docling 2.22.0__py3-none-any.whl → 2.23.0__py3-none-any.whl

docling/backend/xml/jats_backend.py

@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+import logging
+import traceback
+from io import BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final, Optional, Union
+
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+from docling_core.types.doc import (
+    DocItemLabel,
+    DoclingDocument,
+    DocumentOrigin,
+    GroupItem,
+    GroupLabel,
+    NodeItem,
+    TableCell,
+    TableData,
+    TextItem,
+)
+from lxml import etree
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, override
+
+from docling.backend.abstract_backend import DeclarativeDocumentBackend
+from docling.datamodel.base_models import InputFormat
+from docling.datamodel.document import InputDocument
+
+_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+JATS_DTD_URL: Final = ["JATS-journalpublishing", "JATS-archive"]
+DEFAULT_HEADER_ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Final = "Acknowledgments"
+DEFAULT_HEADER_ABSTRACT: Final = "Abstract"
+DEFAULT_HEADER_REFERENCES: Final = "References"
+DEFAULT_TEXT_ETAL: Final = "et al."
+
+
+class Abstract(TypedDict):
+    label: str
+    content: str
+
+
+class Author(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    affiliation_names: list[str]
+
+
+class Citation(TypedDict):
+    author_names: str
+    title: str
+    source: str
+    year: str
+    volume: str
+    page: str
+    pub_id: str
+    publisher_name: str
+    publisher_loc: str
+
+
+class Table(TypedDict):
+    label: str
+    caption: str
+    content: str
+
+
+class XMLComponents(TypedDict):
+    title: str
+    authors: list[Author]
+    abstract: list[Abstract]
+
+
+class JatsDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
+    """Backend to parse articles in XML format tagged according to JATS definition.
+
+    The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is an definition standard for the
+    representation of journal articles in XML format. Several publishers and journal
+    archives provide content in JATS format, including PubMed Central® (PMC), bioRxiv,
+    medRxiv, or Springer Nature.
+
+    Refer to https://jats.nlm.nih.gov for more details on JATS.
+
+    The code from this document backend has been developed by modifying parts of the
+    PubMed Parser library (version 0.5.0, released on 12.08.2024):
+    Achakulvisut et al., (2020).
+    Pubmed Parser: A Python Parser for PubMed Open-Access XML Subset and MEDLINE XML
+      Dataset XML Dataset.
+    Journal of Open Source Software, 5(46), 1979,
+    https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01979
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def __init__(
+        self, in_doc: "InputDocument", path_or_stream: Union[BytesIO, Path]
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(in_doc, path_or_stream)
+        self.path_or_stream = path_or_stream
+
+        # Initialize the root of the document hiearchy
+        self.root: Optional[NodeItem] = None
+
+        self.valid = False
+        try:
+            if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, BytesIO):
+                self.path_or_stream.seek(0)
+            self.tree: etree._ElementTree = etree.parse(self.path_or_stream)
+
+            doc_info: etree.DocInfo = self.tree.docinfo
+            if doc_info.system_url and any(
+                [kwd in doc_info.system_url for kwd in JATS_DTD_URL]
+            ):
+                self.valid = True
+                return
+            for ent in doc_info.internalDTD.iterentities():
+                if ent.system_url and any(
+                    [kwd in ent.system_url for kwd in JATS_DTD_URL]
+                ):
+                    self.valid = True
+                    return
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Could not initialize JATS backend for file with hash {self.document_hash}."
