diff-diff 2.3.2__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

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+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: diff-diff
+Version: 2.3.2
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
+Requires-Dist: numpy>=1.20.0
+Requires-Dist: pandas>=1.3.0
+Requires-Dist: scipy>=1.7.0
+Requires-Dist: pytest>=7.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: pytest-xdist>=3.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: pytest-cov>=4.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: black>=23.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: ruff>=0.1.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: mypy>=1.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: maturin>=1.4,<2.0 ; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: sphinx>=6.0 ; extra == 'docs'
+Requires-Dist: sphinx-rtd-theme>=1.0 ; extra == 'docs'
+Provides-Extra: dev
+Provides-Extra: docs
+Summary: A library for Difference-in-Differences causal inference analysis
+Keywords: causal-inference,difference-in-differences,econometrics,statistics,treatment-effects
+Author: diff-diff contributors
+License-Expression: MIT
+Requires-Python: >=3.9, <3.14
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown; charset=UTF-8; variant=GFM
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://diff-diff.readthedocs.io
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/igerber/diff-diff
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/igerber/diff-diff/issues
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/igerber/diff-diff
+
+# diff-diff
+
+A Python library for Difference-in-Differences (DiD) causal inference analysis with an sklearn-like API and statsmodels-style outputs.
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+pip install diff-diff
+```
+
+Or install from source:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/igerber/diff-diff.git
+cd diff-diff
+pip install -e .
+```
+
+## Quick Start
+
+```python
+import pandas as pd
+from diff_diff import DifferenceInDifferences
+
+# Create sample data
+data = pd.DataFrame({
+    'outcome': [10, 11, 15, 18, 9, 10, 12, 13],
+    'treated': [1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+    'post': [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1]
+})
+
+# Fit the model
+did = DifferenceInDifferences()
+results = did.fit(data, outcome='outcome', treatment='treated', time='post')
+
+# View results
+print(results)  # DiDResults(ATT=3.0000, SE=1.7321, p=0.1583)
+results.print_summary()
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+======================================================================
+             Difference-in-Differences Estimation Results
+======================================================================
+
+Observations:                      8
+Treated units:                     4
+Control units:                     4
+R-squared:                    0.9055
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Parameter           Estimate    Std. Err.     t-stat      P>|t|
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ATT                   3.0000       1.7321      1.732     0.1583
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+95% Confidence Interval: [-1.8089, 7.8089]
+
+Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1
+======================================================================
+```
+
+## Features
+
+- **sklearn-like API**: Familiar `fit()` interface with `get_params()` and `set_params()`
+- **Pythonic results**: Easy access to coefficients, standard errors, and confidence intervals
+- **Multiple interfaces**: Column names or R-style formulas
+- **Robust inference**: Heteroskedasticity-robust (HC1) and cluster-robust standard errors
+- **Wild cluster bootstrap**: Valid inference with few clusters (<50) using Rademacher, Webb, or Mammen weights
+- **Panel data support**: Two-way fixed effects estimator for panel designs
+- **Multi-period analysis**: Event-study style DiD with period-specific treatment effects
+- **Staggered adoption**: Callaway-Sant'Anna (2021), Sun-Abraham (2021), and Borusyak-Jaravel-Spiess (2024) imputation estimators for heterogeneous treatment timing
+- **Triple Difference (DDD)**: Ortiz-Villavicencio & Sant'Anna (2025) estimators with proper covariate handling
+- **Synthetic DiD**: Combined DiD with synthetic control for improved robustness
+- **Triply Robust Panel (TROP)**: Factor-adjusted DiD with synthetic weights (Athey et al. 2025)
+- **Event study plots**: Publication-ready visualization of treatment effects
+- **Parallel trends testing**: Multiple methods including equivalence tests
+- **Goodman-Bacon decomposition**: Diagnose TWFE bias by decomposing into 2x2 comparisons
+- **Placebo tests**: Comprehensive diagnostics including fake timing, fake group, permutation, and leave-one-out tests
+- **Honest DiD sensitivity analysis**: Rambachan-Roth (2023) bounds and breakdown analysis for parallel trends violations
+- **Pre-trends power analysis**: Roth (2022) minimum detectable violation (MDV) and power curves for pre-trends tests
+- **Power analysis**: MDE, sample size, and power calculations for study design; simulation-based power for any estimator
+- **Data prep utilities**: Helper functions for common data preparation tasks
+- **Validated against R**: Benchmarked against `did`, `synthdid`, and `fixest` packages (see [benchmarks](docs/benchmarks.rst))
+
+## Tutorials
+
+We provide Jupyter notebook tutorials in `docs/tutorials/`:
+
+| Notebook | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `01_basic_did.ipynb` | Basic 2x2 DiD, formula interface, covariates, fixed effects, cluster-robust SE, wild bootstrap |
+| `02_staggered_did.ipynb` | Staggered adoption with Callaway-Sant'Anna and Sun-Abraham, group-time effects, aggregation methods, Bacon decomposition |
+| `03_synthetic_did.ipynb` | Synthetic DiD, unit/time weights, inference methods, regularization |
+| `04_parallel_trends.ipynb` | Testing parallel trends, equivalence tests, placebo tests, diagnostics |
+| `05_honest_did.ipynb` | Honest DiD sensitivity analysis, bounds, breakdown values, visualization |
+| `06_power_analysis.ipynb` | Power analysis, MDE, sample size calculations, simulation-based power |
+| `07_pretrends_power.ipynb` | Pre-trends power analysis (Roth 2022), MDV, power curves |
+| `08_triple_diff.ipynb` | Triple Difference (DDD) estimation with proper covariate handling |
+| `09_real_world_examples.ipynb` | Real-world data examples (Card-Krueger, Castle Doctrine, Divorce Laws) |
+| `10_trop.ipynb` | Triply Robust Panel (TROP) estimation with factor model adjustment |
+
+## Data Preparation
+
+diff-diff provides utility functions to help prepare your data for DiD analysis. These functions handle common data transformation tasks like creating treatment indicators, reshaping panel data, and validating data formats.
+
+### Generate Sample Data
+
+Create synthetic data with a known treatment effect for testing and learning:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import generate_did_data, DifferenceInDifferences
+
+# Generate panel data with 100 units, 4 periods, and a treatment effect of 5
+data = generate_did_data(
+    n_units=100,
+    n_periods=4,
+    treatment_effect=5.0,
+    treatment_fraction=0.5,  # 50% of units are treated
+    treatment_period=2,       # Treatment starts at period 2
+    seed=42
+)
+
+# Verify the estimator recovers the treatment effect
+did = DifferenceInDifferences()
+results = did.fit(data, outcome='outcome', treatment='treated', time='post')
+print(f"Estimated ATT: {results.att:.2f} (true: 5.0)")
+```
+
+### Create Treatment Indicators
+
+Convert categorical variables or numeric thresholds to binary treatment indicators:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import make_treatment_indicator
+
+# From categorical variable
+df = make_treatment_indicator(
+    data,
+    column='state',
+    treated_values=['CA', 'NY', 'TX']  # These states are treated
+)
+
+# From numeric threshold (e.g., firms above median size)
+df = make_treatment_indicator(
+    data,
+    column='firm_size',
+    threshold=data['firm_size'].median()
+)
+
+# Treat units below threshold
+df = make_treatment_indicator(
+    data,
+    column='income',
+    threshold=50000,
+    above_threshold=False  # Units with income <= 50000 are treated
+)
+```
+
+### Create Post-Treatment Indicators
+
+Convert time/date columns to binary post-treatment indicators:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import make_post_indicator
+
+# From specific post-treatment periods
+df = make_post_indicator(
+    data,
+    time_column='year',
+    post_periods=[2020, 2021, 2022]
+)
+
+# From treatment start date
+df = make_post_indicator(
+    data,
+    time_column='year',
+    treatment_start=2020  # All years >= 2020 are post-treatment
+)
+
+# Works with datetime columns
+df = make_post_indicator(
+    data,
+    time_column='date',
+    treatment_start='2020-01-01'
+)
+```
+
+### Reshape Wide to Long Format
+
+Convert wide-format data (one row per unit, multiple time columns) to long format:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import wide_to_long
+
+# Wide format: columns like sales_2019, sales_2020, sales_2021
+wide_df = pd.DataFrame({
+    'firm_id': [1, 2, 3],
+    'industry': ['tech', 'retail', 'tech'],
+    'sales_2019': [100, 150, 200],
+    'sales_2020': [110, 160, 210],
+    'sales_2021': [120, 170, 220]
+})
+
+# Convert to long format for DiD
+long_df = wide_to_long(
+    wide_df,
+    value_columns=['sales_2019', 'sales_2020', 'sales_2021'],
+    id_column='firm_id',
+    time_name='year',
+    value_name='sales',
+    time_values=[2019, 2020, 2021]
+)
+# Result: 9 rows (3 firms × 3 years), columns: firm_id, year, sales, industry
+```
+
+### Balance Panel Data
+
+Ensure all units have observations for all time periods:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import balance_panel
+
+# Keep only units with complete data (drop incomplete units)
+balanced = balance_panel(
+    data,
+    unit_column='firm_id',
+    time_column='year',
+    method='inner'
+)
+
+# Include all unit-period combinations (creates NaN for missing)
+balanced = balance_panel(
+    data,
+    unit_column='firm_id',
+    time_column='year',
+    method='outer'
+)
+
+# Fill missing values
+balanced = balance_panel(
+    data,
+    unit_column='firm_id',
+    time_column='year',
+    method='fill',
+    fill_value=0  # Or None for forward/backward fill
+)
+```
+
+### Validate Data
+
+Check that your data meets DiD requirements before fitting:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import validate_did_data
+
+# Validate and get informative error messages
+result = validate_did_data(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',
+    unit='firm_id',      # Optional: for panel-specific validation
+    raise_on_error=False  # Return dict instead of raising
+)
+
+if result['valid']:
+    print("Data is ready for DiD analysis!")
