diff-diff 3.0.1__cp314-cp314-win_amd64.whl

diff_diff/results.py

@@ -0,0 +1,918 @@
+"""
+Results classes for difference-in-differences estimation.
+
+Provides statsmodels-style output with a more Pythonic interface.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+
+
+def _format_survey_block(sm, width: int) -> list:
+    """Format survey design metadata block for summary() output.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sm : SurveyMetadata
+        Survey metadata from results object.
+    width : int
+        Total width for separator lines and centering.
+    """
+    label_width = 30 if width >= 80 else 25
+    lines = [
+        "",
+        "-" * width,
+        "Survey Design".center(width),
+        "-" * width,
+        f"{'Weight type:':<{label_width}} {sm.weight_type:>10}",
+    ]
+    if getattr(sm, "replicate_method", None) is not None:
+        lines.append(f"{'Replicate method:':<{label_width}} {sm.replicate_method:>10}")
+        if getattr(sm, "n_replicates", None) is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Replicates:':<{label_width}} {sm.n_replicates:>10}")
+    else:
+        if sm.n_strata is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Strata:':<{label_width}} {sm.n_strata:>10}")
+        if sm.n_psu is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'PSU/Cluster:':<{label_width}} {sm.n_psu:>10}")
+    lines.append(f"{'Effective sample size:':<{label_width}} {sm.effective_n:>10.1f}")
+    lines.append(f"{'Kish DEFF (weights):':<{label_width}} {sm.design_effect:>10.2f}")
+    if sm.df_survey is not None:
+        lines.append(f"{'Survey d.f.:':<{label_width}} {sm.df_survey:>10}")
+    lines.append("-" * width)
+    return lines
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DiDResults:
+    """
+    Results from a Difference-in-Differences estimation.
+
+    Provides easy access to coefficients, standard errors, confidence intervals,
+    and summary statistics in a Pythonic way.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    att : float
+        Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT).
+    se : float
+        Standard error of the ATT estimate.
+    t_stat : float
+        T-statistic for the ATT estimate.
+    p_value : float
+        P-value for the null hypothesis that ATT = 0.
+    conf_int : tuple[float, float]
+        Confidence interval for the ATT.
+    n_obs : int
+        Number of observations used in estimation.
+    n_treated : int
+        Number of treated units/observations.
+    n_control : int
+        Number of control units/observations.
+    """
+
+    att: float
+    se: float
+    t_stat: float
+    p_value: float
+    conf_int: Tuple[float, float]
+    n_obs: int
+    n_treated: int
+    n_control: int
+    alpha: float = 0.05
+    coefficients: Optional[Dict[str, float]] = field(default=None)
+    vcov: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    residuals: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    fitted_values: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    r_squared: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+    # Bootstrap inference fields
+    inference_method: str = field(default="analytical")
+    n_bootstrap: Optional[int] = field(default=None)
+    n_clusters: Optional[int] = field(default=None)
+    bootstrap_distribution: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    # Survey design metadata (SurveyMetadata instance from diff_diff.survey)
+    survey_metadata: Optional[Any] = field(default=None)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Concise string representation."""
+        return (
+            f"DiDResults(ATT={self.att:.4f}{self.significance_stars}, "
+            f"SE={self.se:.4f}, "
+            f"p={self.p_value:.4f})"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def coef_var(self) -> float:
+        """Coefficient of variation: SE / |ATT|. NaN when ATT is 0 or SE non-finite."""
+        if not (np.isfinite(self.se) and self.se >= 0):
+            return np.nan
+        if not np.isfinite(self.att) or self.att == 0:
+            return np.nan
+        return self.se / abs(self.att)
+
+    def summary(self, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> str:
+        """
+        Generate a formatted summary of the estimation results.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        alpha : float, optional
+            Significance level for confidence intervals. Defaults to the
+            alpha used during estimation.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        str
+            Formatted summary table.