+            ) from exc
+
+    @override
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.valid
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def supports_pagination(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @override
+    def unload(self):
+        if isinstance(self.path_or_stream, BytesIO):
+            self.path_or_stream.close()
+        self.path_or_stream = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def supported_formats(cls) -> set[InputFormat]:
+        return {InputFormat.XML_JATS}
+
+    @override
+    def convert(self) -> DoclingDocument:
+        try:
+            # Create empty document
+            origin = DocumentOrigin(
+                filename=self.file.name or "file",
+                mimetype="application/xml",
+                binary_hash=self.document_hash,
+            )
+            doc = DoclingDocument(name=self.file.stem or "file", origin=origin)
+
+            # Get metadata XML components
+            xml_components: XMLComponents = self._parse_metadata()
+
+            # Add metadata to the document
+            self._add_metadata(doc, xml_components)
+
+            # walk over the XML body
+            body = self.tree.xpath("//body")
+            if self.root and len(body) > 0:
+                self._walk_linear(doc, self.root, body[0])
+
+            # walk over the XML back matter
+            back = self.tree.xpath("//back")
+            if self.root and len(back) > 0:
+                self._walk_linear(doc, self.root, back[0])
+        except Exception:
+            _log.error(traceback.format_exc())
+
+        return doc
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_text(node: etree._Element, sep: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        skip_tags = ["term", "disp-formula", "inline-formula"]
+        text: str = (
+            node.text.replace("\n", " ")
+            if (node.tag not in skip_tags and node.text)
+            else ""
+        )
+        for child in list(node):
+            if child.tag not in skip_tags:
+                # TODO: apply styling according to child.tag when supported by docling-core
+                text += JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(child, sep)
+            if sep:
+                text = text.rstrip(sep) + sep
+            text += child.tail.replace("\n", " ") if child.tail else ""
+
+        return text
+
+    def _find_metadata(self) -> Optional[etree._Element]:
+        meta_names: list[str] = ["article-meta", "book-part-meta"]
+        meta: Optional[etree._Element] = None
+        for name in meta_names:
+            node = self.tree.xpath(f".//{name}")
+            if len(node) > 0:
+                meta = node[0]
+                break
+
+        return meta
+
+    def _parse_abstract(self) -> list[Abstract]:
+        # TODO: address cases with multiple sections
+        abs_list: list[Abstract] = []
+
+        for abs_node in self.tree.xpath(".//abstract"):
+            abstract: Abstract = dict(label="", content="")
+            texts = []
+            for abs_par in abs_node.xpath("p"):
+                texts.append(JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(abs_par).strip())
+            abstract["content"] = " ".join(texts)
+
+            label_node = abs_node.xpath("title|label")
+            if len(label_node) > 0:
+                abstract["label"] = label_node[0].text.strip()
+
+            abs_list.append(abstract)
+
+        return abs_list
+
+    def _parse_authors(self) -> list[Author]:
+        # Get mapping between affiliation ids and names
+        authors: list[Author] = []
+        meta: Optional[etree._Element] = self._find_metadata()
+        if meta is None:
+            return authors
+
+        affiliation_names = []
+        for affiliation_node in meta.xpath(".//aff[@id]"):
+            aff = ", ".join([t for t in affiliation_node.itertext() if t.strip()])
+            aff = aff.replace("\n", " ")
+            label = affiliation_node.xpath("label")
+            if label:
+                # TODO: once superscript is supported, add label with formatting
+                aff = aff.removeprefix(f"{label[0].text}, ")
+            affiliation_names.append(aff)
+        affiliation_ids_names = {
+            id: name
+            for id, name in zip(meta.xpath(".//aff[@id]/@id"), affiliation_names)
+        }
+
+        # Get author names and affiliation names
+        for author_node in meta.xpath(
+            './/contrib-group/contrib[@contrib-type="author"]'
+        ):
+            author: Author = {
+                "name": "",
+                "affiliation_names": [],
+            }
+
+            # Affiliation names
+            affiliation_ids = [
+                a.attrib["rid"] for a in author_node.xpath('xref[@ref-type="aff"]')
+            ]
+            for id in affiliation_ids:
+                if id in affiliation_ids_names:
+                    author["affiliation_names"].append(affiliation_ids_names[id])
+
+            # Name
+            author["name"] = (
+                author_node.xpath("name/given-names")[0].text
+                + " "
+                + author_node.xpath("name/surname")[0].text
+            )
+
+            authors.append(author)
+
+        return authors
+
+    def _parse_title(self) -> str:
+        meta_names: list[str] = [
+            "article-meta",
+            "collection-meta",
+            "book-meta",
+            "book-part-meta",
+        ]
+        title_names: list[str] = ["article-title", "subtitle", "title", "label"]
+        titles: list[str] = [
+            " ".join(
+                elem.text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+                for elem in list(title_node)
+                if elem.tag in title_names
+            ).strip()
+            for title_node in self.tree.xpath(
+                "|".join([f".//{item}/title-group" for item in meta_names])
+            )
+        ]
+
+        text = " - ".join(titles)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _parse_metadata(self) -> XMLComponents:
+        """Parsing JATS document metadata."""
