dclab 0.67.0__cp314-cp314t-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

dclab/rtdc_dataset/writer.py

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+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+import copy
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+from typing import Dict, List, Literal, Tuple
+import warnings
+
+import h5py
+import hdf5plugin
+import numpy as np
+
+from .. import definitions as dfn
+from ..util import hashobj
+from .._version import version
+
+from .feat_anc_plugin import PlugInFeature
+from .meta_table import MetaTable
+
+#: DEPRECATED (use `CHUNK_SIZE_BYTES` instead)
+CHUNK_SIZE = 100
+
+#: Chunks size in bytes for storing HDF5 datasets
+CHUNK_SIZE_BYTES = 1024**2  # 1MiB
+
+#: features that should be written to the output file as uint32 values
+FEATURES_UINT32 = [
+    "fl1_max",
+    "fl1_npeaks",
+    "fl2_max",
+    "fl2_npeaks",
+    "fl3_max",
+    "fl3_npeaks",
+    "index",
+    "ml_class",
+    "nevents",
+]
+
+#: features that should be written to the output file as uint64 values
+FEATURES_UINT64 = [
+    "frame",
+]
+
+
+class RTDCWriter:
+    def __init__(self,
+                 path_or_h5file: str | pathlib.Path | h5py.File,
+                 mode: Literal['append', 'replace', 'reset'] = "append",
+                 compression_kwargs: Dict | Mapping = None,
+                 compression: str = "deprecated"):
+        """RT-DC data writer classe
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        path_or_h5file: str or pathlib.Path or h5py.Group
+            Path to an HDF5 file or an HDF5 file opened in write mode
+        mode: str
+            Defines how the data are stored:
+
+              - "append": append new feature data to existing h5py Datasets
+              - "replace": replace existing h5py Datasets with new features
+                (used for ancillary feature storage)
+              - "reset": do not keep any previous data
+        compression_kwargs: dict-like
+            Dictionary with the keys "compression" and "compression_opts"
+            which are passed to :func:`h5py.H5File.create_dataset`. The
+            default is Zstandard compression with the compression
+            level 5 `hdf5plugin.Zstd(clevel=5)`. To disable compression, use
+            `{"compression": None}`.
+        compression: str or None
+            Compression method used for data storage;
+            one of [None, "lzf", "gzip", "szip"].
+
+            .. deprecated:: 0.43.0
+                Use `compression_kwargs` instead.
+        """
+        if mode not in ["append", "replace", "reset"]:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid mode '{mode}'!")
+        if compression != "deprecated":
+            warnings.warn("The `compression` kwarg is deprecated in favor of "
+                          "`compression_kwargs`!",
+                          DeprecationWarning)
+            if compression_kwargs is not None:
+                raise ValueError("You may not specify `compression` and "
+                                 "`compression_kwargs` at the same time!")
+            # be backwards-compatible
+            compression_kwargs = {"compression": compression}
+        if compression_kwargs is None:
+            compression_kwargs = hdf5plugin.Zstd(clevel=5)
+
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.compression_kwargs = compression_kwargs
+        if isinstance(path_or_h5file, h5py.Group):
+            self.owns_path = False
+            self.path = pathlib.Path(path_or_h5file.file.filename)
+            self.h5file = path_or_h5file
+            if mode == "reset":
+                raise ValueError("'reset' mode incompatible with h5py.Group!")
+        else:
+            self.owns_path = True
+            self.path = pathlib.Path(path_or_h5file)
+            self.h5file = h5py.File(path_or_h5file,
+                                    mode=("w" if mode == "reset" else "a"))
+        #: unfortunate necessity, as `len(h5py.Group)` can be really slow
+        self._group_sizes = {}
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
+        # close the HDF5 file
+        try:
+            self.h5file.require_group("events")
+            if len(self.h5file["events"]):
+                self.rectify_metadata()
+            self.version_brand()
+        except BaseException:
+            raise
+        finally:
+            # This is guaranteed to run if any exception is raised.
+            self.close()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_best_nd_chunks(item_shape, item_dtype=np.float64):
+        """Return best chunks for HDF5 datasets
+
+        Chunking has performance implications. It’s recommended to keep the
+        total size of dataset chunks between 10 KiB and 1 MiB. This number
+        defines the maximum chunk size as well as half the maximum cache
+        size for each dataset.
+        """
+        # Note that `np.prod(()) == 1`
+        event_size = np.prod(item_shape) * np.dtype(item_dtype).itemsize
+
+        chunk_size = CHUNK_SIZE_BYTES / event_size
+        # Set minimum chunk size to 10 so that we can have at least some
+        # compression performance.