+        """
+        alpha = alpha or self.alpha
+        conf_level = int((1 - alpha) * 100)
+
+        lines = [
+            "=" * 70,
+            "Difference-in-Differences Estimation Results".center(70),
+            "=" * 70,
+            "",
+            f"{'Observations:':<25} {self.n_obs:>10}",
+            f"{'Treated:':<25} {self.n_treated:>10}",
+            f"{'Control:':<25} {self.n_control:>10}",
+        ]
+
+        if self.r_squared is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'R-squared:':<25} {self.r_squared:>10.4f}")
+
+        # Add survey design info
+        if self.survey_metadata is not None:
+            sm = self.survey_metadata
+            lines.extend(_format_survey_block(sm, 70))
+
+        # Add inference method info
+        if self.inference_method != "analytical":
+            lines.append(f"{'Inference method:':<25} {self.inference_method:>10}")
+            if self.n_bootstrap is not None:
+                lines.append(f"{'Bootstrap replications:':<25} {self.n_bootstrap:>10}")
+            if self.n_clusters is not None:
+                lines.append(f"{'Number of clusters:':<25} {self.n_clusters:>10}")
+
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "-" * 70,
+                f"{'Parameter':<15} {'Estimate':>12} {'Std. Err.':>12} {'t-stat':>10} {'P>|t|':>10} {'':>5}",
+                "-" * 70,
+                f"{'ATT':<15} {self.att:>12.4f} {self.se:>12.4f} {self.t_stat:>10.3f} {self.p_value:>10.4f} {self.significance_stars:>5}",
+                "-" * 70,
+                "",
+                f"{conf_level}% Confidence Interval: [{self.conf_int[0]:.4f}, {self.conf_int[1]:.4f}]",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        cv = self.coef_var
+        if np.isfinite(cv):
+            lines.append(f"{'CV (SE/|ATT|):':<25} {cv:>10.4f}")
+
+        # Add significance codes
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1",
+                "=" * 70,
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+    def print_summary(self, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
+        """Print the summary to stdout."""
+        print(self.summary(alpha))
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Convert results to a dictionary.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Dict[str, Any]
+            Dictionary containing all estimation results.
+        """
+        result = {
+            "att": self.att,
+            "se": self.se,
+            "t_stat": self.t_stat,
+            "p_value": self.p_value,
+            "conf_int_lower": self.conf_int[0],
+            "conf_int_upper": self.conf_int[1],
+            "n_obs": self.n_obs,
+            "n_treated": self.n_treated,
+            "n_control": self.n_control,
+            "r_squared": self.r_squared,
+            "inference_method": self.inference_method,
+        }
+        if self.n_bootstrap is not None:
+            result["n_bootstrap"] = self.n_bootstrap
+        if self.n_clusters is not None:
+            result["n_clusters"] = self.n_clusters
+        if self.survey_metadata is not None:
+            sm = self.survey_metadata
+            result["weight_type"] = sm.weight_type
+            result["effective_n"] = sm.effective_n
+            result["design_effect"] = sm.design_effect
+            result["sum_weights"] = sm.sum_weights
+            result["n_strata"] = sm.n_strata
+            result["n_psu"] = sm.n_psu
+            result["df_survey"] = sm.df_survey
+        return result
+
+    def to_dataframe(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """
+        Convert results to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pd.DataFrame
+            DataFrame with estimation results.
+        """
+        return pd.DataFrame([self.to_dict()])
+
+    @property
+    def is_significant(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the ATT is statistically significant at the alpha level."""
+        return bool(self.p_value < self.alpha)
+
+    @property
+    def significance_stars(self) -> str:
+        """Return significance stars based on p-value."""
+        return _get_significance_stars(self.p_value)
+
+
+def _get_significance_stars(p_value: float) -> str:
+    """Return significance stars based on p-value.
+
+    Returns empty string for NaN p-values (unidentified coefficients from
+    rank-deficient matrices).
+    """
+    import numpy as np
+
+    if np.isnan(p_value):
+        return ""
+    if p_value < 0.001:
+        return "***"
+    elif p_value < 0.01:
+        return "**"
+    elif p_value < 0.05:
+        return "*"
+    elif p_value < 0.1:
+        return "."
