edsl 0.1.36.dev7__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.37.dev1__py3-none-any.whl

edsl/results/DatasetExportMixin.py

@@ -1,693 +1,693 @@
-"""Mixin class for exporting results."""
-
-import base64
-import csv
-import io
-import html
-from typing import Optional
-
-from typing import Literal, Optional, Union, List
-
-
-class DatasetExportMixin:
-    """Mixin class for exporting Dataset objects."""
-
-    def relevant_columns(
-        self, data_type: Optional[str] = None, remove_prefix=False
-    ) -> list:
-        """Return the set of keys that are present in the dataset.
-
-        :param data_type: The data type to filter by.
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> d = Dataset([{'a.b':[1,2,3,4]}])
-        >>> d.relevant_columns()
-        ['a.b']
-
-        >>> d.relevant_columns(remove_prefix=True)
-        ['b']
-
-        >>> d = Dataset([{'a':[1,2,3,4]}, {'b':[5,6,7,8]}])
-        >>> d.relevant_columns()
-        ['a', 'b']
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results; Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').relevant_columns()
-        ['answer.how_feeling', 'answer.how_feeling_yesterday']
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> sorted(Results.example().select().relevant_columns(data_type = "model"))
-        ['model.frequency_penalty', 'model.logprobs', 'model.max_tokens', 'model.model', 'model.presence_penalty', 'model.temperature', 'model.top_logprobs', 'model.top_p']
-
-        >>> Results.example().relevant_columns(data_type = "flimflam")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: No columns found for data type: flimflam. Available data types are: ...
-        """
-        columns = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
-        if remove_prefix:
-            columns = [column.split(".")[-1] for column in columns]
-
-        def get_data_type(column):
-            if "." in column:
-                return column.split(".")[0]
-            else:
-                return None
-
-        if data_type:
-            all_columns = columns[:]
-            columns = [
-                column for column in columns if get_data_type(column) == data_type
-            ]
-            if len(columns) == 0:
-                all_data_types = sorted(
-                    list(set(get_data_type(column) for column in all_columns))
-                )
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"No columns found for data type: {data_type}. Available data types are: {all_data_types}."
-                )
-
-        return columns
-
-    def num_observations(self):
-        """Return the number of observations in the dataset.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> Results.example().num_observations()
-        4
-        """
-        _num_observations = None
-        for entry in self:
-            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            if _num_observations is None:
-                _num_observations = len(values)
-            else:
-                if len(values) != _num_observations:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "The number of observations is not consistent across columns."
-                    )
-
-        return _num_observations
-
-    def _make_tabular(
-        self, remove_prefix: bool, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None
-    ) -> tuple[list, List[list]]:
-        """Turn the results into a tabular format.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True)
-        (['how_feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True, pretty_labels = {'how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
-        (['How are you feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
-        """
-
-        def create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(list_of_dicts):
-            for entry in list_of_dicts:
-                key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
-                yield key, list_of_values
-
-        tabular_repr = dict(create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(self.data))
-
-        full_header = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
-
-        rows = []
-        for i in range(self.num_observations()):
-            row = [tabular_repr[h][i] for h in full_header]
-            rows.append(row)
-
-        if remove_prefix:
-            header = [h.split(".")[-1] for h in full_header]
-        else:
-            header = full_header
-
-        if pretty_labels is not None:
-            header = [pretty_labels.get(h, h) for h in header]
-
-        return header, rows
-
-    def print_long(self):
-        """Print the results in a long format.
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print_long()
-        answer.how_feeling: OK
-        answer.how_feeling: Great
-        answer.how_feeling: Terrible
-        answer.how_feeling: OK
-        """
-        for entry in self:
-            key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            for value in list_of_values:
-                print(f"{key}: {value}")
-
-    def print(
-        self,
-        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
-        filename: Optional[str] = None,
-        format: Optional[Literal["rich", "html", "markdown", "latex"]] = None,
-        interactive: bool = False,
-        split_at_dot: bool = True,
-        max_rows=None,
-        tee=False,
-        iframe=False,
-        iframe_height: int = 200,
-        iframe_width: int = 600,
-        web=False,
-        return_string: bool = False,
-    ) -> Union[None, str, "Results"]:
-        """Print the results in a pretty format.
-
-        :param pretty_labels: A dictionary of pretty labels for the columns.
-        :param filename: The filename to save the results to.
-        :param format: The format to print the results in. Options are 'rich', 'html', 'markdown', or 'latex'.
-        :param interactive: Whether to print the results interactively in a Jupyter notebook.
