disdrodb 0.2.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.0__py3-none-any.whl

disdrodb/fall_velocity/graupel.py

@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 DISDRODB developers
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+"""Theoretical models to estimate the graupel fall velocity based on particle maximum diameter in mm."""
+
+import numpy as np
+import xarray as xr
+
+from disdrodb.constants import DIAMETER_DIMENSION
+from disdrodb.l0.l0b_processing import ensure_valid_geolocation
+from disdrodb.l1_env.routines import load_env_dataset
+from disdrodb.physics.wrappers import retrieve_air_density, retrieve_air_dynamic_viscosity, retrieve_air_pressure
+from disdrodb.utils.warnings import suppress_warnings
+
+
+def get_graupel_density(diameter):
+    """Estimate the graupel particle density.
+
+    Use the Heymsfield & Wright (2014) parameterization.
+
+    At 5mm, graupel density only 140 kg/m3 ...
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    graupel_density : xarray.DataArray or numpy.ndarray
+        Graupel density [kg/m3].
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Heymsfield, A. J., and Wright, R., 2014.
+    Graupel and Hail Terminal Velocities: Does a Supercritical Reynolds Number Apply?
+    J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3392-3403, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0034.1.
+    """
+    graupel_density = 0.18 * (diameter * 0.1) ** 0.33 * 1000
+    return graupel_density
+
+
+def get_fall_velocity_lee_2015(diameter):
+    """
+    Compute terminal fall velocity of lump graupel.
+
+    Use Lee et al., 2015 empirical formula.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : ndarray or xarray.DataArray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+    """
+    fall_velocity = 1.10 * diameter**0.28
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+def get_fall_velocity_locatelli_1974_lump(diameter):
+    """
+    Compute terminal fall velocity of lump graupel.
+
+    Use Locatelli and Hobbs 1974 empirical formula.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : ndarray or xarray.DataArray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+
+    Reference
+    ---------
+    Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs (1974).
+    Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles
+    J. Geophys. Res., 79(15), 2185-2197, doi:10.1029/JC079i015p02185.
+    """
+    fall_velocity = 1.3 * diameter**0.66  # Dmax [0.5-3]
+    # fall_velocity = 1.16*diameter**0.46,  # Dmax [0.5-2]
+    # fall_velocity = 1.5*diameter**0.37    # Dmax [0.5-1]
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+def get_fall_velocity_locatelli_1974_conical(diameter):
+    """
+    Compute terminal fall velocity of cone-shaped graupel.
+
+    Use Locatelli and Hobbs 1974 empirical formula.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : ndarray or xarray.DataArray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+
+    Reference
+    ---------
+    Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs (1974).
+    Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles
+    J. Geophys. Res., 79(15), 2185-2197, doi:10.1029/JC079i015p02185.
+    """
+    fall_velocity = 1.20 * diameter**0.65
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+def get_fall_velocity_locatelli_1974_hexagonal(diameter):
+    """
+    Compute terminal fall velocity of hexagonal graupel.
+
+    Use Locatelli and Hobbs 1974 empirical formula.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : ndarray or xarray.DataArray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+
+    Reference
+    ---------
+    Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs (1974).
+    Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles
+    J. Geophys. Res., 79(15), 2185-2197, doi:10.1029/JC079i015p02185.
+    """
+    fall_velocity = 1.10 * diameter**0.57
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+def get_fall_velocity_heymsfield_2014(diameter):
+    """
+    Compute terminal velocity of graupel and small hail.
+
+    Use Heymsfield & Wright (2014) empirical formula.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : ndarray or xarray.DataArray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+    Reference
+    ---------
+    Heymsfield, A. J., and Wright, R., 2014.
+    Graupel and hail terminal velocities: Observations and theory.
+    Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences* , 71(1), 339-353.
+    """
+    fall_velocity = 4.88 * (0.1 * diameter) ** 0.84
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+def get_fall_velocity_heymsfield_2018(diameter):
+    """Get graupel fall velocity from Heymsfield et al., 2018.
+
+    Use the Heymsfield et al., 2018 parameterization.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : xarray.DataArray or numpy.ndarray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Heymsfield, A., M. Szakáll, A. Jost, I. Giammanco, and R. Wright, 2018.
+    A Comprehensive Observational Study of Graupel and Hail Terminal Velocity, Mass Flux, and Kinetic Energy.
+    J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3861-3885, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0035.1.
+
+    Heymsfield, A., M. Szakáll, A. Jost, I. Giammanco, R. Wright, and J. Brimelow, 2020.
+    CORRIGENDUM.
+    J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 405-412, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0185.1.
+    """
+    # Original incorrect formula from Heymsfield et al., 2018
+    # fall_velocity = 6.35 * (0.1 * diameter) ** 0.87  # 0.87 in Table 3. 0.97 in Eq 8
+
+    # Corrected formula from Heymsfield et al., 2020 (Corrigendum)
+    fall_velocity = 7.59 * (0.1 * diameter) ** 0.89
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+####----------------------------------------------------------------------
+#### Heymsfield_2014 graupel model
+
+
+def get_graupel_heymsfield_2014_fall_velocity(
+    diameter,
+    graupel_density=500.0,
+    air_density=1.225,
+    air_dynamic_viscosity=1.81e-5,
+    g=9.81,
+):
+    r"""
+    Compute the terminal fall velocity of sleet, graupel and small hail particles.