+    return ""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PeriodEffect:
+    """
+    Treatment effect for a single time period.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    period : any
+        The time period identifier.
+    effect : float
+        The treatment effect estimate for this period.
+    se : float
+        Standard error of the effect estimate.
+    t_stat : float
+        T-statistic for the effect estimate.
+    p_value : float
+        P-value for the null hypothesis that effect = 0.
+    conf_int : tuple[float, float]
+        Confidence interval for the effect.
+    """
+
+    period: Any
+    effect: float
+    se: float
+    t_stat: float
+    p_value: float
+    conf_int: Tuple[float, float]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Concise string representation."""
+        sig = _get_significance_stars(self.p_value)
+        return (
+            f"PeriodEffect(period={self.period}, effect={self.effect:.4f}{sig}, "
+            f"SE={self.se:.4f}, p={self.p_value:.4f})"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is_significant(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the effect is statistically significant at 0.05 level."""
+        return bool(self.p_value < 0.05)
+
+    @property
+    def significance_stars(self) -> str:
+        """Return significance stars based on p-value."""
+        return _get_significance_stars(self.p_value)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class MultiPeriodDiDResults:
+    """
+    Results from a Multi-Period Difference-in-Differences estimation.
+
+    Provides access to period-specific treatment effects as well as
+    an aggregate average treatment effect.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    period_effects : dict[any, PeriodEffect]
+        Dictionary mapping period identifiers to their PeriodEffect objects.
+        Contains all estimated period effects (pre and post, excluding
+        the reference period which is normalized to zero).
+    avg_att : float
+        Average Treatment effect on the Treated across post-periods only.
+    avg_se : float
+        Standard error of the average ATT.
+    avg_t_stat : float
+        T-statistic for the average ATT.
+    avg_p_value : float
+        P-value for the null hypothesis that average ATT = 0.
+    avg_conf_int : tuple[float, float]
+        Confidence interval for the average ATT.
+    n_obs : int
+        Number of observations used in estimation.
+    n_treated : int
+        Number of treated units/observations.
+    n_control : int
+        Number of control units/observations.
+    pre_periods : list
+        List of pre-treatment period identifiers.
+    post_periods : list
+        List of post-treatment period identifiers.
+    reference_period : any, optional
+        The reference (omitted) period. Its coefficient is zero by
+        construction and it is excluded from ``period_effects``.
+    interaction_indices : dict, optional
+        Mapping from period identifier to column index in the full
+        variance-covariance matrix. Used internally for sub-VCV
+        extraction (e.g., by HonestDiD and PreTrendsPower).
+    """
+
+    period_effects: Dict[Any, PeriodEffect]
+    avg_att: float
+    avg_se: float
+    avg_t_stat: float
+    avg_p_value: float
+    avg_conf_int: Tuple[float, float]
+    n_obs: int
+    n_treated: int
+    n_control: int
+    pre_periods: List[Any]
+    post_periods: List[Any]
+    alpha: float = 0.05
+    coefficients: Optional[Dict[str, float]] = field(default=None)
+    vcov: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    residuals: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    fitted_values: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    r_squared: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+    reference_period: Optional[Any] = field(default=None)
+    interaction_indices: Optional[Dict[Any, int]] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    # Survey design metadata (SurveyMetadata instance from diff_diff.survey)
+    survey_metadata: Optional[Any] = field(default=None)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Concise string representation."""
+        sig = _get_significance_stars(self.avg_p_value)
+        return (
+            f"MultiPeriodDiDResults(avg_ATT={self.avg_att:.4f}{sig}, "
+            f"SE={self.avg_se:.4f}, "
+            f"n_post_periods={len(self.post_periods)})"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def pre_period_effects(self) -> Dict[Any, PeriodEffect]:
+        """Pre-period effects only (for parallel trends assessment)."""
+        return {p: pe for p, pe in self.period_effects.items() if p in self.pre_periods}
+
+    @property
+    def post_period_effects(self) -> Dict[Any, PeriodEffect]:
+        """Post-period effects only."""
