diffsynth 1.0.0__py3-none-any.whl

diffsynth/extensions/FastBlend/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from .runners.fast import TableManager, PyramidPatchMatcher
+from PIL import Image
+import numpy as np
+import cupy as cp
+
+
+class FastBlendSmoother:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.batch_size = 8
+        self.window_size = 64
+        self.ebsynth_config = {
+            "minimum_patch_size": 5,
+            "threads_per_block": 8,
+            "num_iter": 5,
+            "gpu_id": 0,
+            "guide_weight": 10.0,
+            "initialize": "identity",
+            "tracking_window_size": 0,
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_model_manager(model_manager):
+        # TODO: fetch GPU ID from model_manager
+        return FastBlendSmoother()
+
+    def run(self, frames_guide, frames_style, batch_size, window_size, ebsynth_config):
+        frames_guide = [np.array(frame) for frame in frames_guide]
+        frames_style = [np.array(frame) for frame in frames_style]
+        table_manager = TableManager()
+        patch_match_engine = PyramidPatchMatcher(
+            image_height=frames_style[0].shape[0],
+            image_width=frames_style[0].shape[1],
+            channel=3,
+            **ebsynth_config
+        )
+        # left part
+        table_l = table_manager.build_remapping_table(frames_guide, frames_style, patch_match_engine, batch_size, desc="FastBlend Step 1/4")
+        table_l = table_manager.remapping_table_to_blending_table(table_l)
+        table_l = table_manager.process_window_sum(frames_guide, table_l, patch_match_engine, window_size, batch_size, desc="FastBlend Step 2/4")
+        # right part
+        table_r = table_manager.build_remapping_table(frames_guide[::-1], frames_style[::-1], patch_match_engine, batch_size, desc="FastBlend Step 3/4")
+        table_r = table_manager.remapping_table_to_blending_table(table_r)
+        table_r = table_manager.process_window_sum(frames_guide[::-1], table_r, patch_match_engine, window_size, batch_size, desc="FastBlend Step 4/4")[::-1]
+        # merge
+        frames = []
+        for (frame_l, weight_l), frame_m, (frame_r, weight_r) in zip(table_l, frames_style, table_r):
+            weight_m = -1
+            weight = weight_l + weight_m + weight_r
+            frame = frame_l * (weight_l / weight) + frame_m * (weight_m / weight) + frame_r * (weight_r / weight)
+            frames.append(frame)
+        frames = [Image.fromarray(frame.clip(0, 255).astype("uint8")) for frame in frames]
+        return frames
+    
+    def __call__(self, rendered_frames, original_frames=None, **kwargs):
+        frames = self.run(
+            original_frames, rendered_frames,
+            self.batch_size, self.window_size, self.ebsynth_config
+        )
+        mempool = cp.get_default_memory_pool()
+        pinned_mempool = cp.get_default_pinned_memory_pool()
+        mempool.free_all_blocks()
+        pinned_mempool.free_all_blocks()
+        return frames

diffsynth/extensions/FastBlend/api.py

@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+from .runners import AccurateModeRunner, FastModeRunner, BalancedModeRunner, InterpolationModeRunner, InterpolationModeSingleFrameRunner
+from .data import VideoData, get_video_fps, save_video, search_for_images
+import os
+import gradio as gr
+
+
+def check_input_for_blending(video_guide, video_guide_folder, video_style, video_style_folder):