+    print(f"Summary: {result['summary']}")
+else:
+    print("Issues found:")
+    for error in result['errors']:
+        print(f"  - {error}")
+
+for warning in result['warnings']:
+    print(f"Warning: {warning}")
+```
+
+### Summarize Data by Groups
+
+Get summary statistics for each treatment-time cell:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import summarize_did_data
+
+summary = summarize_did_data(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post'
+)
+print(summary)
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+                        n      mean       std       min       max
+Control - Pre        250  100.5000   15.2340   65.0000  145.0000
+Control - Post       250  105.2000   16.1230   68.0000  152.0000
+Treated - Pre        250  101.2000   14.8900   67.0000  143.0000
+Treated - Post       250  115.8000   17.5600   72.0000  165.0000
+DiD Estimate           -    9.9000         -         -         -
+```
+
+### Create Event Time for Staggered Designs
+
+For designs where treatment occurs at different times:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import create_event_time
+
+# Add event-time column relative to treatment timing
+df = create_event_time(
+    data,
+    time_column='year',
+    treatment_time_column='treatment_year'
+)
+# Result: event_time = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 relative to treatment
+```
+
+### Aggregate to Cohort Means
+
+Aggregate unit-level data for visualization:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import aggregate_to_cohorts
+
+cohort_data = aggregate_to_cohorts(
+    data,
+    unit_column='firm_id',
+    time_column='year',
+    treatment_column='treated',
+    outcome='sales'
+)
+# Result: mean outcome by treatment group and period
+```
+
+### Rank Control Units
+
+Select the best control units for DiD or Synthetic DiD analysis by ranking them based on pre-treatment outcome similarity:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import rank_control_units, generate_did_data
+
+# Generate sample data
+data = generate_did_data(n_units=50, n_periods=6, seed=42)
+
+# Rank control units by their similarity to treated units
+ranking = rank_control_units(
+    data,
+    unit_column='unit',
+    time_column='period',
+    outcome_column='outcome',
+    treatment_column='treated',
+    n_top=10  # Return top 10 controls
+)
+
+print(ranking[['unit', 'quality_score', 'pre_trend_rmse']])
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+   unit  quality_score  pre_trend_rmse
+0    35         1.0000          0.4521
+1    42         0.9234          0.5123
+2    28         0.8876          0.5892
+...
+```
+
+With covariates for matching:
+
+```python
+# Add covariate-based matching
+ranking = rank_control_units(
+    data,
+    unit_column='unit',
+    time_column='period',
+    outcome_column='outcome',
+    treatment_column='treated',
+    covariates=['size', 'age'],  # Match on these too
+    outcome_weight=0.7,          # 70% weight on outcome trends
+    covariate_weight=0.3         # 30% weight on covariate similarity
+)
+```
+
+Filter data for SyntheticDiD using top controls:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import SyntheticDiD
+
+# Get top control units
+top_controls = ranking['unit'].tolist()
+
+# Filter data to treated + top controls
+filtered_data = data[
+    (data['treated'] == 1) | (data['unit'].isin(top_controls))
+]
+
+# Fit SyntheticDiD with selected controls
+sdid = SyntheticDiD()
+results = sdid.fit(
+    filtered_data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    unit='unit',
+    time='period',
+    post_periods=[3, 4, 5]
+)
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+### Basic DiD with Column Names
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import DifferenceInDifferences
+
+did = DifferenceInDifferences(robust=True, alpha=0.05)
+results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post_policy'
+)
+
+# Access results
+print(f"ATT: {results.att:.4f}")
+print(f"Standard Error: {results.se:.4f}")
+print(f"P-value: {results.p_value:.4f}")
+print(f"95% CI: {results.conf_int}")
+print(f"Significant: {results.is_significant}")
+```
+
+### Using Formula Interface
+
+```python
+# R-style formula syntax
+results = did.fit(data, formula='outcome ~ treated * post')
+
+# Explicit interaction syntax
+results = did.fit(data, formula='outcome ~ treated + post + treated:post')
+
+# With covariates
+results = did.fit(data, formula='outcome ~ treated * post + age + income')
+```
+
+### Including Covariates
+
+```python
+results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',
+    covariates=['age', 'income', 'education']
+)
+```
+
+### Fixed Effects
+
+Use `fixed_effects` for low-dimensional categorical controls (creates dummy variables):
+
+```python
+# State and industry fixed effects
+results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',
+    fixed_effects=['state', 'industry']
+)
+
+# Access fixed effect coefficients
+state_coefs = {k: v for k, v in results.coefficients.items() if k.startswith('state_')}
+```
+
+Use `absorb` for high-dimensional fixed effects (more efficient, uses within-transformation):
+
+```python
+# Absorb firm-level fixed effects (efficient for many firms)
+results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',
+    absorb=['firm_id']
+)
+```
+
+Combine covariates with fixed effects:
+
+```python
+results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',
+    covariates=['size', 'age'],           # Linear controls
+    fixed_effects=['industry'],            # Low-dimensional FE (dummies)
+    absorb=['firm_id']                     # High-dimensional FE (absorbed)
+)
+```
+
+### Cluster-Robust Standard Errors
+
+```python
+did = DifferenceInDifferences(cluster='state')
+results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post'
+)
+```
+
+### Wild Cluster Bootstrap
+
+When you have few clusters (<50), standard cluster-robust SEs are biased. Wild cluster bootstrap provides valid inference even with 5-10 clusters.
+
+```python
+# Use wild bootstrap for inference
+did = DifferenceInDifferences(
+    cluster='state',
+    inference='wild_bootstrap',
+    n_bootstrap=999,
+    bootstrap_weights='rademacher',  # or 'webb' for <10 clusters, 'mammen'
+    seed=42
+)
+results = did.fit(data, outcome='y', treatment='treated', time='post')
+
+# Results include bootstrap-based SE and p-value
+print(f"ATT: {results.att:.3f} (SE: {results.se:.3f})")
+print(f"P-value: {results.p_value:.4f}")
+print(f"95% CI: {results.conf_int}")
+print(f"Inference method: {results.inference_method}")
+print(f"Number of clusters: {results.n_clusters}")
+```
+
+**Weight types:**
+- `'rademacher'` - Default, ±1 with p=0.5, good for most cases
+- `'webb'` - 6-point distribution, recommended for <10 clusters
+- `'mammen'` - Two-point distribution, alternative to Rademacher
+
+Works with `DifferenceInDifferences` and `TwoWayFixedEffects` estimators.
+
+### Two-Way Fixed Effects (Panel Data)
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import TwoWayFixedEffects
+
+twfe = TwoWayFixedEffects()
+results = twfe.fit(
+    panel_data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='year',
+    unit='firm_id'
+)
+```
+
+### Multi-Period DiD (Event Study)
+
+For settings with multiple pre- and post-treatment periods. Estimates treatment × period
+interactions for ALL periods (pre and post), enabling parallel trends assessment:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import MultiPeriodDiD
+
+# Fit full event study with pre and post period effects
+did = MultiPeriodDiD()
+results = did.fit(
+    panel_data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='period',
+    post_periods=[3, 4, 5],      # Periods 3-5 are post-treatment
+    reference_period=2,          # Last pre-period (e=-1 convention)
+    unit='unit_id',              # Optional: warns if staggered adoption detected
+)
+
+# Pre-period effects test parallel trends (should be ≈ 0)
+for period, effect in results.pre_period_effects.items():
+    print(f"Pre {period}: {effect.effect:.3f} (SE: {effect.se:.3f})")
+
+# Post-period effects estimate dynamic treatment effects
+for period, effect in results.post_period_effects.items():
+    print(f"Post {period}: {effect.effect:.3f} (SE: {effect.se:.3f})")
+
+# View average treatment effect across post-periods
+print(f"Average ATT: {results.avg_att:.3f}")
+print(f"Average SE: {results.avg_se:.3f}")
+
+# Full summary with pre and post period effects
+results.print_summary()
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+================================================================================
+            Multi-Period Difference-in-Differences Estimation Results
+================================================================================
+
+Observations:                      600
+Pre-treatment periods:             3
+Post-treatment periods:            3
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Average Treatment Effect
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Average ATT       5.2000       0.8234      6.315      0.0000
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+95% Confidence Interval: [3.5862, 6.8138]
+
+Period-Specific Effects:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Period            Effect     Std. Err.     t-stat      P>|t|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+3                 4.5000       0.9512      4.731      0.0000***
+4                 5.2000       0.8876      5.858      0.0000***
+5                 5.9000       0.9123      6.468      0.0000***
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1
+================================================================================
+```
+
+### Staggered Difference-in-Differences (Callaway-Sant'Anna)
+
+When treatment is adopted at different times by different units, traditional TWFE estimators can be biased. The Callaway-Sant'Anna estimator provides unbiased estimates with staggered adoption.
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import CallawaySantAnna
+
+# Panel data with staggered treatment
+# 'first_treat' = period when unit was first treated (0 if never treated)
+cs = CallawaySantAnna()
+results = cs.fit(
+    panel_data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    time='year',
+    first_treat='first_treat',  # 0 for never-treated, else first treatment year
+    aggregate='event_study'      # Compute event study effects
+)
+
+# View results
+results.print_summary()
+
+# Access group-time effects ATT(g,t)
+for (group, time), effect in results.group_time_effects.items():
+    print(f"Cohort {group}, Period {time}: {effect['effect']:.3f}")
+
+# Event study effects (averaged by relative time)
+for rel_time, effect in results.event_study_effects.items():
+    print(f"e={rel_time}: {effect['effect']:.3f} (SE: {effect['se']:.3f})")
+
+# Convert to DataFrame
+df = results.to_dataframe(level='event_study')
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+=====================================================================================
+          Callaway-Sant'Anna Staggered Difference-in-Differences Results
+=====================================================================================
+
+Total observations:                     600
+Treated units:                           35
+Control units:                           15
+Treatment cohorts:                        3
+Time periods:                             8
+Control group:                never_treated
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                  Overall Average Treatment Effect on the Treated
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Parameter         Estimate     Std. Err.     t-stat      P>|t|   Sig.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ATT                 2.5000       0.3521       7.101     0.0000   ***
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+95% Confidence Interval: [1.8099, 3.1901]
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                          Event Study (Dynamic) Effects
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Rel. Period       Estimate     Std. Err.     t-stat      P>|t|   Sig.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+0                   2.1000       0.4521       4.645     0.0000   ***
+1                   2.5000       0.4123       6.064     0.0000   ***
+2                   2.8000       0.5234       5.349     0.0000   ***
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1
+=====================================================================================
+```
+
+**When to use Callaway-Sant'Anna vs TWFE:**
+
+| Scenario | Use TWFE | Use Callaway-Sant'Anna |
+|----------|----------|------------------------|
+| All units treated at same time | ✓ | ✓ |
+| Staggered adoption, homogeneous effects | ✓ | ✓ |
+| Staggered adoption, heterogeneous effects | ✗ | ✓ |
+| Need event study with staggered timing | ✗ | ✓ |
+| Fewer than ~20 treated units | ✓ | Depends on design |
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+```python
+CallawaySantAnna(
+    control_group='never_treated',  # or 'not_yet_treated'
+    anticipation=0,                  # Periods before treatment with effects
+    estimation_method='dr',          # 'dr', 'ipw', or 'reg'
+    alpha=0.05,                      # Significance level
+    cluster=None,                    # Column for cluster SEs
+    n_bootstrap=0,                   # Bootstrap iterations (0 = analytical SEs)
+    bootstrap_weights='rademacher',  # 'rademacher', 'mammen', or 'webb'
+    seed=None                        # Random seed
+)
+```
+
+**Multiplier bootstrap for inference:**
+
+With few clusters or when analytical standard errors may be unreliable, use the multiplier bootstrap for valid inference. This implements the approach from Callaway & Sant'Anna (2021).