+        chunk_size_int = max(10, int(np.floor(chunk_size)))
+        return tuple([chunk_size_int] + list(item_shape))
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the underlying HDF5 file if a path was given during init"""
+        if self.owns_path:
+            self.h5file.close()
+
+    def rectify_metadata(self):
+        """Autocomplete the metadta of the RTDC-measurement
+
+        The following configuration keys are updated:
+
+        - experiment:event count
+        - fluorescence:samples per event
+        - imaging: roi size x (if image or mask is given)
+        - imaging: roi size y (if image or mask is given)
+
+        The following configuration keys are added if not present:
+
+        - fluorescence:channel count
+        """
+        # set event count
+        feats = sorted(self.h5file.get("events", {}).keys())
+        if feats:
+            self.h5file.attrs["experiment:event count"] = len(
+                self.h5file["events"][feats[0]])
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"No features in '{self.path}'!")
+
+        # ignore empty features in the checks further below
+        for feat in feats[:]:  # iterate over a copy of the list
+            obj = self.h5file["events"][feat]
+            if ((isinstance(feat, h5py.Dataset) and obj.shape[0] == 0)  # ds
+                    or len(obj) == 0):  # groups
+                feats.remove(feat)
+
+        # set samples per event
+        if "trace" in feats:
+            traces = list(self.h5file["events"]["trace"].keys())
+            trsize = self.h5file["events"]["trace"][traces[0]].shape[1]
+            self.h5file.attrs["fluorescence:samples per event"] = trsize
+
+        # set channel count
+        chcount = sum(
+            ["fl1_max" in feats, "fl2_max" in feats, "fl3_max" in feats])
+        if chcount:
+            if "fluorescence:channel count" not in self.h5file.attrs:
+                self.h5file.attrs["fluorescence:channel count"] = chcount
+
+        # set roi size x/y
+        if "image" in feats:
+            shape = self.h5file["events"]["image"][0].shape
+        elif "mask" in feats:
+            shape = self.h5file["events"]["mask"][0].shape
+        else:
+            shape = None
+        if shape is not None:
+            # update shape
+            self.h5file.attrs["imaging:roi size x"] = shape[1]
+            self.h5file.attrs["imaging:roi size y"] = shape[0]
+
+    def store_basin(self,
+                    basin_name: str,
+                    basin_type: Literal['file', 'internal', 'remote'],
+                    basin_format: str,
+                    basin_locs: List[str | pathlib.Path],
+                    basin_descr: str | None = None,
+                    basin_feats: List[str] = None,
+                    basin_map: np.ndarray | Tuple[str, np.ndarray] = None,
+                    basin_id: str = None,
+                    internal_data: Dict | h5py.Group = None,
+                    verify: bool = True,
+                    perishable: bool = False,
+                    ):
+        """Write basin information
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        basin_name: str
+            basin name; Names do not have to be unique.
+        basin_type: str
+            basin type (file or remote); Files are paths accessible by the
+            operating system (including e.g. network shares) whereas
+            remote locations normally require an active internet connection.
+        basin_format: str
+            The basin format must match the ``format`` property of an
+            :class:`.RTDCBase` subclass (e.g. "hdf5" or "dcor")
+        basin_locs: list
+            location of the basin as a string or (optionally)
+            a ``pathlib.Path``
+        basin_descr: str
+            optional string describing the basin
+        basin_feats: list of str
+            list of features this basin provides; You may use this to
+            restrict access to features for a specific basin.
+        basin_map: np.ndarray or tuple of (str, np.ndarray)
+            If this is an integer numpy array, it defines the mapping
+            of event indices from the basin dataset to the referring dataset
+            (the dataset being written to disk). Normally, the basinmap
+            feature used for storing the mapping information is inferred
+            from the currently defined basinmap features. However, if you
+            are incepting basins, then this might not be sufficient, and you
+            have to specify explicitly which basinmap feature to use. In such
+            a case, you may specify a tuple `(feature_name, mapping_array)`
+            where `feature_name` is the explicit mapping name, e.g.
+            `"basinmap3"`.
+        basin_id: str
+            Identifier of the basin. This is the string returned by
+            :meth:`.RTDCBase.get_measurement_identifier`. This is
+            a unique string that identifies the data within a basin.
+            If not specified and `verify=True`, this value is automatically
+            taken from the basin file.
+        internal_data: dict or instance of h5py.Group
+            A dictionary or an `h5py.Group` containing the basin data.