+        xml_components: XMLComponents = {
+            "title": self._parse_title(),
+            "authors": self._parse_authors(),
+            "abstract": self._parse_abstract(),
+        }
+        return xml_components
+
+    def _add_abstract(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, xml_components: XMLComponents
+    ) -> None:
+
+        for abstract in xml_components["abstract"]:
+            text: str = abstract["content"]
+            title: str = abstract["label"] or DEFAULT_HEADER_ABSTRACT
+            if not text:
+                continue
+            parent = doc.add_heading(parent=self.root, text=title)
+            doc.add_text(
+                parent=parent,
+                text=text,
+                label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
+            )
+
+        return
+
+    def _add_authors(self, doc: DoclingDocument, xml_components: XMLComponents) -> None:
+        # TODO: once docling supports text formatting, add affiliation reference to
+        # author names through superscripts
+        authors: list = [item["name"] for item in xml_components["authors"]]
+        authors_str = ", ".join(authors)
+        affiliations: list = [
+            item
+            for author in xml_components["authors"]
+            for item in author["affiliation_names"]
+        ]
+        affiliations_str = "; ".join(list(dict.fromkeys(affiliations)))
+        if authors_str:
+            doc.add_text(
+                parent=self.root,
+                text=authors_str,
+                label=DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH,
+            )
+        if affiliations_str:
+            doc.add_text(
+                parent=self.root,
+                text=affiliations_str,
+                label=DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH,
+            )
+
+        return
+
+    def _add_citation(self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, text: str) -> None:
+        if isinstance(parent, GroupItem) and parent.label == GroupLabel.LIST:
+            doc.add_list_item(text=text, enumerated=False, parent=parent)
+        else:
+            doc.add_text(text=text, label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, parent=parent)
+
+        return
+
+    def _parse_element_citation(self, node: etree._Element) -> str:
+        citation: Citation = {
+            "author_names": "",
+            "title": "",
+            "source": "",
+            "year": "",
+            "volume": "",
+            "page": "",
+            "pub_id": "",
+            "publisher_name": "",
+            "publisher_loc": "",
+        }
+
+        _log.debug("Citation parsing started")
+
+        # Author names
+        names = []
+        for name_node in node.xpath(".//name"):
+            name_str = (
+                name_node.xpath("surname")[0].text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+                + " "
+                + name_node.xpath("given-names")[0].text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+            )
+            names.append(name_str)
+        etal_node = node.xpath(".//etal")
+        if len(etal_node) > 0:
+            etal_text = etal_node[0].text or DEFAULT_TEXT_ETAL
+            names.append(etal_text)
+        citation["author_names"] = ", ".join(names)
+
+        titles: list[str] = [
+            "article-title",
+            "chapter-title",
+            "data-title",
+            "issue-title",
+            "part-title",
+            "trans-title",
+        ]
+        title_node: Optional[etree._Element] = None
+        for name in titles:
+            name_node = node.xpath(name)
+            if len(name_node) > 0:
+                title_node = name_node[0]
+                break
+        citation["title"] = (
+            JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(title_node)
+            if title_node is not None
+            else node.text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+        )
+
+        # Journal, year, publisher name, publisher location, volume, elocation
+        fields: list[str] = [
+            "source",
+            "year",
+            "publisher-name",
+            "publisher-loc",
+            "volume",
+        ]
+        for item in fields:
+            item_node = node.xpath(item)
+            if len(item_node) > 0:
+                citation[item.replace("-", "_")] = (  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+                    item_node[0].text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+                )
+
+        # Publication identifier
+        if len(node.xpath("pub-id")) > 0:
+            pub_id: list[str] = []
+            for id_node in node.xpath("pub-id"):
+                id_type = id_node.get("assigning-authority") or id_node.get(