+
+```python
+# Bootstrap inference with 999 iterations
+cs = CallawaySantAnna(
+    n_bootstrap=999,
+    bootstrap_weights='rademacher',  # or 'mammen', 'webb'
+    seed=42
+)
+results = cs.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    time='year',
+    first_treat='first_treat',
+    aggregate='event_study'
+)
+
+# Access bootstrap results
+print(f"Overall ATT: {results.overall_att:.3f}")
+print(f"Bootstrap SE: {results.bootstrap_results.overall_att_se:.3f}")
+print(f"Bootstrap 95% CI: {results.bootstrap_results.overall_att_ci}")
+print(f"Bootstrap p-value: {results.bootstrap_results.overall_att_p_value:.4f}")
+
+# Event study bootstrap inference
+for rel_time, se in results.bootstrap_results.event_study_ses.items():
+    ci = results.bootstrap_results.event_study_cis[rel_time]
+    print(f"e={rel_time}: SE={se:.3f}, 95% CI=[{ci[0]:.3f}, {ci[1]:.3f}]")
+```
+
+**Bootstrap weight types:**
+- `'rademacher'` - Default, ±1 with p=0.5, good for most cases
+- `'mammen'` - Two-point distribution matching first 3 moments
+- `'webb'` - Six-point distribution, recommended for very few clusters (<10)
+
+**Covariate adjustment for conditional parallel trends:**
+
+When parallel trends only holds conditional on covariates, use the `covariates` parameter:
+
+```python
+# Doubly robust estimation with covariates
+cs = CallawaySantAnna(estimation_method='dr')  # 'dr', 'ipw', or 'reg'
+results = cs.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    time='year',
+    first_treat='first_treat',
+    covariates=['size', 'age', 'industry'],  # Covariates for conditional PT
+    aggregate='event_study'
+)
+```
+
+### Sun-Abraham Interaction-Weighted Estimator
+
+The Sun-Abraham (2021) estimator provides an alternative to Callaway-Sant'Anna using an interaction-weighted (IW) regression approach. Running both estimators serves as a useful robustness check—when they agree, results are more credible.
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import SunAbraham
+
+# Basic usage
+sa = SunAbraham()
+results = sa.fit(
+    panel_data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    time='year',
+    first_treat='first_treat'  # 0 for never-treated, else first treatment year
+)
+
+# View results
+results.print_summary()
+
+# Event study effects (by relative time to treatment)
+for rel_time, effect in results.event_study_effects.items():
+    print(f"e={rel_time}: {effect['effect']:.3f} (SE: {effect['se']:.3f})")
+
+# Overall ATT
+print(f"Overall ATT: {results.overall_att:.3f} (SE: {results.overall_se:.3f})")
+
+# Cohort weights (how each cohort contributes to each event-time estimate)
+for rel_time, weights in results.cohort_weights.items():
+    print(f"e={rel_time}: {weights}")
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+```python
+SunAbraham(
+    control_group='never_treated',  # or 'not_yet_treated'
+    anticipation=0,                  # Periods before treatment with effects
+    alpha=0.05,                      # Significance level
+    cluster=None,                    # Column for cluster SEs
+    n_bootstrap=0,                   # Bootstrap iterations (0 = analytical SEs)
+    bootstrap_weights='rademacher',  # 'rademacher', 'mammen', or 'webb'
+    seed=None                        # Random seed
+)
+```
+
+**Bootstrap inference:**
+
+```python
+# Bootstrap inference with 999 iterations
+sa = SunAbraham(
+    n_bootstrap=999,
+    bootstrap_weights='rademacher',
+    seed=42
+)
+results = sa.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='sales',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    time='year',
+    first_treat='first_treat'
+)
+
+# Access bootstrap results
+print(f"Overall ATT: {results.overall_att:.3f}")
+print(f"Bootstrap SE: {results.bootstrap_results.overall_att_se:.3f}")
+print(f"Bootstrap 95% CI: {results.bootstrap_results.overall_att_ci}")
+print(f"Bootstrap p-value: {results.bootstrap_results.overall_att_p_value:.4f}")
+```
+
+**When to use Sun-Abraham vs Callaway-Sant'Anna:**
+
+| Aspect | Sun-Abraham | Callaway-Sant'Anna |
+|--------|-------------|-------------------|
+| Approach | Interaction-weighted regression | 2x2 DiD aggregation |
+| Efficiency | More efficient under homogeneous effects | More robust to heterogeneity |
+| Weighting | Weights by cohort share at each relative time | Weights by sample size |
+| Use case | Robustness check, regression-based inference | Primary staggered DiD estimator |
+
+**Both estimators should give similar results when:**
+- Treatment effects are relatively homogeneous across cohorts
+- Parallel trends holds
+
+**Running both as robustness check:**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import CallawaySantAnna, SunAbraham
+
+# Callaway-Sant'Anna
+cs = CallawaySantAnna()
+cs_results = cs.fit(data, outcome='y', unit='unit', time='time', first_treat='first_treat')
+
+# Sun-Abraham
+sa = SunAbraham()
+sa_results = sa.fit(data, outcome='y', unit='unit', time='time', first_treat='first_treat')
+
+# Compare
+print(f"Callaway-Sant'Anna ATT: {cs_results.overall_att:.3f}")
+print(f"Sun-Abraham ATT: {sa_results.overall_att:.3f}")
+
+# If results differ substantially, investigate heterogeneity
+```
+
+### Borusyak-Jaravel-Spiess Imputation Estimator
+
+The Borusyak et al. (2024) imputation estimator is the **efficient** estimator for staggered DiD under parallel trends, producing ~50% shorter confidence intervals than Callaway-Sant'Anna and 2-3.5x shorter than Sun-Abraham under homogeneous treatment effects.
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import ImputationDiD, imputation_did
+
+# Basic usage
+est = ImputationDiD()
+results = est.fit(data, outcome='outcome', unit='unit',
+                  time='period', first_treat='first_treat')
+results.print_summary()
+
+# Event study
+results = est.fit(data, outcome='outcome', unit='unit',
+                  time='period', first_treat='first_treat',
+                  aggregate='event_study')
+
+# Pre-trend test (Equation 9)
+pt = results.pretrend_test(n_leads=3)
+print(f"F-stat: {pt['f_stat']:.3f}, p-value: {pt['p_value']:.4f}")
+
+# Convenience function
+results = imputation_did(data, 'outcome', 'unit', 'period', 'first_treat',
+                         aggregate='all')
+```
+
+```python
+ImputationDiD(
+    anticipation=0,         # Number of anticipation periods
+    alpha=0.05,             # Significance level
+    cluster=None,           # Cluster variable (defaults to unit)
+    n_bootstrap=0,          # Bootstrap iterations (0=analytical inference)
+    seed=None,              # Random seed
+    horizon_max=None,       # Max event-study horizon
+    aux_partition="cohort_horizon",  # Variance partition: "cohort_horizon", "cohort", "horizon"
+)
+```
+
+**When to use Imputation DiD vs Callaway-Sant'Anna:**
+
+| Aspect | Imputation DiD | Callaway-Sant'Anna |
+|--------|---------------|-------------------|
+| Efficiency | Most efficient under homogeneous effects | Less efficient but more robust to heterogeneity |
+| Control group | Always uses all untreated obs | Choice of never-treated or not-yet-treated |
+| Inference | Conservative variance (Theorem 3) | Multiplier bootstrap |
+| Pre-trends | Built-in F-test (Equation 9) | Separate testing |
+
+### Triple Difference (DDD)
+
+Triple Difference (DDD) is used when treatment requires satisfying two criteria: belonging to a treated **group** AND being in an eligible **partition**. The `TripleDifference` class implements the methodology from Ortiz-Villavicencio & Sant'Anna (2025), which correctly handles covariate adjustment (unlike naive implementations).
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import TripleDifference, triple_difference
+
+# Basic usage
+ddd = TripleDifference(estimation_method='dr')  # doubly robust (recommended)
+results = ddd.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='wages',
+    group='policy_state',       # 1=state enacted policy, 0=control state
+    partition='female',         # 1=women (affected by policy), 0=men
+    time='post'                 # 1=post-policy, 0=pre-policy
+)
+
+# View results
+results.print_summary()
+print(f"ATT: {results.att:.3f} (SE: {results.se:.3f})")
+
+# With covariates (properly incorporated, unlike naive DDD)
+results = ddd.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='wages',
+    group='policy_state',
+    partition='female',
+    time='post',
+    covariates=['age', 'education', 'experience']
+)
+```
+
+**Estimation methods:**
+
+| Method | Description | When to use |
+|--------|-------------|-------------|
+| `"dr"` | Doubly robust | Recommended. Consistent if either outcome or propensity model is correct |
+| `"reg"` | Regression adjustment | Simple outcome regression with full interactions |
+| `"ipw"` | Inverse probability weighting | When propensity score model is well-specified |
+
+```python
+# Compare estimation methods
+for method in ['reg', 'ipw', 'dr']:
+    est = TripleDifference(estimation_method=method)
+    res = est.fit(data, outcome='y', group='g', partition='p', time='t')
+    print(f"{method}: ATT={res.att:.3f} (SE={res.se:.3f})")
+```
+
+**Convenience function:**
+
+```python
+# One-liner estimation
+results = triple_difference(
+    data,
+    outcome='wages',
+    group='policy_state',
+    partition='female',
+    time='post',
+    covariates=['age', 'education'],
+    estimation_method='dr'
+)
+```
+
+**Why use DDD instead of DiD?**
+
+DDD allows for violations of parallel trends that are:
+- Group-specific (e.g., economic shocks in treatment states)
+- Partition-specific (e.g., trends affecting women everywhere)
+
+As long as these biases are additive, DDD differences them out. The key assumption is that the *differential* trend between eligible and ineligible units would be the same across groups.