+            The data are copied to the "basin_events" group, if
+            `internal_data` is not an `h5py.Group` in the current HDF5 file.
+            This must be specified when storing internal basins, and it
+            must not be specified for any other basin type.
+        verify: bool
+            Whether to verify the basin before storing it; You might have
+            set this to False if you would like to write a basin that is
+            e.g. temporarily not available
+        perishable: bool
+            Whether the basin is perishable. If this is True, then a
+            warning will be issued, because perishable basins may not be
+            accessed (e.g. time-based URL for private S3 data).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        basin_hash: str
+            hash of the basin which serves as the name of the HDF5 dataset
+            stored in the output file
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.58.0
+        """
+        if perishable:
+            warnings.warn(f"Storing perishable basin {basin_name}")
+        if basin_type == "internal":
+            if internal_data is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "When writing an internal basin, you must specify "
+                    "`internal_data` which is either a dictionary of numpy "
+                    "arrays or an `h5py.Group` containing the relevant "
+                    "datasets.")
+            if (isinstance(internal_data, dict)
+                    or (isinstance(internal_data, h5py.Group)
+                        and internal_data.file != self.h5file)):
+                # The data are not yet stored in this HDF5 file
+                for feat in basin_feats:
+                    igroup = self.h5file.require_group("basin_events")
+                    if feat in igroup:
+                        raise ValueError(f"The feature '{feat}' already "
+                                         f"exists in the 'basin_events' group")
+                    self.write_ndarray(group=igroup,
+                                       name=feat,
+                                       data=internal_data[feat])
+                # just override it with the default
+                basin_locs = ["basin_events"]
+            elif verify:
+                # Verify the existence of the data inside this HDF5 file
+                if basin_locs != ["basin_events"]:
+                    warnings.warn("You specified an uncommon location for "
+                                  f"your internal basins: {basin_locs}. "
+                                  f"Please use 'basin_events' instead.")
+                for feat in basin_feats:
+                    if feat not in self.h5file[basin_locs[0]]:
+                        raise ValueError(f"Could not find feature '{feat}' in "
+                                         f"the group [{basin_locs[0]}]")
+
+        # Expand optional tuple for basin_map
+        if isinstance(basin_map, (list, tuple)) and len(basin_map) == 2:
+            basin_map_name, basin_map = basin_map
+        else:
+            basin_map_name = None
+
+        if verify and basin_type in ["file", "remote"]:
+            # We have to import this here to avoid circular imports
+            from .load import new_dataset
+            # Make sure the basin can be opened by dclab, verify its ID
+            ref_id = self.h5file.attrs.get("experiment:run identifier")
+            for loc in basin_locs:
+                with new_dataset(loc) as ds:
+                    # We can open the file, which is great.
+                    # Compare the IDs.
+                    bn_id = ds.get_measurement_identifier()
+                    # Check whether `basin_id` matches the actual basin
+                    if basin_id:
+                        if basin_id != bn_id:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                f"Measurement identifier mismatch for "
+                                f"{loc}: got {bn_id}, expected {basin_id=})!")
+                    else:
+                        # If `basin_id` was not specified, set it here for
+                        # user convenience.
+                        basin_id = bn_id or None
+                    # Check whether the referrer ID matches the basin ID.
+                    if ref_id:
+                        if not (bn_id == ref_id
+                                or (basin_map is not None
+                                    and ref_id.startswith(bn_id))):
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                f"Measurement identifier mismatch between "
+                                f"{self.path} ({ref_id}) and {loc} ({bn_id})!")
+            if basin_feats:
+                for feat in basin_feats:
+                    if not dfn.feature_exists(feat):
+                        raise ValueError(f"Invalid feature: '{feat}'")
+            if basin_map is not None:
+                if (not isinstance(basin_map, np.ndarray)
+                        and basin_map.dtype != np.uint64):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The array specified in `basin_map` argument must be "
+                        "a numpy array with the dtype `np.uint64`!")
+
+        # determine the basinmap to use
+        if basin_map is not None:
+            self.h5file.require_group("events")
+            if basin_map_name is None:
+                # We have to determine the basin_map_name to use for this
+                # mapped basin.
+                for ii in range(10):  # basinmap0 to basinmap9
+                    bm_cand = f"basinmap{ii}"
+                    if bm_cand in self.h5file["events"]:
+                        # There is a basin mapping defined in the file. Check
+                        # whether it is identical to ours.
+                        if np.all(self.h5file["events"][bm_cand] == basin_map):
+                            # Great, we are done here.