+        return {p: pe for p, pe in self.period_effects.items() if p in self.post_periods}
+
+    @property
+    def coef_var(self) -> float:
+        """Coefficient of variation: SE / |overall ATT|. NaN when ATT is 0 or SE non-finite."""
+        if not (np.isfinite(self.avg_se) and self.avg_se >= 0):
+            return np.nan
+        if not np.isfinite(self.avg_att) or self.avg_att == 0:
+            return np.nan
+        return self.avg_se / abs(self.avg_att)
+
+    def summary(self, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> str:
+        """
+        Generate a formatted summary of the estimation results.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        alpha : float, optional
+            Significance level for confidence intervals. Defaults to the
+            alpha used during estimation.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        str
+            Formatted summary table.
+        """
+        alpha = alpha or self.alpha
+        conf_level = int((1 - alpha) * 100)
+
+        lines = [
+            "=" * 80,
+            "Multi-Period Difference-in-Differences Estimation Results".center(80),
+            "=" * 80,
+            "",
+            f"{'Observations:':<25} {self.n_obs:>10}",
+            f"{'Treated observations:':<25} {self.n_treated:>10}",
+            f"{'Control observations:':<25} {self.n_control:>10}",
+            f"{'Pre-treatment periods:':<25} {len(self.pre_periods):>10}",
+            f"{'Post-treatment periods:':<25} {len(self.post_periods):>10}",
+        ]
+
+        if self.r_squared is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'R-squared:':<25} {self.r_squared:>10.4f}")
+
+        # Add survey design info
+        if self.survey_metadata is not None:
+            sm = self.survey_metadata
+            lines.extend(_format_survey_block(sm, 80))
+
+        # Pre-period effects (parallel trends test)
+        pre_effects = {p: pe for p, pe in self.period_effects.items() if p in self.pre_periods}
+        if pre_effects:
+            lines.extend(
+                [
+                    "",
+                    "-" * 80,
+                    "Pre-Period Effects (Parallel Trends Test)".center(80),
+                    "-" * 80,
+                    f"{'Period':<15} {'Estimate':>12} {'Std. Err.':>12} {'t-stat':>10} {'P>|t|':>10} {'Sig.':>6}",
+                    "-" * 80,
+                ]
+            )
+
+            for period in self.pre_periods:
+                if period in self.period_effects:
+                    pe = self.period_effects[period]
+                    stars = pe.significance_stars
+                    lines.append(
+                        f"{str(period):<15} {pe.effect:>12.4f} {pe.se:>12.4f} "
+                        f"{pe.t_stat:>10.3f} {pe.p_value:>10.4f} {stars:>6}"
+                    )
+
+            # Show reference period
+            if self.reference_period is not None:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"[ref: {self.reference_period}]"
+                    f"{'0.0000':>21} {'---':>12} {'---':>10} {'---':>10} {'':>6}"
+                )
+
+            lines.append("-" * 80)
+
+        # Post-period treatment effects
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "-" * 80,
+                "Post-Period Treatment Effects".center(80),
+                "-" * 80,
+                f"{'Period':<15} {'Estimate':>12} {'Std. Err.':>12} {'t-stat':>10} {'P>|t|':>10} {'Sig.':>6}",
+                "-" * 80,
+            ]
+        )
+
+        for period in self.post_periods:
+            pe = self.period_effects[period]
+            stars = pe.significance_stars
+            lines.append(
+                f"{str(period):<15} {pe.effect:>12.4f} {pe.se:>12.4f} "
+                f"{pe.t_stat:>10.3f} {pe.p_value:>10.4f} {stars:>6}"
+            )
+
+        # Average effect
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "-" * 80,
+                "",
+                "-" * 80,
+                "Average Treatment Effect (across post-periods)".center(80),
+                "-" * 80,
+                f"{'Parameter':<15} {'Estimate':>12} {'Std. Err.':>12} {'t-stat':>10} {'P>|t|':>10} {'Sig.':>6}",
+                "-" * 80,
+                f"{'Avg ATT':<15} {self.avg_att:>12.4f} {self.avg_se:>12.4f} "
+                f"{self.avg_t_stat:>10.3f} {self.avg_p_value:>10.4f} {self.significance_stars:>6}",
+                "-" * 80,
+                "",
+                f"{conf_level}% Confidence Interval: [{self.avg_conf_int[0]:.4f}, {self.avg_conf_int[1]:.4f}]",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        cv = self.coef_var
+        if np.isfinite(cv):
+            lines.append(f"{'CV (SE/|ATT|):':<25} {cv:>10.4f}")
+
+        # Add significance codes
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1",
+                "=" * 80,
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+    def print_summary(self, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
+        """Print the summary to stdout."""