+
+### Event Study Visualization
+
+Create publication-ready event study plots:
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import plot_event_study, MultiPeriodDiD, CallawaySantAnna, SunAbraham
+
+# From MultiPeriodDiD (full event study with pre and post period effects)
+did = MultiPeriodDiD()
+results = did.fit(data, outcome='y', treatment='treated',
+                  time='period', post_periods=[3, 4, 5], reference_period=2)
+plot_event_study(results, title="Treatment Effects Over Time")
+
+# From CallawaySantAnna (with event study aggregation)
+cs = CallawaySantAnna()
+results = cs.fit(data, outcome='y', unit='unit', time='period',
+                 first_treat='first_treat', aggregate='event_study')
+plot_event_study(results, title="Staggered DiD Event Study (CS)")
+
+# From SunAbraham
+sa = SunAbraham()
+results = sa.fit(data, outcome='y', unit='unit', time='period',
+                 first_treat='first_treat')
+plot_event_study(results, title="Staggered DiD Event Study (SA)")
+
+# From a DataFrame
+df = pd.DataFrame({
+    'period': [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2],
+    'effect': [0.1, 0.05, 0.0, 2.5, 2.8],
+    'se': [0.3, 0.25, 0.0, 0.4, 0.45]
+})
+plot_event_study(df, reference_period=0)
+
+# With customization
+ax = plot_event_study(
+    results,
+    title="Dynamic Treatment Effects",
+    xlabel="Years Relative to Treatment",
+    ylabel="Effect on Sales ($1000s)",
+    color="#2563eb",
+    marker="o",
+    shade_pre=True,           # Shade pre-treatment region
+    show_zero_line=True,      # Horizontal line at y=0
+    show_reference_line=True, # Vertical line at reference period
+    figsize=(10, 6),
+    show=False                # Don't call plt.show(), return axes
+)
+```
+
+### Synthetic Difference-in-Differences
+
+Synthetic DiD combines the strengths of Difference-in-Differences and Synthetic Control methods by re-weighting control units to better match treated units' pre-treatment outcomes.
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import SyntheticDiD
+
+# Fit Synthetic DiD model
+sdid = SyntheticDiD()
+results = sdid.fit(
+    panel_data,
+    outcome='gdp_growth',
+    treatment='treated',
+    unit='state',
+    time='year',
+    post_periods=[2015, 2016, 2017, 2018]
+)
+
+# View results
+results.print_summary()
+print(f"ATT: {results.att:.3f} (SE: {results.se:.3f})")
+
+# Examine unit weights (which control units matter most)
+weights_df = results.get_unit_weights_df()
+print(weights_df.head(10))
+
+# Examine time weights
+time_weights_df = results.get_time_weights_df()
+print(time_weights_df)
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+===========================================================================
+         Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Estimation Results
+===========================================================================
+
+Observations:                      500
+Treated units:                       1
+Control units:                      49
+Pre-treatment periods:               6
+Post-treatment periods:              4
+Regularization (lambda):        0.0000
+Pre-treatment fit (RMSE):       0.1234
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Parameter         Estimate     Std. Err.     t-stat      P>|t|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ATT                 2.5000       0.4521      5.530      0.0000
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+95% Confidence Interval: [1.6139, 3.3861]
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                   Top Unit Weights (Synthetic Control)
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Unit state_12: 0.3521
+  Unit state_5: 0.2156
+  Unit state_23: 0.1834
+  Unit state_8: 0.1245
+  Unit state_31: 0.0892
+  (8 units with weight > 0.001)
+
+Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1
+===========================================================================
+```
+
+#### When to Use Synthetic DiD Over Vanilla DiD
+
+Use Synthetic DiD instead of standard DiD when:
+
+1. **Few treated units**: When you have only one or a small number of treated units (e.g., a single state passed a policy), standard DiD averages across all controls equally. Synthetic DiD finds the optimal weighted combination of controls.
+
+   ```python
+   # Example: California passed a policy, want to estimate its effect
+   # Standard DiD would compare CA to the average of all other states
+   # Synthetic DiD finds states that together best match CA's pre-treatment trend
+   ```
+
+2. **Parallel trends is questionable**: When treated and control groups have different pre-treatment levels or trends, Synthetic DiD can construct a better counterfactual by matching the pre-treatment trajectory.
+
+   ```python
+   # Example: A tech hub city vs rural areas
+   # Rural areas may not be a good comparison on average
+   # Synthetic DiD can weight urban/suburban controls more heavily
+   ```
+
+3. **Heterogeneous control units**: When control units are very different from each other, equal weighting (as in standard DiD) is suboptimal.
+
+   ```python
+   # Example: Comparing a treated developing country to other countries
+   # Some control countries may be much more similar economically
+   # Synthetic DiD upweights the most comparable controls
+   ```
+
+4. **You want transparency**: Synthetic DiD provides explicit unit weights showing which controls contribute most to the comparison.
+
+   ```python
+   # See exactly which units are driving the counterfactual
+   print(results.get_unit_weights_df())
+   ```
+
+**Key differences from standard DiD:**
+
+| Aspect | Standard DiD | Synthetic DiD |
+|--------|--------------|---------------|
+| Control weighting | Equal (1/N) | Optimized to match pre-treatment |
+| Time weighting | Equal across periods | Can emphasize informative periods |
+| N treated required | Can be many | Works with 1 treated unit |
+| Parallel trends | Assumed | Partially relaxed via matching |
+| Interpretability | Simple average | Explicit weights |
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+```python
+SyntheticDiD(
+    zeta_omega=None,        # Unit weight regularization (None = auto-computed from data)
+    zeta_lambda=None,       # Time weight regularization (None = auto-computed from data)
+    alpha=0.05,             # Significance level
+    variance_method="placebo",  # "placebo" (default, matches R) or "bootstrap"
+    n_bootstrap=200,        # Replications for SE estimation
+    seed=None               # Random seed for reproducibility
+)
+```
+
+### Triply Robust Panel (TROP)
+
+TROP (Athey, Imbens, Qu & Viviano 2025) extends Synthetic DiD by adding interactive fixed effects (factor model) adjustment. It's particularly useful when there are unobserved time-varying confounders with a factor structure that could bias standard DiD or SDID estimates.
+
+TROP combines three robustness components:
+1. **Nuclear norm regularized factor model**: Estimates interactive fixed effects L_it via soft-thresholding
+2. **Exponential distance-based unit weights**: ω_j = exp(-λ_unit × distance(j,i))
+3. **Exponential time decay weights**: θ_s = exp(-λ_time × |s-t|)
+
+Tuning parameters are selected via leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV).
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import TROP, trop
+
+# Fit TROP model with automatic tuning via LOOCV
+trop_est = TROP(
+    lambda_time_grid=[0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0],  # Time decay grid
+    lambda_unit_grid=[0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0],  # Unit distance grid
+    lambda_nn_grid=[0.0, 0.1, 1.0],          # Nuclear norm grid
+    n_bootstrap=200
+)
+# Note: TROP infers treatment periods from the treatment indicator column.
+# The 'treated' column must be an absorbing state (D=1 for all periods
+# during and after treatment starts for each unit).
+results = trop_est.fit(
+    panel_data,
+    outcome='gdp_growth',
+    treatment='treated',
+    unit='state',
+    time='year'
+)
+
+# View results
+results.print_summary()
+print(f"ATT: {results.att:.3f} (SE: {results.se:.3f})")
+print(f"Effective rank: {results.effective_rank:.2f}")
+
+# Selected tuning parameters
+print(f"λ_time: {results.lambda_time:.2f}")
+print(f"λ_unit: {results.lambda_unit:.2f}")
+print(f"λ_nn: {results.lambda_nn:.2f}")
+
+# Examine unit effects
+unit_effects = results.get_unit_effects_df()
+print(unit_effects.head(10))
+```
+
+Output:
+```
+===========================================================================
+         Triply Robust Panel (TROP) Estimation Results
+               Athey, Imbens, Qu & Viviano (2025)
+===========================================================================
+
+Observations:                      500
+Treated units:                       1
+Control units:                      49
+Treated observations:                4
+Pre-treatment periods:               6
+Post-treatment periods:              4
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+             Tuning Parameters (selected via LOOCV)
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Lambda (time decay):               1.0000
+Lambda (unit distance):            0.5000
+Lambda (nuclear norm):             0.1000
+Effective rank:                      2.35
+LOOCV score:                     0.012345
+Variance method:                bootstrap
+Bootstrap replications:              200
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Parameter         Estimate     Std. Err.     t-stat      P>|t|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ATT                 2.5000       0.3892      6.424      0.0000   ***
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+95% Confidence Interval: [1.7372, 3.2628]
+
+Signif. codes: '***' 0.001, '**' 0.01, '*' 0.05, '.' 0.1
+===========================================================================
+```
+
+#### When to Use TROP Over Synthetic DiD
+
+Use TROP when you suspect **factor structure** in the data—unobserved confounders that affect outcomes differently across units and time:
+
+| Scenario | Use SDID | Use TROP |
+|----------|----------|----------|
+| Simple parallel trends | ✓ | ✓ |
+| Unobserved factors (e.g., economic cycles) | May be biased | ✓ |
+| Strong unit-time interactions | May be biased | ✓ |
+| Low-dimensional confounding | ✓ | ✓ |
+
+**Example scenarios where TROP excels:**
+- Regional economic shocks that affect states differently based on industry composition
+- Global trends that impact countries differently based on their economic structure
+- Common factors in financial data (market risk, interest rates, etc.)
+
+**How TROP works:**
+
+1. **Factor estimation**: Estimates interactive fixed effects L_it using nuclear norm regularization (encourages low-rank structure)
+2. **Unit weights**: Exponential distance-based weighting ω_j = exp(-λ_unit × d(j,i)) where d(j,i) is the RMSE of outcome differences
+3. **Time weights**: Exponential decay weighting θ_s = exp(-λ_time × |s-t|) based on proximity to treatment
+4. **ATT computation**: τ = Y_it - α_i - β_t - L_it for treated observations
+
+```python
+# Compare TROP vs SDID under factor confounding
+from diff_diff import SyntheticDiD
+
+# Synthetic DiD (may be biased with factors)
+sdid = SyntheticDiD()
+sdid_results = sdid.fit(data, outcome='y', treatment='treated',
+                        unit='unit', time='time', post_periods=[5,6,7])
+
+# TROP (accounts for factors)
+# Note: TROP infers treatment periods from the treatment indicator column
+# (D=1 for treated observations, D=0 for control)
+trop_est = TROP()  # Uses default grids with LOOCV selection
+trop_results = trop_est.fit(data, outcome='y', treatment='treated',
+                            unit='unit', time='time')
+
+print(f"SDID estimate: {sdid_results.att:.3f}")
+print(f"TROP estimate: {trop_results.att:.3f}")
+print(f"Effective rank: {trop_results.effective_rank:.2f}")
+```
+
+**Tuning parameter grids:**
+
+```python
+# Custom tuning grids (searched via LOOCV)
+trop = TROP(
+    lambda_time_grid=[0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0],  # Time decay
+    lambda_unit_grid=[0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0],  # Unit distance
+    lambda_nn_grid=[0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0]        # Nuclear norm
+)
+
+# Fixed tuning parameters (skip LOOCV search)
+trop = TROP(
+    lambda_time_grid=[1.0],   # Single value = fixed
+    lambda_unit_grid=[1.0],   # Single value = fixed
+    lambda_nn_grid=[0.1]      # Single value = fixed
+)
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+```python
+TROP(
+    method='twostep',           # Estimation method: 'twostep' (default) or 'joint'
+    lambda_time_grid=None,      # Time decay grid (default: [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5])
+    lambda_unit_grid=None,      # Unit distance grid (default: [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5])
+    lambda_nn_grid=None,        # Nuclear norm grid (default: [0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10])
+    max_iter=100,               # Max iterations for factor estimation
+    tol=1e-6,                   # Convergence tolerance
+    alpha=0.05,                 # Significance level
+    n_bootstrap=200,            # Bootstrap replications
+    seed=None                   # Random seed
+)
+```
+
+**Estimation methods:**
+- `'twostep'` (default): Per-observation model fitting following Algorithm 2 of the paper. Computes observation-specific weights and fits a model for each treated observation, then averages the individual treatment effects. More flexible but computationally intensive.
