disdrodb 0.0.21__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

disdrodb/psd/fitting.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2146 @@
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2023 DISDRODB developers
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+"""Routines for PSD fitting."""
+import numpy as np
+import scipy.stats as ss
+import xarray as xr
+from scipy.integrate import quad
+from scipy.optimize import minimize
+from scipy.special import gamma, gammainc, gammaln  # Regularized lower incomplete gamma function
+
+from disdrodb.psd.models import ExponentialPSD, GammaPSD, LognormalPSD, NormalizedGammaPSD
+from disdrodb.utils.warnings import suppress_warnings
+
+# gamma(>171) return inf !
+
+
+####--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Goodness of fit (GOF)
+def compute_gof_stats(drop_number_concentration, psd):
+    """
+    Compute various goodness-of-fit (GoF) statistics between observed and predicted values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    - drop_number_concentration: xarray.DataArray with dimensions ('time', 'diameter_bin_center')
+    - psd: instance of PSD class
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    - ds: xarray.Dataset containing the computed GoF statistics
+    """
+    from disdrodb.l2.empirical_dsd import get_mode_diameter
+
+    # Retrieve diameter bin width
+    diameter = drop_number_concentration["diameter_bin_center"]
+    diameter_bin_width = drop_number_concentration["diameter_bin_width"]
+
+    # Define observed and predicted values and compute errors
+    observed_values = drop_number_concentration
+    fitted_values = psd(diameter)  # .transpose(*observed_values.dims)
+    error = observed_values - fitted_values
+
+    # Compute GOF statistics
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        # Compute Pearson correlation
+        pearson_r = xr.corr(observed_values, fitted_values, dim="diameter_bin_center")
+
+        # Compute MSE
+        mse = (error**2).mean(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+
+        # Compute maximum error
+        max_error = error.max(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+        relative_max_error = error.max(dim="diameter_bin_center") / observed_values.max(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+
+        # Compute difference in total number concentration
+        total_number_concentration_obs = (observed_values * diameter_bin_width).sum(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+        total_number_concentration_pred = (fitted_values * diameter_bin_width).sum(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+        total_number_concentration_difference = total_number_concentration_pred - total_number_concentration_obs
+
+        # Compute Kullback-Leibler divergence
+        # - Compute pdf per bin
+        pk_pdf = observed_values / total_number_concentration_obs
+        qk_pdf = fitted_values / total_number_concentration_pred
+
+        # - Compute probabilities per bin
+        pk = pk_pdf * diameter_bin_width
+        pk = pk / pk.sum(dim="diameter_bin_center")  # this might not be necessary
+        qk = qk_pdf * diameter_bin_width
+        qk = qk / qk.sum(dim="diameter_bin_center")  # this might not be necessary
+
+        # - Compute divergence
+        log_prob_ratio = np.log(pk / qk)
+        log_prob_ratio = log_prob_ratio.where(np.isfinite(log_prob_ratio))
+        kl_divergence = (pk * log_prob_ratio).sum(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+
+        # Other statistics that can be computed also from different diameter discretization
+        # - Compute max deviation at distribution mode
+        max_deviation = observed_values.max(dim="diameter_bin_center") - fitted_values.max(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+        max_relative_deviation = max_deviation / fitted_values.max(dim="diameter_bin_center")
+
+        # - Compute diameter difference of the distribution mode
+        diameter_mode_deviation = get_mode_diameter(observed_values, diameter) - get_mode_diameter(
+            fitted_values,
+            diameter,
+        )
+
+    # Create an xarray.Dataset to hold the computed statistics
+    ds = xr.Dataset(
+        {
+            "r2": pearson_r**2,  # Squared Pearson correlation coefficient
+            "mse": mse,  # Mean Squared Error
+            "max_error": max_error,  # Maximum Absolute Error
+            "relative_max_error": relative_max_error,  # Relative Maximum Error
+            "total_number_concentration_difference": total_number_concentration_difference,
+            "kl_divergence": kl_divergence,  # Kullback-Leibler divergence
+            "max_deviation": max_deviation,  # Deviation at distribution mode
+            "max_relative_deviation": max_relative_deviation,  # Relative deviation at mode
+            "diameter_mode_deviation": diameter_mode_deviation,  # Difference in mode diameters
+        },
+    )
+    return ds
+
+
+####--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Maximum Likelihood (ML)
+
+
+def get_expected_probabilities(params, cdf_func, pdf_func, bin_edges, probability_method, normalized=False):
+    """
+    Compute the expected probabilities for each bin given the distribution parameters.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    params : array-like
+        Parameters for the CDF or PDF function.
+    cdf_func : callable
+        Cumulative distribution function (CDF) that takes bin edges and parameters as inputs.
+    pdf_func : callable
+        Probability density function (PDF) that takes a value and parameters as inputs.
+    bin_edges : array-like
+        Edges of the bins for which to compute the probabilities.
+    probability_method : {'cdf', 'pdf'}
+        Method to compute the probabilities. If 'cdf', use the CDF to compute probabilities.
+        If 'pdf', integrate the PDF over each bin range.
+    normalized : bool, optional
+        If True, normalize the probabilities to sum to 1. Default is False.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    expected_probabilities : numpy.ndarray
+        Array of expected probabilities for each bin.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - If the 'cdf' method is used, the probabilities are computed as the difference in CDF values at the bin edges.
+    - If the 'pdf' method is used, the probabilities are computed by integrating the PDF over each bin range.
+    - Any zero or negative probabilities are replaced with a very small positive number (1e-10) to ensure optimization.
+    - If `normalized` is True, the probabilities are normalized to sum to 1.
+
+    """
+    if probability_method == "cdf":
+        # Compute the CDF at bin edges
+        cdf_vals = cdf_func(bin_edges, params)
+        # Compute probabilities for each bin
+        expected_probabilities = np.diff(cdf_vals)
+        # Replace any zero or negative probabilities with a very small positive number
+        # --> Otherwise do not optimize ...
+        expected_probabilities = np.maximum(expected_probabilities, 1e-10)
+    # Or integrate PDF over the bin range
+    else:  # probability_method == "pdf":
+        # For each bin, integrate the PDF over the bin range
+        expected_probabilities = np.array(
+            [quad(lambda x: pdf_func(x, params), bin_edges[i], bin_edges[i + 1])[0] for i in range(len(bin_edges) - 1)],
+        )
+    if normalized:
+        # Normalize probabilities to sum to 1
+        total_probability = np.sum(expected_probabilities)
+        expected_probabilities /= total_probability
+    return expected_probabilities
+
+
+def get_adjusted_nt(cdf, params, Nt, bin_edges):
+    """Adjust Nt for the proportion of missing drops. See Johnson's et al., 2013 Eqs. 3 and 4."""
+    # Estimate proportion of missing drops (Johnson's 2011 Eqs. 3)
+    # --> Alternative: p = 1 - np.sum(pdf(diameter, params)* diameter_bin_width)  # [-]
+    p = 1 - np.diff(cdf([bin_edges[0], bin_edges[-1]], params)).item()  # [-]
+    # Adjusts Nt for the proportion of drops not observed
+    #   p = np.clip(p, 0, 1 - 1e-12)
+    if np.isclose(p, 1, atol=1e-12):
+        return np.nan
+    return Nt / (1 - p)  # [m-3]
+
+
+def compute_negative_log_likelihood(
+    params,
+    bin_edges,
+    counts,
+    cdf_func,
+    pdf_func,
+    param_constraints=None,
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+):
+    """
+    General negative log-likelihood function for fitting distributions to binned data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    params : array-like
+        Parameters of the distribution.
+    bin_edges : array-like
+        Edges of the bins (length N+1).
+    counts : array-like
+        Observed counts in each bin (length N).
+    cdf_func : callable
+        Cumulative distribution function of the distribution.
+    pdf_func : callable
+        Probability density function of the distribution.
+    param_constraints : callable, optional
+        Function that checks if parameters are valid.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        Method to compute expected probabilities, either 'cdf' or 'pdf'. Default is 'cdf'.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        Type of likelihood to compute, either 'multinomial' or 'poisson'. Default is 'multinomial'.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to normalize the expected probabilities. Default is True.
+    nll : float
+        Negative log-likelihood value.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    nll: float
+      The negative log-likelihood value.