+        print(self.summary(alpha))
+
+    def get_effect(self, period) -> PeriodEffect:
+        """
+        Get the treatment effect for a specific period.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        period : any
+            The period identifier.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PeriodEffect
+            The treatment effect for the specified period.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        KeyError
+            If the period is not found in post-treatment periods.
+        """
+        if period not in self.period_effects:
+            if hasattr(self, "reference_period") and period == self.reference_period:
+                raise KeyError(
+                    f"Period '{period}' is the reference period (coefficient "
+                    f"normalized to zero by construction). Its effect is 0.0 with "
+                    f"no associated uncertainty."
+                )
+            raise KeyError(
+                f"Period '{period}' not found. "
+                f"Available periods: {list(self.period_effects.keys())}"
+            )
+        return self.period_effects[period]
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Convert results to a dictionary.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Dict[str, Any]
+            Dictionary containing all estimation results.
+        """
+        result: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "avg_att": self.avg_att,
+            "avg_se": self.avg_se,
+            "avg_t_stat": self.avg_t_stat,
+            "avg_p_value": self.avg_p_value,
+            "avg_conf_int_lower": self.avg_conf_int[0],
+            "avg_conf_int_upper": self.avg_conf_int[1],
+            "n_obs": self.n_obs,
+            "n_treated": self.n_treated,
+            "n_control": self.n_control,
+            "n_pre_periods": len(self.pre_periods),
+            "n_post_periods": len(self.post_periods),
+            "r_squared": self.r_squared,
+            "reference_period": self.reference_period,
+        }
+
+        # Add period-specific effects
+        for period, pe in self.period_effects.items():
+            result[f"effect_period_{period}"] = pe.effect
+            result[f"se_period_{period}"] = pe.se
+            result[f"pval_period_{period}"] = pe.p_value
+
+        # Add survey metadata if present
+        if self.survey_metadata is not None:
+            sm = self.survey_metadata
+            result["weight_type"] = sm.weight_type
+            result["effective_n"] = sm.effective_n
+            result["design_effect"] = sm.design_effect
+            result["sum_weights"] = sm.sum_weights
+            result["n_strata"] = sm.n_strata
+            result["n_psu"] = sm.n_psu
+            result["df_survey"] = sm.df_survey
+
+        return result
+
+    def to_dataframe(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """
+        Convert period-specific effects to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pd.DataFrame
+            DataFrame with one row per estimated period (pre and post).
+        """
+        rows = []
+        for period, pe in self.period_effects.items():
+            rows.append(
+                {
+                    "period": period,
+                    "effect": pe.effect,
+                    "se": pe.se,
+                    "t_stat": pe.t_stat,
+                    "p_value": pe.p_value,
+                    "conf_int_lower": pe.conf_int[0],
+                    "conf_int_upper": pe.conf_int[1],
+                    "is_significant": pe.is_significant,
+                    "is_post": period in self.post_periods,
+                }
+            )
+        return pd.DataFrame(rows)
+
+    @property
+    def is_significant(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the average ATT is statistically significant at the alpha level."""
+        return bool(self.avg_p_value < self.alpha)
+
+    @property
+    def significance_stars(self) -> str:
+        """Return significance stars for the average ATT based on p-value."""
+        return _get_significance_stars(self.avg_p_value)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SyntheticDiDResults:
+    """
+    Results from a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences estimation.
+
+    Combines DiD with synthetic control by re-weighting control units to match
+    pre-treatment trends of treated units.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    att : float
+        Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT).