+    frames_guide = VideoData(video_guide, video_guide_folder)
+    frames_style = VideoData(video_style, video_style_folder)
+    message = ""
+    if len(frames_guide) < len(frames_style):
+        message += f"The number of frames mismatches. Only the first {len(frames_guide)} frames of style video will be used.\n"
+        frames_style.set_length(len(frames_guide))
+    elif len(frames_guide) > len(frames_style):
+        message += f"The number of frames mismatches. Only the first {len(frames_style)} frames of guide video will be used.\n"
+        frames_guide.set_length(len(frames_style))
+    height_guide, width_guide = frames_guide.shape()
+    height_style, width_style = frames_style.shape()
+    if height_guide != height_style or width_guide != width_style:
+        message += f"The shape of frames mismatches. The frames in style video will be resized to (height: {height_guide}, width: {width_guide})\n"
+        frames_style.set_shape(height_guide, width_guide)
+    return frames_guide, frames_style, message
+
+
+def smooth_video(
+    video_guide,
+    video_guide_folder,
+    video_style,
+    video_style_folder,
+    mode,
+    window_size,
+    batch_size,
+    tracking_window_size,
+    output_path,
+    fps,
+    minimum_patch_size,
+    num_iter,
+    guide_weight,
+    initialize,
+    progress = None,
+):
+    # input
+    frames_guide, frames_style, message = check_input_for_blending(video_guide, video_guide_folder, video_style, video_style_folder)
+    if len(message) > 0:
+        print(message)
+    # output
+    if output_path == "":
+        if video_style is None:
+            output_path = os.path.join(video_style_folder, "output")
+        else:
+            output_path = os.path.join(os.path.split(video_style)[0], "output")
+        os.makedirs(output_path, exist_ok=True)
+        print("No valid output_path. Your video will be saved here:", output_path)
+    elif not os.path.exists(output_path):
+        os.makedirs(output_path, exist_ok=True)
+        print("Your video will be saved here:", output_path)
+    frames_path = os.path.join(output_path, "frames")
+    video_path = os.path.join(output_path, "video.mp4")
+    os.makedirs(frames_path, exist_ok=True)
+    # process
+    if mode == "Fast" or mode == "Balanced":
+        tracking_window_size = 0
+    ebsynth_config = {
+        "minimum_patch_size": minimum_patch_size,
+        "threads_per_block": 8,
+        "num_iter": num_iter,
+        "gpu_id": 0,
+        "guide_weight": guide_weight,
+        "initialize": initialize,
+        "tracking_window_size": tracking_window_size,
+    }
+    if mode == "Fast":
+        FastModeRunner().run(frames_guide, frames_style, batch_size=batch_size, window_size=window_size, ebsynth_config=ebsynth_config, save_path=frames_path)
+    elif mode == "Balanced":
+        BalancedModeRunner().run(frames_guide, frames_style, batch_size=batch_size, window_size=window_size, ebsynth_config=ebsynth_config, save_path=frames_path)
+    elif mode == "Accurate":
+        AccurateModeRunner().run(frames_guide, frames_style, batch_size=batch_size, window_size=window_size, ebsynth_config=ebsynth_config, save_path=frames_path)
+    # output
+    try:
+        fps = int(fps)
+    except:
+        fps = get_video_fps(video_style) if video_style is not None else 30
+    print("Fps:", fps)
+    print("Saving video...")
+    video_path = save_video(frames_path, video_path, num_frames=len(frames_style), fps=fps)
+    print("Success!")