+                            basin_map_name = bm_cand
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            # This mapping belongs to a different basin,
+                            # try the next mapping.
+                            continue
+                    else:
+                        # The mapping is not defined in the dataset, and we may
+                        # write it to a new feature.
+                        basin_map_name = bm_cand
+                        self.store_feature(feat=basin_map_name, data=basin_map)
+                        break
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "You have exhausted the usage of mapped basins for "
+                        "the current dataset. Please revise your analysis "
+                        "pipeline.")
+            else:
+                if basin_map_name not in self.h5file["events"]:
+                    # Write the explicit basin mapping into the file.
+                    self.store_feature(feat=basin_map_name, data=basin_map)
+                elif not np.all(
+                        self.h5file["events"][basin_map_name] == basin_map):
+                    # This is a sanity check that we have to perform.
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"The basin mapping feature {basin_map_name} you "
+                        f"specified explicitly already exists in "
+                        f"{self.h5file} and they do not match. I assume "
+                        f"you are trying explicitly write to a basinmap that "
+                        f"is already used elsewhere.")
+        else:
+            # Classic, simple case
+            basin_map_name = "same"
+
+        b_data = {
+            "description": basin_descr,
+            "format": basin_format,
+            "name": basin_name,
+            "type": basin_type,
+            "features": None if basin_feats is None else sorted(basin_feats),
+            "mapping": basin_map_name,
+            "perishable": perishable,
+            "identifier": basin_id,
+        }
+        if basin_type == "file":
+            flocs = []
+            for pp in basin_locs:
+                pp = pathlib.Path(pp)
+                if verify:
+                    flocs.append(str(pp.resolve()))
+                    # Also store the relative path for user convenience.
+                    # Don't use pathlib.Path.relative_to, because that
+                    # only has `walk_up` since Python 3.12.
+                    # Also, just look in subdirectories which simplifies
+                    # path resolution.
+                    this_parent = str(self.path.parent) + os.sep
+                    path_parent = str(pp.parent) + os.sep
+                    if path_parent.startswith(this_parent):
+                        flocs.append(str(pp).replace(this_parent, "", 1))
+                else:
+                    # We already did (or did not upon user request) verify
+                    # the path. Just pass it on to the list.
+                    flocs.append(str(pp))
+            b_data["paths"] = flocs
+        elif basin_type == "internal":
+            b_data["paths"] = basin_locs
+        elif basin_type == "remote":
+            b_data["urls"] = [str(p) for p in basin_locs]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown basin type '{basin_type}'")
+
+        b_lines = json.dumps(b_data, indent=2, sort_keys=True).split("\n")
+        basins = self.h5file.require_group("basins")
+        key = hashobj(b_lines)
+        if key not in basins:
+            self.write_text(basins, key, b_lines)
+        return key
+
+    def store_feature(self, feat, data, shape=None):
+        """Write feature data
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        feat: str
+            feature name
+        data: np.ndarray or list or dict
+            feature data
+        shape: tuple of int
+            For non-scalar features, this is the shape of the
+            feature for one event (e.g. `(90, 250)` for an "image".
+            Usually, you do not have to specify this value, but you
+            do need it in case of plugin features that don't have
+            the "feature shape" set or in case of temporary features.
+            If you don't specify it, then the shape is guessed based
+            on the data you provide and a UserWarning will be issued.
+        """
+        if not dfn.feature_exists(feat):
+            raise ValueError(f"Undefined feature '{feat}'!")
+
+        events = self.h5file.require_group("events")
+
+        # replace data?
+        if feat in events and self.mode == "replace":
+            if feat == "trace":
+                for tr_name in data.keys():
+                    if tr_name in events[feat]:
+                        del events[feat][tr_name]
+            else:
+                del events[feat]
+
+        if feat in FEATURES_UINT32:
+            dtype = np.uint32
+        elif feat in FEATURES_UINT64:
+            dtype = np.uint64
+        else:
+            dtype = None
+
+        if feat == "index":
+            # By design, the index must be a simple enumeration.
+            # We enforce that by not trusting the user. If you need
+            # a different index, please take a look at the index_online
+            # feature.