-        :param split_at_dot: Whether to split the column names at the last dot w/ a newline.
-        :param max_rows: The maximum number of rows to print.
-        :param tee: Whether to return the dataset.
-        :param iframe: Whether to display the table in an iframe.
-        :param iframe_height: The height of the iframe.
-        :param iframe_width: The width of the iframe.
-        :param web: Whether to display the table in a web browser.
-        :param return_string: Whether to return the output as a string instead of printing.
-
-        :return: None if tee is False and return_string is False, the dataset if tee is True, or a string if return_string is True.
-
-        Example: Print in rich format at the terminal
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich")
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ answer       ┃
-        ┃ .how_feeling ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ OK           │
-        ├──────────────┤
-        │ Great        │
-        ├──────────────┤
-        │ Terrible     │
-        ├──────────────┤
-        │ OK           │
-        └──────────────┘
-
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r2 = r.select("how_feeling").print(format = "rich", tee = True, max_rows = 2)
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ answer       ┃
-        ┃ .how_feeling ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ OK           │
-        ├──────────────┤
-        │ Great        │
-        └──────────────┘
-        >>> r2
-        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}])
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich", max_rows = 2)
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ answer       ┃
-        ┃ .how_feeling ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ OK           │
-        ├──────────────┤
-        │ Great        │
-        └──────────────┘
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich", split_at_dot = False)
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ answer.how_feeling ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ OK                 │
-        ├────────────────────┤
-        │ Great              │
-        ├────────────────────┤
-        │ Terrible           │
-        ├────────────────────┤
-        │ OK                 │
-        └────────────────────┘
-
-        Example: using the pretty_labels parameter
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format="rich", pretty_labels = {'answer.how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ How are you feeling ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ OK                  │
-        ├─────────────────────┤
-        │ Great               │
-        ├─────────────────────┤
-        │ Terrible            │
-        ├─────────────────────┤
-        │ OK                  │
-        └─────────────────────┘
-
-        Example: printing in markdown format
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format='markdown')
-        | answer.how_feeling |
-        |--|
-        | OK |
-        | Great |
-        | Terrible |
-        | OK |
-        ...
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format='latex')
-        \\begin{tabular}{l}
-        ...
-        \\end{tabular}
-        <BLANKLINE>
-        """
-        from IPython.display import HTML, display
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
-        import io
-        import sys
-
-        def _determine_format(format):
-            if format is None:
-                if is_notebook():
-                    format = "html"
-                else:
-                    format = "rich"
-            if format not in ["rich", "html", "markdown", "latex"]:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "format must be one of 'rich', 'html', 'markdown', or 'latex'."
-                )
-
-            return format
-
-        format = _determine_format(format)
-
-        if pretty_labels is None:
-            pretty_labels = {}
-
-        if pretty_labels != {}:  # only split at dot if there are no pretty labels
-            split_at_dot = False
-
-        def _create_data():
-            for index, entry in enumerate(self):
-                key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
-                yield {pretty_labels.get(key, key): list_of_values[:max_rows]}
-
-        new_data = list(_create_data())
-
-        # Capture output if return_string is True
-        if return_string:
-            old_stdout = sys.stdout
-            sys.stdout = io.StringIO()
-
-        output = None
-
-        if format == "rich":
-            from edsl.utilities.interface import print_dataset_with_rich
-
-            output = print_dataset_with_rich(
-                new_data, filename=filename, split_at_dot=split_at_dot
-            )
-        elif format == "markdown":
-            from edsl.utilities.interface import print_list_of_dicts_as_markdown_table
-
-            output = print_list_of_dicts_as_markdown_table(new_data, filename=filename)
-        elif format == "latex":
-            df = self.to_pandas()
-            df.columns = [col.replace("_", " ") for col in df.columns]
-            latex_string = df.to_latex(index=False)
-
-            if filename is not None:
-                with open(filename, "w") as f:
-                    f.write(latex_string)
-            else:
-                print(latex_string)
-                output = latex_string
-        elif format == "html":
-            from edsl.utilities.interface import print_list_of_dicts_as_html_table
-
-            html_source = print_list_of_dicts_as_html_table(
-                new_data, interactive=interactive
-            )
-
-            if iframe:
-                iframe = f""""
-                <iframe srcdoc="{ html.escape(html_source) }" style="width: {iframe_width}px; height: {iframe_height}px;"></iframe>
-                """
-                display(HTML(iframe))
-            elif is_notebook():
-                display(HTML(html_source))
-            else:
-                from edsl.utilities.interface import view_html
-
-                view_html(html_source)
-
-            output = html_source
-
-        # Restore stdout and get captured output if return_string is True
-        if return_string:
-            captured_output = sys.stdout.getvalue()
-            sys.stdout = old_stdout
-            return captured_output or output
-
-        if tee:
-            return self
-
-        return None
-
-    def to_csv(
-        self,
-        filename: Optional[str] = None,
-        remove_prefix: bool = False,
-        download_link: bool = False,
-        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
-    ):
-        """Export the results to a CSV file.