+    se : float
+        Standard error of the ATT estimate (bootstrap or placebo-based).
+    t_stat : float
+        T-statistic for the ATT estimate.
+    p_value : float
+        P-value for the null hypothesis that ATT = 0.
+    conf_int : tuple[float, float]
+        Confidence interval for the ATT.
+    n_obs : int
+        Number of observations used in estimation.
+    n_treated : int
+        Number of treated units/observations.
+    n_control : int
+        Number of control units/observations.
+    unit_weights : dict
+        Dictionary mapping control unit IDs to their synthetic weights.
+    time_weights : dict
+        Dictionary mapping pre-treatment periods to their time weights.
+    pre_periods : list
+        List of pre-treatment period identifiers.
+    post_periods : list
+        List of post-treatment period identifiers.
+    variance_method : str
+        Method used for variance estimation: "bootstrap" or "placebo".
+    """
+
+    att: float
+    se: float
+    t_stat: float
+    p_value: float
+    conf_int: Tuple[float, float]
+    n_obs: int
+    n_treated: int
+    n_control: int
+    unit_weights: Dict[Any, float]
+    time_weights: Dict[Any, float]
+    pre_periods: List[Any]
+    post_periods: List[Any]
+    alpha: float = 0.05
+    variance_method: str = field(default="placebo")
+    noise_level: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+    zeta_omega: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+    zeta_lambda: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+    pre_treatment_fit: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+    placebo_effects: Optional[np.ndarray] = field(default=None)
+    n_bootstrap: Optional[int] = field(default=None)
+    # Survey design metadata (SurveyMetadata instance from diff_diff.survey)
+    survey_metadata: Optional[Any] = field(default=None)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Concise string representation."""
+        sig = _get_significance_stars(self.p_value)
+        return (
+            f"SyntheticDiDResults(ATT={self.att:.4f}{sig}, "
+            f"SE={self.se:.4f}, "
+            f"p={self.p_value:.4f})"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def coef_var(self) -> float:
+        """Coefficient of variation: SE / |ATT|. NaN when ATT is 0 or SE non-finite."""
+        if not (np.isfinite(self.se) and self.se >= 0):
+            return np.nan
+        if not np.isfinite(self.att) or self.att == 0:
+            return np.nan
+        return self.se / abs(self.att)
+
+    def summary(self, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> str:
+        """
+        Generate a formatted summary of the estimation results.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        alpha : float, optional
+            Significance level for confidence intervals. Defaults to the
+            alpha used during estimation.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        str
+            Formatted summary table.
+        """
+        alpha = alpha or self.alpha
+        conf_level = int((1 - alpha) * 100)
+
+        lines = [
+            "=" * 75,
+            "Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Estimation Results".center(75),
+            "=" * 75,
+            "",
+            f"{'Observations:':<25} {self.n_obs:>10}",
+            f"{'Treated:':<25} {self.n_treated:>10}",
+            f"{'Control:':<25} {self.n_control:>10}",
+            f"{'Pre-treatment periods:':<25} {len(self.pre_periods):>10}",
+            f"{'Post-treatment periods:':<25} {len(self.post_periods):>10}",
+        ]
+
+        if self.zeta_omega is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Zeta (unit weights):':<25} {self.zeta_omega:>10.4f}")
+        if self.zeta_lambda is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Zeta (time weights):':<25} {self.zeta_lambda:>10.6f}")
+        if self.noise_level is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Noise level:':<25} {self.noise_level:>10.4f}")
+
+        if self.pre_treatment_fit is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Pre-treatment fit (RMSE):':<25} {self.pre_treatment_fit:>10.4f}")
+
+        # Variance method info
+        lines.append(f"{'Variance method:':<25} {self.variance_method:>10}")
+        if self.variance_method == "bootstrap" and self.n_bootstrap is not None:
+            lines.append(f"{'Bootstrap replications:':<25} {self.n_bootstrap:>10}")
+
+        # Add survey design info
+        if self.survey_metadata is not None:
+            sm = self.survey_metadata
+            lines.extend(_format_survey_block(sm, 75))
+
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "-" * 75,