+            nev = len(data)
+            if "index" in events:
+                nev0 = len(events["index"])
+            else:
+                nev0 = 0
+            self.write_ndarray(group=events,
+                               name="index",
+                               data=np.arange(nev0 + 1, nev0 + nev + 1),
+                               dtype=dtype)
+        elif dfn.scalar_feature_exists(feat):
+            self.write_ndarray(group=events,
+                               name=feat,
+                               data=np.atleast_1d(data),
+                               dtype=dtype)
+        elif feat == "contour":
+            self.write_ragged(group=events, name=feat, data=data)
+        elif feat in ["image", "image_bg", "mask", "qpi_oah", "qpi_oah_bg"]:
+            self.write_image_grayscale(group=events,
+                                       name=feat,
+                                       data=data,
+                                       is_boolean=(feat == "mask"))
+        elif feat in ["qpi_amp", "qpi_pha"]:
+            self.write_image_float32(group=events,
+                                     name=feat,
+                                     data=data)
+        elif feat == "trace":
+            for tr_name in data.keys():
+                # verify trace names
+                if tr_name not in dfn.FLUOR_TRACES:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Unknown trace key: '{tr_name}'!")
+                # write trace
+                self.write_ndarray(group=events.require_group("trace"),
+                                   name=tr_name,
+                                   data=np.atleast_2d(data[tr_name]),
+                                   dtype=dtype
+                                   )
+        else:
+            if not shape:
+                # OK, so we are dealing with a plugin feature or a temporary
+                # feature here. Now, we don't know the exact shape of that
+                # feature, but we give the user the option to advertise
+                # the shape of the feature in the plugin.
+                # First, try to obtain the shape from the PluginFeature
+                # (if that exists).
+                for pf in PlugInFeature.get_instances(feat):
+                    if isinstance(pf, PlugInFeature):
+                        shape = pf.plugin_feature_info.get("feature shape")
+                        if shape is not None:
+                            break  # This is good.
+                else:
+                    # Temporary features will have to live with this warning.
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "There is no information about the shape of the "
+                        + f"feature '{feat}'. I am going out on a limb "
+                        + "for you and assume that you are storing "
+                        + "multiple events at a time. If this works, "
+                        + f"you could put the shape `{data[0].shape}` "
+                        + 'in the `info["feature shapes"]` key of '
+                        + "your plugin feature.")
+                    shape = data.shape[1:]
+            if shape == data.shape:
+                data = data.reshape(1, *shape)
+            elif shape == data.shape[1:]:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Bad shape for {feat}! Expeted {shape}, "
+                                 + f"but got {data.shape[1:]}!")
+            self.write_ndarray(group=events, name=feat, data=data, dtype=dtype)
+
+    def store_log(self, name, lines):
+        """Write log data
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name: str
+            name of the log entry
+        lines: list of str or str
+            the text lines of the log
+        """
+        log_group = self.h5file.require_group("logs")
+        self.write_text(group=log_group, name=name, lines=lines)
+
+    def store_metadata(self, meta):
+        """Store RT-DC metadata
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        meta: dict-like
+            The metadata to store. Each key depicts a metadata section
+            name whose data is given as a dictionary, e.g.::
+
+                meta = {"imaging": {"exposure time": 20,
+                                    "flash duration": 2,
+                                    ...
+                                    },
+                        "setup": {"channel width": 20,
+                                  "chip region": "channel",
+                                  ...
+                                  },
+                        ...
+                        }
+
+            Only section key names and key values therein registered
+            in dclab are allowed and are converted to the pre-defined
+            dtype. Only sections from the
+            :const:`dclab.definitions.CFG_METADATA` dictionary are
+            stored. If you have custom metadata, you can use the "user"
+            section.
+        """
+        meta = copy.deepcopy(meta)
+        # Ignore/remove tdms section
+        meta.pop("fmt_tdms", None)
+        # Check meta data
+        for sec in meta:
+            if sec == "user":
+                # user-defined metadata are always written.
+                # Any errors (incompatibilities with HDF5 attributes)
+                # are the user's responsibility
+                continue
+            elif sec not in dfn.CFG_METADATA:
+                # only allow writing of meta data that are not editable
+                # by the user (not dclab.dfn.CFG_ANALYSIS)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Meta data section not defined in dclab: {sec}")
+            for ck in meta[sec]:
+                if not dfn.config_key_exists(sec, ck):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Meta key not defined in dclab: {sec}:{ck}")
+
+        # update version
+        old_version = meta.get("setup", {}).get("software version", "")
+        new_version = self.version_brand(
+            old_version=old_version or None,
+            write_attribute=False
+        )
+        meta.setdefault("setup", {})["software version"] = new_version
+
+        # Write metadata
+        for sec in meta:
+            for ck in meta[sec]:
+                idk = f"{sec}:{ck}"
+                value = meta[sec][ck]
+                if isinstance(value, bytes):
+                    # We never store byte attribute values.