+    print("Your frames are here:", frames_path)
+    print("Your video is here:", video_path)
+    return output_path, fps, video_path
+
+
+class KeyFrameMatcher:
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def extract_number_from_filename(self, file_name):
+        result = []
+        number = -1
+        for i in file_name:
+            if ord(i)>=ord("0") and ord(i)<=ord("9"):
+                if number == -1:
+                    number = 0
+                number = number*10 + ord(i) - ord("0")
+            else:
+                if number != -1:
+                    result.append(number)
+                    number = -1
+        if number != -1:
+            result.append(number)
+        result = tuple(result)
+        return result
+
+    def extract_number_from_filenames(self, file_names):
+        numbers = [self.extract_number_from_filename(file_name) for file_name in file_names]
+        min_length = min(len(i) for i in numbers)
+        for i in range(min_length-1, -1, -1):
+            if len(set(number[i] for number in numbers))==len(file_names):
+                return [number[i] for number in numbers]
+        return list(range(len(file_names)))
+
+    def match_using_filename(self, file_names_a, file_names_b):
+        file_names_b_set = set(file_names_b)
+        matched_file_name = []
+        for file_name in file_names_a:
+            if file_name not in file_names_b_set:
+                matched_file_name.append(None)
+            else:
+                matched_file_name.append(file_name)
+        return matched_file_name
+
+    def match_using_numbers(self, file_names_a, file_names_b):
+        numbers_a = self.extract_number_from_filenames(file_names_a)
+        numbers_b = self.extract_number_from_filenames(file_names_b)
+        numbers_b_dict = {number: file_name for number, file_name in zip(numbers_b, file_names_b)}
+        matched_file_name = []
+        for number in numbers_a:
+            if number in numbers_b_dict:
+                matched_file_name.append(numbers_b_dict[number])
+            else:
+                matched_file_name.append(None)
+        return matched_file_name
+
+    def match_filenames(self, file_names_a, file_names_b):
+        matched_file_name = self.match_using_filename(file_names_a, file_names_b)
+        if sum([i is not None for i in matched_file_name]) > 0:
+            return matched_file_name
+        matched_file_name = self.match_using_numbers(file_names_a, file_names_b)
+        return matched_file_name
+
+
+def detect_frames(frames_path, keyframes_path):
+    if not os.path.exists(frames_path) and not os.path.exists(keyframes_path):
+        return "Please input the directory of guide video and rendered frames"
+    elif not os.path.exists(frames_path):
+        return "Please input the directory of guide video"
+    elif not os.path.exists(keyframes_path):
+        return "Please input the directory of rendered frames"
+    frames = [os.path.split(i)[-1] for i in search_for_images(frames_path)]
+    keyframes = [os.path.split(i)[-1] for i in search_for_images(keyframes_path)]
+    if len(frames)==0:
+        return f"No images detected in {frames_path}"
+    if len(keyframes)==0:
+        return f"No images detected in {keyframes_path}"
+    matched_keyframes = KeyFrameMatcher().match_filenames(frames, keyframes)
+    max_filename_length = max([len(i) for i in frames])
+    if sum([i is not None for i in matched_keyframes])==0:
+        message = ""
+        for frame, matched_keyframe in zip(frames, matched_keyframes):
+            message += frame + " " * (max_filename_length - len(frame) + 1)
+            message += "--> No matched keyframes\n"
+    else:
+        message = ""
+        for frame, matched_keyframe in zip(frames, matched_keyframes):
+            message += frame + " " * (max_filename_length - len(frame) + 1)
+            if matched_keyframe is None:
+                message += "--> [to be rendered]\n"