+    """
+    # Check if parameters are valid
+    if param_constraints is not None and not param_constraints(params):
+        return np.inf
+
+    # Compute (unormalized) expected probabilities using CDF
+    expected_probabilities = get_expected_probabilities(
+        params=params,
+        cdf_func=cdf_func,
+        pdf_func=pdf_func,
+        bin_edges=bin_edges,
+        probability_method=probability_method,
+        normalized=truncated_likelihood,
+    )
+
+    # Ensure expected probabilities are valid
+    if np.any(expected_probabilities <= 0):
+        return np.inf
+
+    # Compute negative log-likelihood
+    if likelihood == "poisson":
+        n_total = np.sum(counts)
+        expected_counts = expected_probabilities * n_total
+        expected_counts = np.maximum(expected_counts, 1e-10)  # Avoid zero expected counts
+        nll = -np.sum(counts * np.log(expected_counts) - expected_counts)
+    else:  # likelihood == "multinomial":
+        # Compute likelihood
+        nll = -np.sum(counts * np.log(expected_probabilities))
+    return nll
+
+
+def estimate_lognormal_parameters(
+    counts,
+    bin_edges,
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    output_dictionary=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate the parameters of a lognormal distribution given histogram data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    counts : array-like
+        The counts for each bin in the histogram.
+    bin_edges : array-like
+        The edges of the bins.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        The method to compute probabilities, either ``"cdf"`` or ``"pdf"``. The default value is ``"cdf"``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        The likelihood function to use, either ``"multinomial"`` or ``"poisson"``.
+        The default value is ``"multinomial"``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use truncated likelihood. The default value is ``True``.
+    output_dictionary : bool, optional
+        Whether to return the output as a dictionary.
+        If False, returns a numpy array. The default value is ``True``
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        The optimization method to use. Default is ``"Nelder-Mead"``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict or numpy.ndarray
+        The estimated parameters of the lognormal distribution.
+        If ``output_dictionary`` is ``True``, returns a dictionary with keys ``Nt``, ``mu``, and ``sigma``.
+        If ``output_dictionary`` is ``False``,returns a numpy array with values [Nt, mu, sigma].
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The lognormal distribution is defined as:
+    N(D) = Nt / (sqrt(2 * pi) * sigma * D) * exp(-(ln(D) - mu)**2 / (2 * sigma**2))
+    where Nt is the total number of counts, mu is the mean of the log of the distribution,
+    and sigma is the standard deviation of the log of the distribution.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.lognorm.html#scipy.stats.lognorm
+    """
+    # LogNormal
+    # - mu = log(scale)
+    # - loc = 0
+
+    # Initialize bad results
+    null_output = (
+        {"Nt": np.nan, "mu": np.nan, "sigma": np.nan} if output_dictionary else np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
+    )
+
+    # Define the CDF and PDF functions for the lognormal distribution
+    def lognorm_cdf(x, params):
+        sigma, scale = params
+        return ss.lognorm.cdf(x, sigma, loc=0, scale=scale)
+
+    def lognorm_pdf(x, params):
+        sigma, scale = params
+        return ss.lognorm.pdf(x, sigma, loc=0, scale=scale)
+
+    # Define valid parameters for the lognormal distribution
+    def param_constraints(params):
+        sigma, scale = params
+        return sigma > 0 and scale > 0
+
+    # Definite initial guess for the parameters
+    initial_params = [1.0, 1.0]  # sigma, scale
+
+    # Define bounds for sigma and scale
+    bounds = [(1e-6, None), (1e-6, None)]
+
+    # Minimize the negative log-likelihood
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        result = minimize(
+            compute_negative_log_likelihood,
+            initial_params,
+            args=(
+                bin_edges,
+                counts,
+                lognorm_cdf,
+                lognorm_pdf,
+                param_constraints,
+                probability_method,
+                likelihood,
+                truncated_likelihood,
+            ),
+            bounds=bounds,
+            method=optimizer,
+        )
+
+    # Check if the fit had success
+    if not result.success:
+        return null_output
+
+    # Define Nt
+    Nt = np.sum(counts).item()
+
+    # Retrieve parameters
+    params = result.x
+    if truncated_likelihood:
+        Nt = get_adjusted_nt(cdf=lognorm_cdf, params=params, Nt=Nt, bin_edges=bin_edges)
+    sigma, scale = params
+    mu = np.log(scale)
+
+    # Define output
+    output = {"Nt": Nt, "mu": mu, "sigma": sigma} if output_dictionary else np.array([Nt, mu, sigma])
+    return output
+
+
+def estimate_exponential_parameters(
+    counts,
+    bin_edges,
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    output_dictionary=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate the parameters of an exponential distribution given histogram data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    counts : array-like
+        The counts for each bin in the histogram.
+    bin_edges : array-like
+        The edges of the bins.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        The method to compute probabilities, either ``"cdf"`` or ``"pdf"``. The default value is ``"cdf"``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        The likelihood function to use, either ``"multinomial"`` or ``"poisson"``.
+        The default value is ``"multinomial"``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use truncated likelihood. The default value is ``True``.
+    output_dictionary : bool, optional
+        Whether to return the output as a dictionary.
+        If False, returns a numpy array. The default value is ``True``
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        The optimization method to use. Default is ``"Nelder-Mead"``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict or numpy.ndarray
+        The estimated parameters of the exponential distribution.
+        If ``output_dictionary`` is ``True``, returns a dictionary with keys ``N0`` and ``Lambda``.
+        If `output_dictionary` is ``False``, returns a numpy array with [N0, Lambda].
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The exponential distribution is defined as:
+        N(D) = N0 * exp(-Lambda * D) = Nt * Lambda * exp(-Lambda * D)
+    where Lambda = 1 / scale and N0 = Nt * Lambda.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.expon.html
+    """
+    # Initialize bad results
+    null_output = {"N0": np.nan, "Lambda": np.nan} if output_dictionary else np.array([np.nan, np.nan])
+
+    # Define the CDF and PDF functions for the exponential distribution
+    def exp_cdf(x, params):
+        scale = params[0]
+        return ss.expon.cdf(x, loc=0, scale=scale)
+
+    def exp_pdf(x, params):
+        scale = params[0]
+        return ss.expon.pdf(x, loc=0, scale=scale)
+
+    # Define valid parameters for the exponential distribution
+    def param_constraints(params):
+        scale = params[0]
+        return scale > 0
+
+    # Definite initial guess for the scale parameter
+    initial_params = [1.0]  # scale
+
+    # Define bounds for scale
+    bounds = [(1e-6, None)]
+
+    # Minimize the negative log-likelihood
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        result = minimize(
+            compute_negative_log_likelihood,
+            initial_params,
+            args=(
+                bin_edges,
+                counts,
+                exp_cdf,
+                exp_pdf,
+                param_constraints,
+                probability_method,
+                likelihood,
+                truncated_likelihood,
+            ),
+            bounds=bounds,
+            method=optimizer,
+        )
+
+    # Check if the fit had success
+    if not result.success:
+        return null_output
+
+    # Define Nt
+    Nt = np.sum(counts).item()
+
+    # Retrieve parameters
+    params = result.x
+    if truncated_likelihood:
+        Nt = get_adjusted_nt(cdf=exp_cdf, params=params, Nt=Nt, bin_edges=bin_edges)
+    scale = params[0]
+    Lambda = 1 / scale
+    N0 = Nt * Lambda
+
+    # Define output
+    output = {"N0": N0, "Lambda": Lambda} if output_dictionary else np.array([N0, Lambda])
+    return output
+
+
+def estimate_gamma_parameters(
+    counts,
+    a,
+    scale,
+    bin_edges,
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    output_dictionary=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate the parameters of a gamma distribution given histogram data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    counts : array-like
+        The counts for each bin in the histogram.
+    a: float
+        The shape parameter of the scipy.stats.gamma distribution.
+        A good default value is 1.
+    scale: float
+        The scale parameter of the scipy.stats.gamma distribution.
+        A good default value is 1.
+    bin_edges : array-like
+        The edges of the bins.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        The method to compute probabilities, either ``"cdf"`` or ``"pdf"``. The default value is ``"cdf"``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        The likelihood function to use, either ``"multinomial"`` or ``"poisson"``.
+        The default value is ``"multinomial"``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use truncated likelihood. The default value is ``True``.
+    output_dictionary : bool, optional
+        Whether to return the output as a dictionary.
+        If False, returns a numpy array. The default value is ``True``
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        The optimization method to use. Default is ``"Nelder-Mead"``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict or numpy.ndarray
+        The estimated parameters of the gamma distribution.
+        If ``output_dictionary`` is ``True``, returns a dictionary with keys ``N0``, ``mu`` and ``Lambda``.
+        If `output_dictionary` is ``False``, returns a numpy array with [N0, mu, Lambda].
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The gamma distribution is defined as:
+        N(D) = N0 * D**mu * exp(-Lambda*D)
+    where Lambda = 1/scale, and mu = a - 1 with ``a`` being the shape parameter of the gamma distribution.
