0, 1 / Ey, -nu_zy / Ez, 0, 0, 0],
-                            [0, 0, 1 / Ez, 0, 0, 0],
-                            [0, 0, 0, 1 / Gyz, 0, 0],
-                            [0, 0, 0, 0, 1 / Gxz, 0],
-                            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 / Gxy]])
-        S = tri_sup + np.tril(tri_sup.T, -1)
-        return StiffnessTensor(np.linalg.inv(S), symmetry='orthotropic', **kwargs)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def transverse_isotropic(cls, *, Ex, Ez, nu_yx, nu_zx, Gxz, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Create a stiffness tensor corresponding to the transverse isotropic symmetry, given the engineering constants.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        Ex : float
-            Young modulus along the x axis
-        Ez : float
-            Young modulus along the y axis
-        nu_yx : float
-            Poisson ratio between x and y axes
-        nu_zx : float
-            Poisson ratio between x and z axes
-        Gxz : float
-            Shear modulus in the x-z plane
-        kwargs : dict
-            Keyword arguments to pass to the StiffnessTensor constructor
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        orthotropic : create a stiffness tensor for orthotropic symmetry
-        """
-        Gxy = Ex / (2 * (1 + nu_yx))
-        C = StiffnessTensor.orthotropic(Ex=Ex, Ey=Ex, Ez=Ez,
-                                        nu_yx=nu_yx, nu_zx=nu_zx, nu_zy=nu_zx,
-                                        Gxy=Gxy, Gxz=Gxz, Gyz=Gxz, **kwargs)
-        C.symmetry = 'transverse-isotropic'
-        return C
-
-    def Christoffel_tensor(self, u):
-        """
-        Create the Christoffel tensor along a given direction, or set or directions.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        u : list or np.ndarray
-            3D direction(s) to compute the Christoffel tensor along with
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        Gamma : np.ndarray
-            Array of Christoffel tensor(s). if u is a list of directions, Gamma[i] is the Christoffel tensor for
-            direction  u[i].
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        wave_velocity : computes the p- and s-wave velocities.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        For a given stiffness tensor **C** and a given unit vector **u**, the Christoffel tensor is defined as [2]_ :
-
-            .. math:: M_{ij} = C_{iklj}.u_k.u_l
-
-        """
-        u_vec = np.atleast_2d(u)
-        u_vec = (u_vec.T / np.linalg.norm(u_vec, axis=1)).T
-        return np.einsum('inmj,pn,pm->pij', self.full_tensor(), u_vec, u_vec)
-
-    def wave_velocity(self, rho):
-        """
-        Compute the wave velocities, given the mass density.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        rho : float
-            mass density. Its unit must be consistent with that of the stiffness tensor. See notes for hints.
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        ChristoffelTensor : Computes the Christoffel tensor along a given direction
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        c_p : SphericalFunction
-            Velocity of the primary (compressive) wave
-        c_s1 : SphericalFunction
-            Velocity of the fast secondary (shear) wave
-        c_s2 : SphericalFunction
-            Velocity of the slow secondary (shear) wave
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        The estimation of the wave velocities is made by finding the eigenvalues of the Christoffel tensor [2]_.
-
-        One should double-check the units. The table below provides hints about the unit you get, depending on the units
-        you use for stiffness and the mass density:
-
-        +-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+
-        | Stiffness       | Mass density | Velocities | Notes                 |
-        +=================+==============+============+=======================+
-        | Pa (N/m²)       | kg/m³        | m/s        | SI units              |
-        +-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+
-        | GPa (10⁹ Pa)    | kg/dm³       | km/s       | Conversion factor     |
-        +-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+
-        | GPa (10³ N/mm²) | kg/mm³       | m/s        | Consistent units      |
-        +-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+
-        | MPa (10⁶ Pa)    | kg/m³        | km/s       | Conversion factor     |
-        +-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+
-        | MPa (10³ N/mm²) | g/mm³        | m/s        | Consistent units      |
-        +-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+
-
-        References
-        ----------
-        .. [2] J. W. Jaeken, S. Cottenier, Solving the Christoffel equation: Phase and group velocities, Computer Physics
-               Communications (207), 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2016.06.014.