+            else:
+                message += f"--> {matched_keyframe}\n"
+    return message
+
+
+def check_input_for_interpolating(frames_path, keyframes_path):
+    # search for images
+    frames = [os.path.split(i)[-1] for i in search_for_images(frames_path)]
+    keyframes = [os.path.split(i)[-1] for i in search_for_images(keyframes_path)]
+    # match frames
+    matched_keyframes = KeyFrameMatcher().match_filenames(frames, keyframes)
+    file_list = [file_name for file_name in matched_keyframes if file_name is not None]
+    index_style = [i for i, file_name in enumerate(matched_keyframes) if file_name is not None]
+    frames_guide = VideoData(None, frames_path)
+    frames_style = VideoData(None, keyframes_path, file_list=file_list)
+    # match shape
+    message = ""
+    height_guide, width_guide = frames_guide.shape()
+    height_style, width_style = frames_style.shape()
+    if height_guide != height_style or width_guide != width_style:
+        message += f"The shape of frames mismatches. The rendered keyframes will be resized to (height: {height_guide}, width: {width_guide})\n"
+        frames_style.set_shape(height_guide, width_guide)
+    return frames_guide, frames_style, index_style, message
+
+
+def interpolate_video(
+    frames_path,
+    keyframes_path,
+    output_path,
+    fps,
+    batch_size,
+    tracking_window_size,
+    minimum_patch_size,
+    num_iter,
+    guide_weight,
+    initialize,
+    progress = None,
+):
+    # input
+    frames_guide, frames_style, index_style, message = check_input_for_interpolating(frames_path, keyframes_path)
+    if len(message) > 0:
+        print(message)
+    # output
+    if output_path == "":
+        output_path = os.path.join(keyframes_path, "output")
+        os.makedirs(output_path, exist_ok=True)
+        print("No valid output_path. Your video will be saved here:", output_path)
+    elif not os.path.exists(output_path):
+        os.makedirs(output_path, exist_ok=True)
+        print("Your video will be saved here:", output_path)
+    output_frames_path = os.path.join(output_path, "frames")
+    output_video_path = os.path.join(output_path, "video.mp4")
+    os.makedirs(output_frames_path, exist_ok=True)
+    # process
+    ebsynth_config = {
+        "minimum_patch_size": minimum_patch_size,
+        "threads_per_block": 8,
+        "num_iter": num_iter,
+        "gpu_id": 0,
+        "guide_weight": guide_weight,
+        "initialize": initialize,
+        "tracking_window_size": tracking_window_size
+    }
+    if len(index_style)==1:
+        InterpolationModeSingleFrameRunner().run(frames_guide, frames_style, index_style, batch_size=batch_size, ebsynth_config=ebsynth_config, save_path=output_frames_path)
+    else:
+        InterpolationModeRunner().run(frames_guide, frames_style, index_style, batch_size=batch_size, ebsynth_config=ebsynth_config, save_path=output_frames_path)
+    try:
+        fps = int(fps)
+    except:
+        fps = 30
+    print("Fps:", fps)
+    print("Saving video...")
+    video_path = save_video(output_frames_path, output_video_path, num_frames=len(frames_guide), fps=fps)
+    print("Success!")
+    print("Your frames are here:", output_frames_path)
+    print("Your video is here:", video_path)
+    return output_path, fps, video_path
+
+
+def on_ui_tabs():
+    with gr.Blocks(analytics_enabled=False) as ui_component:
+        with gr.Tab("Blend"):
+            gr.Markdown("""
+# Blend
+
+Given a guide video and a style video, this algorithm will make the style video fluent according to the motion features of the guide video. Click [here](https://github.com/Artiprocher/sd-webui-fastblend/assets/35051019/208d902d-6aba-48d7-b7d5-cd120ebd306d) to see the example. Note that this extension doesn't support long videos. Please use short videos (e.g., several seconds). The algorithm is mainly designed for 512*512 resolution. Please use a larger `Minimum patch size` for higher resolution.