+                    # In this case, `convfunc` should be `str` or `lcstr` or
+                    # somesuch. But we don't test that, because no other
+                    # datatype competes with str for bytes.
+                    value = value.decode("utf-8")
+                if sec == "user":
+                    # store user-defined metadata as-is
+                    self.h5file.attrs[idk] = value
+                else:
+                    # pipe the metadata through the hard-coded converter
+                    # functions
+                    convfunc = dfn.get_config_value_func(sec, ck)
+                    self.h5file.attrs[idk] = convfunc(value)
+
+    def store_table(self, name, cmp_array, h5_attrs=None):
+        """Store a compound array table
+
+        Tables are semi-metadata. They may contain information collected
+        during a measurement (but with a lower temporal resolution) or
+        other tabular data relevant for a dataset. Tables have named
+        columns. Therefore, they can be represented as a numy recarray,
+        and they should be stored as such in an HDF5 file (compund dataset).
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name: str
+            Name of the table
+        cmp_array: np.recarray, h5py.Dataset, np.ndarray, or dict
+            If a np.recarray or h5py.Dataset are provided, then they
+            are written as-is to the file. If a dictionary is provided,
+            then the dictionary is converted into a numpy recarray.
+            If a numpy array is provided, then the array is written
+            as a raw table (no column names) to the file.
+        h5_attrs: dict, optional
+            Attributes to store alongside the corresponding HDF5 dataset
+        """
+        if h5_attrs is None:
+            h5_attrs = {}
+
+        # Convert MetaTable to numpy data
+        if isinstance(cmp_array, MetaTable):
+            h5_attrs.update(cmp_array.meta)
+            cmp_array = cmp_array.__array__()
+
+        # Handle individual cases
+        if isinstance(cmp_array, np.recarray):
+            # A table is a compound array (np.recarray). If we are here,
+            # this means that the user passed an instance of np.recarray.
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(cmp_array, h5py.Dataset):
+            # An instance of h5py.Dataset (which we trust to be a proper
+            # compound dataset at this point). No additional steps needed.
+            h5_attrs.update(cmp_array.attrs)
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(cmp_array, np.ndarray):
+            # A numpy array was passed. This usually means we have something
+            # that we can look at, so we add image tags.
+            h5_attrs['CLASS'] = np.bytes_('IMAGE')
+            h5_attrs['IMAGE_VERSION'] = np.bytes_('1.2')
+            h5_attrs['IMAGE_SUBCLASS'] = np.bytes_('IMAGE_GRAYSCALE')
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(cmp_array, dict):
+            # The user passed a dict which we now have to convert to a
+            # compound dataset. We do this because we are user-convenient.
+            # The user should not need to wade through these steps:
+            columns = list(cmp_array.keys())
+            # Everything should be floats in a table.
+            ds_dt = np.dtype({'names': columns,
+                              'formats': [np.float64] * len(columns)})
+            # We trust the user to provide a dictionary with one-dimensional
+            # lists or arrays of the same length.
+            tabsize = len(cmp_array[columns[0]])
+            tab_data = np.zeros((tabsize, len(columns)))
+            for ii, tab in enumerate(columns):
+                tab_data[:, ii] = cmp_array[tab]
+            # Now create a new compound array (discarding the old dict)
+            cmp_array = np.rec.array(tab_data, dtype=ds_dt)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Cannot convert {type(cmp_array)} to table!")
+
+        # data
+        group = self.h5file.require_group("tables")
+        tab = group.create_dataset(
+            name,
+            data=cmp_array,
+            fletcher32=True,
+            **self.compression_kwargs)
+
+        # metadata
+        if h5_attrs:
+            tab.attrs.update(h5_attrs)
+
+    def version_brand(self, old_version=None, write_attribute=True):
+        """Perform version branding
+
+        Append a " | dclab X.Y.Z" to the "setup:software version"
+        attribute.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        old_version: str or None
+            By default, the version string is taken from the HDF5 file.
+            If set to a string, then this version is used instead.