-
-        """
-
-        def make_fun(index):
-            def fun(n):
-                Gamma = self.Christoffel_tensor(n)
-                eig, _ = np.linalg.eig(Gamma)
-                if index == 0:
-                    eig_of_interest = np.max(eig, axis=-1)
-                elif index == 1:
-                    eig_of_interest = np.median(eig, axis=-1)
-                else:
-                    eig_of_interest = np.min(eig, axis=-1)
-                return np.sqrt(eig_of_interest / rho)
-
-            return fun
-
-        return [SphericalFunction(make_fun(i)) for i in range(3)]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_MP(cls, ids, api_key=None):
-        """
-        Import stiffness tensor(s) from the Materials Project API, given their material ids.
-
-        You need to register to `<https://materialsproject.org>`_ first to get an API key. This key can be explicitly
-        passed as an argument (see below), or provided as an environment variable named MP_API_KEY.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        ids : str or list of str
-            ID(s) of the material to import (e.g. "mp-1048")
-        api_key : str, optional
-            API key to the Materials Project API. If not provided, it should be available as the API_KEY environment
-            variable.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        list of StiffnessTensor
-            If one of the requested material ids was not found, the corresponding value in the list will be None.
-        """
-        try:
-            from mp_api.client import MPRester
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ModuleNotFoundError('mp_api module is required for this function.')
-        if type(ids) is str:
-            Cdict = dict.fromkeys([ids])
-        else:
-            Cdict = dict.fromkeys(ids)
-        with MPRester(api_key=api_key) as mpr:
-            elasticity_doc = mpr.materials.elasticity.search(material_ids=ids)
-            for material in elasticity_doc:
-                key = str(material.material_id)
-                if material.elastic_tensor is not None:
-                    matrix = material.elastic_tensor.ieee_format
-                    symmetry = material.symmetry.crystal_system.value
-                    phase_name = material.formula_pretty
-                    C = StiffnessTensor(matrix, symmetry=symmetry, phase_name=phase_name)
-                else:
-                    C = None
-                Cdict[key] = C
-            if elasticity_doc:
-                if isinstance(ids, str):
-                    return C
-                else:
-                    return [Cdict[id] for id in ids]
-            else:
-                return None
-
-    @classmethod
-    def weighted_average(cls, Cs, volume_fractions, method):
-        """
-        Compute the weighted average of a list of stiffness tensors, with respect to a given method (Voigt, Reuss or
-        Hill).
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        Cs : list of StiffnessTensor or list of ComplianceTensor or tuple of StiffnessTensor or tuple of ComplianceTensor
-            Series of tensors to compute the average from
-        volume_fractions : iterable of floats
-            Volume fractions of each phase
-        method : str, {'Voigt', 'Reuss', 'Hill'}
-            Method to use. It can be 'Voigt', 'Reuss', or 'Hill'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-            Average tensor
-        """
-        if np.all([isinstance(a, ComplianceTensor) for a in Cs]):
-            Cs = [C.inv() for C in Cs]
-        if np.all([isinstance(a, StiffnessTensor) for a in Cs]):
-            C_stack = np.array([C.matrix for C in Cs])
-            method = method.capitalize()
-            if method == 'Voigt':
-                C_avg = np.average(C_stack, weights=volume_fractions, axis=0)
-                return StiffnessTensor(C_avg)
-            elif method == 'Reuss':
-                S_stack = np.linalg.inv(C_stack)
-                S_avg = np.average(S_stack, weights=volume_fractions, axis=0)
-                return StiffnessTensor(np.linalg.inv(S_avg))
-            elif method == 'Hill':
-                C_voigt = cls.weighted_average(Cs, volume_fractions, 'Voigt')
-                C_reuss = cls.weighted_average(Cs, volume_fractions, 'Reuss')
-                return (C_voigt + C_reuss) * 0.5
-            else:
-                raise ValueError('Method must be either Voigt, Reuss or Hill.')