+                    "pub-id-type"
+                )
+                id_text = id_node.text
+                if id_type and id_text:
+                    pub_id.append(
+                        id_type.replace("\n", " ").strip().upper()
+                        + ": "
+                        + id_text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+                    )
+            if pub_id:
+                citation["pub_id"] = ", ".join(pub_id)
+
+        # Pages
+        if len(node.xpath("elocation-id")) > 0:
+            citation["page"] = (
+                node.xpath("elocation-id")[0].text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+            )
+        elif len(node.xpath("fpage")) > 0:
+            citation["page"] = node.xpath("fpage")[0].text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+            if len(node.xpath("lpage")) > 0:
+                citation["page"] += (
+                    "–" + node.xpath("lpage")[0].text.replace("\n", " ").strip()
+                )
+
+        # Flatten the citation to string
+
+        text = ""
+        if citation["author_names"]:
+            text += citation["author_names"].rstrip(".") + ". "
+        if citation["title"]:
+            text += citation["title"] + ". "
+        if citation["source"]:
+            text += citation["source"] + ". "
+        if citation["publisher_name"]:
+            if citation["publisher_loc"]:
+                text += f"{citation['publisher_loc']}: "
+            text += citation["publisher_name"] + ". "
+        if citation["volume"]:
+            text = text.rstrip(". ")
+            text += f" {citation['volume']}. "
+        if citation["page"]:
+            text = text.rstrip(". ")
+            if citation["volume"]:
+                text += ":"
+            text += citation["page"] + ". "
+        if citation["year"]:
+            text = text.rstrip(". ")
+            text += f" ({citation['year']})."
+        if citation["pub_id"]:
+            text = text.rstrip(".") + ". "
+            text += citation["pub_id"]
+
+        _log.debug("Citation flattened")
+
+        return text
+
+    def _add_equation(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, node: etree._Element
+    ) -> None:
+        math_text = node.text
+        math_parts = math_text.split("$$")
+        if len(math_parts) == 3:
+            math_formula = math_parts[1]
+            doc.add_text(label=DocItemLabel.FORMULA, text=math_formula, parent=parent)
+
+        return
+
+    def _add_figure_captions(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, node: etree._Element
+    ) -> None:
+        label_node = node.xpath("label")
+        label: Optional[str] = (
+            JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(label_node[0]).strip() if label_node else ""
+        )
+
+        caption_node = node.xpath("caption")
+        caption: Optional[str]
+        if len(caption_node) > 0:
+            caption = ""
+            for caption_par in list(caption_node[0]):
+                if caption_par.xpath(".//supplementary-material"):
+                    continue
+                caption += JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(caption_par).strip() + " "
+            caption = caption.strip()
+        else:
+            caption = None
+
+        # TODO: format label vs caption once styling is supported
+        fig_text: str = f"{label}{' ' if label and caption else ''}{caption}"
+        fig_caption: Optional[TextItem] = (
+            doc.add_text(label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION, text=fig_text)
+            if fig_text
+            else None
+        )
+
+        doc.add_picture(parent=parent, caption=fig_caption)
+
+        return
+
+    # TODO: add footnotes when DocItemLabel.FOOTNOTE and styling are supported
+    # def _add_footnote_group(self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, node: etree._Element) -> None:
+    #     new_parent = doc.add_group(label=GroupLabel.LIST, name="footnotes", parent=parent)
+    #     for child in node.iterchildren(tag="fn"):
+    #         text = JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(child)
+    #         doc.add_list_item(text=text, parent=new_parent)
+
+    def _add_metadata(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, xml_components: XMLComponents
+    ) -> None:
+        self._add_title(doc, xml_components)
+        self._add_authors(doc, xml_components)
+        self._add_abstract(doc, xml_components)
+
+        return
+
+    def _add_table(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, table_xml_component: Table
+    ) -> None:
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(table_xml_component["content"], "html.parser")
+        table_tag = soup.find("table")
+
+        nested_tables = table_tag.find("table")