+        write_attribute: bool
+            If True (default), write the version string to the
+            "setup:software version" attribute
+        """
+        if old_version is None:
+            old_version = self.h5file.attrs.get("setup:software version", "")
+        if isinstance(old_version, bytes):
+            old_version = old_version.decode("utf-8")
+        version_chain = [vv.strip() for vv in old_version.split("|")]
+        version_chain = [vv for vv in version_chain if vv]
+        cur_version = "dclab {}".format(version)
+
+        if version_chain:
+            if version_chain[-1] != cur_version:
+                version_chain.append(cur_version)
+        else:
+            version_chain = [cur_version]
+        new_version = " | ".join(version_chain)
+        if write_attribute:
+            self.h5file.attrs["setup:software version"] = new_version
+        else:
+            return new_version
+
+    def write_image_float32(self, group, name, data):
+        """Write 32bit floating point image array
+
+        This function wraps :func:`RTDCWriter.write_ndarray`
+        and adds image attributes to the HDF5 file so HDFView
+        can display the images properly.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        group: h5py.Group
+            parent group
+        name: str
+            name of the dataset containing the text
+        data: np.ndarray or list of np.ndarray
+            image data
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
+            # images may be in lists
+            data = np.atleast_2d(data)
+
+        if len(data.shape) == 2:
+            # put single event in 3D array
+            data = data[np.newaxis]
+
+        dset = self.write_ndarray(group=group, name=name, data=data,
+                                  dtype=np.float32)
+
+        # Create and Set image attributes:
+        # HDFView recognizes this as a series of images.
+        # Use np.bytes_ as per
+        # https://docs.h5py.org/en/stable/strings.html#compatibility
+        dset.attrs.create('CLASS', np.bytes_('IMAGE'))
+        dset.attrs.create('IMAGE_VERSION', np.bytes_('1.2'))
+        dset.attrs.create('IMAGE_SUBCLASS', np.bytes_('IMAGE_GRAYSCALE'))
+
+    def write_image_grayscale(self, group, name, data, is_boolean):
+        """Write grayscale image data to and HDF5 dataset
+
+        This function wraps :func:`RTDCWriter.write_ndarray`
+        and adds image attributes to the HDF5 file so HDFView
+        can display the images properly.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        group: h5py.Group
+            parent group
+        name: str
+            name of the dataset containing the text
+        data: np.ndarray or list of np.ndarray
+            image data
+        is_boolean: bool
+            whether the input data is of boolean nature
+            (e.g. mask data) - if so, data are converted to uint8
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
+            # images may be in lists
+            data = np.atleast_2d(data)
+
+        if len(data.shape) == 2:
+            # put single event in 3D array
+            data = data.reshape(1, data.shape[0], data.shape[1])
+
+        if is_boolean:
+            # convert binary (mask) data to uint8
+            if data.__class__.__name__ == "H5MaskEvent":
+                # (if we use `isinstance`, we get circular imports)
+                # Be smart and directly write back the original data
+                # (otherwise we would convert to bool and back to uint8).
+                data = data.h5dataset
+            elif data.dtype == bool:
+                # Convert binary input mask data to uint8 with max range
+                data = np.asarray(data, dtype=np.uint8) * 255
+
+        dset = self.write_ndarray(group=group, name=name, data=data,
+                                  dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        # Create and Set image attributes:
+        # HDFView recognizes this as a series of images.
+        # Use np.bytes_ as per
+        # https://docs.h5py.org/en/stable/strings.html#compatibility
+        dset.attrs.create('CLASS', np.bytes_('IMAGE'))
+        dset.attrs.create('IMAGE_VERSION', np.bytes_('1.2'))
+        dset.attrs.create('IMAGE_SUBCLASS', np.bytes_('IMAGE_GRAYSCALE'))
+
+    def write_ndarray(self, group, name, data, dtype=None):
+        """Write n-dimensional array data to an HDF5 dataset
+
+        It is assumed that the shape of the array data is correct,
+        i.e. that the shape of `data` is
+        (number_events, feat_shape_1, ..., feat_shape_n).