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('The first argument must be either a list of ComplianceTensors or '
-                             'a list of StiffnessTensor.')
-
-    @property
-    def universal_anisotropy(self):
-        """
-        Compute the universal anisotropy factor.
-
-        The larger the value, the more likely the material will behave in an anisotropic way.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            The universal anisotropy factor.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        The universal anisotropy factor is defined as [3]_:
-
-        .. math::
-
-            5\\frac{G_v}{G_r} + \\frac{K_v}{K_r} - 6
-
-        References
-        ----------
-        .. [3] S. I. Ranganathan and M. Ostoja-Starzewski, Universal Elastic Anisotropy Index,
-           *Phys. Rev. Lett.*, 101(5), 055504, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.055504
-        """
-        C = self._unrotate()  # Ensure that the averages do not use the orientations
-        Cvoigt = C.Voigt_average()
-        Creuss = C.Reuss_average()
-        Gv = Cvoigt.matrix[3, 3]
-        Gr = Creuss.matrix[3, 3]
-        Kv = Cvoigt.bulk_modulus
-        Kr = Creuss.bulk_modulus
-        return 5 * Gv / Gr + Kv / Kr - 6
-
-    @property
-    def Zener_ratio(self):
-        """
-        Compute the Zener ratio (Z). Only valid for cubic symmetry.
-
-        It is only valid for cubic and isotropic symmetry. Will return NaN for other symmetries.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Zener ratio (NaN is the symmetry is not cubic)
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        The Zener ratio is defined as:
-
-        .. math::
-
-                Z=\\frac{ 2C_{44} }{C11 - C12}
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        universal_anisotropy : compute the universal anisotropy factor
-        """
-        if self.symmetry == 'isotropic':
-            return 1.0
-        elif self.symmetry == 'cubic':
-            return 2 * self.C44 / (self.C11 - self.C12)
-        else:
-            return np.nan
-
-    def to_pymatgen(self):
-        """
-        Convert the stiffness tensor (from Elasticipy) to Python Materials Genomics (Pymatgen) format.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        pymatgen.analysis.elasticity.elastic.ElasticTensor
-            Stiffness tensor for pymatgen
-        """
-        try:
-            from pymatgen.analysis.elasticity import elastic as matgenElast
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ModuleNotFoundError('pymatgen module is required for this function.')
-        return matgenElast.ElasticTensor(self.full_tensor())
-
-    def to_Kelvin(self):
-        """
-        Returns all the tensor components using the Kelvin(-Mandel) mapping convention.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            (6,6) matrix, according to the Kelvin mapping
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig : returns the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the Kelvin's matrix
-        from_Kelvin : Construct a fourth-order tensor from its (6,6) Kelvin matrix
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        This mapping convention is discussed in [4]_.
-
-        References
-        ----------
-        .. [4] Helbig, K. (2013). What Kelvin might have written about Elasticity. Geophysical Prospecting, 61(1), 1-20.
-            doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.2011.01049.x
-        """
-        return self.matrix /self.voigt_map * _voigt_to_kelvin_matrix
-
-    def eig(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigenstiffnesses and the eigenstrains.
-
-        Solve the eigenvalue problem from the Kelvin matrix of the stiffness tensor (see Notes).
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            Array of 6 eigenstiffnesses (eigenvalues of the stiffness matrix)
-        numpy.ndarray
-            (6,6) array of eigenstrains (eigenvectors of the stiffness matrix)
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        to_Kelvin : returns the stiffness components as a (6,6) matrix, according to the Kelvin mapping convention.
-        eig_stiffnesses : returns the eigenstiffnesses only
-        eig_strains : returns the eigenstrains only
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        The definition for eigenstiffnesses and the eigenstrains are introduced in [4]_.