-
-        :param filename: The filename to save the CSV file to.
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-        :param download_link: Whether to display a download link in a Jupyter notebook.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv()
-        'answer.how_feeling\\r\\nOK\\r\\nGreat\\r\\nTerrible\\r\\nOK\\r\\n'
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv(pretty_labels = {'answer.how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
-        'How are you feeling\\r\\nOK\\r\\nGreat\\r\\nTerrible\\r\\nOK\\r\\n'
-
-        >>> import tempfile
-        >>> filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False).name
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv(filename = filename)
-        >>> import os
-        >>> import csv
-        >>> with open(filename, newline='') as f:
-        ...     reader = csv.reader(f)
-        ...     for row in reader:
-        ...         print(row)
-        ['answer.how_feeling']
-        ['OK']
-        ['Great']
-        ['Terrible']
-        ['OK']
-
-        """
-        if pretty_labels is None:
-            pretty_labels = {}
-        header, rows = self._make_tabular(
-            remove_prefix=remove_prefix, pretty_labels=pretty_labels
-        )
-
-        if filename is not None:
-            with open(filename, "w") as f:
-                writer = csv.writer(f)
-                writer.writerow(header)
-                writer.writerows(rows)
-        else:
-            output = io.StringIO()
-            writer = csv.writer(output)
-            writer.writerow(header)
-            writer.writerows(rows)
-
-            if download_link:
-                from IPython.display import HTML, display
-
-                csv_file = output.getvalue()
-                b64 = base64.b64encode(csv_file.encode()).decode()
-                download_link = f'<a href="data:file/csv;base64,{b64}" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
-                display(HTML(download_link))
-            else:
-                return output.getvalue()
-
-    def download_link(self, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None) -> str:
-        """Return a download link for the results.
-
-        :param pretty_labels: A dictionary of pretty labels for the columns.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').download_link()
-        '<a href="data:file/csv;base64,YW5zd2VyLmhvd19mZWVsaW5nDQpPSw0KR3JlYXQNClRlcnJpYmxlDQpPSw0K" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
-        """
-        import base64
-
-        csv_string = self.to_csv(pretty_labels=pretty_labels)
-        b64 = base64.b64encode(csv_string.encode()).decode()
-        return f'<a href="data:file/csv;base64,{b64}" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
-
-    def to_pandas(self, remove_prefix: bool = False) -> "pd.DataFrame":
-        """Convert the results to a pandas DataFrame.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_pandas()
-          answer.how_feeling
-        0                 OK
-        1              Great
-        2           Terrible
-        3                 OK
-        """
-        import pandas as pd
-
-        csv_string = self.to_csv(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
-        csv_buffer = io.StringIO(csv_string)
-        df = pd.read_csv(csv_buffer)
-        # df_sorted = df.sort_index(axis=1)  # Sort columns alphabetically
-        return df
-
-    def to_scenario_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
-        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per scenario.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_scenario_list()
-        ScenarioList([Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
-        """
-        from edsl import ScenarioList, Scenario
-
-        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
-        scenarios = []
-        for d in list_of_dicts:
-            scenarios.append(Scenario(d))
-        return ScenarioList(scenarios)
-        # return ScenarioList([Scenario(d) for d in list_of_dicts])
-
-    def to_agent_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True):
-        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per agent.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_agent_list()
-        AgentList([Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
-        """
-        from edsl import AgentList, Agent
-
-        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
-        return AgentList([Agent(d) for d in list_of_dicts])
-
-    def to_dicts(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
-        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_dicts()
-        [{'how_feeling': 'OK'}, {'how_feeling': 'Great'}, {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}, {'how_feeling': 'OK'}]
-
-        """
-        list_of_keys = []
-        list_of_values = []
-        for entry in self:
-            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            list_of_keys.append(key)
-            list_of_values.append(values)
-
-        if remove_prefix:
-            list_of_keys = [key.split(".")[-1] for key in list_of_keys]
-
-        list_of_dicts = []
-        for entries in zip(*list_of_values):
-            list_of_dicts.append(dict(zip(list_of_keys, entries)))
-
-        return list_of_dicts
-
-    def to_list(self, flatten=False, remove_none=False, unzipped=False) -> list[list]:
-        """Convert the results to a list of lists.