+    N0 is defined as N0 = Nt*Lambda**(mu+1)/gamma(mu+1).
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.gamma.html
+
+    """
+    # Initialize bad results
+    null_output = (
+        {"N0": np.nan, "mu": np.nan, "lambda": np.nan} if output_dictionary else np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
+    )
+
+    # Define the CDF and PDF functions for the gamma distribution
+    def gamma_cdf(x, params):
+        a, scale = params
+        return ss.gamma.cdf(x, a, loc=0, scale=scale)
+
+    def gamma_pdf(x, params):
+        a, scale = params
+        return ss.gamma.pdf(x, a, loc=0, scale=scale)
+
+    # Define valid parameters for the gamma distribution
+    # mu = -0.99 is a vertical line essentially ...
+    def param_constraints(params):
+        a, scale = params
+        return a > 0.1 and scale > 0  # using a > 0 cause some troubles
+
+    # Definite initial guess for the parameters
+    initial_params = [a, scale]  # (mu=a-1, a=mu+1)
+
+    # Define bounds for a and scale
+    bounds = [(1e-6, None), (1e-6, None)]
+
+    # Minimize the negative log-likelihood
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        result = minimize(
+            compute_negative_log_likelihood,
+            initial_params,
+            args=(
+                bin_edges,
+                counts,
+                gamma_cdf,
+                gamma_pdf,
+                param_constraints,
+                probability_method,
+                likelihood,
+                truncated_likelihood,
+            ),
+            method=optimizer,
+            bounds=bounds,
+        )
+
+    # Check if the fit had success
+    if not result.success:
+        return null_output
+
+    # Define Nt
+    Nt = np.sum(counts).item()
+
+    # Retrieve parameters
+    params = result.x
+    if truncated_likelihood:
+        Nt = get_adjusted_nt(cdf=gamma_cdf, params=params, Nt=Nt, bin_edges=bin_edges)
+    a, scale = params
+    mu = a - 1
+    Lambda = 1 / scale
+
+    # Compute N0
+    # - Use logarithmic computations to prevent overflow
+    # - N0 = Nt * Lambda ** (mu + 1) / gamma(mu + 1)
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        log_N0 = np.log(Nt) + (mu + 1) * np.log(Lambda) - gammaln(mu + 1)
+        N0 = np.exp(log_N0)
+
+    # Set parameters to np.nan if any of the parameters is not a finite number
+    if not np.isfinite(N0) or not np.isfinite(mu) or not np.isfinite(Lambda):
+        return null_output
+
+    # Define output
+    output = {"N0": N0, "mu": mu, "Lambda": Lambda} if output_dictionary else np.array([N0, mu, Lambda])
+    return output
+
+
+def _get_initial_gamma_parameters(ds, mom_method=None):
+    if mom_method is None:
+        ds_init = xr.Dataset(
+            {
+                "a": xr.ones_like(ds["M1"]),
+                "scale": xr.ones_like(ds["M1"]),
+            },
+        )
+    else:
+        ds_init = get_mom_parameters(
+            ds=ds,
+            psd_model="GammaPSD",
+            mom_methods=mom_method,
+        )
+        ds_init["a"] = ds_init["mu"] + 1
+        ds_init["scale"] = 1 / ds_init["Lambda"]
+        # If initialization results in some not finite number, set default value
+        ds_init["a"] = xr.where(np.isfinite(ds_init["a"]), ds_init["a"], ds["M1"])
+        ds_init["scale"] = xr.where(np.isfinite(ds_init["scale"]), ds_init["scale"], ds["M1"])
+    return ds_init
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters(
+    ds,
+    init_method=None,
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate gamma distribution parameters for drop size distribution (DSD) data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds : xarray.Dataset
+        Input dataset containing drop size distribution data. It must include the following variables:
+        - ``drop_number_concentration``: The number concentration of drops.
+        - ``diameter_bin_width``": The width of each diameter bin.
+        - ``diameter_bin_lower``: The lower bounds of the diameter bins.
+        - ``diameter_bin_upper``: The upper bounds of the diameter bins.
+        - ``diameter_bin_center``: The center values of the diameter bins.
+        - The moments M0...M6 variables required to compute the initial parameters
+          with the specified mom_method.
+    init_method: str or list
+        The method(s) of moments used to initialize the gamma parameters.
+        If None, the scale parameter is set to 1 and mu to 0 (a=1).
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        Method to compute probabilities. The default value is ``cdf``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        Likelihood function to use for fitting. The default value is ``multinomial``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use truncated likelihood. The default value is ``True``.
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        Optimization method to use. The default value is ``Nelder-Mead``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xarray.Dataset
+        Dataset containing the estimated gamma distribution parameters:
+        - ``N0``: Intercept parameter.
+        - ``mu``: Shape parameter.
+        - ``Lambda``: Scale parameter.
+        The dataset will also have an attribute ``disdrodb_psd_model`` set to ``GammaPSD``.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The function uses `xr.apply_ufunc` to fit the lognormal distribution parameters
+    in parallel, leveraging Dask for parallel computation.
+
+    """
+    # Define inputs
+    counts = ds["drop_number_concentration"] * ds["diameter_bin_width"]
+    diameter_breaks = np.append(ds["diameter_bin_lower"].data, ds["diameter_bin_upper"].data[-1])
+
+    # Define initial parameters (a, scale)
+    ds_init = _get_initial_gamma_parameters(ds, mom_method=init_method)
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "output_dictionary": False,
+        "bin_edges": diameter_breaks,
+        "probability_method": probability_method,
+        "likelihood": likelihood,
+        "truncated_likelihood": truncated_likelihood,
+        "optimizer": optimizer,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        estimate_gamma_parameters,
+        counts,
+        ds_init["a"],
+        ds_init["scale"],
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        input_core_dims=[["diameter_bin_center"], [], []],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 3}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    ds_init.isel(velocity_method=0, time=-3)
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["N0", "mu", "Lambda"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "GammaPSD"
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def get_lognormal_parameters(
+    ds,
+    init_method=None,  # noqa: ARG001
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate lognormal distribution parameters for drop size distribution (DSD) data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds : xarray.Dataset
+    Input dataset containing drop size distribution data. It must include the following variables:
+    - ``drop_number_concentration``: The number concentration of drops.
+    - ``diameter_bin_width``": The width of each diameter bin.
+    - ``diameter_bin_lower``: The lower bounds of the diameter bins.
+    - ``diameter_bin_upper``: The upper bounds of the diameter bins.
+    - ``diameter_bin_center``: The center values of the diameter bins.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        Method to compute probabilities. The default value is ``cdf``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        Likelihood function to use for fitting. The default value is ``multinomial``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use truncated likelihood. The default value is ``True``.
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        Optimization method to use. The default value is ``Nelder-Mead``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xarray.Dataset
+        Dataset containing the estimated lognormal distribution parameters:
+        - ``Nt``: Total number concentration.
+        - ``mu``: Mean of the lognormal distribution.
+        - ``sigma``: Standard deviation of the lognormal distribution.
+        The resulting dataset will have an attribute ``disdrodb_psd_model`` set to ``LognormalPSD``.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The function uses `xr.apply_ufunc` to fit the lognormal distribution parameters
+    in parallel, leveraging Dask for parallel computation.
+
+    """
+    # Define inputs
+    counts = ds["drop_number_concentration"] * ds["diameter_bin_width"]
+    diameter_breaks = np.append(ds["diameter_bin_lower"].data, ds["diameter_bin_upper"].data[-1])
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "output_dictionary": False,
+        "bin_edges": diameter_breaks,
+        "probability_method": probability_method,
+        "likelihood": likelihood,
+        "truncated_likelihood": truncated_likelihood,
+        "optimizer": optimizer,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        estimate_lognormal_parameters,
+        counts,
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        input_core_dims=[["diameter_bin_center"]],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 3}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["Nt", "mu", "sigma"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "LognormalPSD"
+
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def get_exponential_parameters(
+    ds,
+    init_method=None,  # noqa: ARG001
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate the parameters of an exponential particle size distribution (PSD) from the given dataset.
+
+    Fitting this model is equivalent to fitting a GammaPSD model fixing ``mu`` to 0.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds : xarray.Dataset
+        Input dataset containing drop number concentration data and diameter information.
+        It must include the following variables:
+        - ``drop_number_concentration``: The number concentration of drops.
+        - ``diameter_bin_width``": The width of each diameter bin.
+        - ``diameter_bin_lower``: The lower bounds of the diameter bins.
+        - ``diameter_bin_upper``: The upper bounds of the diameter bins.
+        - ``diameter_bin_center``: The center values of the diameter bins.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        Method to compute probabilities. The default value is ``cdf``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        Likelihood function to use for fitting. The default value is ``multinomial``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use truncated likelihood. The default value is ``True``.