+
+    Use the Heymsfield & Wright (2014) parameterization.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like or float
+        Particle maximum diameter in millimeters [mm].
+    air_density : float, optional
+        Air density [kg m⁻³]. Default is 1.225 (typical at sea level, 15°C).
+    graupel_density : float, optional
+        Bulk density of the ice particle [kg m⁻³].
+        Defaults to 500 kg m⁻³ (typical for graupel; hail can be ~900).
+    air_dynamic_viscosity : float, optional
+        Dynamic viscosity of air [kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹].
+        Default is 1.81e-5 (air at 15°C, 1 atm).
+    g : float, optional
+        Acceleration due to gravity [m s⁻²]. Default is 9.81.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : xarray.DataArray
+        Terminal fall velocity [m s⁻¹].
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The relationship is based on empirical fits to the Reynolds number (Re)
+    as a function of a dimensionless variable X:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        X = \\frac{4}{3} D^3 \\rho_b g \\frac{\\rho_a}{\\eta_a^2}
+
+    Two regimes are used to compute the Reynolds number :math:`Re` as a function of
+    the dimensionless parameter :math:`X`:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        Re =
+        \\begin{cases}
+            0.106\\, X^{0.693}, & \\text{for } X < 6.77 \\times 10^{4} \\\\
+            0.55\\,  X^{0.545}, & \\text{for } X \\ge 6.77 \\times 10^{4}
+        \\end{cases}
+
+    The terminal fall velocity :math:`v_t` is then obtained as:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        v_t = \\frac{Re\\, \\eta_a}{\\rho_a\\, D}
+
+    where:
+
+
+    - :math:`Re` — Reynolds number (dimensionless)
+    - :math:`\\eta_a` — dynamic viscosity of air [kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹]
+    - :math:`\\rho_a` — air density [kg m⁻³]
+    - :math:`D` — particle diameter [m]
+    - :math:`\\rho_b` — bulk density of the particle [kg m⁻³]
+    - :math:`g` — gravitational acceleration [m s⁻²]
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Heymsfield, A. J., and Wright, R., 2014.
+    Graupel and Hail Terminal Velocities: Does a Supercritical Reynolds Number Apply?
+    J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3392-3403, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0034.1.
+    """
+    diameter = xr.DataArray(diameter / 1000)
+
+    # Compute Davies (or Best) number
+    X = (4 / 3) * diameter**3 * graupel_density * g * air_density / air_dynamic_viscosity**2
+
+    Re = xr.where(
+        X < 6.77e4,
+        0.106 * X**0.693,
+        0.55 * X**0.545,
+    )
+
+    fall_velocity = Re * air_dynamic_viscosity / (air_density * diameter)
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+def retrieve_graupel_heymsfield2014_fall_velocity(
+    diameter,
+    ds_env,
+    graupel_density=500.0,
+):
+    """
+    Compute the terminal fall velocity of sleet, graupel and small hail particles.
+
+    Use the Heymsfield & Wright (2014) parameterization.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like
+        Diameter of the graupel particles in millimeters.
+    ds_env : xr.Dataset
+        A dataset containing the following environmental variables:
+        - 'altitude' :  Altitude in meters (m).
+        - 'latitude' :  Latitude in degrees.
+        - 'temperature' : Temperature in degrees Kelvin (K).
+        - 'relative_humidity' :  Relative humidity between 0 and 1.
+        - 'sea_level_air_pressure' : Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level in Pascals (Pa).
+        The default is 101_325 Pa.
+        - 'air_pressure': Air pressure in Pascals (Pa). If None, air_pressure at altitude is inferred.
+        - 'lapse_rate' : Atmospheric lapse rate in degrees Celsius or Kelvin per meter (°C/m).
+        The default is 0.0065 K/m.
+        - 'gas_constant_dry_air': Gas constant for dry air in J/(kg*K). The default is 287.04 is J/(kg*K).
+    graupel_density : float, optional
+        Bulk density of the ice particle [kg m⁻³].
+        Defaults to 500 kg m⁻³ (typical for graupel; hail can be ~900).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : array-like
+        Terminal fall velocity for the graupel particles.
+    """
+    air_viscosity = retrieve_air_dynamic_viscosity(ds_env)
+    air_density = retrieve_air_density(ds_env)
+    fall_velocity = get_graupel_heymsfield_2014_fall_velocity(
+        diameter=diameter,
+        graupel_density=graupel_density,
+        air_density=air_density,
+        air_dynamic_viscosity=air_viscosity,
+    )
+    return fall_velocity
+
+
+####------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#### Wrappers
+
+
+GRAUPEL_FALL_VELOCITY_MODELS = {
+    "Lee2015": get_fall_velocity_lee_2015,
+    "Locatelli1974Lump": get_fall_velocity_locatelli_1974_lump,
+    "Locatelli1974Conical": get_fall_velocity_locatelli_1974_conical,
+    "Locatelli1974Hexagonal": get_fall_velocity_locatelli_1974_hexagonal,
+    "Heymsfield2014": get_fall_velocity_heymsfield_2014,
+    "Heymsfield2018": get_fall_velocity_heymsfield_2018,
+}
+
+
+def available_graupel_fall_velocity_models():
+    """Return a list of the available graupel fall velocity models."""