-
-        :param flatten: Whether to flatten the list of lists.
-        :param remove_none: Whether to remove None values from the list.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday')
-        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}, {'answer.how_feeling_yesterday': ['Great', 'Good', 'OK', 'Terrible']}])
-
-        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').to_list()
-        [('OK', 'Great'), ('Great', 'Good'), ('Terrible', 'OK'), ('OK', 'Terrible')]
-
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_list()
-        ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b').to_list(flatten = True)
-        [1, 9, 2, 3, 4]
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}, {'c': [6, 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b', 'c').to_list(flatten = True)
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected.
-
-
-        """
-        if len(self.relevant_columns()) > 1 and flatten:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected."
-            )
-
-        if len(self.relevant_columns()) == 1:
-            # if only one 'column' is selected (which is typical for this method
-            list_to_return = list(self[0].values())[0]
-        else:
-            keys = self.relevant_columns()
-            data = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=False)
-            list_to_return = []
-            for d in data:
-                list_to_return.append(tuple([d[key] for key in keys]))
-
-        if remove_none:
-            list_to_return = [item for item in list_to_return if item is not None]
-
-        if flatten:
-            new_list = []
-            for item in list_to_return:
-                if isinstance(item, list):
-                    new_list.extend(item)
-                else:
-                    new_list.append(item)
-            list_to_return = new_list
-
-        return list_to_return
-
-    def html(
-        self,
-        filename: Optional[str] = None,
-        cta: str = "Open in browser",
-        return_link: bool = False,
-    ):
-        import os
-        import tempfile
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
-        from IPython.display import HTML, display
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
-
-        df = self.to_pandas()
-
-        if filename is None:
-            current_directory = os.getcwd()
-            filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-                "w", delete=False, suffix=".html", dir=current_directory
-            ).name
-
-        with open(filename, "w") as f:
-            f.write(df.to_html())
-
-        if is_notebook():
-            html_url = f"/files/{filename}"
-            html_link = f'<a href="{html_url}" target="_blank">{cta}</a>'
-            display(HTML(html_link))
-        else:
-            print(f"Saved to {filename}")
-            import webbrowser
-            import os
-
-            webbrowser.open(f"file://{os.path.abspath(filename)}")
-
-        if return_link:
-            return filename
-
-    def tally(
-        self, *fields: Optional[str], top_n: Optional[int] = None, output="Dataset"
-    ) -> Union[dict, "Dataset"]:
-        """Tally the values of a field or perform a cross-tab of multiple fields.
-
-        :param fields: The field(s) to tally, multiple fields for cross-tabulation.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "dict")
-        {'OK': 2, 'Great': 1, 'Terrible': 1}
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "Dataset")
-        Dataset([{'value': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible']}, {'count': [2, 1, 1]}])
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling', 'period').tally('how_feeling', 'period', output = "dict")
-        {('OK', 'morning'): 1, ('Great', 'afternoon'): 1, ('Terrible', 'morning'): 1, ('OK', 'afternoon'): 1}
-        """
-        from collections import Counter
-
-        if len(fields) == 0:
-            fields = self.relevant_columns()
-
-        relevant_columns_without_prefix = [
-            column.split(".")[-1] for column in self.relevant_columns()
-        ]
-
-        # breakpoint()
-
-        if not all(
-            f in self.relevant_columns() or f in relevant_columns_without_prefix
-            for f in fields
-        ):
-            raise ValueError("One or more specified fields are not in the dataset.")
-
-        if len(fields) == 1:
-            field = fields[0]
-            values = self._key_to_value(field)
-        else:
-            values = list(zip(*(self._key_to_value(field) for field in fields)))
-
-        for value in values:
-            if isinstance(value, list):
-                value = tuple(value)
-
-        tally = dict(Counter(values))
-        sorted_tally = dict(sorted(tally.items(), key=lambda item: -item[1]))
-        if top_n is not None:
-            sorted_tally = dict(list(sorted_tally.items())[:top_n])
-
-        import warnings
-        import textwrap
-        from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-
-        if output == "dict":
-            # why did I do this?
-            warnings.warn(
-                textwrap.dedent(
-                    """\
-                        The default output from tally will change to Dataset in the future.
-                        Use output='Dataset' to get the Dataset object for now.