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        Optimization method to use. The default value is ``Nelder-Mead``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xarray.Dataset
+        Dataset containing the estimated expontial distribution parameters:
+        - ``N0``: Intercept parameter.
+        - ``Lambda``: Scale parameter.
+        The resulting dataset will have an attribute ``disdrodb_psd_model`` set to ``ExponentialPSD``.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The function uses `xr.apply_ufunc` to fit the exponential distribution parameters
+    in parallel, leveraging Dask for parallel computation.
+
+    """
+    # Define inputs
+    counts = ds["drop_number_concentration"] * ds["diameter_bin_width"]
+    diameter_breaks = np.append(ds["diameter_bin_lower"].data, ds["diameter_bin_upper"].data[-1])
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "output_dictionary": False,
+        "bin_edges": diameter_breaks,
+        "probability_method": probability_method,
+        "likelihood": likelihood,
+        "truncated_likelihood": truncated_likelihood,
+        "optimizer": optimizer,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        estimate_exponential_parameters,
+        counts,
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        input_core_dims=[["diameter_bin_center"]],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 2}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["N0", "Lambda"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "ExponentialPSD"
+    return ds_params
+
+
+####-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+
+
+def _estimate_gamma_parameters_johnson(
+    drop_number_concentration,
+    diameter,
+    diameter_breaks,
+    output_dictionary=True,
+    method="Nelder-Mead",
+    mu=0.5,
+    Lambda=3,
+    **kwargs,
+):
+    """Deprecated Maximum likelihood estimation of Gamma model.
+
+    N(D) = N_t * lambda**(mu+1) / gamma(mu+1) D**mu exp(-lambda*D)
+
+    Args:
+        spectra: The DSD for which to find parameters [mm-1 m-3].
+        widths: Class widths for each DSD bin [mm].
+        diams: Class-centre diameters for each DSD bin [mm].
+        mu: Initial value for shape parameter mu [-].
+        lambda_param: Initial value for slope parameter lambda [mm^-1].
+        kwargs: Extra arguments for the optimization process.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        Dictionary with estimated mu, lambda, and N0.
+        mu (shape) N0 (scale) lambda(slope)
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The last bin counts are not accounted in the fitting procedure !
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Johnson, R. W., D. V. Kliche, and P. L. Smith, 2011: Comparison of Estimators for Parameters of Gamma Distributions
+    with Left-Truncated Samples. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 296-310, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2478.1
+
+    Johnson, R.W., Kliche, D., & Smith, P.L. (2010).
+    Maximum likelihood estimation of gamma parameters for coarsely binned and truncated raindrop size data.
+    Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140. DOI:10.1002/qj.2209
+
+    """
+    # Initialize bad results
+    if output_dictionary:
+        null_output = {"mu": np.nan, "lambda": np.nan, "N0": np.nan}
+    else:
+        null_output = np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
+
+    # Initialize parameters
+    # --> Ideally with method of moments estimate
+    # --> See equation 8 of Johnson's 2013
+    x0 = [mu, Lambda]
+
+    # Compute diameter_bin_width
+    diameter_bin_width = np.diff(diameter_breaks)
+
+    # Convert drop_number_concentration from mm-1 m-3 to m-3.
+    spectra = np.asarray(drop_number_concentration) * diameter_bin_width
+
+    # Define cost function
+    # - Parameter to be optimized on first positions
+    def _cost_function(parameters, spectra, diameter_breaks):
+        # Assume spectra to be in unit [m-3] (drop_number_concentration*diameter_bin_width) !
+        mu, Lambda = parameters
+        # Precompute gamma integrals between various diameter bins
+        # - gamminc(mu+1) already divides the integral by gamma(mu+1) !
+        pgamma_d = gammainc(mu + 1, Lambda * diameter_breaks)
+        # Compute probability with interval
+        delta_pgamma_bins = pgamma_d[1:] - pgamma_d[:-1]
+        # Compute normalization over interval
+        denominator = pgamma_d[-1] - pgamma_d[0]
+        # Compute cost function
+        # a = mu - 1, x = lambda
+        if mu > -1 and Lambda > 0:
+            cost = np.sum(-spectra * np.log(delta_pgamma_bins / denominator))
+            return cost
+        return np.inf
+
+    # Minimize the cost function
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        bounds = [(0, None), (0, None)]  # Force mu and lambda to be non-negative
+        res = minimize(
+            _cost_function,
+            x0=x0,
+            args=(spectra, diameter_breaks),
+            method=method,
+            bounds=bounds,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    # Check if the fit had success
+    if not res.success:
+        return null_output
+
+    # Extract parameters
+    mu = res.x[0]  # [-]
+    Lambda = res.x[1]  # [mm-1]
+
+    # Estimate tilde_N_T using the total drop concentration
+    tilde_N_T = np.sum(drop_number_concentration * diameter_bin_width)  # [m-3]
+
+    # Estimate proportion of missing drops (Johnson's 2011 Eqs. 3)
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        D = diameter
+        p = 1 - np.sum((Lambda ** (mu + 1)) / gamma(mu + 1) * D**mu * np.exp(-Lambda * D) * diameter_bin_width)  # [-]
+
+        # Convert tilde_N_T to N_T using Johnson's 2013 Eqs. 3 and 4.
+        # - Adjusts for the proportion of drops not observed
+        N_T = tilde_N_T / (1 - p)  # [m-3]
+
+        # Compute N0
+        N0 = N_T * (Lambda ** (mu + 1)) / gamma(mu + 1)  # [m-3 * mm^(-mu-1)]
+
+    # Compute Dm
+    # Dm = (mu + 4)/ Lambda
+
+    # Compute Nw
+    # Nw = N0* D^mu / f(mu) , with f(mu of the Normalized PSD)
+
+    # Define output
+    output = {"mu": mu, "Lambda": Lambda, "N0": N0} if output_dictionary else np.array([mu, Lambda, N0])
+    return output
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_johnson2014(ds, method="Nelder-Mead"):
+    """Deprecated model. See Gamma Model with truncated_likelihood and 'pdf'."""
+    drop_number_concentration = ds["drop_number_concentration"]
+    diameter = ds["diameter_bin_center"]
+    diameter_breaks = np.append(ds["diameter_bin_lower"].data, ds["diameter_bin_upper"].data[-1])
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "output_dictionary": False,
+        "diameter_breaks": diameter_breaks,
+        "method": method,
+    }
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        _estimate_gamma_parameters_johnson,
+        drop_number_concentration,
+        diameter,
+        # diameter_bin_width,
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        input_core_dims=[["diameter_bin_center"], ["diameter_bin_center"]],  # ["diameter_bin_center"],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["mu", "Lambda", "N0"]})
+
+    # Convert to skill Dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+    return ds_params
+
+
+####-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Grid Search (GS)
+
+
+def _compute_rain_rate(ND, D, dD, V):
+    axis = 1 if ND.ndim == 2 else None
+    rain_rate = np.pi / 6 * np.sum(ND * V * (D / 1000) ** 3 * dD, axis=axis) * 3600 * 1000
+    return rain_rate  # mm/h
+
+
+def _compute_lwc(ND, D, dD, rho_w=1000):
+    axis = 1 if ND.ndim == 2 else None
+    lwc = np.pi / 6.0 * (rho_w * 1000) * np.sum((D / 1000) ** 3 * ND * dD, axis=axis)
+    return lwc  # g/m3
+
+
+def _compute_z(ND, D, dD):
+    axis = 1 if ND.ndim == 2 else None
+    z = np.sum(((D) ** 6 * ND * dD), axis=axis)  # mm⁶·m⁻³
+    Z = 10 * np.log10(z)
+    return Z
+
+
+def _compute_cost_function(ND_obs, ND_preds, D, dD, V, target, transformation, error_order):
+    # Assume ND_obs of shape (D bins) and ND_preds of shape (# params, D bins)
+    if target == "ND":
+        if transformation == "identity":
+            errors = np.mean(np.abs(ND_obs[None, :] - ND_preds) ** error_order, axis=1)
+        if transformation == "log":
+            errors = np.mean(np.abs(np.log(ND_obs[None, :] + 1) - np.log(ND_preds + 1)) ** error_order, axis=1)
+        if transformation == "np.sqrt":
+            errors = np.mean(np.abs(np.sqrt(ND_obs[None, :]) - np.sqrt(ND_preds)) ** error_order, axis=1)
+    elif target == "Z":
+        errors = np.abs(_compute_z(ND_obs, D, dD) - _compute_z(ND_preds, D, dD))
+    elif target == "R":
+        errors = np.abs(_compute_rain_rate(ND_obs, D, dD, V) - _compute_rain_rate(ND_preds, D, dD, V))
+    elif target == "LWC":
+        errors = np.abs(_compute_lwc(ND_obs, D, dD) - _compute_lwc(ND_preds, D, dD))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid target")
+    return errors
+
+
+def apply_exponential_gs(
+    Nt,
+    ND_obs,
+    V,
+    # Coords
+    D,
+    dD,
+    # Error options
+    target,
+    transformation,
+    error_order,
+):
+    """Apply Grid Search for the ExponentialPSD distribution."""