+                f"{'Parameter':<15} {'Estimate':>12} {'Std. Err.':>12} {'t-stat':>10} {'P>|t|':>10} {'':>5}",
+                "-" * 75,
+                f"{'ATT':<15} {self.att:>12.4f} {self.se:>12.4f} {self.t_stat:>10.3f} {self.p_value:>10.4f} {self.significance_stars:>5}",
+                "-" * 75,
+                "",
+                f"{conf_level}% Confidence Interval: [{self.conf_int[0]:.4f}, {self.conf_int[1]:.4f}]",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        cv = self.coef_var
+        if np.isfinite(cv):
+            lines.append(f"{'CV (SE/|ATT|):':<25} {cv:>10.4f}")
+
+        # Show top unit weights
+        if self.unit_weights:
+            sorted_weights = sorted(self.unit_weights.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+            top_n = min(5, len(sorted_weights))
+            lines.extend(
+                [
+                    "",
+                    "-" * 75,
+                    "Top Unit Weights (Synthetic Control)".center(75),
+                    "-" * 75,
+                ]
+            )
+            for unit, weight in sorted_weights[:top_n]:
+                if weight > 0.001:  # Only show meaningful weights
+                    lines.append(f"  Unit {unit}: {weight:.4f}")
+
+            # Show how many units have non-trivial weight
+            n_nonzero = sum(1 for w in self.unit_weights.values() if w > 0.001)
+            lines.append(f"  ({n_nonzero} units with weight > 0.001)")
+
+        # Add significance codes
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1",
+                "=" * 75,
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+    def print_summary(self, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
+        """Print the summary to stdout."""
+        print(self.summary(alpha))
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Convert results to a dictionary.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Dict[str, Any]
+            Dictionary containing all estimation results.
+        """
+        result = {
+            "att": self.att,
+            "se": self.se,
+            "t_stat": self.t_stat,
+            "p_value": self.p_value,
+            "conf_int_lower": self.conf_int[0],
+            "conf_int_upper": self.conf_int[1],
+            "n_obs": self.n_obs,
+            "n_treated": self.n_treated,
+            "n_control": self.n_control,
+            "n_pre_periods": len(self.pre_periods),
+            "n_post_periods": len(self.post_periods),
+            "variance_method": self.variance_method,
+            "noise_level": self.noise_level,
+            "zeta_omega": self.zeta_omega,
+            "zeta_lambda": self.zeta_lambda,
+            "pre_treatment_fit": self.pre_treatment_fit,
+        }
+        if self.n_bootstrap is not None:
+            result["n_bootstrap"] = self.n_bootstrap
+        if self.survey_metadata is not None:
+            sm = self.survey_metadata
+            result["weight_type"] = sm.weight_type
+            result["effective_n"] = sm.effective_n
+            result["design_effect"] = sm.design_effect
+            result["sum_weights"] = sm.sum_weights
+            result["n_strata"] = sm.n_strata
+            result["n_psu"] = sm.n_psu
+            result["df_survey"] = sm.df_survey
+        return result
+
+    def to_dataframe(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """
+        Convert results to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pd.DataFrame
+            DataFrame with estimation results.
+        """
+        return pd.DataFrame([self.to_dict()])
+
+    def get_unit_weights_df(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """
+        Get unit weights as a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pd.DataFrame
+            DataFrame with unit IDs and their weights.
+        """
+        return pd.DataFrame(
+            [{"unit": unit, "weight": weight} for unit, weight in self.unit_weights.items()]
+        ).sort_values("weight", ascending=False)
+
+    def get_time_weights_df(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """
+        Get time weights as a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pd.DataFrame
+            DataFrame with time periods and their weights.
+        """
+        return pd.DataFrame(
+            [{"period": period, "weight": weight} for period, weight in self.time_weights.items()]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is_significant(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the ATT is statistically significant at the alpha level."""
+        return bool(self.p_value < self.alpha)
+
+    @property
+    def significance_stars(self) -> str:
+        """Return significance stars based on p-value."""
+        return _get_significance_stars(self.p_value)