-                        """
-                )
-            )
-            return sorted_tally
-        elif output == "Dataset":
-            return Dataset(
-                [
-                    {"value": list(sorted_tally.keys())},
-                    {"count": list(sorted_tally.values())},
-                ]
-            )
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import doctest
-
-    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)
+"""Mixin class for exporting results."""
+
+import base64
+import csv
+import io
+import html
+from typing import Optional
+
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union, List
+
+
+class DatasetExportMixin:
+    """Mixin class for exporting Dataset objects."""
+
+    def relevant_columns(
+        self, data_type: Optional[str] = None, remove_prefix=False
+    ) -> list:
+        """Return the set of keys that are present in the dataset.
+
+        :param data_type: The data type to filter by.
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+        >>> d = Dataset([{'a.b':[1,2,3,4]}])
+        >>> d.relevant_columns()
+        ['a.b']
+
+        >>> d.relevant_columns(remove_prefix=True)
+        ['b']
+
+        >>> d = Dataset([{'a':[1,2,3,4]}, {'b':[5,6,7,8]}])
+        >>> d.relevant_columns()
+        ['a', 'b']
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results; Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').relevant_columns()
+        ['answer.how_feeling', 'answer.how_feeling_yesterday']
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> sorted(Results.example().select().relevant_columns(data_type = "model"))
+        ['model.frequency_penalty', 'model.logprobs', 'model.max_tokens', 'model.model', 'model.presence_penalty', 'model.temperature', 'model.top_logprobs', 'model.top_p']
+
+        >>> Results.example().relevant_columns(data_type = "flimflam")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: No columns found for data type: flimflam. Available data types are: ...
+        """
+        columns = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
+        if remove_prefix:
+            columns = [column.split(".")[-1] for column in columns]
+
+        def get_data_type(column):
+            if "." in column:
+                return column.split(".")[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        if data_type:
+            all_columns = columns[:]
+            columns = [
+                column for column in columns if get_data_type(column) == data_type
+            ]
+            if len(columns) == 0:
+                all_data_types = sorted(
+                    list(set(get_data_type(column) for column in all_columns))
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"No columns found for data type: {data_type}. Available data types are: {all_data_types}."
+                )
+
+        return columns
+
+    def num_observations(self):
+        """Return the number of observations in the dataset.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> Results.example().num_observations()
+        4
+        """
+        _num_observations = None
+        for entry in self:
+            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
+            if _num_observations is None:
+                _num_observations = len(values)
+            else:
+                if len(values) != _num_observations:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The number of observations is not consistent across columns."
+                    )
+
+        return _num_observations
+
+    def _make_tabular(
+        self, remove_prefix: bool, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None
+    ) -> tuple[list, List[list]]:
+        """Turn the results into a tabular format.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True)
+        (['how_feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True, pretty_labels = {'how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
+        (['How are you feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
+        """
+
+        def create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(list_of_dicts):
+            for entry in list_of_dicts:
+                key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
+                yield key, list_of_values
+
+        tabular_repr = dict(create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(self.data))
+
+        full_header = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
+
+        rows = []
+        for i in range(self.num_observations()):
+            row = [tabular_repr[h][i] for h in full_header]
+            rows.append(row)
+
+        if remove_prefix:
+            header = [h.split(".")[-1] for h in full_header]
+        else:
+            header = full_header
+
+        if pretty_labels is not None:
+            header = [pretty_labels.get(h, h) for h in header]
+
+        return header, rows
+
+    def print_long(self):
+        """Print the results in a long format.
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print_long()
+        answer.how_feeling: OK
+        answer.how_feeling: Great
+        answer.how_feeling: Terrible
+        answer.how_feeling: OK
+        """
+        for entry in self:
+            key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
+            for value in list_of_values:
+                print(f"{key}: {value}")
+
+    def print(
+        self,
+        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        format: Optional[Literal["rich", "html", "markdown", "latex"]] = None,
+        interactive: bool = False,
+        split_at_dot: bool = True,
+        max_rows=None,
+        tee=False,
+        iframe=False,
+        iframe_height: int = 200,
+        iframe_width: int = 600,
+        web=False,
+        return_string: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[None, str, "Results"]:
+        """Print the results in a pretty format.
+
+        :param pretty_labels: A dictionary of pretty labels for the columns.
+        :param filename: The filename to save the results to.
+        :param format: The format to print the results in. Options are 'rich', 'html', 'markdown', or 'latex'.
+        :param interactive: Whether to print the results interactively in a Jupyter notebook.