+        if nested_tables:
+            _log.warning(f"Skipping nested table in {str(self.file)}")
+            return
+
+        # Count the number of rows (number of <tr> elements)
+        num_rows = len(table_tag.find_all("tr"))
+
+        # Find the number of columns (taking into account colspan)
+        num_cols = 0
+        for row in table_tag.find_all("tr"):
+            col_count = 0
+            for cell in row.find_all(["td", "th"]):
+                colspan = int(cell.get("colspan", 1))
+                col_count += colspan
+            num_cols = max(num_cols, col_count)
+
+        grid = [[None for _ in range(num_cols)] for _ in range(num_rows)]
+
+        data = TableData(num_rows=num_rows, num_cols=num_cols, table_cells=[])
+
+        # Iterate over the rows in the table
+        for row_idx, row in enumerate(table_tag.find_all("tr")):
+            # For each row, find all the column cells (both <td> and <th>)
+            cells = row.find_all(["td", "th"])
+
+            # Check if each cell in the row is a header -> means it is a column header
+            col_header = True
+            for j, html_cell in enumerate(cells):
+                if html_cell.name == "td":
+                    col_header = False
+
+            # Extract and print the text content of each cell
+            col_idx = 0
+            for _, html_cell in enumerate(cells):
+                # extract inline formulas
+                for formula in html_cell.find_all("inline-formula"):
+                    math_parts = formula.text.split("$$")
+                    if len(math_parts) == 3:
+                        math_formula = f"$${math_parts[1]}$$"
+                        formula.replaceWith(math_formula)
+                text = html_cell.text
+
+                col_span = int(html_cell.get("colspan", 1))
+                row_span = int(html_cell.get("rowspan", 1))
+
+                while grid[row_idx][col_idx] is not None:
+                    col_idx += 1
+                for r in range(row_span):
+                    for c in range(col_span):
+                        grid[row_idx + r][col_idx + c] = text
+
+                cell = TableCell(
+                    text=text,
+                    row_span=row_span,
+                    col_span=col_span,
+                    start_row_offset_idx=row_idx,
+                    end_row_offset_idx=row_idx + row_span,
+                    start_col_offset_idx=col_idx,
+                    end_col_offset_idx=col_idx + col_span,
+                    col_header=col_header,
+                    row_header=((not col_header) and html_cell.name == "th"),
+                )
+                data.table_cells.append(cell)
+
+        # TODO: format label vs caption once styling is supported
+        label = table_xml_component["label"]
+        caption = table_xml_component["caption"]
+        table_text: str = f"{label}{' ' if label and caption else ''}{caption}"
+        table_caption: Optional[TextItem] = (
+            doc.add_text(label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION, text=table_text)
+            if table_text
+            else None
+        )
+
+        doc.add_table(data=data, parent=parent, caption=table_caption)
+
+        return
+
+    def _add_tables(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, node: etree._Element
+    ) -> None:
+        table: Table = {"label": "", "caption": "", "content": ""}
+
+        # Content
+        if len(node.xpath("table")) > 0:
+            table_content_node = node.xpath("table")[0]
+        elif len(node.xpath("alternatives/table")) > 0:
+            table_content_node = node.xpath("alternatives/table")[0]
+        else:
+            table_content_node = None
+        if table_content_node is not None:
+            table["content"] = etree.tostring(table_content_node).decode("utf-8")
+
+        # Caption
+        caption_node = node.xpath("caption")
+        caption: Optional[str]
+        if caption_node:
+            caption = ""
+            for caption_par in list(caption_node[0]):
+                if caption_par.xpath(".//supplementary-material"):
+                    continue
+                caption += JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(caption_par).strip() + " "
+            caption = caption.strip()
+        else:
+            caption = None
+        if caption is not None:
+            table["caption"] = caption
+
+        # Label
+        if len(node.xpath("label")) > 0:
+            table["label"] = node.xpath("label")[0].text
+
+        try:
+            self._add_table(doc, parent, table)
+        except Exception as e:
+            _log.warning(f"Skipping unsupported table in {str(self.file)}")
+            pass
+
+        return
+
+    def _add_title(self, doc: DoclingDocument, xml_components: XMLComponents) -> None:
+        self.root = doc.add_text(