+- `'joint'`: Joint weighted least squares optimization. Estimates a single scalar treatment effect τ along with fixed effects and optional low-rank factor adjustment. Faster but assumes homogeneous treatment effects.
+
+**Convenience function:**
+
+```python
+# One-liner estimation with default tuning grids
+# Note: TROP infers treatment periods from the treatment indicator
+results = trop(
+    data,
+    outcome='y',
+    treatment='treated',
+    unit='unit',
+    time='time',
+    n_bootstrap=200
+)
+```
+
+## Working with Results
+
+### Export Results
+
+```python
+# As dictionary
+results.to_dict()
+# {'att': 3.5, 'se': 1.26, 'p_value': 0.037, ...}
+
+# As DataFrame
+df = results.to_dataframe()
+```
+
+### Check Significance
+
+```python
+if results.is_significant:
+    print(f"Effect is significant at {did.alpha} level")
+
+# Get significance stars
+print(f"ATT: {results.att}{results.significance_stars}")
+# ATT: 3.5000*
+```
+
+### Access Full Regression Output
+
+```python
+# All coefficients
+results.coefficients
+# {'const': 9.5, 'treated': 1.0, 'post': 2.5, 'treated:post': 3.5}
+
+# Variance-covariance matrix
+results.vcov
+
+# Residuals and fitted values
+results.residuals
+results.fitted_values
+
+# R-squared
+results.r_squared
+```
+
+## Checking Assumptions
+
+### Parallel Trends
+
+**Simple slope-based test:**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff.utils import check_parallel_trends
+
+trends = check_parallel_trends(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    time='period',
+    treatment_group='treated'
+)
+
+print(f"Treated trend: {trends['treated_trend']:.4f}")
+print(f"Control trend: {trends['control_trend']:.4f}")
+print(f"Difference p-value: {trends['p_value']:.4f}")
+```
+
+**Robust distributional test (Wasserstein distance):**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff.utils import check_parallel_trends_robust
+
+results = check_parallel_trends_robust(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    time='period',
+    treatment_group='treated',
+    unit='firm_id',              # Unit identifier for panel data
+    pre_periods=[2018, 2019],    # Pre-treatment periods
+    n_permutations=1000          # Permutations for p-value
+)
+
+print(f"Wasserstein distance: {results['wasserstein_distance']:.4f}")
+print(f"Wasserstein p-value: {results['wasserstein_p_value']:.4f}")
+print(f"KS test p-value: {results['ks_p_value']:.4f}")
+print(f"Parallel trends plausible: {results['parallel_trends_plausible']}")
+```
+
+The Wasserstein (Earth Mover's) distance compares the full distribution of outcome changes, not just means. This is more robust to:
+- Non-normal distributions
+- Heterogeneous effects across units
+- Outliers
+
+**Equivalence testing (TOST):**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff.utils import equivalence_test_trends
+
+results = equivalence_test_trends(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    time='period',
+    treatment_group='treated',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    equivalence_margin=0.5       # Define "practically equivalent"
+)
+
+print(f"Mean difference: {results['mean_difference']:.4f}")
+print(f"TOST p-value: {results['tost_p_value']:.4f}")
+print(f"Trends equivalent: {results['equivalent']}")
+```
+
+### Honest DiD Sensitivity Analysis (Rambachan-Roth)
+
+Pre-trends tests have low power and can exacerbate bias. **Honest DiD** (Rambachan & Roth 2023) provides sensitivity analysis showing how robust your results are to violations of parallel trends.
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import HonestDiD, MultiPeriodDiD
+
+# First, fit a full event study (pre + post period effects)
+did = MultiPeriodDiD()
+event_results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='period',
+    post_periods=[5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
+    reference_period=4,          # Last pre-period (e=-1 convention)
+)
+
+# Compute honest bounds with relative magnitudes restriction
+# M=1 means post-treatment violations can be up to 1x the worst pre-treatment violation
+honest = HonestDiD(method='relative_magnitude', M=1.0)
+honest_results = honest.fit(event_results)
+
+print(honest_results.summary())
+print(f"Original estimate: {honest_results.original_estimate:.4f}")
+print(f"Robust 95% CI: [{honest_results.ci_lb:.4f}, {honest_results.ci_ub:.4f}]")
+print(f"Effect robust to violations: {honest_results.is_significant}")
+```
+
+**Sensitivity analysis over M values:**
+
+```python
+# How do results change as we allow larger violations?
+sensitivity = honest.sensitivity_analysis(
+    event_results,
+    M_grid=[0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
+)
+
+print(sensitivity.summary())
+print(f"Breakdown value: M = {sensitivity.breakdown_M}")
+# Breakdown = smallest M where the robust CI includes zero
+```
+
+**Breakdown value:**
+
+The breakdown value tells you how robust your conclusion is:
+
+```python
+breakdown = honest.breakdown_value(event_results)
+if breakdown >= 1.0:
+    print("Result holds even if post-treatment violations are as bad as pre-treatment")
+else:
+    print(f"Result requires violations smaller than {breakdown:.1f}x pre-treatment")
+```
+
+**Smoothness restriction (alternative approach):**
+
+```python
+# Bounds second differences of trend violations
+# M=0 means linear extrapolation of pre-trends
+honest_smooth = HonestDiD(method='smoothness', M=0.5)
+smooth_results = honest_smooth.fit(event_results)
+```
+
+**Visualization:**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import plot_sensitivity, plot_honest_event_study
+
+# Plot sensitivity analysis
+plot_sensitivity(sensitivity, title="Sensitivity to Parallel Trends Violations")
+
+# Event study with honest confidence intervals
+plot_honest_event_study(event_results, honest_results)
+```
+
+### Pre-Trends Power Analysis (Roth 2022)
+
+A passing pre-trends test doesn't mean parallel trends holds—it may just mean the test has low power. **Pre-Trends Power Analysis** (Roth 2022) answers: "What violations could my pre-trends test have detected?"
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import PreTrendsPower, MultiPeriodDiD
+
+# First, fit a full event study
+did = MultiPeriodDiD()
+event_results = did.fit(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='period',
+    post_periods=[5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
+    reference_period=4,
+)
+
+# Analyze pre-trends test power
+pt = PreTrendsPower(alpha=0.05, power=0.80)
+power_results = pt.fit(event_results)
+
+print(power_results.summary())
+print(f"Minimum Detectable Violation (MDV): {power_results.mdv:.4f}")
+print(f"Power to detect violations of size MDV: {power_results.power:.1%}")
+```
+
+**Key concepts:**
+
+- **Minimum Detectable Violation (MDV)**: Smallest violation magnitude that would be detected with your target power (e.g., 80%). Passing the pre-trends test does NOT rule out violations up to this size.
+- **Power**: Probability of detecting a violation of given size if it exists.
+- **Violation types**: Linear trend, constant violation, last-period only, or custom patterns.
+
+**Power curve visualization:**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import plot_pretrends_power
+
+# Generate power curve across violation magnitudes
+curve = pt.power_curve(event_results)
+
+# Plot the power curve
+plot_pretrends_power(curve, title="Pre-Trends Test Power Curve")
+
+# Or from the curve object directly
+curve.plot()
+```
+
+**Different violation patterns:**
+
+```python
+# Linear trend violations (default) - most common assumption
+pt_linear = PreTrendsPower(violation_type='linear')
+
+# Constant violation in all pre-periods
+pt_constant = PreTrendsPower(violation_type='constant')
+
+# Violation only in the last pre-period (sharp break)
+pt_last = PreTrendsPower(violation_type='last_period')
+
+# Custom violation pattern
+custom_weights = np.array([0.1, 0.3, 0.6])  # Increasing violations
+pt_custom = PreTrendsPower(violation_type='custom', violation_weights=custom_weights)
+```
+
+**Combining with HonestDiD:**
+
+Pre-trends power analysis and HonestDiD are complementary:
+1. **Pre-trends power** tells you what the test could have detected
+2. **HonestDiD** tells you how robust your results are to violations
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import HonestDiD, PreTrendsPower
+
+# If MDV is large relative to your estimated effect, be cautious
+pt = PreTrendsPower()
+power_results = pt.fit(event_results)
+sensitivity = pt.sensitivity_to_honest_did(event_results)
+print(sensitivity['interpretation'])
+
+# Use HonestDiD for robust inference
+honest = HonestDiD(method='relative_magnitude', M=1.0)
+honest_results = honest.fit(event_results)
+```
+
+### Placebo Tests
+
+Placebo tests help validate the parallel trends assumption by checking whether effects appear where they shouldn't (before treatment or in untreated groups).
+
+**Fake timing test:**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import run_placebo_test
+
+# Test: Is there an effect before treatment actually occurred?
+# Actual treatment is at period 3 (post_periods=[3, 4, 5])
+# We test if a "fake" treatment at period 1 shows an effect
+results = run_placebo_test(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='period',
+    test_type='fake_timing',
+    fake_treatment_period=1,  # Pretend treatment was in period 1
+    post_periods=[3, 4, 5]    # Actual post-treatment periods
+)
+
+print(results.summary())
+# If parallel trends hold, placebo_effect should be ~0 and not significant
+print(f"Placebo effect: {results.placebo_effect:.3f} (p={results.p_value:.3f})")
+print(f"Is significant (bad): {results.is_significant}")
+```
+
+**Fake group test:**
+
+```python
+# Test: Is there an effect among never-treated units?
+# Get some control unit IDs to use as "fake treated"
+control_units = data[data['treated'] == 0]['firm_id'].unique()[:5]
+
+results = run_placebo_test(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='period',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    test_type='fake_group',
+    fake_treatment_group=list(control_units),  # List of control unit IDs
+    post_periods=[3, 4, 5]
+)
+```
+
+**Permutation test:**
+
+```python
+# Randomly reassign treatment and compute distribution of effects
+# Note: requires binary post indicator (use 'post' column, not 'period')
+results = run_placebo_test(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',           # Binary post-treatment indicator
+    unit='firm_id',
+    test_type='permutation',
+    n_permutations=1000,
+    seed=42
+)
+
+print(f"Original effect: {results.original_effect:.3f}")
+print(f"Permutation p-value: {results.p_value:.4f}")
+# Low p-value indicates the effect is unlikely to be due to chance
+```
+
+**Leave-one-out sensitivity:**
+
+```python
+# Test sensitivity to individual treated units
+# Note: requires binary post indicator (use 'post' column, not 'period')
+results = run_placebo_test(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='post',           # Binary post-treatment indicator
+    unit='firm_id',
+    test_type='leave_one_out'
+)
+
+# Check if any single unit drives the result
+print(results.leave_one_out_effects)  # Effect when each unit is dropped
+```
+
+**Run all placebo tests:**
+
+```python
+from diff_diff import run_all_placebo_tests
+
+# Comprehensive diagnostic suite
+# Note: This function runs fake_timing tests on pre-treatment periods.