+            """)
+            with gr.Row():
+                with gr.Column():
+                    with gr.Tab("Guide video"):
+                        video_guide = gr.Video(label="Guide video")
+                    with gr.Tab("Guide video (images format)"):
+                        video_guide_folder = gr.Textbox(label="Guide video (images format)", value="")
+                with gr.Column():
+                    with gr.Tab("Style video"):
+                        video_style = gr.Video(label="Style video")
+                    with gr.Tab("Style video (images format)"):
+                        video_style_folder = gr.Textbox(label="Style video (images format)", value="")
+                with gr.Column():
+                    output_path = gr.Textbox(label="Output directory", value="", placeholder="Leave empty to use the directory of style video")
+                    fps = gr.Textbox(label="Fps", value="", placeholder="Leave empty to use the default fps")
+                    video_output = gr.Video(label="Output video", interactive=False, show_share_button=True)
+            btn = gr.Button(value="Blend")
+            with gr.Row():
+                with gr.Column():
+                    gr.Markdown("# Settings")
+                    mode = gr.Radio(["Fast", "Balanced", "Accurate"], label="Inference mode", value="Fast", interactive=True)
+                    window_size = gr.Slider(label="Sliding window size", value=15, minimum=1, maximum=1000, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    batch_size = gr.Slider(label="Batch size", value=8, minimum=1, maximum=128, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    tracking_window_size = gr.Slider(label="Tracking window size (only for accurate mode)", value=0, minimum=0, maximum=10, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    gr.Markdown("## Advanced Settings")
+                    minimum_patch_size = gr.Slider(label="Minimum patch size (odd number)", value=5, minimum=5, maximum=99, step=2, interactive=True)
+                    num_iter = gr.Slider(label="Number of iterations", value=5, minimum=1, maximum=10, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    guide_weight = gr.Slider(label="Guide weight", value=10.0, minimum=0.0, maximum=100.0, step=0.1, interactive=True)
+                    initialize = gr.Radio(["identity", "random"], label="NNF initialization", value="identity", interactive=True)
+                with gr.Column():
+                    gr.Markdown("""
+# Reference
+
+* Output directory: the directory to save the video.
+* Inference mode
+
+|Mode|Time|Memory|Quality|Frame by frame output|Description|
+|-|-|-|-|-|-|
+|Fast|■|■■■|■■|No|Blend the frames using a tree-like data structure, which requires much RAM but is fast.|
+|Balanced|■■|■|■■|Yes|Blend the frames naively.|
+|Accurate|■■■|■|■■■|Yes|Blend the frames and align them together for higher video quality. When [batch size] >= [sliding window size] * 2 + 1, the performance is the best.|
+
+* Sliding window size: our algorithm will blend the frames in a sliding windows. If the size is n, each frame will be blended with the last n frames and the next n frames. A large sliding window can make the video fluent but sometimes smoggy.
+* Batch size: a larger batch size makes the program faster but requires more VRAM.
+* Tracking window size (only for accurate mode): The size of window in which our algorithm tracks moving objects. Empirically, 1 is enough.
+* Advanced settings
+    * Minimum patch size (odd number): the minimum patch size used for patch matching. (Default: 5)
+    * Number of iterations: the number of iterations of patch matching. (Default: 5)
+    * Guide weight: a parameter that determines how much motion feature applied to the style video. (Default: 10)
+    * NNF initialization: how to initialize the NNF (Nearest Neighbor Field). (Default: identity)
+                    """)
+            btn.click(
+                smooth_video,
+                inputs=[
+                    video_guide,
+                    video_guide_folder,
+                    video_style,
+                    video_style_folder,
+                    mode,
+                    window_size,
+                    batch_size,
+                    tracking_window_size,
+                    output_path,
+                    fps,
+                    minimum_patch_size,
+                    num_iter,
+                    guide_weight,
+                    initialize
+                ],
+                outputs=[output_path, fps, video_output]
+            )
+        with gr.Tab("Interpolate"):
+            gr.Markdown("""
+# Interpolate
+
+Given a guide video and some rendered keyframes, this algorithm will render the remaining frames. Click [here](https://github.com/Artiprocher/sd-webui-fastblend/assets/35051019/3490c5b4-8f67-478f-86de-f9adc2ace16a) to see the example. The algorithm is experimental and is only tested for 512*512 resolution.