+    return list(GRAUPEL_FALL_VELOCITY_MODELS)
+
+
+def check_graupel_fall_velocity_model(model):
+    """Check validity of the specified graupel fall velocity model."""
+    available_models = available_graupel_fall_velocity_models()
+    if model not in available_models:
+        raise ValueError(f"{model} is an invalid graupel fall velocity model. Valid models: {available_models}.")
+    return model
+
+
+def get_graupel_fall_velocity_model(model):
+    """Return the specified graupel fall velocity model.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    model : str
+        The model to use for calculating the rain drop fall velocity. Available models are:
+       'Lee2015', 'Locatelli1974Lump', 'Locatelli1974Conical', 'Locatelli1974Hexagonal',
+       'Heymsfield2014', 'Heymsfield2018'.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    callable
+        A function which compute the graupel fall velocity model
+        given the rain drop diameter in mm.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function serves as a wrapper to various graupel fall velocity models.
+    It returns the appropriate model based on the `model` parameter.
+    """
+    model = check_graupel_fall_velocity_model(model)
+    return GRAUPEL_FALL_VELOCITY_MODELS[model]
+
+
+def get_graupel_fall_velocity(diameter, model, ds_env=None, minimum_diameter=0.5, maximum_diameter=5):
+    """Calculate the fall velocity of graupel based on their diameter.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diameter : array-like
+        The diameter of the graupel in millimeters.
+    model : str
+        The model to use for calculating the graupel fall velocity. Must be one of the following:
+       'Lee2015', 'Locatelli1974Lump', 'Locatelli1974Conical', 'Locatelli1974Hexagonal',
+       'Heymsfield2014', 'Heymsfield2018'.
+    ds_env : xr.Dataset, optional
+        A dataset containing the following environmental variables:
+        - 'altitude' (m)
+        - 'latitude' (°)
+        - 'temperature' : Temperature in degrees Kelvin (K).
+        - 'relative_humidity' :  Relative humidity. A value between 0 and 1.
+        - 'sea_level_air_pressure' : Sea level air pressure in Pascals (Pa).
+        - 'lapse_rate' : Lapse rate in degrees Celsius per meter (°C/m).
+        If not specified, sensible default values are used.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fall_velocity : xr.DataArray
+        The calculated graupel fall velocities per diameter.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The 'Beard1976' model requires additional environmental parameters.
+    These parameters can be provided through the `ds_env` argument.
+    If not provided, default values are be used.
+
+    For D < 0.12, Atlas1973 relationship results output V = 0 m/s  !
+    For D < 0.05, VanDijk2002 relationship results output V = 0 m/s !
+    For D < 0.02, Brandes relationship results output V = 0 m/s !
+
+    """
+    # Check valid method
+    model = check_graupel_fall_velocity_model(model)
+
+    # Copy diameter
+    if isinstance(diameter, xr.DataArray):
+        diameter = diameter.copy()
+    else:
+        diameter = np.atleast_1d(diameter)
+        diameter = xr.DataArray(diameter, dims=DIAMETER_DIMENSION, coords={DIAMETER_DIMENSION: diameter.copy()})
+
+    # Initialize ds_env if None
+    # --> Ensure valid altitude and geolocation
+    # - altitude requiredto correct for elevation (air_density)
+    # - latitude required for gravity
+    if ds_env is None:
+        ds_env = load_env_dataset()
+        for coord in ["altitude", "latitude"]:
+            ds_env = ensure_valid_geolocation(ds_env, coord=coord, errors="raise")
+
+    # Retrieve fall velocity
+    func = get_graupel_fall_velocity_model(model)
+    with suppress_warnings():  # e.g. when diameter = 0 for Beard1976
+        fall_velocity = func(diameter, ds_env=ds_env) if model == "Beard1976" else func(diameter)
+
+    # Correct for altitude
+    air_pressure = retrieve_air_pressure(ds_env)
+    correction_factor = (101325 / air_pressure) ** 0.545
+    fall_velocity = fall_velocity * correction_factor
+
+    # Set to NaN for diameter outside [0.5, 5]
+    fall_velocity = fall_velocity.where(fall_velocity["diameter_bin_lower"] >= minimum_diameter)
+    fall_velocity = fall_velocity.where(fall_velocity["diameter_bin_upper"] <= maximum_diameter)
+
+    # Ensure fall velocity is > 0 to avoid division by zero
+    # - Some models, at small diameter, can return negative/zero fall velocity
+    fall_velocity = fall_velocity.where(fall_velocity > 0)
+
+    # Add attributes
+    fall_velocity.name = "fall_velocity"
+    fall_velocity.attrs["units"] = "m/s"
+    fall_velocity.attrs["model"] = model
+    return fall_velocity.squeeze()