-        """
-        return np.linalg.eigh(self.to_Kelvin())
-
-    @property
-    def eig_stiffnesses(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigenstiffnesses given by the Kelvin's matrix for stiffness.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            6 eigenvalues of the Kelvin's stiffness matrix, in ascending order
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig : returns the eigenstiffnesses and the eigenstrains
-        eig_strains : returns the eigenstrains only
-        """
-        return np.linalg.eigvalsh(self.to_Kelvin())
-
-    @property
-    def eig_strains(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigenstrains from the Kelvin's matrix for stiffness
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            (6,6) matrix of eigenstrains, sorted by ascending order of eigenstiffnesses.
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig : returns both the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the Kelvin matrix
-        """
-        return self.eig()[1]
-
-    @property
-    def eig_compliances(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigencompliances from the Kelvin's matrix of stiffness
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            Inverses of the 6 eigenvalues of the Kelvin's stiffness matrix, in descending order
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig_stiffnesses : compute the eigenstiffnesses from the Kelvin's matrix of stiffness
-        """
-        return 1/self.eig_stiffnesses
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_Kelvin(cls, matrix, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Create a tensor from the (6,6) matrix following the Kelvin(-Mandel) mapping convention
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        matrix : list or numpy.ndarray
-            (6,6) matrix of components
-        kwargs  : dict
-            keyword arguments passed to the constructor
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-        """
-        return cls(matrix * cls.voigt_map / _voigt_to_kelvin_matrix, **kwargs)
-
-
-class ComplianceTensor(StiffnessTensor):
-    """
-    Class for manipulating compliance tensors
-    """
-    tensor_name = 'Compliance'
-    voigt_map = np.array([[1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2.],
-                          [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2.],
-                          [1., 1., 1., 2., 2., 2.],
-                          [2., 2., 2., 4., 4., 4.],
-                          [2., 2., 2., 4., 4., 4.],
-                          [2., 2., 2., 4., 4., 4.]])
-    C11_C12_factor = 2.0
-    component_prefix = 'S'
-    C46_C56_factor = 2.0
-
-    def __init__(self, C, check_positive_definite=True, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(C, check_positive_definite=check_positive_definite, **kwargs)
-
-    def __mul__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, StressTensor):
-            return StrainTensor(self * other.matrix)
-        elif isinstance(other, StrainTensor):
-            raise ValueError('You cannot multiply a compliance tensor with Strain tensor.')
-        else:
-            return super().__mul__(other)
-
-    def inv(self):
-        """
-        Compute the reciprocal stiffness tensor
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        StiffnessTensor
-            Reciprocal tensor
-        """
-        S = np.linalg.inv(self.matrix)
-        return StiffnessTensor(S, symmetry=self.symmetry, phase_name=self.phase_name, orientations=self.orientations)
-
-    def Reuss_average(self):
-        if self.orientations is None:
-            s = self.matrix
-            S11 = (s[0, 0] + s[1, 1] + s[2, 2]) / 5 \
-                  + (s[0, 1] + s[0, 2] + s[1, 2]) * 2 / 15 \
-                  + (s[3, 3] + s[4, 4] + s[5, 5]) * 1 / 15
-            S12 = (s[0, 0] + s[1, 1] + s[2, 2]) / 15 \
-                  + (s[0, 1] + s[0, 2] + s[1, 2]) * 4 / 15 \
-                  - (s[3, 3] + s[4, 4] + s[5, 5]) * 1 / 30
-            S44 = ((s[0, 0] + s[1, 1] + s[2, 2] - s[0, 1] - s[0, 2] - s[1, 2]) * 4 / 15 +
-                   (s[3, 3] + s[4, 4] + s[5, 5]) / 5)
-            mat = _isotropic_matrix(S11, S12, S44)
-            return ComplianceTensor(mat, symmetry='isotropic', phase_name=self.phase_name)
-        else:
-            return ComplianceTensor(self.mean())
-
-    def Voigt_average(self):
-        return self.inv().Voigt_average().inv()
-
-    def Hill_average(self):
-        return self.inv().Hill_average().inv()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def isotropic(cls, E=None, nu=None, lame1=None, lame2=None, phase_name=None):
-        return super().isotropic(E=E, nu=nu, lame1=lame1, lame2=lame2, phase_name=None).inv()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def orthotropic(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return super().orthotropic(*args, **kwargs).inv()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def transverse_isotropic(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return super().transverse_isotropic(*args, **kwargs).inv()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def weighted_average(cls, *args):
-        return super().weighted_average(*args).inv()
-
-    @property
-    def bulk_modulus(self):
-        return 1 / np.sum(self.matrix[0:3, 0:3])
-
-    @property
-    def universal_anisotropy(self):
-        """
-        Compute the universal anisotropy factor.