+    # Define set of mu values
+    lambda_arr = np.arange(0.01, 20, step=0.01)
+
+    # Perform grid search
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        # Compute ND
+        N0_arr = Nt * lambda_arr
+        ND_preds = ExponentialPSD.formula(D=D[None, :], N0=N0_arr[:, None], Lambda=lambda_arr[:, None])
+
+        # Compute errors
+        errors = _compute_cost_function(
+            ND_obs=ND_obs,
+            ND_preds=ND_preds,
+            D=D,
+            dD=dD,
+            V=V,
+            target=target,
+            transformation=transformation,
+            error_order=error_order,
+        )
+
+    # Identify best parameter set
+    best_index = np.argmin(errors)
+    return np.array([N0_arr[best_index].item(), lambda_arr[best_index].item()])
+
+
+def _apply_gamma_gs(mu_values, lambda_values, Nt, ND_obs, D, dD, V, target, transformation, error_order):
+    """Routine for GammaPSD parameters grid search."""
+    # Define combinations of parameters for grid search
+    combo = np.meshgrid(mu_values, lambda_values, indexing="xy")
+    mu_arr = combo[0].ravel()
+    lambda_arr = combo[1].ravel()
+
+    # Perform grid search
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        # Compute ND
+        N0 = np.exp(np.log(Nt) + (mu_arr[:, None] + 1) * np.log(lambda_arr[:, None]) - gammaln(mu_arr[:, None] + 1))
+        ND_preds = GammaPSD.formula(D=D[None, :], N0=N0, Lambda=lambda_arr[:, None], mu=mu_arr[:, None])
+
+        # Compute errors
+        errors = _compute_cost_function(
+            ND_obs=ND_obs,
+            ND_preds=ND_preds,
+            D=D,
+            dD=dD,
+            V=V,
+            target=target,
+            transformation=transformation,
+            error_order=error_order,
+        )
+
+    # Best parameter
+    best_index = np.argmin(errors)
+    return N0[best_index].item(), mu_arr[best_index].item(), lambda_arr[best_index].item()
+
+
+def apply_gamma_gs(
+    Nt,
+    ND_obs,
+    V,
+    # Coords
+    D,
+    dD,
+    # Error options
+    target,
+    transformation,
+    error_order,
+):
+    """Estimate GammaPSD model parameters using Grid Search."""
+    # Define initial set of parameters
+    mu_step = 0.5
+    lambda_step = 0.5
+    mu_values = np.arange(0.01, 20, step=mu_step)
+    lambda_values = np.arange(0, 60, step=lambda_step)
+
+    # First round of GS
+    N0, mu, Lambda = _apply_gamma_gs(
+        mu_values=mu_values,
+        lambda_values=lambda_values,
+        Nt=Nt,
+        ND_obs=ND_obs,
+        D=D,
+        dD=dD,
+        V=V,
+        target=target,
+        transformation=transformation,
+        error_order=error_order,
+    )
+
+    # Second round of GS
+    mu_values = np.arange(mu - mu_step * 2, mu + mu_step * 2, step=mu_step / 20)
+    lambda_values = np.arange(Lambda - lambda_step * 2, Lambda + lambda_step * 2, step=lambda_step / 20)
+    N0, mu, Lambda = _apply_gamma_gs(
+        mu_values=mu_values,
+        lambda_values=lambda_values,
+        Nt=Nt,
+        ND_obs=ND_obs,
+        D=D,
+        dD=dD,
+        V=V,
+        target=target,
+        transformation=transformation,
+        error_order=error_order,
+    )
+
+    return np.array([N0, mu, Lambda])
+
+
+def _apply_lognormal_gs(mu_values, sigma_values, Nt, ND_obs, D, dD, V, target, transformation, error_order):
+    """Routine for LognormalPSD parameters grid search."""
+    # Define combinations of parameters for grid search
+    combo = np.meshgrid(mu_values, sigma_values, indexing="xy")
+    mu_arr = combo[0].ravel()
+    sigma_arr = combo[1].ravel()
+
+    # Perform grid search
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        # Compute ND
+        ND_preds = LognormalPSD.formula(D=D[None, :], Nt=Nt, mu=mu_arr[:, None], sigma=sigma_arr[:, None])
+
+        # Compute errors
+        errors = _compute_cost_function(
+            ND_obs=ND_obs,
+            ND_preds=ND_preds,
+            D=D,
+            dD=dD,
+            V=V,
+            target=target,
+            transformation=transformation,
+            error_order=error_order,
+        )
+
+    # Best parameter
+    best_index = np.argmin(errors)
+    return Nt, mu_arr[best_index].item(), sigma_arr[best_index].item()
+
+
+def apply_lognormal_gs(
+    Nt,
+    ND_obs,
+    V,
+    # Coords
+    D,
+    dD,
+    # Error options
+    target,
+    transformation,
+    error_order,
+):
+    """Estimate LognormalPSD model parameters using Grid Search."""
+    # Define initial set of parameters
+    mu_step = 0.5
+    sigma_step = 0.5
+    mu_values = np.arange(0.01, 20, step=mu_step)  # TODO: define realistic values
+    sigma_values = np.arange(0, 20, step=sigma_step)  # TODO: define realistic values
+
+    # First round of GS
+    Nt, mu, sigma = _apply_lognormal_gs(
+        mu_values=mu_values,
+        sigma_values=sigma_values,
+        Nt=Nt,
+        ND_obs=ND_obs,
+        D=D,
+        dD=dD,
+        V=V,
+        target=target,
+        transformation=transformation,
+        error_order=error_order,
+    )
+
+    # Second round of GS
+    mu_values = np.arange(mu - mu_step * 2, mu + mu_step * 2, step=mu_step / 20)
+    sigma_values = np.arange(sigma - sigma_step * 2, sigma + sigma_step * 2, step=sigma_step / 20)
+    Nt, mu, sigma = _apply_lognormal_gs(
+        mu_values=mu_values,
+        sigma_values=sigma_values,
+        Nt=Nt,
+        ND_obs=ND_obs,
+        D=D,
+        dD=dD,
+        V=V,
+        target=target,
+        transformation=transformation,
+        error_order=error_order,
+    )
+
+    return np.array([Nt, mu, sigma])
+
+
+def apply_normalized_gamma_gs(
+    Nw,
+    D50,
+    ND_obs,
+    V,
+    # Coords
+    D,
+    dD,
+    # Error options
+    target,
+    transformation,
+    error_order,
+):
+    """Estimate NormalizedGammaPSD model parameters using Grid Search."""
+    # Define set of mu values
+    mu_arr = np.arange(0.01, 20, step=0.01)
+
+    # Perform grid search
+    with suppress_warnings():
+        # Compute ND
+        ND_preds = NormalizedGammaPSD.formula(D=D[None, :], D50=D50, Nw=Nw, mu=mu_arr[:, None])
+
+        # Compute errors
+        errors = _compute_cost_function(
+            ND_obs=ND_obs,
+            ND_preds=ND_preds,
+            D=D,
+            dD=dD,
+            V=V,
+            target=target,
+            transformation=transformation,
+            error_order=error_order,
+        )
+
+    # Identify best parameter set
+    mu = mu_arr[np.argmin(errors)]
+    return np.array([Nw, mu, D50])
+
+
+def get_exponential_parameters_gs(ds, target="ND", transformation="log", error_order=1):
+    """Estimate the parameters of an Exponential distribution using Grid Search."""
+    # "target": ["ND", "LWC", "Z", "R"]
+    # "transformation": "log", "identity", "sqrt",  # only for drop_number_concentration
+    # "error_order": 1,     # MAE/MSE ... only for drop_number_concentration
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "D": ds["diameter_bin_center"].data,
+        "dD": ds["diameter_bin_width"].data,
+        "target": target,
+        "transformation": transformation,
+        "error_order": error_order,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        apply_exponential_gs,
+        # Variables varying over time
+        ds["Nt"],
+        ds["drop_number_concentration"],
+        ds["fall_velocity"],
+        # Other options
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        # Settings
+        input_core_dims=[[], ["diameter_bin_center"], ["diameter_bin_center"]],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 2}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["N0", "Lambda"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "ExponentialPSD"
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_gs(ds, target="ND", transformation="log", error_order=1):
+    """Compute Grid Search to identify mu and Lambda Gamma distribution parameters."""