+            parent=None,
+            text=xml_components["title"],
+            label=DocItemLabel.TITLE,
+        )
+        return
+
+    def _walk_linear(
+        self, doc: DoclingDocument, parent: NodeItem, node: etree._Element
+    ) -> str:
+        # _log.debug(f"Walking on {node.tag} with {len(list(node))} children")
+        skip_tags = ["term"]
+        flush_tags = ["ack", "sec", "list", "boxed-text", "disp-formula", "fig"]
+        new_parent: NodeItem = parent
+        node_text: str = (
+            node.text.replace("\n", " ")
+            if (node.tag not in skip_tags and node.text)
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        for child in list(node):
+            stop_walk: bool = False
+
+            # flush text into TextItem for some tags in paragraph nodes
+            if node.tag == "p" and node_text.strip() and child.tag in flush_tags:
+                doc.add_text(
+                    label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, text=node_text.strip(), parent=parent
+                )
+                node_text = ""
+
+            # add elements and decide whether to stop walking
+            if child.tag in ("sec", "ack"):
+                header = child.xpath("title|label")
+                text: Optional[str] = None
+                if len(header) > 0:
+                    text = JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(header[0])
+                elif child.tag == "ack":
+                    text = DEFAULT_HEADER_ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+                if text:
+                    new_parent = doc.add_heading(text=text, parent=parent)
+            elif child.tag == "list":
+                new_parent = doc.add_group(
+                    label=GroupLabel.LIST, name="list", parent=parent
+                )
+            elif child.tag == "list-item":
+                # TODO: address any type of content (another list, formula,...)
+                # TODO: address list type and item label
+                text = JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(child).strip()
+                new_parent = doc.add_list_item(text=text, parent=parent)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "fig":
+                self._add_figure_captions(doc, parent, child)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "table-wrap":
+                self._add_tables(doc, parent, child)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "suplementary-material":
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "fn-group":
+                # header = child.xpath(".//title") or child.xpath(".//label")
+                # if header:
+                #     text = JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(header[0])
+                #     fn_parent = doc.add_heading(text=text, parent=new_parent)
+                # self._add_footnote_group(doc, fn_parent, child)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "ref-list" and node.tag != "ref-list":
+                header = child.xpath("title|label")
+                text = (
+                    JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(header[0])
+                    if len(header) > 0
+                    else DEFAULT_HEADER_REFERENCES
+                )
+                new_parent = doc.add_heading(text=text, parent=parent)
+                new_parent = doc.add_group(
+                    parent=new_parent, label=GroupLabel.LIST, name="list"
+                )
+            elif child.tag == "element-citation":
+                text = self._parse_element_citation(child)
+                self._add_citation(doc, parent, text)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "mixed-citation":
+                text = JatsDocumentBackend._get_text(child).strip()
+                self._add_citation(doc, parent, text)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "tex-math":
+                self._add_equation(doc, parent, child)
+                stop_walk = True
+            elif child.tag == "inline-formula":
+                # TODO: address inline formulas when supported by docling-core
+                stop_walk = True
+
+            # step into child
+            if not stop_walk:
+                new_text = self._walk_linear(doc, new_parent, child)
+                if not (node.getparent().tag == "p" and node.tag in flush_tags):
+                    node_text += new_text
+
+            # pick up the tail text
+            node_text += child.tail.replace("\n", " ") if child.tail else ""
+
+        # create paragraph
+        if node.tag == "p" and node_text.strip():
+            doc.add_text(label=DocItemLabel.TEXT, text=node_text.strip(), parent=parent)
+            return ""
+        else:
+            # backpropagate the text
+            return node_text