+# The permutation and leave_one_out tests require a binary post indicator,
+# so they may return errors if the data uses multi-period time column.
+all_results = run_all_placebo_tests(
+    data,
+    outcome='outcome',
+    treatment='treated',
+    time='period',
+    unit='firm_id',
+    pre_periods=[0, 1, 2],
+    post_periods=[3, 4, 5],
+    n_permutations=500,
+    seed=42
+)
+
+for test_name, result in all_results.items():
+    if hasattr(result, 'p_value'):
+        print(f"{test_name}: p={result.p_value:.3f}, significant={result.is_significant}")
+    elif isinstance(result, dict) and 'error' in result:
+        print(f"{test_name}: Error - {result['error']}")
+```
+
+## API Reference
+
+### DifferenceInDifferences
+
+```python
+DifferenceInDifferences(
+    robust=True,      # Use HC1 robust standard errors
+    cluster=None,     # Column for cluster-robust SEs
+    alpha=0.05        # Significance level for CIs
+)
+```
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `fit(data, outcome, treatment, time, ...)` | Fit the DiD model |
+| `summary()` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary()` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `get_params()` | Get estimator parameters (sklearn-compatible) |
+| `set_params(**params)` | Set estimator parameters (sklearn-compatible) |
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Input data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `treatment` | str | Treatment indicator column (0/1) |
+| `time` | str | Post-treatment indicator column (0/1) |
+| `formula` | str | R-style formula (alternative to column names) |
+| `covariates` | list | Linear control variables |
+| `fixed_effects` | list | Categorical FE columns (creates dummies) |
+| `absorb` | list | High-dimensional FE (within-transformation) |
+
+### DiDResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `att` | Average Treatment effect on the Treated |
+| `se` | Standard error of ATT |
+| `t_stat` | T-statistic |
+| `p_value` | P-value for H0: ATT = 0 |
+| `conf_int` | Tuple of (lower, upper) confidence bounds |
+| `n_obs` | Number of observations |
+| `n_treated` | Number of treated units |
+| `n_control` | Number of control units |
+| `r_squared` | R-squared of regression |
+| `coefficients` | Dictionary of all coefficients |
+| `is_significant` | Boolean for significance at alpha |
+| `significance_stars` | String of significance stars |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+
+### MultiPeriodDiD
+
+```python
+MultiPeriodDiD(
+    robust=True,      # Use HC1 robust standard errors
+    cluster=None,     # Column for cluster-robust SEs
+    alpha=0.05        # Significance level for CIs
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Input data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `treatment` | str | Treatment indicator column (0/1) |
+| `time` | str | Time period column (multiple values) |
+| `post_periods` | list | List of post-treatment period values |
+| `covariates` | list | Linear control variables |
+| `fixed_effects` | list | Categorical FE columns (creates dummies) |
+| `absorb` | list | High-dimensional FE (within-transformation) |
+| `reference_period` | any | Omitted period (default: last pre-period, e=-1 convention) |
+| `unit` | str | Unit identifier column (for staggered adoption warning) |
+
+### MultiPeriodDiDResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `period_effects` | Dict mapping periods to PeriodEffect objects (pre and post, excluding reference) |
+| `avg_att` | Average ATT across post-treatment periods only |
+| `avg_se` | Standard error of average ATT |
+| `avg_t_stat` | T-statistic for average ATT |
+| `avg_p_value` | P-value for average ATT |
+| `avg_conf_int` | Confidence interval for average ATT |
+| `n_obs` | Number of observations |
+| `pre_periods` | List of pre-treatment periods |
+| `post_periods` | List of post-treatment periods |
+| `reference_period` | The omitted reference period (coefficient = 0 by construction) |
+| `interaction_indices` | Dict mapping period → column index in VCV (for sub-VCV extraction) |
+| `pre_period_effects` | Property: pre-period effects only (for parallel trends assessment) |
+| `post_period_effects` | Property: post-period effects only |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `get_effect(period)` | Get PeriodEffect for specific period |
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+
+### PeriodEffect
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `period` | Time period identifier |
+| `effect` | Treatment effect estimate |
+| `se` | Standard error |
+| `t_stat` | T-statistic |
+| `p_value` | P-value |
+| `conf_int` | Confidence interval |
+| `is_significant` | Boolean for significance at 0.05 |
+| `significance_stars` | String of significance stars |
+
+### SyntheticDiD
+
+```python
+SyntheticDiD(
+    zeta_omega=None,        # Unit weight regularization (None = auto from data)
+    zeta_lambda=None,       # Time weight regularization (None = auto from data)
+    alpha=0.05,             # Significance level for CIs
+    variance_method="placebo",  # "placebo" (R default) or "bootstrap"
+    n_bootstrap=200,        # Replications for SE estimation
+    seed=None               # Random seed for reproducibility
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Panel data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `treatment` | str | Treatment indicator column (0/1) |
+| `unit` | str | Unit identifier column |
+| `time` | str | Time period column |
+| `post_periods` | list | List of post-treatment period values |
+| `covariates` | list | Covariates to residualize out |
+
+### SyntheticDiDResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `att` | Average Treatment effect on the Treated |
+| `se` | Standard error (bootstrap or placebo-based) |
+| `t_stat` | T-statistic |
+| `p_value` | P-value |
+| `conf_int` | Confidence interval |
+| `n_obs` | Number of observations |
+| `n_treated` | Number of treated units |
+| `n_control` | Number of control units |
+| `unit_weights` | Dict mapping control unit IDs to weights |
+| `time_weights` | Dict mapping pre-treatment periods to weights |
+| `pre_periods` | List of pre-treatment periods |
+| `post_periods` | List of post-treatment periods |
+| `pre_treatment_fit` | RMSE of synthetic vs treated in pre-period |
+| `placebo_effects` | Array of placebo effect estimates |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+| `get_unit_weights_df()` | Get unit weights as DataFrame |
+| `get_time_weights_df()` | Get time weights as DataFrame |
+
+### TROP
+
+```python
+TROP(
+    lambda_time_grid=None,     # Time decay grid (default: [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5])
+    lambda_unit_grid=None,     # Unit distance grid (default: [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5])
+    lambda_nn_grid=None,       # Nuclear norm grid (default: [0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10])
+    max_iter=100,              # Max iterations for factor estimation
+    tol=1e-6,                  # Convergence tolerance
+    alpha=0.05,                # Significance level for CIs
+    n_bootstrap=200,           # Bootstrap replications
+    seed=None                  # Random seed
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Panel data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `treatment` | str | Treatment indicator column (0/1 absorbing state) |
+| `unit` | str | Unit identifier column |
+| `time` | str | Time period column |
+
+Note: TROP infers treatment periods from the treatment indicator column. The treatment column should be an absorbing state indicator where D=1 for all periods during and after treatment starts.
+
+### TROPResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `att` | Average Treatment effect on the Treated |
+| `se` | Standard error (bootstrap) |
+| `t_stat` | T-statistic |
+| `p_value` | P-value |
+| `conf_int` | Confidence interval |
+| `n_obs` | Number of observations |
+| `n_treated` | Number of treated units |
+| `n_control` | Number of control units |
+| `n_treated_obs` | Number of treated unit-time observations |
+| `unit_effects` | Dict mapping unit IDs to fixed effects |
+| `time_effects` | Dict mapping periods to fixed effects |
+| `treatment_effects` | Dict mapping (unit, time) to individual effects |
+| `lambda_time` | Selected time decay parameter |
+| `lambda_unit` | Selected unit distance parameter |
+| `lambda_nn` | Selected nuclear norm parameter |
+| `factor_matrix` | Low-rank factor matrix L (n_periods x n_units) |
+| `effective_rank` | Effective rank of factor matrix |
+| `loocv_score` | LOOCV score for selected parameters |
+| `n_pre_periods` | Number of pre-treatment periods |
+| `n_post_periods` | Number of post-treatment periods |
+| `bootstrap_distribution` | Bootstrap distribution (if bootstrap) |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+| `get_unit_effects_df()` | Get unit fixed effects as DataFrame |
+| `get_time_effects_df()` | Get time fixed effects as DataFrame |
+| `get_treatment_effects_df()` | Get individual treatment effects as DataFrame |
+
+### SunAbraham
+
+```python
+SunAbraham(
+    control_group='never_treated',  # or 'not_yet_treated'
+    anticipation=0,           # Periods of anticipation effects
+    alpha=0.05,               # Significance level for CIs
+    cluster=None,             # Column for cluster-robust SEs
+    n_bootstrap=0,            # Bootstrap iterations (0 = analytical SEs)
+    bootstrap_weights='rademacher',  # 'rademacher', 'mammen', or 'webb'
+    seed=None                 # Random seed
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Panel data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `unit` | str | Unit identifier column |
+| `time` | str | Time period column |
+| `first_treat` | str | Column with first treatment period (0 for never-treated) |
+| `covariates` | list | Covariate column names |
+| `min_pre_periods` | int | Minimum pre-treatment periods to include |
+| `min_post_periods` | int | Minimum post-treatment periods to include |
+
+### SunAbrahamResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `event_study_effects` | Dict mapping relative time to effect info |
+| `overall_att` | Overall average treatment effect |
+| `overall_se` | Standard error of overall ATT |
+| `overall_t_stat` | T-statistic for overall ATT |
+| `overall_p_value` | P-value for overall ATT |
+| `overall_conf_int` | Confidence interval for overall ATT |
+| `cohort_weights` | Dict mapping relative time to cohort weights |
+| `groups` | List of treatment cohorts |
+| `time_periods` | List of all time periods |
+| `n_obs` | Total number of observations |
+| `n_treated_units` | Number of ever-treated units |
+| `n_control_units` | Number of never-treated units |
+| `is_significant` | Boolean for significance at alpha |
+| `significance_stars` | String of significance stars |
+| `bootstrap_results` | SABootstrapResults (if bootstrap enabled) |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dataframe(level)` | Convert to DataFrame ('event_study' or 'cohort') |
+
+### ImputationDiD
+
+```python
+ImputationDiD(
+    anticipation=0,                   # Periods of anticipation effects
+    alpha=0.05,                       # Significance level for CIs
+    cluster=None,                     # Column for cluster-robust SEs
+    n_bootstrap=0,                    # Bootstrap iterations (0 = analytical)
+    seed=None,                        # Random seed
+    rank_deficient_action='warn',     # 'warn', 'error', or 'silent'
+    horizon_max=None,                 # Max event-study horizon
+    aux_partition='cohort_horizon',   # Variance partition
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Panel data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `unit` | str | Unit identifier column |
+| `time` | str | Time period column |
+| `first_treat` | str | First treatment period column (0 for never-treated) |
+| `covariates` | list | Covariate column names |
+| `aggregate` | str | Aggregation: None, "event_study", "group", "all" |
+| `balance_e` | int | Balance event study to this many pre-treatment periods |
+
+### ImputationDiDResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `overall_att` | Overall average treatment effect on the treated |
+| `overall_se` | Standard error (conservative, Theorem 3) |
+| `overall_t_stat` | T-statistic |
+| `overall_p_value` | P-value for H0: ATT = 0 |
+| `overall_conf_int` | Confidence interval |
+| `event_study_effects` | Dict of relative time -> effect dict (if `aggregate='event_study'` or `'all'`) |
+| `group_effects` | Dict of cohort -> effect dict (if `aggregate='group'` or `'all'`) |
+| `treatment_effects` | DataFrame of unit-level imputed treatment effects |
+| `n_treated_obs` | Number of treated observations |
+| `n_untreated_obs` | Number of untreated observations |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dataframe(level)` | Convert to DataFrame ('observation', 'event_study', 'group') |
+| `pretrend_test(n_leads)` | Run pre-trend F-test (Equation 9) |
+
+### TripleDifference
+
+```python
+TripleDifference(
+    estimation_method='dr',   # 'dr' (doubly robust), 'reg', or 'ipw'
+    robust=True,              # Use HC1 robust standard errors
+    cluster=None,             # Column for cluster-robust SEs
+    alpha=0.05,               # Significance level for CIs
+    pscore_trim=0.01          # Propensity score trimming threshold
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `data` | DataFrame | Input data |
+| `outcome` | str | Outcome variable column name |
+| `group` | str | Group indicator column (0/1): 1=treated group |
+| `partition` | str | Partition/eligibility indicator column (0/1): 1=eligible |
+| `time` | str | Time indicator column (0/1): 1=post-treatment |
+| `covariates` | list | Covariate column names for adjustment |
+
+### TripleDifferenceResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `att` | Average Treatment effect on the Treated |
+| `se` | Standard error of ATT |
+| `t_stat` | T-statistic |
+| `p_value` | P-value for H0: ATT = 0 |
+| `conf_int` | Tuple of (lower, upper) confidence bounds |
+| `n_obs` | Total number of observations |
+| `n_treated_eligible` | Obs in treated group & eligible partition |
+| `n_treated_ineligible` | Obs in treated group & ineligible partition |
+| `n_control_eligible` | Obs in control group & eligible partition |
+| `n_control_ineligible` | Obs in control group & ineligible partition |
+| `estimation_method` | Method used ('dr', 'reg', or 'ipw') |
+| `group_means` | Dict of cell means for diagnostics |
+| `pscore_stats` | Propensity score statistics (IPW/DR only) |
+| `is_significant` | Boolean for significance at alpha |
+| `significance_stars` | String of significance stars |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary(alpha)` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary(alpha)` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+
+### HonestDiD
+
+```python
+HonestDiD(
+    method='relative_magnitude',  # 'relative_magnitude' or 'smoothness'
+    M=None,               # Restriction parameter (default: 1.0 for RM, 0.0 for SD)
+    alpha=0.05,           # Significance level for CIs
+    l_vec=None            # Linear combination vector for target parameter
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `results` | MultiPeriodDiDResults | Results from MultiPeriodDiD.fit() |
+| `M` | float | Restriction parameter (overrides constructor value) |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `fit(results, M)` | Compute bounds for given event study results |
+| `sensitivity_analysis(results, M_grid)` | Compute bounds over grid of M values |
+| `breakdown_value(results, tol)` | Find smallest M where CI includes zero |
+
+### HonestDiDResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `original_estimate` | Point estimate under parallel trends |
+| `lb` | Lower bound of identified set |
+| `ub` | Upper bound of identified set |
+| `ci_lb` | Lower bound of robust confidence interval |
+| `ci_ub` | Upper bound of robust confidence interval |
+| `ci_width` | Width of robust CI |
+| `M` | Restriction parameter used |
+| `method` | Restriction method ('relative_magnitude' or 'smoothness') |
+| `alpha` | Significance level |
+| `is_significant` | True if robust CI excludes zero |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary()` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+
+### SensitivityResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `M_grid` | Array of M values analyzed |
+| `results` | List of HonestDiDResults for each M |
+| `breakdown_M` | Smallest M where CI includes zero (None if always significant) |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary()` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `plot(ax)` | Plot sensitivity analysis |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+
+### PreTrendsPower
+
+```python
+PreTrendsPower(
+    alpha=0.05,           # Significance level for pre-trends test
+    power=0.80,           # Target power for MDV calculation
+    violation_type='linear',  # 'linear', 'constant', 'last_period', 'custom'
+    violation_weights=None    # Custom weights (required if violation_type='custom')
+)
+```
+
+**fit() Parameters:**
+
+| Parameter | Type | Description |
+|-----------|------|-------------|
+| `results` | MultiPeriodDiDResults | Results from event study |
+| `M` | float | Specific violation magnitude to evaluate |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `fit(results, M)` | Compute power analysis for given event study |
+| `power_at(results, M)` | Compute power for specific violation magnitude |
+| `power_curve(results, M_grid, n_points)` | Compute power across range of M values |
+| `sensitivity_to_honest_did(results)` | Compare with HonestDiD analysis |
+
+### PreTrendsPowerResults
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `power` | Power to detect the specified violation |
+| `mdv` | Minimum detectable violation at target power |
+| `violation_magnitude` | Violation magnitude (M) tested |
+| `violation_type` | Type of violation pattern |
+| `alpha` | Significance level |
+| `target_power` | Target power level |
+| `n_pre_periods` | Number of pre-treatment periods |
+| `test_statistic` | Expected test statistic under violation |
+| `critical_value` | Critical value for pre-trends test |
+| `noncentrality` | Non-centrality parameter |
+| `is_informative` | Heuristic check if test is informative |
+| `power_adequate` | Whether power meets target |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `summary()` | Get formatted summary string |
+| `print_summary()` | Print summary to stdout |
+| `to_dict()` | Convert to dictionary |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to pandas DataFrame |
+
+### PreTrendsPowerCurve
+
+**Attributes:**
+
+| Attribute | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `M_values` | Array of violation magnitudes |
+| `powers` | Array of power values |
+| `mdv` | Minimum detectable violation |
+| `alpha` | Significance level |
+| `target_power` | Target power level |
+| `violation_type` | Type of violation pattern |
+
+**Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description |
+|--------|-------------|
+| `plot(ax, show_mdv, show_target)` | Plot power curve |
+| `to_dataframe()` | Convert to DataFrame with M and power columns |
+
+### Data Preparation Functions
+
+#### generate_did_data
+
+```python
+generate_did_data(
+    n_units=100,          # Number of units
+    n_periods=4,          # Number of time periods
+    treatment_effect=5.0, # True ATT
+    treatment_fraction=0.5,  # Fraction treated
+    treatment_period=2,   # First post-treatment period
+    unit_fe_sd=2.0,       # Unit fixed effect std dev
+    time_trend=0.5,       # Linear time trend
+    noise_sd=1.0,         # Idiosyncratic noise std dev
+    seed=None             # Random seed
+)
+```
+
+Returns DataFrame with columns: `unit`, `period`, `treated`, `post`, `outcome`, `true_effect`.
+
+#### make_treatment_indicator
+
+```python
+make_treatment_indicator(
+    data,                 # Input DataFrame
+    column,               # Column to create treatment from
+    treated_values=None,  # Value(s) indicating treatment
+    threshold=None,       # Numeric threshold for treatment
+    above_threshold=True, # If True, >= threshold is treated
+    new_column='treated'  # Output column name
+)
+```
+
+#### make_post_indicator
+
+```python
+make_post_indicator(
+    data,                  # Input DataFrame
+    time_column,           # Time/period column
+    post_periods=None,     # Specific post-treatment period(s)
+    treatment_start=None,  # First post-treatment period
+    new_column='post'      # Output column name
+)
+```
+
+#### wide_to_long
+
+```python
+wide_to_long(
+    data,                  # Wide-format DataFrame
+    value_columns,         # List of time-varying columns
+    id_column,             # Unit identifier column
+    time_name='period',    # Name for time column
+    value_name='value',    # Name for value column
+    time_values=None       # Values for time periods
+)
+```
+
+#### balance_panel
+
+```python
+balance_panel(
+    data,                  # Panel DataFrame
+    unit_column,           # Unit identifier column
+    time_column,           # Time period column
+    method='inner',        # 'inner', 'outer', or 'fill'
+    fill_value=None        # Value for filling (if method='fill')
+)
+```
+
+#### validate_did_data
+
+```python
+validate_did_data(
+    data,                  # DataFrame to validate
+    outcome,               # Outcome column name
+    treatment,             # Treatment column name
+    time,                  # Time/post column name
+    unit=None,             # Unit column (for panel validation)
+    raise_on_error=True    # Raise ValueError or return dict
+)
+```
+
+Returns dict with `valid`, `errors`, `warnings`, and `summary` keys.
+
+#### summarize_did_data
+
+```python
+summarize_did_data(
+    data,                  # Input DataFrame
+    outcome,               # Outcome column name
+    treatment,             # Treatment column name
+    time,                  # Time/post column name
+    unit=None              # Unit column (optional)
+)
+```
+
+Returns DataFrame with summary statistics by treatment-time cell.
+
+#### create_event_time
+
+```python
+create_event_time(
+    data,                  # Panel DataFrame
+    time_column,           # Calendar time column
+    treatment_time_column, # Column with treatment timing
+    new_column='event_time' # Output column name
+)
+```
+
+#### aggregate_to_cohorts
+
+```python
+aggregate_to_cohorts(
+    data,                  # Unit-level panel data
+    unit_column,           # Unit identifier column
+    time_column,           # Time period column
+    treatment_column,      # Treatment indicator column
+    outcome,               # Outcome variable column
+    covariates=None        # Additional columns to aggregate
+)
+```
+
+#### rank_control_units
+
+```python
+rank_control_units(
+    data,                          # Panel data in long format
+    unit_column,                   # Unit identifier column
+    time_column,                   # Time period column
+    outcome_column,                # Outcome variable column
+    treatment_column=None,         # Treatment indicator column (0/1)
+    treated_units=None,            # Explicit list of treated unit IDs
+    pre_periods=None,              # Pre-treatment periods (default: first half)
+    covariates=None,               # Covariate columns for matching
+    outcome_weight=0.7,            # Weight for outcome trend similarity (0-1)
+    covariate_weight=0.3,          # Weight for covariate distance (0-1)
+    exclude_units=None,            # Units to exclude from control pool
+    require_units=None,            # Units that must appear in output
+    n_top=None,                    # Return only top N controls
+    suggest_treatment_candidates=False,  # Identify treatment candidates
+    n_treatment_candidates=5,      # Number of treatment candidates
+    lambda_reg=0.0                 # Regularization for synthetic weights
+)
+```
+
+Returns DataFrame with columns: `unit`, `quality_score`, `outcome_trend_score`, `covariate_score`, `synthetic_weight`, `pre_trend_rmse`, `is_required`.