+    # "target": ["ND", "LWC", "Z", "R"]
+    # "transformation": "log", "identity", "sqrt",  # only for drop_number_concentration
+    # "error_order": 1,     # MAE/MSE ... only for drop_number_concentration
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "D": ds["diameter_bin_center"].data,
+        "dD": ds["diameter_bin_width"].data,
+        "target": target,
+        "transformation": transformation,
+        "error_order": error_order,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        apply_gamma_gs,
+        # Variables varying over time
+        ds["Nt"],
+        ds["drop_number_concentration"],
+        ds["fall_velocity"],
+        # Other options
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        # Settings
+        input_core_dims=[[], ["diameter_bin_center"], ["diameter_bin_center"]],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 3}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["N0", "mu", "Lambda"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "GammaPSD"
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def get_lognormal_parameters_gs(ds, target="ND", transformation="log", error_order=1):
+    """Compute Grid Search to identify mu and sigma lognormal distribution parameters."""
+    # "target": ["ND", "LWC", "Z", "R"]
+    # "transformation": "log", "identity", "sqrt",  # only for drop_number_concentration
+    # "error_order": 1,     # MAE/MSE ... only for drop_number_concentration
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "D": ds["diameter_bin_center"].data,
+        "dD": ds["diameter_bin_width"].data,
+        "target": target,
+        "transformation": transformation,
+        "error_order": error_order,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        apply_lognormal_gs,
+        # Variables varying over time
+        ds["Nt"],
+        ds["drop_number_concentration"],
+        ds["fall_velocity"],
+        # Other options
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        # Settings
+        input_core_dims=[[], ["diameter_bin_center"], ["diameter_bin_center"]],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 3}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["Nt", "mu", "sigma"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "LognormalPSD"
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def get_normalized_gamma_parameters_gs(ds, target="ND", transformation="log", error_order=1):
+    r"""Estimate $\mu$ of a Normalized Gamma distribution using Grid Search.
+
+    The D50 and Nw parameters of the Normalized Gamma distribution are derived empirically from the observed DSD.
+    $\mu$ is derived by minimizing the errors between the observed DSD and modelled Normalized Gamma distribution.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    Nd : array_like
+        A drop size distribution
+    D50: optional, float
+        Median drop diameter in mm. If none is given, it will be estimated.
+    Nw: optional, float
+        Normalized Intercept Parameter. If none is given, it will be estimated.
+    order: optional, float
+        Order to which square the error when computing the sum of errors.
+        Order = 2 is equivalent to minimize the mean squared error (MSE) (L2 norm). The default is 2.
+        Order = 1 is equivalent to minimize the mean absolute error (MAE) (L1 norm).
+        Higher orders typically stretch higher the gamma distribution.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ds_params : xarray.Dataset
+        Dataset containing the estimated Normalized Gamma distribution parameters.
+    """
+    # "target": ["ND", "LWC", "Z", "R"]
+    # "transformation": "log", "identity", "sqrt",  # only for drop_number_concentration
+    # "error_order": 1,     # MAE/MSE ... only for drop_number_concentration
+
+    # Define kwargs
+    kwargs = {
+        "D": ds["diameter_bin_center"].data,
+        "dD": ds["diameter_bin_width"].data,
+        "target": target,
+        "transformation": transformation,
+        "error_order": error_order,
+    }
+
+    # Fit distribution in parallel
+    da_params = xr.apply_ufunc(
+        apply_normalized_gamma_gs,
+        # Variables varying over time
+        ds["Nw"],
+        ds["D50"],
+        ds["drop_number_concentration"],
+        ds["fall_velocity"],
+        # Other options
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+        # Settings
+        input_core_dims=[[], [], ["diameter_bin_center"], ["diameter_bin_center"]],
+        output_core_dims=[["parameters"]],
+        vectorize=True,
+        dask="parallelized",
+        dask_gufunc_kwargs={"output_sizes": {"parameters": 3}},  # lengths of the new output_core_dims dimensions.
+        output_dtypes=["float64"],
+    )
+
+    # Add parameters coordinates
+    da_params = da_params.assign_coords({"parameters": ["Nw", "mu", "D50"]})
+
+    # Create parameters dataset
+    ds_params = da_params.to_dataset(dim="parameters")
+
+    # Add DSD model name to the attribute
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = "NormalizedGammaPSD"
+    return ds_params
+
+
+####-----------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Methods of Moments (MOM)
+# - M246 DEFAULT FOR GAMMA ?
+# - LMOM (Johnson et al., 2014)
+
+
+def get_exponential_parameters_Zhang2008(moment_l, moment_m, l, m):  # noqa: E741
+    """Calculate Exponential DSD parameters using the method of moments (MOM).
+
+    The choice of moments is given in the parameters.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    moment_l: float
+        First moment to use.
+    moment_l: float
+        Second moment to use.
+    l : float
+        Moment order.
+    m : float
+        Moment order,
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    [1] Zhang, et. al., 2008, Diagnosing the Intercept Parameter for Exponential Raindrop Size
+        Distribution Based on Video Disdrometer Observations: Model Development. J. Appl.
+        Meteor. Climatol.,
+        https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1876.1
+    """
+    num = moment_l * gamma(m + 1)
+    den = moment_m * gamma(l + 1)
+    Lambda = np.power(num / den, (1 / (m - l)))
+    N0 = moment_l * np.power(Lambda, l + 1) / gamma(l + 1)
+    return N0, Lambda
+
+
+def get_exponential_parameters_M34(moment_3, moment_4):
+    """Compute exponential distribution parameters following Testud 2001.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Testud, J., S. Oury, R. A. Black, P. Amayenc, and X. Dou, 2001:
+    The Concept of “Normalized” Distribution to Describe Raindrop Spectra:
+    A Tool for Cloud Physics and Cloud Remote Sensing.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 40, 1118-1140,
+    https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1118:TCONDT>2.0.CO;2
+    """
+    N0 = 256 / gamma(4) * moment_3**5 / moment_4**4
+    Dm = moment_4 / moment_3
+    Lambda = 4 / Dm
+    return N0, Lambda
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_M012(M0, M1, M2):
+    """Compute gamma distribution parameters following Cao et al., 2009.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Cao, Q., and G. Zhang, 2009:
+    Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer  and Simulated Raindrop Spectra.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 406-425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
+    """
+    # TODO: really bad results. check formula !
+    G = M1**3 / M0 / M2
+    mu = 1 / (1 - G) - 2
+    Lambda = M0 / M1 * (mu + 1)
+    N0 = Lambda ** (mu + 1) * M0 / gamma(mu + 1)
+    return N0, mu, Lambda
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_M234(M2, M3, M4):
+    """Compute gamma distribution parameters following Cao et al., 2009.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Cao, Q., and G. Zhang, 2009:
+    Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer  and Simulated Raindrop Spectra.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 406-425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
+    """
+    G = M3**2 / M2 / M4
+    mu = 1 / (1 - G) - 4
+    Lambda = M2 / M3 * (mu + 3)
+    N0 = Lambda ** (mu + 3) * M2 / gamma(mu + 3)
+    return N0, mu, Lambda
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_M246(M2, M4, M6):
+    """Compute gamma distribution parameters following Ulbrich 1998.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Ulbrich, C. W., and D. Atlas, 1998:
+    Rainfall Microphysics and Radar Properties: Analysis Methods for Drop Size Spectra.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 37, 912-923,
+    https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<0912:RMARPA>2.0.CO;2
+
+    Cao, Q., and G. Zhang, 2009:
+    Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer  and Simulated Raindrop Spectra.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 406-425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
+
+    Thurai, M., Williams, C.R., Bringi, V.N., 2014:
+    Examining the correlations between drop size distribution parameters using data
+    from two side-by-side 2D-video disdrometers.
+    Atmospheric Research, 144, 95-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.01.002.
+    """
+    G = M4**2 / M2 / M6
+
+    # TODO: Different formulas !
+    # Thurai et al., 2014 (A4), Ulbrich et al., 1998 (2)
+    #  mu = ((7.0 - 11.0 * G) -
+    #  np.sqrt((7.0 - 11.0 * G) ** 2.0 - 4.0 * (G - 1.0) * (30.0 * G - 12.0)) / (2.0 * (G - 1.0)))
+    mu = (7.0 - 11.0 * G) - np.sqrt(G**2 + 89 * G + 1) / (2.0 * (G - 1.0))
+
+    # Cao et al., 2009 (B3)
+    # --> Wrong ???