-
-        It is actually an alias for inv().universal_anisotropy.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Universal anisotropy factor
-        """
-        return self.inv().universal_anisotropy
-
-    def to_pymatgen(self):
-        """
-        Convert the compliance tensor (from Elasticipy) to Python Materials Genomics (Pymatgen) format.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        pymatgen.analysis.elasticity.elastic.Compliance
-            Compliance tensor for pymatgen
-        """
-        try:
-            from pymatgen.analysis.elasticity import elastic as matgenElast
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ModuleNotFoundError('pymatgen module is required for this function.')
-        return matgenElast.ComplianceTensor(self.full_tensor())
-
-    def eig(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigencompliances and the eigenstresses.
-
-        Solve the eigenvalue problem from the Kelvin matrix of the compliance tensor (see Notes).
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            Array of 6 eigencompliances (eigenvalues of the stiffness matrix)
-        numpy.ndarray
-            (6,6) array of eigenstresses (eigenvectors of the stiffness matrix)
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        Kelvin : returns the stiffness components as a (6,6) matrix, according to the Kelvin mapping convention.
-        eig_compliances : returns the eigencompliances only
-        eig_stresses : returns the eigenstresses only
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        The definition for eigencompliances and the eigenstresses are introduced in [4]_.
-        """
-        return np.linalg.eigh(self.to_Kelvin())
-
-    @property
-    def eig_compliances(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigencompliances given by the Kelvin's matrix for stiffness.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            6 eigenvalues of the Kelvin's compliance matrix, in ascending order
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig : returns the eigencompliances and the eigenstresses
-        eig_strains : returns the eigenstresses only
-        """
-        return np.linalg.eigvalsh(self.to_Kelvin())
-
-    @property
-    def eig_stresses(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigenstresses from the Kelvin's matrix for stiffness
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            (6,6) matrix of eigenstresses, sorted by ascending order of eigencompliances.
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig : returns both the eigencompliances and the eigenstresses
-        """
-        return self.eig()[1]
-
-    @property
-    def eig_stiffnesses(self):
-        """
-        Compute the eigenstiffnesses from the Kelvin's matrix of compliance
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        numpy.ndarray
-            inverses of 6 eigenvalues of the Kelvin's compliance matrix, in descending order
-
-        See Also
-        --------
-        eig_compliances : compute the eigencompliances from the Kelvin's matrix of compliance
-        """
-        return 1/self.eig_compliances
+import warnings
+from Elasticipy.tensors.elasticity import StiffnessTensor as NewStiffnessTensor
+from Elasticipy.tensors.elasticity import ComplianceTensor as NewComplianceTensor
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "The module 'Elasticipy.FourthOrderTensor' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. "
+    "Please use 'Elasticipy.tensors.elasticity' instead.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+    stacklevel=2
+)
+
+class StiffnessTensor(NewStiffnessTensor):
+    pass
+
+class ComplianceTensor(NewComplianceTensor):
+    pass