+            """)
+            with gr.Row():
+                with gr.Column():
+                    with gr.Row():
+                        with gr.Column():
+                            video_guide_folder_ = gr.Textbox(label="Guide video (images format)", value="")
+                        with gr.Column():
+                            rendered_keyframes_ = gr.Textbox(label="Rendered keyframes (images format)", value="")
+                    with gr.Row():
+                        detected_frames = gr.Textbox(label="Detected frames", value="Please input the directory of guide video and rendered frames", lines=9, max_lines=9, interactive=False)
+                    video_guide_folder_.change(detect_frames, inputs=[video_guide_folder_, rendered_keyframes_], outputs=detected_frames)
+                    rendered_keyframes_.change(detect_frames, inputs=[video_guide_folder_, rendered_keyframes_], outputs=detected_frames)
+                with gr.Column():
+                    output_path_ = gr.Textbox(label="Output directory", value="", placeholder="Leave empty to use the directory of rendered keyframes")
+                    fps_ = gr.Textbox(label="Fps", value="", placeholder="Leave empty to use the default fps")
+                    video_output_ = gr.Video(label="Output video", interactive=False, show_share_button=True)
+            btn_ = gr.Button(value="Interpolate")
+            with gr.Row():
+                with gr.Column():
+                    gr.Markdown("# Settings")
+                    batch_size_ = gr.Slider(label="Batch size", value=8, minimum=1, maximum=128, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    tracking_window_size_ = gr.Slider(label="Tracking window size", value=0, minimum=0, maximum=10, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    gr.Markdown("## Advanced Settings")
+                    minimum_patch_size_ = gr.Slider(label="Minimum patch size (odd number, larger is better)", value=15, minimum=5, maximum=99, step=2, interactive=True)
+                    num_iter_ = gr.Slider(label="Number of iterations", value=5, minimum=1, maximum=10, step=1, interactive=True)
+                    guide_weight_ = gr.Slider(label="Guide weight", value=10.0, minimum=0.0, maximum=100.0, step=0.1, interactive=True)
+                    initialize_ = gr.Radio(["identity", "random"], label="NNF initialization", value="identity", interactive=True)
+                with gr.Column():
+                    gr.Markdown("""
+# Reference
+
+* Output directory: the directory to save the video.
+* Batch size: a larger batch size makes the program faster but requires more VRAM.
+* Tracking window size (only for accurate mode): The size of window in which our algorithm tracks moving objects. Empirically, 1 is enough.
+* Advanced settings
+    * Minimum patch size (odd number): the minimum patch size used for patch matching. **This parameter should be larger than that in blending. (Default: 15)**
+    * Number of iterations: the number of iterations of patch matching. (Default: 5)
+    * Guide weight: a parameter that determines how much motion feature applied to the style video. (Default: 10)
+    * NNF initialization: how to initialize the NNF (Nearest Neighbor Field). (Default: identity)
+                    """)
+            btn_.click(
+                interpolate_video,
+                inputs=[
+                    video_guide_folder_,
+                    rendered_keyframes_,
+                    output_path_,
+                    fps_,
+                    batch_size_,
+                    tracking_window_size_,
+                    minimum_patch_size_,
+                    num_iter_,
+                    guide_weight_,
+                    initialize_,
+                ],
+                outputs=[output_path_, fps_, video_output_]
+            )
+
+        return [(ui_component, "FastBlend", "FastBlend_ui")]

diffsynth/extensions/FastBlend/cupy_kernels.py

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import cupy as cp
+
+remapping_kernel = cp.RawKernel(r'''
+extern "C" __global__
+void remap(
+    const int height,
+    const int width,
+    const int channel,
+    const int patch_size,
+    const int pad_size,
+    const float* source_style,
+    const int* nnf,
+    float* target_style
+) {