+    mu = (7.0 - 11.0 * G) - np.sqrt(G**2 + 14 * G + 1) / (2.0 * (G - 1.0))
+
+    Lambda = np.sqrt((4 + mu) * (3 + mu) * M2 / M4)
+    # Cao et al., 2009
+    N0 = M2 * Lambda ** (3 + mu) / gamma(3 + mu)
+    # # Thurai et al., 2014
+    # N0 = M3 * Lambda ** (4 + mu) / gamma(4 + mu)
+    # # Ulbrich et al., 1998
+    # N0 = M6 * Lambda ** (7.0 + mu) / gamma(7 + mu)
+    return N0, mu, Lambda
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_M456(M4, M5, M6):
+    """Compute gamma distribution parameters following Cao et al., 2009.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Cao, Q., and G. Zhang, 2009:
+    Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer  and Simulated Raindrop Spectra.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 406-425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
+    """
+    G = M5**2 / M4 / M6
+    mu = 1 / (1 - G) - 6
+    Lambda = M4 / M5 * (mu + 5)
+    N0 = Lambda ** (mu + 5) * M4 / gamma(mu + 5)
+    return N0, mu, Lambda
+
+
+def get_gamma_parameters_M346(M3, M4, M6):
+    """Compute gamma distribution parameters following Kozu 1991.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Kozu, T., and K. Nakamura, 1991:
+    Rainfall Parameter Estimation from Dual-Radar Measurements
+    Combining Reflectivity Profile and Path-integrated Attenuation.
+    J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 259-270, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1991)008<0259:RPEFDR>2.0.CO;2
+
+    Tokay, A., and D. A. Short, 1996:
+    Evidence from Tropical Raindrop Spectra of the Origin of Rain from
+    Stratiform versus Convective Clouds.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 35, 355-371,
+    https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2
+
+    Cao, Q., and G. Zhang, 2009:
+    Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer  and Simulated Raindrop Spectra.
+    J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 406-425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1.
+    """
+    G = M4**3 / M3**2 / M6
+
+    # Kozu
+    mu = (5.5 * G - 4 + np.sqrt(G * (G * 0.25 + 2))) / (1 - G)
+
+    # Cao et al., 2009 (equivalent)
+    # mu = (11 * G - 8 + np.sqrt(G * (G + 8))) / (2 * (1 - G))
+
+    Lambda = (mu + 4) * M3 / M4
+    N0 = Lambda ** (mu + 4) * M3 / gamma(mu + 4)
+    return N0, mu, Lambda
+
+
+def get_lognormal_parameters_M346(M3, M4, M6):
+    """Compute lognormal distribution parameters following Kozu1991.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    Kozu, T., and K. Nakamura, 1991:
+    Rainfall Parameter Estimation from Dual-Radar Measurements
+    Combining Reflectivity Profile and Path-integrated Attenuation.
+    J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 259-270, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1991)008<0259:RPEFDR>2.0.CO;2
+    """
+    L3 = np.log(M3)
+    L4 = np.log(M4)
+    L6 = np.log(M6)
+    Nt = np.exp((24 * L3 - 27 * L4 - 6 * L6) / 3)
+    mu = (-10 * L3 + 13.5 * L4 - 3.5 * L6) / 3
+    sigma = (2 * L3 - 3 * L4 + L6) / 3
+    return Nt, mu, sigma
+
+
+def _get_gamma_parameters_mom(ds: xr.Dataset, mom_method: str) -> xr.Dataset:
+    # Get the correct function and list of variables for the requested method
+    func, needed_moments = MOM_METHODS_DICT["GammaPSD"][mom_method]
+
+    # Extract the required arrays from the dataset
+    arrs = [ds[var_name] for var_name in needed_moments]
+
+    # Apply the function. This will produce (mu, Lambda, N0) with the same coords/shapes as input data
+    N0, mu, Lambda = func(*arrs)
+
+    # Return a new Dataset containing the results
+    ds = xr.Dataset(
+        {
+            "N0": N0,
+            "mu": mu,
+            "Lambda": Lambda,
+        },
+        coords=ds.coords,
+    )
+    return ds
+
+
+def _get_lognormal_parameters_mom(ds: xr.Dataset, mom_method: str) -> xr.Dataset:
+    # Get the correct function and list of variables for the requested method
+    func, needed_moments = MOM_METHODS_DICT["LognormalPSD"][mom_method]
+
+    # Extract the required arrays from the dataset
+    arrs = [ds[var_name] for var_name in needed_moments]
+
+    # Apply the function. This will produce (mu, Lambda, N0) with the same coords/shapes as input data
+    Nt, mu, sigma = func(*arrs)
+
+    # Return a new Dataset containing the results
+    ds = xr.Dataset(
+        {
+            "Nt": Nt,
+            "mu": mu,
+            "sigma": sigma,
+        },
+        coords=ds.coords,
+    )
+    return ds
+
+
+def _get_exponential_parameters_mom(ds: xr.Dataset, mom_method: str) -> xr.Dataset:
+    # Get the correct function and list of variables for the requested method
+    func, needed_moments = MOM_METHODS_DICT["ExponentialPSD"][mom_method]
+
+    # Extract the required arrays from the dataset
+    arrs = [ds[var_name] for var_name in needed_moments]
+
+    # Apply the function. This will produce (mu, Lambda, N0) with the same coords/shapes as input data
+    N0, Lambda = func(*arrs)
+
+    # Return a new Dataset containing the results
+    ds = xr.Dataset(
+        {
+            "N0": N0,
+            "Lambda": Lambda,
+        },
+        coords=ds.coords,
+    )
+    return ds
+
+
+####--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Routines dictionary
+
+
+MOM_METHODS_DICT = {
+    "GammaPSD": {
+        # "M012": (get_gamma_parameters_M012, ["M0", "M1", "M2"]),
+        "M234": (get_gamma_parameters_M234, ["M2", "M3", "M4"]),
+        "M246": (get_gamma_parameters_M246, ["M2", "M4", "M6"]),
+        "M456": (get_gamma_parameters_M456, ["M4", "M5", "M6"]),
+        "M346": (get_gamma_parameters_M346, ["M3", "M4", "M6"]),
+    },
+    "LognormalPSD": {
+        "M346": (get_lognormal_parameters_M346, ["M3", "M4", "M6"]),
+    },
+    "ExponentialPSD": {
+        "M234": (get_exponential_parameters_M34, ["M3", "M4"]),
+    },
+}
+
+
+OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT = {
+    "MOM": {
+        "GammaPSD": _get_gamma_parameters_mom,
+        "LognormalPSD": _get_lognormal_parameters_mom,
+        "ExponentialPSD": _get_exponential_parameters_mom,
+    },
+    "GS": {
+        "GammaPSD": get_gamma_parameters_gs,
+        "NormalizedGammaPSD": get_normalized_gamma_parameters_gs,
+        "LognormalPSD": get_lognormal_parameters_gs,
+        "ExponentialPSD": get_exponential_parameters_gs,
+    },
+    "ML": {
+        "GammaPSD": get_gamma_parameters,
+        "LognormalPSD": get_lognormal_parameters,
+        "ExponentialPSD": get_exponential_parameters,
+    },
+}
+
+
+def available_mom_methods(psd_model):
+    """Implemented MOM methods for a given PSD model."""
+    return list(MOM_METHODS_DICT[psd_model])
+
+
+def available_optimization(psd_model):
+    """Implemented fitting methods for a given PSD model."""
+    return [opt for opt in list(OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT) if psd_model in OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT[opt]]
+
+
+####--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Argument checkers
+
+
+def check_psd_model(psd_model, optimization):
+    """Check valid psd_model argument."""
+    valid_psd_models = list(OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT[optimization])
+    if psd_model not in valid_psd_models:
+        msg = (
+            f"{optimization} optimization is not available for 'psd_model' {psd_model}. "
+            f"Accepted PSD models are {valid_psd_models}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def check_target(target):
+    """Check valid target argument."""
+    valid_targets = ["ND", "R", "Z", "LWC"]
+    if target not in valid_targets:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid 'target' {target}. Valid targets are {valid_targets}.")
+    return target
+
+
+def check_transformation(transformation):
+    """Check valid transformation argument."""
+    valid_transformation = ["identity", "log", "sqrt"]
+    if transformation not in valid_transformation:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid 'transformation' {transformation}. Valid transformations are {transformation}.",
+        )
+    return transformation
+
+
+def check_likelihood(likelihood):
+    """Check valid likelihood argument."""
+    valid_likelihood = ["multinomial", "poisson"]
+    if likelihood not in valid_likelihood:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid 'likelihood' {likelihood}. Valid values are {valid_likelihood}.")