+
+## Requirements
+
+- Python 3.9 - 3.13
+- numpy >= 1.20
+- pandas >= 1.3
+- scipy >= 1.7
+
+## Development
+
+```bash
+# Install with dev dependencies
+pip install -e ".[dev]"
+
+# Run tests
+pytest
+
+# Format code
+black diff_diff tests
+ruff check diff_diff tests
+```
+
+## References
+
+This library implements methods from the following scholarly works:
+
+### Difference-in-Differences
+
+- **Ashenfelter, O., & Card, D. (1985).** "Using the Longitudinal Structure of Earnings to Estimate the Effect of Training Programs." *The Review of Economics and Statistics*, 67(4), 648-660. [https://doi.org/10.2307/1924810](https://doi.org/10.2307/1924810)
+
+- **Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1994).** "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania." *The American Economic Review*, 84(4), 772-793. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118030](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118030)
+
+- **Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009).** *Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion*. Princeton University Press. Chapter 5: Differences-in-Differences.
+
+### Two-Way Fixed Effects
+
+- **Wooldridge, J. M. (2010).** *Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data* (2nd ed.). MIT Press.
+
+- **Imai, K., & Kim, I. S. (2021).** "On the Use of Two-Way Fixed Effects Regression Models for Causal Inference with Panel Data." *Political Analysis*, 29(3), 405-415. [https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2020.33](https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2020.33)
+
+### Robust Standard Errors
+
+- **White, H. (1980).** "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity." *Econometrica*, 48(4), 817-838. [https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934](https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934)
+
+- **MacKinnon, J. G., & White, H. (1985).** "Some Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimators with Improved Finite Sample Properties." *Journal of Econometrics*, 29(3), 305-325. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(85)90158-7](https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(85)90158-7)
+
+- **Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2011).** "Robust Inference With Multiway Clustering." *Journal of Business & Economic Statistics*, 29(2), 238-249. [https://doi.org/10.1198/jbes.2010.07136](https://doi.org/10.1198/jbes.2010.07136)
+
+### Wild Cluster Bootstrap
+
+- **Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2008).** "Bootstrap-Based Improvements for Inference with Clustered Errors." *The Review of Economics and Statistics*, 90(3), 414-427. [https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.3.414](https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.3.414)
+
+- **Webb, M. D. (2014).** "Reworking Wild Bootstrap Based Inference for Clustered Errors." Queen's Economics Department Working Paper No. 1315. [https://www.econ.queensu.ca/sites/econ.queensu.ca/files/qed_wp_1315.pdf](https://www.econ.queensu.ca/sites/econ.queensu.ca/files/qed_wp_1315.pdf)
+
+- **MacKinnon, J. G., & Webb, M. D. (2018).** "The Wild Bootstrap for Few (Treated) Clusters." *The Econometrics Journal*, 21(2), 114-135. [https://doi.org/10.1111/ectj.12107](https://doi.org/10.1111/ectj.12107)
+
+### Placebo Tests and DiD Diagnostics
+
+- **Bertrand, M., Duflo, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2004).** "How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates?" *The Quarterly Journal of Economics*, 119(1), 249-275. [https://doi.org/10.1162/003355304772839588](https://doi.org/10.1162/003355304772839588)
+
+### Synthetic Control Method
+
+- **Abadie, A., & Gardeazabal, J. (2003).** "The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country." *The American Economic Review*, 93(1), 113-132. [https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455188](https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455188)
+
+- **Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010).** "Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program." *Journal of the American Statistical Association*, 105(490), 493-505. [https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746](https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746)
+
+- **Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2015).** "Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method." *American Journal of Political Science*, 59(2), 495-510. [https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12116](https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12116)
+
+### Synthetic Difference-in-Differences
+
+- **Arkhangelsky, D., Athey, S., Hirshberg, D. A., Imbens, G. W., & Wager, S. (2021).** "Synthetic Difference-in-Differences." *American Economic Review*, 111(12), 4088-4118. [https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190159](https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190159)
+
+### Triply Robust Panel (TROP)
+
+- **Athey, S., Imbens, G. W., Qu, Z., & Viviano, D. (2025).** "Triply Robust Panel Estimators." *Working Paper*. [https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21536](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21536)
+
+  This paper introduces the TROP estimator which combines three robustness components:
+  - **Factor model adjustment**: Low-rank factor structure via SVD removes unobserved confounders
+  - **Unit weights**: Synthetic control style weighting for optimal comparison
+  - **Time weights**: SDID style time weighting for informative pre-periods
+
+  TROP is particularly useful when there are unobserved time-varying confounders with a factor structure that affect different units differently over time.
+
+### Triple Difference (DDD)
+
+- **Ortiz-Villavicencio, M., & Sant'Anna, P. H. C. (2025).** "Better Understanding Triple Differences Estimators." *Working Paper*. [https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09942](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09942)
+
+  This paper shows that common DDD implementations (taking the difference between two DiDs, or applying three-way fixed effects regressions) are generally invalid when identification requires conditioning on covariates. The `TripleDifference` class implements their regression adjustment, inverse probability weighting, and doubly robust estimators.
+
+- **Gruber, J. (1994).** "The Incidence of Mandated Maternity Benefits." *American Economic Review*, 84(3), 622-641. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118071](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118071)
+
+  Classic paper introducing the Triple Difference design for policy evaluation.
+
+- **Olden, A., & Møen, J. (2022).** "The Triple Difference Estimator." *The Econometrics Journal*, 25(3), 531-553. [https://doi.org/10.1093/ectj/utac010](https://doi.org/10.1093/ectj/utac010)
+
+### Parallel Trends and Pre-Trend Testing
+
+- **Roth, J. (2022).** "Pretest with Caution: Event-Study Estimates after Testing for Parallel Trends." *American Economic Review: Insights*, 4(3), 305-322. [https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20210236](https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20210236)
+
+- **Lakens, D. (2017).** "Equivalence Tests: A Practical Primer for t Tests, Correlations, and Meta-Analyses." *Social Psychological and Personality Science*, 8(4), 355-362. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617697177](https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617697177)
+
+### Honest DiD / Sensitivity Analysis
+
+The `HonestDiD` module implements sensitivity analysis methods for relaxing the parallel trends assumption:
+
+- **Rambachan, A., & Roth, J. (2023).** "A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends." *The Review of Economic Studies*, 90(5), 2555-2591. [https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdad018](https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdad018)
+
+  This paper introduces the "Honest DiD" framework implemented in our `HonestDiD` class:
+  - **Relative Magnitudes (ΔRM)**: Bounds post-treatment violations by a multiple of observed pre-treatment violations
+  - **Smoothness (ΔSD)**: Bounds on second differences of trend violations, allowing for linear extrapolation of pre-trends
+  - **Breakdown Analysis**: Finding the smallest violation magnitude that would overturn conclusions
+  - **Robust Confidence Intervals**: Valid inference under partial identification
+
+- **Roth, J., & Sant'Anna, P. H. C. (2023).** "When Is Parallel Trends Sensitive to Functional Form?" *Econometrica*, 91(2), 737-747. [https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA19402](https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA19402)
+
+  Discusses functional form sensitivity in parallel trends assumptions, relevant to understanding when smoothness restrictions are appropriate.
+
+### Multi-Period and Staggered Adoption
+
+- **Borusyak, K., Jaravel, X., & Spiess, J. (2024).** "Revisiting Event-Study Designs: Robust and Efficient Estimation." *Review of Economic Studies*, 91(6), 3253-3285. [https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdae007](https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdae007)
+
+  This paper introduces the imputation estimator implemented in our `ImputationDiD` class:
+  - **Efficient imputation**: OLS on untreated observations → impute counterfactuals → aggregate
+  - **Conservative variance**: Theorem 3 clustered variance estimator with auxiliary model
+  - **Pre-trend test**: Independent of treatment effect estimation (Proposition 9)
+  - **Efficiency gains**: ~50% shorter CIs than Callaway-Sant'Anna under homogeneous effects
+
+- **Callaway, B., & Sant'Anna, P. H. C. (2021).** "Difference-in-Differences with Multiple Time Periods." *Journal of Econometrics*, 225(2), 200-230. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001)
+
+- **Sant'Anna, P. H. C., & Zhao, J. (2020).** "Doubly Robust Difference-in-Differences Estimators." *Journal of Econometrics*, 219(1), 101-122. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.06.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.06.003)
+
+- **Sun, L., & Abraham, S. (2021).** "Estimating Dynamic Treatment Effects in Event Studies with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects." *Journal of Econometrics*, 225(2), 175-199. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.006)
+
+- **de Chaisemartin, C., & D'Haultfœuille, X. (2020).** "Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects." *American Economic Review*, 110(9), 2964-2996. [https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181169](https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181169)
+
+- **Goodman-Bacon, A. (2021).** "Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing." *Journal of Econometrics*, 225(2), 254-277. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014)
+
+### Power Analysis
+
+- **Bloom, H. S. (1995).** "Minimum Detectable Effects: A Simple Way to Report the Statistical Power of Experimental Designs." *Evaluation Review*, 19(5), 547-556. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9501900504](https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9501900504)
+
+- **Burlig, F., Preonas, L., & Woerman, M. (2020).** "Panel Data and Experimental Design." *Journal of Development Economics*, 144, 102458. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102458](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102458)
+
+  Essential reference for power analysis in panel DiD designs. Discusses how serial correlation (ICC) affects power and provides formulas for panel data settings.
+
+- **Djimeu, E. W., & Houndolo, D.-G. (2016).** "Power Calculation for Causal Inference in Social Science: Sample Size and Minimum Detectable Effect Determination." *Journal of Development Effectiveness*, 8(4), 508-527. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2016.1244555](https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2016.1244555)
+
+### General Causal Inference
+
+- **Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015).** *Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction*. Cambridge University Press.
+
+- **Cunningham, S. (2021).** *Causal Inference: The Mixtape*. Yale University Press. [https://mixtape.scunning.com/](https://mixtape.scunning.com/)
+
+## License
+
+MIT License
+