+    const int r = (patch_size - 1) / 2;
+    const int x = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
+    const int y = blockDim.y * blockIdx.y + threadIdx.y;
+    if (x >= height or y >= width) return;
+    const int z = blockIdx.z * (height + pad_size * 2) * (width + pad_size * 2) * channel;
+    const int pid = (x + pad_size) * (width + pad_size * 2) + (y + pad_size);
+    const int min_px = x < r ? -x : -r;
+    const int max_px = x + r > height - 1 ? height - 1 - x : r;
+    const int min_py = y < r ? -y : -r;
+    const int max_py = y + r > width - 1 ? width - 1 - y : r;
+    int num = 0;
+    for (int px = min_px; px <= max_px; px++){
+        for (int py = min_py; py <= max_py; py++){
+            const int nid = (x + px) * width + y + py;
+            const int x_ = nnf[blockIdx.z * height * width * 2 + nid*2 + 0] - px;
+            const int y_ = nnf[blockIdx.z * height * width * 2 + nid*2 + 1] - py;
+            if (x_ < 0 or y_ < 0 or x_ >= height or y_ >= width)continue;
+            const int pid_ = (x_ + pad_size) * (width + pad_size * 2) + (y_ + pad_size);
+            num++;
+            for (int c = 0; c < channel; c++){
+                target_style[z + pid * channel + c] += source_style[z + pid_ * channel + c];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (int c = 0; c < channel; c++){
+        target_style[z + pid * channel + c] /= num;
+    }
+}
+''', 'remap')
+
+
+patch_error_kernel = cp.RawKernel(r'''
+extern "C" __global__
+void patch_error(
+    const int height,
+    const int width,
+    const int channel,
+    const int patch_size,
+    const int pad_size,
+    const float* source,
+    const int* nnf,
+    const float* target,
+    float* error
+) {
+    const int r = (patch_size - 1) / 2;
+    const int x = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
+    const int y = blockDim.y * blockIdx.y + threadIdx.y;
+    const int z = blockIdx.z * (height + pad_size * 2) * (width + pad_size * 2) * channel;
+    if (x >= height or y >= width) return;
+    const int x_ = nnf[blockIdx.z * height * width * 2 + (x * width + y)*2 + 0];
+    const int y_ = nnf[blockIdx.z * height * width * 2 + (x * width + y)*2 + 1];
+    float e = 0;
+    for (int px = -r; px <= r; px++){
+        for (int py = -r; py <= r; py++){
+            const int pid = (x + pad_size + px) * (width + pad_size * 2) + y + pad_size + py;
+            const int pid_ = (x_ + pad_size + px) * (width + pad_size * 2) + y_ + pad_size + py;
+            for (int c = 0; c < channel; c++){
+                const float diff = target[z + pid * channel + c] - source[z + pid_ * channel + c];
+                e += diff * diff;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    error[blockIdx.z * height * width + x * width + y] = e;
+}
+''', 'patch_error')
+
+
+pairwise_patch_error_kernel = cp.RawKernel(r'''
+extern "C" __global__
+void pairwise_patch_error(
+    const int height,
+    const int width,
+    const int channel,
+    const int patch_size,
+    const int pad_size,
+    const float* source_a,
+    const int* nnf_a,
+    const float* source_b,
+    const int* nnf_b,
+    float* error
+) {
+    const int r = (patch_size - 1) / 2;
+    const int x = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
+    const int y = blockDim.y * blockIdx.y + threadIdx.y;
+    const int z = blockIdx.z * (height + pad_size * 2) * (width + pad_size * 2) * channel;
+    if (x >= height or y >= width) return;
+    const int z_nnf = blockIdx.z * height * width * 2 + (x * width + y) * 2;
+    const int x_a = nnf_a[z_nnf + 0];
+    const int y_a = nnf_a[z_nnf + 1];
+    const int x_b = nnf_b[z_nnf + 0];
+    const int y_b = nnf_b[z_nnf + 1];
+    float e = 0;
+    for (int px = -r; px <= r; px++){
+        for (int py = -r; py <= r; py++){
+            const int pid_a = (x_a + pad_size + px) * (width + pad_size * 2) + y_a + pad_size + py;
+            const int pid_b = (x_b + pad_size + px) * (width + pad_size * 2) + y_b + pad_size + py;
+            for (int c = 0; c < channel; c++){
+                const float diff = source_a[z + pid_a * channel + c] - source_b[z + pid_b * channel + c];
+                e += diff * diff;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    error[blockIdx.z * height * width + x * width + y] = e;
+}
+''', 'pairwise_patch_error')