+    return likelihood
+
+
+def check_truncated_likelihood(truncated_likelihood):
+    """Check valid truncated_likelihood argument."""
+    if not isinstance(truncated_likelihood, bool):
+        raise TypeError(f"Invalid 'truncated_likelihood' argument {truncated_likelihood}. Must be True or False.")
+    return truncated_likelihood
+
+
+def check_probability_method(probability_method):
+    """Check valid probability_method argument."""
+    # Check valid probability_method
+    valid_probability_method = ["cdf", "pdf"]
+    if probability_method not in valid_probability_method:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid 'probability_method' {probability_method}. Valid values are {valid_probability_method}.",
+        )
+    return probability_method
+
+
+def check_optimizer(optimizer):
+    """Check valid optimizer argument."""
+    # Check valid probability_method
+    valid_optimizer = ["Nelder-Mead", "Powell", "L-BFGS-B"]
+    if optimizer not in valid_optimizer:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid 'optimizer' {optimizer}. Valid values are {valid_optimizer}.",
+        )
+    return optimizer
+
+
+def check_mom_methods(mom_methods, psd_model):
+    """Check valid mom_methods arguments."""
+    if isinstance(mom_methods, str):
+        mom_methods = [mom_methods]
+    valid_mom_methods = available_mom_methods(psd_model)
+    invalid_mom_methods = np.array(mom_methods)[np.isin(mom_methods, valid_mom_methods, invert=True)]
+    if len(invalid_mom_methods) > 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unknown mom_methods '{invalid_mom_methods}' for {psd_model}. Choose from {valid_mom_methods}.",
+        )
+    return mom_methods
+
+
+def check_optimization(optimization):
+    """Check valid optimization argument."""
+    valid_optimization = list(OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT)
+    if optimization not in valid_optimization:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid 'optimization' {optimization}. Valid procedure are {valid_optimization}.",
+        )
+    return optimization
+
+
+def check_optimization_kwargs(optimization_kwargs, optimization, psd_model):
+    """Check valid optimization_kwargs."""
+    dict_arguments = {
+        "ML": {
+            "init_method": None,
+            "probability_method": check_probability_method,
+            "likelihood": check_likelihood,
+            "truncated_likelihood": check_truncated_likelihood,
+            "optimizer": check_optimizer,
+        },
+        "GS": {
+            "target": check_target,
+            "transformation": check_transformation,
+            "error_order": None,
+        },
+        "MOM": {
+            "mom_methods": None,
+        },
+    }
+    optimization = check_optimization(optimization)
+    check_psd_model(psd_model=psd_model, optimization=optimization)
+
+    # Retrieve the expected arguments for the given optimization method
+    expected_arguments = dict_arguments.get(optimization, {})
+
+    # Check for missing arguments in optimization_kwargs
+    missing_args = [arg for arg in expected_arguments if arg not in optimization_kwargs]
+    if missing_args:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing required arguments for {optimization} optimization: {missing_args}")
+
+    # Validate argument values
+    _ = [check(optimization_kwargs[arg]) for arg, check in expected_arguments.items() if callable(check)]
+
+    # Further special checks
+    if optimization == "MOM":
+        _ = check_mom_methods(mom_methods=optimization_kwargs["mom_methods"], psd_model=psd_model)
+    if optimization == "ML" and optimization_kwargs["init_method"] is not None:
+        _ = check_mom_methods(mom_methods=optimization_kwargs["init_method"], psd_model=psd_model)
+
+
+####--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+#### Wrappers for fitting
+
+
+def get_mom_parameters(ds: xr.Dataset, psd_model: str, mom_methods: str) -> xr.Dataset:
+    """
+    Compute PSD model parameters using various method-of-moments (MOM) approaches.
+
+    The method is specified by the `mom_methods` acronym, e.g. 'M012', 'M234', 'M246'.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ds : xarray.Dataset
+        An xarray Dataset with the required moments M0...M6 as data variables.
+    mom_methods: str or list
+        Valid MOM methods are {'M012', 'M234', 'M246', 'M456', 'M346'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xarray.Dataset
+        A Dataset containing mu, Lambda, and N0 variables.
+        If multiple mom_methods are specified, the dataset has the dimension mom_method.
+
+    """
+    # Check inputs
+    check_psd_model(psd_model=psd_model, optimization="MOM")
+    mom_methods = check_mom_methods(mom_methods, psd_model=psd_model)
+
+    # Retrieve function
+    func = OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT["MOM"][psd_model]
+
+    # Compute parameters
+    if len(mom_methods) == 1:
+        ds = func(ds=ds, mom_method=mom_methods[0])
+        ds.attrs["mom_method"] = mom_methods[0]
+        return ds
+    list_ds = [func(ds=ds, mom_method=mom_method) for mom_method in mom_methods]
+    ds = xr.concat(list_ds, dim="mom_method")
+    ds = ds.assign_coords({"mom_method": mom_methods})
+    return ds
+
+
+def get_ml_parameters(
+    ds,
+    psd_model,
+    init_method=None,
+    probability_method="cdf",
+    likelihood="multinomial",
+    truncated_likelihood=True,
+    optimizer="Nelder-Mead",
+):
+    """
+    Estimate model parameters for a given distribution using Maximum Likelihood.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+     ds : xarray.Dataset
+        Input dataset containing drop number concentration data and diameter information.
+        It must include the following variables:
+        - ``drop_number_concentration``: The number concentration of drops.
+        - ``diameter_bin_width``": The width of each diameter bin.
+        - ``diameter_bin_lower``: The lower bounds of the diameter bins.
+        - ``diameter_bin_upper``: The upper bounds of the diameter bins.
+        - ``diameter_bin_center``: The center values of the diameter bins.
+    psd_model : str
+        The PSD model to fit. See ``available_psd_models()``.
+    init_method: str or list
+        The method(s) of moments used to initialize the PSD model parameters.
+        See ``available_mom_methods(psd_model)``.
+    probability_method : str, optional
+        Method to compute probabilities. The default value is ``cdf``.
+    likelihood : str, optional
+        Likelihood function to use for fitting. The default value is ``multinomial``.
+    truncated_likelihood : bool, optional
+        Whether to use Truncated Maximum Likelihood (TML). The default value is ``True``.
+    optimizer : str, optional
+        Optimization method to use. The default value is ``Nelder-Mead``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    xarray.Dataset
+        The dataset containing the estimated parameters.
+
+    """
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+    # Check arguments
+    check_psd_model(psd_model, optimization="ML")
+    likelihood = check_likelihood(likelihood)
+    probability_method = check_probability_method(probability_method)
+    optimizer = check_optimizer(optimizer)
+
+    # Check valid init_method
+    if init_method is not None:
+        init_method = check_mom_methods(mom_methods=init_method, psd_model=psd_model)
+
+    # Retrieve estimation function
+    func = OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT["ML"][psd_model]
+
+    # Retrieve parameters
+    ds_params = func(
+        ds=ds,
+        init_method=init_method,
+        probability_method=probability_method,
+        likelihood=likelihood,
+        truncated_likelihood=truncated_likelihood,
+        optimizer=optimizer,
+    )
+    # Return dataset with parameters
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def get_gs_parameters(ds, psd_model, target="ND", transformation="log", error_order=1):
+    """Retrieve PSD model parameters using Grid Search."""
+    # Check valid psd_model
+    check_psd_model(psd_model, optimization="GS")
+
+    # Check valid target
+    target = check_target(target)
+
+    # Check valid transformation
+    transformation = check_transformation(transformation)
+
+    # Retrieve estimation function
+    func = OPTIMIZATION_ROUTINES_DICT["GS"][psd_model]
+
+    # Estimate parameters
+    ds_params = func(ds, target=target, transformation=transformation, error_order=error_order)
+
+    # Return dataset with parameters
+    return ds_params
+
+
+def estimate_model_parameters(
+    ds,
+    psd_model,
+    optimization,
+    optimization_kwargs,
+):
+    """Routine to estimate PSD model parameters."""
+    optimization = check_optimization(optimization)
+    check_optimization_kwargs(optimization_kwargs=optimization_kwargs, optimization=optimization, psd_model=psd_model)
+
+    # Define function
+    dict_func = {
+        "ML": get_ml_parameters,
+        "MOM": get_mom_parameters,
+        "GS": get_gs_parameters,
+    }
+    func = dict_func[optimization]
+
+    # Retrieve parameters
+    ds_params = func(ds, psd_model=psd_model, **optimization_kwargs)
+
+    # Finalize attributes
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_model"] = psd_model
+    ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_optimization"] = optimization
+    if optimization == "GS":
+        ds_params.attrs["disdrodb_psd_optimization_target"] = optimization_kwargs["target"]
+
+    return ds_params