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        group: h5py.Group
+            parent group
+        name: str
+            name of the dataset containing the text
+        data: np.ndarray
+            data
+        dtype: dtype
+            the dtype to use for storing the data
+            (defaults to `data.dtype`)
+        """
+        if len(data) == 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Empty data object for '{name}'")
+
+        if name not in group:
+            chunks = self.get_best_nd_chunks(item_shape=data.shape[1:],
+                                             item_dtype=data.dtype)
+            maxshape = tuple([None] + list(data.shape)[1:])
+            dset = group.create_dataset(
+                name,
+                shape=data.shape,
+                dtype=dtype or data.dtype,
+                maxshape=maxshape,
+                chunks=chunks,
+                fletcher32=True,
+                **self.compression_kwargs)
+            offset = 0
+        else:
+            dset = group[name]
+            offset = dset.shape[0]
+            dset.resize(offset + data.shape[0], axis=0)
+        if len(data.shape) == 1:
+            # store scalar data in one go
+            dset[offset:] = data
+            # store ufunc data for min/max
+            for uname, ufunc in [("min", np.nanmin),
+                                 ("max", np.nanmax)]:
+                val_a = dset.attrs.get(uname, None)
+                if val_a is not None:
+                    val_b = ufunc(data)
+                    val = ufunc([val_a, val_b])
+                else:
+                    val = ufunc(dset)
+                dset.attrs[uname] = val
+            # store ufunc data for mean (weighted with size)
+            mean_a = dset.attrs.get("mean", None)
+            if mean_a is not None:
+                num_a = offset
+                mean_b = np.nanmean(data)
+                num_b = data.size
+                mean = (mean_a * num_a + mean_b * num_b) / (num_a + num_b)
+            else:
+                mean = np.nanmean(dset)
+            dset.attrs["mean"] = mean
+        else:
+            chunk_size = dset.chunks[0]
+            # populate higher-dimensional data in chunks
+            # (reduces file size, memory usage, and saves time)
+            num_chunks = len(data) // chunk_size
+            for ii in range(num_chunks):
+                start = ii * chunk_size
+                stop = start + chunk_size
+                dset[offset+start:offset+stop] = data[start:stop]
+            # write remainder (if applicable)
+            num_remain = len(data) % chunk_size
+            if num_remain:
+                start_e = num_chunks * chunk_size
+                stop_e = start_e + num_remain
+                dset[offset+start_e:offset+stop_e] = data[start_e:stop_e]
+        return dset
+
+    def write_ragged(self, group, name, data):
+        """Write ragged data (i.e. list of arrays of different lenghts)
+
+        Ragged array data (e.g. contour data) are stored in
+        a separate group and each entry becomes an HDF5 dataset.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        group: h5py.Group
+            parent group
+        name: str
+            name of the dataset containing the text
+        data: list of np.ndarray or np.ndarray
+            the data in a list
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, np.ndarray) and len(data.shape) == 2:
+            # place single event in list
+            data = [data]
+        grp = group.require_group(name)
+        # The following case is just a workaround for the very slow
+        # `len(grp)` which makes things horrible if you are storing
+        # contour data one-by-one. The only downside of this is that
+        # we have to keep track of the length of the group. But I
+        # think that is OK, since everything is very private here.
+        # - Paul (2021-10-18)
+        if grp not in self._group_sizes:
+            self._group_sizes[grp] = len(grp)
+        curid = self._group_sizes[grp]
+        for ii, cc in enumerate(data):
+            grp.create_dataset("{}".format(curid + ii),
+                               data=cc,
+                               fletcher32=True,
+                               chunks=cc.shape,
+                               **self.compression_kwargs)
+            self._group_sizes[grp] += 1
+
+    def write_text(self, group, name, lines):
+        """Write text to an HDF5 dataset
+
+        Text data are written as a fixed-length string dataset.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        group: h5py.Group
+            parent group
+        name: str
+            name of the dataset containing the text
+        lines: list of str or str
+            the text, line by line
+        """
+        # replace text?
+        if name in group and self.mode == "replace":
+            del group[name]
+
+        # handle strings
+        if isinstance(lines, (str, bytes)):
+            lines = [lines]
+
+        lnum = len(lines)
+        # Determine the maximum line length and use fixed-length strings,
+        # because compression and fletcher32 filters won't work with
+        # variable length strings.
+        # https://github.com/h5py/h5py/issues/1948
+        # 100 is the recommended maximum and the default, because if
+        # `mode` is e.g. "append", then this line may not be the longest.
+        max_length = 100
+        lines_as_bytes = []
+        for line in lines:
+            # convert lines to bytes
+            if not isinstance(line, bytes):
+                lbytes = line.encode("UTF-8")
+            else:
+                lbytes = line
+            max_length = max(max_length, len(lbytes))
+            lines_as_bytes.append(lbytes)
+
+        if name not in group:
+            # Create the dataset
+            txt_dset = group.create_dataset(
+                name,
+                shape=(lnum,),
+                dtype=f"S{max_length}",
+                maxshape=(None,),
+                chunks=True,
+                fletcher32=True,
+                **self.compression_kwargs)
+            line_offset = 0
+        else:
+            # TODO: test whether fixed length is long enough!
+            # Resize the dataset
+            txt_dset = group[name]
+            line_offset = txt_dset.shape[0]
+            txt_dset.resize(line_offset + lnum, axis=0)
+
+        # Write the text data line-by-line
+        for ii, lbytes in enumerate(lines_as_bytes):
+            txt_dset[line_offset + ii] = lbytes