+        :param split_at_dot: Whether to split the column names at the last dot w/ a newline.
+        :param max_rows: The maximum number of rows to print.
+        :param tee: Whether to return the dataset.
+        :param iframe: Whether to display the table in an iframe.
+        :param iframe_height: The height of the iframe.
+        :param iframe_width: The width of the iframe.
+        :param web: Whether to display the table in a web browser.
+        :param return_string: Whether to return the output as a string instead of printing.
+
+        :return: None if tee is False and return_string is False, the dataset if tee is True, or a string if return_string is True.
+
+        Example: Print in rich format at the terminal
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich")
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ answer       ┃
+        ┃ .how_feeling ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ OK           │
+        ├──────────────┤
+        │ Great        │
+        ├──────────────┤
+        │ Terrible     │
+        ├──────────────┤
+        │ OK           │
+        └──────────────┘
+
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r2 = r.select("how_feeling").print(format = "rich", tee = True, max_rows = 2)
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ answer       ┃
+        ┃ .how_feeling ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ OK           │
+        ├──────────────┤
+        │ Great        │
+        └──────────────┘
+        >>> r2
+        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}])
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich", max_rows = 2)
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ answer       ┃
+        ┃ .how_feeling ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ OK           │
+        ├──────────────┤
+        │ Great        │
+        └──────────────┘
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich", split_at_dot = False)
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ answer.how_feeling ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ OK                 │
+        ├────────────────────┤
+        │ Great              │
+        ├────────────────────┤
+        │ Terrible           │
+        ├────────────────────┤
+        │ OK                 │
+        └────────────────────┘
+
+        Example: using the pretty_labels parameter
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format="rich", pretty_labels = {'answer.how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ How are you feeling ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ OK                  │
+        ├─────────────────────┤
+        │ Great               │
+        ├─────────────────────┤
+        │ Terrible            │
+        ├─────────────────────┤
+        │ OK                  │
+        └─────────────────────┘
+
+        Example: printing in markdown format
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format='markdown')
+        | answer.how_feeling |
+        |--|
+        | OK |
+        | Great |
+        | Terrible |
+        | OK |
+        ...
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format='latex')
+        \\begin{tabular}{l}
+        ...
+        \\end{tabular}
+        <BLANKLINE>
+        """
+        from IPython.display import HTML, display
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
+        import io
+        import sys
+
+        def _determine_format(format):
+            if format is None:
+                if is_notebook():
+                    format = "html"
+                else:
+                    format = "rich"
+            if format not in ["rich", "html", "markdown", "latex"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "format must be one of 'rich', 'html', 'markdown', or 'latex'."
+                )
+
+            return format
+
+        format = _determine_format(format)
+
+        if pretty_labels is None:
+            pretty_labels = {}
+
+        if pretty_labels != {}:  # only split at dot if there are no pretty labels
+            split_at_dot = False
+
+        def _create_data():
+            for index, entry in enumerate(self):
+                key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
+                yield {pretty_labels.get(key, key): list_of_values[:max_rows]}
+
+        new_data = list(_create_data())
+
+        # Capture output if return_string is True
+        if return_string:
+            old_stdout = sys.stdout
+            sys.stdout = io.StringIO()
+
+        output = None
+
+        if format == "rich":
+            from edsl.utilities.interface import print_dataset_with_rich
+
+            output = print_dataset_with_rich(
+                new_data, filename=filename, split_at_dot=split_at_dot
+            )
+        elif format == "markdown":
+            from edsl.utilities.interface import print_list_of_dicts_as_markdown_table
+
+            output = print_list_of_dicts_as_markdown_table(new_data, filename=filename)
+        elif format == "latex":
+            df = self.to_pandas()
+            df.columns = [col.replace("_", " ") for col in df.columns]
+            latex_string = df.to_latex(index=False)
+
+            if filename is not None:
+                with open(filename, "w") as f:
+                    f.write(latex_string)
+            else:
+                print(latex_string)
+                output = latex_string
+        elif format == "html":
+            from edsl.utilities.interface import print_list_of_dicts_as_html_table
+
+            html_source = print_list_of_dicts_as_html_table(
+                new_data, interactive=interactive
+            )
+
+            if iframe:
+                iframe = f""""
+                <iframe srcdoc="{ html.escape(html_source) }" style="width: {iframe_width}px; height: {iframe_height}px;"></iframe>
+                """
+                display(HTML(iframe))
+            elif is_notebook():
+                display(HTML(html_source))
+            else:
+                from edsl.utilities.interface import view_html
+
+                view_html(html_source)
+
+            output = html_source
+
+        # Restore stdout and get captured output if return_string is True
+        if return_string:
+            captured_output = sys.stdout.getvalue()
+            sys.stdout = old_stdout
+            return captured_output or output
+
+        if tee:
+            return self
+
+        return None
+
+    def to_csv(
+        self,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        remove_prefix: bool = False,
+        download_link: bool = False,
+        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ):
+        """Export the results to a CSV file.
+
+        :param filename: The filename to save the CSV file to.
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+        :param download_link: Whether to display a download link in a Jupyter notebook.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv()
+        'answer.how_feeling\\r\\nOK\\r\\nGreat\\r\\nTerrible\\r\\nOK\\r\\n'
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv(pretty_labels = {'answer.how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
+        'How are you feeling\\r\\nOK\\r\\nGreat\\r\\nTerrible\\r\\nOK\\r\\n'
+
+        >>> import tempfile
+        >>> filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False).name
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv(filename = filename)
+        >>> import os
+        >>> import csv
+        >>> with open(filename, newline='') as f:
+        ...     reader = csv.reader(f)
+        ...     for row in reader:
+        ...         print(row)
+        ['answer.how_feeling']
+        ['OK']
+        ['Great']
+        ['Terrible']
+        ['OK']
+
+        """
+        if pretty_labels is None:
+            pretty_labels = {}
+        header, rows = self._make_tabular(
+            remove_prefix=remove_prefix, pretty_labels=pretty_labels
+        )
+
+        if filename is not None:
+            with open(filename, "w") as f:
+                writer = csv.writer(f)
+                writer.writerow(header)
+                writer.writerows(rows)
+        else:
+            output = io.StringIO()
+            writer = csv.writer(output)
+            writer.writerow(header)
+            writer.writerows(rows)
+
+            if download_link:
+                from IPython.display import HTML, display
+
+                csv_file = output.getvalue()
+                b64 = base64.b64encode(csv_file.encode()).decode()
+                download_link = f'<a href="data:file/csv;base64,{b64}" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
+                display(HTML(download_link))
+            else:
+                return output.getvalue()
+
+    def download_link(self, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None) -> str:
+        """Return a download link for the results.
+
+        :param pretty_labels: A dictionary of pretty labels for the columns.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').download_link()
+        '<a href="data:file/csv;base64,YW5zd2VyLmhvd19mZWVsaW5nDQpPSw0KR3JlYXQNClRlcnJpYmxlDQpPSw0K" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
+        """
+        import base64
+
+        csv_string = self.to_csv(pretty_labels=pretty_labels)
+        b64 = base64.b64encode(csv_string.encode()).decode()
+        return f'<a href="data:file/csv;base64,{b64}" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
+
+    def to_pandas(self, remove_prefix: bool = False) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        """Convert the results to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_pandas()
+          answer.how_feeling
+        0                 OK
+        1              Great
+        2           Terrible
+        3                 OK
+        """
+        import pandas as pd
+
+        csv_string = self.to_csv(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+        csv_buffer = io.StringIO(csv_string)
+        df = pd.read_csv(csv_buffer)
+        # df_sorted = df.sort_index(axis=1)  # Sort columns alphabetically
+        return df
+
+    def to_scenario_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
+        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per scenario.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_scenario_list()
+        ScenarioList([Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
+        """
+        from edsl import ScenarioList, Scenario
+
+        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+        scenarios = []
+        for d in list_of_dicts:
+            scenarios.append(Scenario(d))
+        return ScenarioList(scenarios)
+        # return ScenarioList([Scenario(d) for d in list_of_dicts])
+
+    def to_agent_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True):
+        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per agent.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_agent_list()
+        AgentList([Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
+        """
+        from edsl import AgentList, Agent
+
+        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+        return AgentList([Agent(d) for d in list_of_dicts])
+
+    def to_dicts(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
+        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_dicts()
+        [{'how_feeling': 'OK'}, {'how_feeling': 'Great'}, {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}, {'how_feeling': 'OK'}]
+
+        """
+        list_of_keys = []
+        list_of_values = []
+        for entry in self:
+            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
+            list_of_keys.append(key)
+            list_of_values.append(values)
+
+        if remove_prefix:
+            list_of_keys = [key.split(".")[-1] for key in list_of_keys]
+
+        list_of_dicts = []
+        for entries in zip(*list_of_values):
+            list_of_dicts.append(dict(zip(list_of_keys, entries)))
+
+        return list_of_dicts
+
+    def to_list(self, flatten=False, remove_none=False, unzipped=False) -> list[list]:
+        """Convert the results to a list of lists.
+
+        :param flatten: Whether to flatten the list of lists.
+        :param remove_none: Whether to remove None values from the list.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday')
+        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}, {'answer.how_feeling_yesterday': ['Great', 'Good', 'OK', 'Terrible']}])
+
+        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').to_list()
+        [('OK', 'Great'), ('Great', 'Good'), ('Terrible', 'OK'), ('OK', 'Terrible')]
+
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_list()
+        ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']
+
+        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b').to_list(flatten = True)
+        [1, 9, 2, 3, 4]
+
+        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}, {'c': [6, 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b', 'c').to_list(flatten = True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected.
+
+
+        """
+        if len(self.relevant_columns()) > 1 and flatten:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected."
+            )
+
+        if len(self.relevant_columns()) == 1:
+            # if only one 'column' is selected (which is typical for this method
+            list_to_return = list(self[0].values())[0]
+        else:
+            keys = self.relevant_columns()
+            data = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=False)
+            list_to_return = []
+            for d in data:
+                list_to_return.append(tuple([d[key] for key in keys]))
+
+        if remove_none:
+            list_to_return = [item for item in list_to_return if item is not None]
+
+        if flatten:
+            new_list = []
+            for item in list_to_return:
+                if isinstance(item, list):
+                    new_list.extend(item)
+                else:
+                    new_list.append(item)
+            list_to_return = new_list
+
+        return list_to_return
+
+    def html(
+        self,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        cta: str = "Open in browser",
+        return_link: bool = False,
+    ):
+        import os
+        import tempfile
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
+        from IPython.display import HTML, display
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
+
+        df = self.to_pandas()
+
+        if filename is None:
+            current_directory = os.getcwd()
+            filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+                "w", delete=False, suffix=".html", dir=current_directory
+            ).name
+
+        with open(filename, "w") as f:
+            f.write(df.to_html())
+
+        if is_notebook():
+            html_url = f"/files/{filename}"
+            html_link = f'<a href="{html_url}" target="_blank">{cta}</a>'
+            display(HTML(html_link))
+        else:
+            print(f"Saved to {filename}")
+            import webbrowser
+            import os
+
+            webbrowser.open(f"file://{os.path.abspath(filename)}")
+
+        if return_link:
+            return filename
+
+    def tally(
+        self, *fields: Optional[str], top_n: Optional[int] = None, output="Dataset"
+    ) -> Union[dict, "Dataset"]:
+        """Tally the values of a field or perform a cross-tab of multiple fields.
+
+        :param fields: The field(s) to tally, multiple fields for cross-tabulation.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "dict")
+        {'OK': 2, 'Great': 1, 'Terrible': 1}
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "Dataset")
+        Dataset([{'value': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible']}, {'count': [2, 1, 1]}])
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling', 'period').tally('how_feeling', 'period', output = "dict")
+        {('OK', 'morning'): 1, ('Great', 'afternoon'): 1, ('Terrible', 'morning'): 1, ('OK', 'afternoon'): 1}
+        """
+        from collections import Counter
+
+        if len(fields) == 0:
+            fields = self.relevant_columns()
+
+        relevant_columns_without_prefix = [
+            column.split(".")[-1] for column in self.relevant_columns()
+        ]
+
+        # breakpoint()
+
+        if not all(
+            f in self.relevant_columns() or f in relevant_columns_without_prefix
+            for f in fields
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("One or more specified fields are not in the dataset.")
+
+        if len(fields) == 1:
+            field = fields[0]
+            values = self._key_to_value(field)
+        else:
+            values = list(zip(*(self._key_to_value(field) for field in fields)))
+
+        for value in values:
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                value = tuple(value)
+
+        tally = dict(Counter(values))
+        sorted_tally = dict(sorted(tally.items(), key=lambda item: -item[1]))
+        if top_n is not None:
+            sorted_tally = dict(list(sorted_tally.items())[:top_n])
+
+        import warnings
+        import textwrap
+        from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+
+        if output == "dict":
+            # why did I do this?
+            warnings.warn(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """\
+                        The default output from tally will change to Dataset in the future.
+                        Use output='Dataset' to get the Dataset object for now.
+                        """
+                )
+            )
+            return sorted_tally
+        elif output == "Dataset":
+            return Dataset(
+                [
+                    {"value": list(sorted_tally.keys())},
+                    {"count": list(sorted_tally.values())},
+                ]
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)